BRITISH STANDARD BS 5550-2.7.

2:
1982

Cinematography —
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Part 2: 16 mm film —

Section 2.7 Projection —

Subsection 2.7.2 Specification for the

performance of 16 mm sound-film
projectors

UDC 778.5.068.25:778.554.4
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

Cooperating organizations

The Cinematograph Standards Committee, under whose direction this

British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following:
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Association of Cinematograph Television and Allied Technicians*

Association of Film Laboratory Employers
British Broadcasting Corporation*
British Film Institute*
British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society*
British Photographic Association
Chartered Institution of Building Services*
Cinematograph Exhibitors’ Association of Great Britain and Ireland*
Film Production Association of Great Britain
Independent Broadcasting Authority
Independent Television Companies’ Association*
Royal Photographic Society*

The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the
following, were directly represented on the Technical Committee entrusted
with the preparation of this British Standard:

Association of Independent Cinemas

Association of Supervisory and Executive Engineers
British Amateur Cinematographers’ Central Council
Council for Educational Technology for the United Kingdom
Electronic Engineering Association
Institute of Amateur Cinematographers
Lighting Industry Federation Limited
National Association of Theatrical, Television and Kine Employees
National Audio-visual Aids Centre and Library
National Illumination Committee of Great Britain
Services Kinema Corporation

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Cinematograph
Standards Committee, was
published under the authority
of the Board of BSI and
comes into effect on Amendments issued since publication
30 July 1982

© BSI 10-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CMM/27
Draft for comment 79/65557 DC

ISBN 0 580 12471 1

 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

Contents

Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
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Foreword iii
Section 1. General
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Instruction manual and marking 1
Section 2. Design and construction
5 Design 1
6 Speed of projection 1
7 Projector lens assembly 2
8 Accessibility of optical and other parts for cleaning 2
9 Picture aperture 2
10 Framing and tilt 2
11 Picture-sound separation 2
12 Electrical and safety requirements 2
13 Light source 2
14 Lamphouse ventilation 3
15 Optional facilities 3
Section 3. Picture performance
16 General 3
17 Preliminary setting up 3
18 Light output 4
19 Distribution of screen illumination 5
20 Colour bands in the image 5
21 Picture steadiness 6
22 Travel-ghost 6
23 Image resolution 6
24 Alignment and position of film plane 6
25 Flicker 6
Section 4. Sound performance
26 General 6
27 Projectors with photographic sound systems 6
28 Projectors with magnetic sound systems 7
29 Amplifier 7
Section 5. Mechanical tests with film
30 Test requirements 8
31 Test film 9
32 Loop tests 9
33 Fast winding without unthreading tests 9
34 Feed, reverse, still-picture, take-up and rewind tests 9
35 Loop reformer test 10
Appendix A Requirements specific to projectors with discharge lamps 12
Appendix B Alternative picture unsteadiness test film 12
Appendix C Weighting network for measurement
of amplifier noise with projector not running 12
Appendix D Measurement of photographic sound system noise 12
Appendix E Test of erasure efficiency 12

© BSI 10-1999 i
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

Page
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Appendix F Test of the total system signal-to-noise ratio 13

Appendix G Warning symbol 13
Figure 1 — Light output 4
Figure 2 — Distribution of screen illumination 5
Figure 3 — Warning symbol 13
Figure 4 — Weighting curve A 14
Figure 5 — Cut-outs for loop reformer test 15
Table 1 — Signal-to-noise ratios for projectors with magnetic sound systems 7
Table 2 — Amplifier characteristics 8
Table 3 — Take-up and rewinding 10
Table 4 — Reverse take-up 10
Table 5 — Perforation strain 11
Table 6 — Perforation strain, reverse take-up 11
Table 7 — Change of direction while running test 11
Publications referred to Inside back cover

ii © BSI 10-1999
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

Foreword

This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the
Cinematograph Standards Committee and forms a revision of BS 3675:1963
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which has been withdrawn. The first edition of this standard was restricted to
sound-film projectors of the fully portable type, but there is no such restriction in
the present edition. Minimum performance requirements are specified for
portable, transportable and installed projectors, which will assist users to
evaluate all the main types of machine.
A number of test films are referred to in this standard. For information on
the availability of such test films, apply to Central Enquiries Section,
British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS, enclosing a
stamped addressed envelope for reply.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

© BSI 10-1999 iii

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iv
blank

Section 1. General
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1 Scope
This British Standard specifies requirements
for 16 mm sound-film projectors both for normal
picture projection and in telecine channels. This
standard does not apply to film mechanisms
specifically designed for telecine operation.
It specifies requirements intended to ensure a
satisfactory picture and sound performance, safety
and film life. It does not deal with the details of the
mechanical and electrical design and construction of
projectors except in so far as such details may affect
performance, safety or convenience in use.
2 References
The titles of the publications referred to in this
standard are listed on the inside back cover.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this standard the following
definitions apply. Definitions of other
cinematograph terms are to be found in
BS 5550-8.1.
3.1
portable projector
sound-film projector designed to be carried by one
person and having a mass not exceeding 20 kg
including, if provided, a detachable loudspeaker
3.2
transportable projector
sound-film projector, not specifically designed for
installation but which is not a “portable projector”,
which operates from a single phase power supply
and which has an on-load rating not
greater than 3 kV·A
3.3
installed projector
non-portable sound-film projector designed for
permanent installation
3.4
double-headed projector
sound-film projector capable of transporting a
separate perforated magnetic film (sepmag) in
synchronism with a picture film
1) Marking BS 5550-2.7.2 on or in relation to a product is a claim by the manufacturer that the product has been manufactured
in accordance with the requirements of the standard. The accuracy of such a claim is therefore solely the manufacturer’s
responsibility. Enquiries as to the availability of third party certification to support such claims should be addressed to the
Director, Quality Assurance Division, British Standards Institution, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4SQ in
the case of certification marks administered by BSI or to the appropriate authority for other certification marks.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
3.5
telecine projector
sound-film projector designed or suitably modified
to operate as a programme source for a video system
3.6
travel-ghost
blurred effect on the screen during film projection,
with vertical tails or streaks of light, which is caused
by failure of the projector shutter to cut off the light
beam throughout film movement
4 Instruction manual and marking
4.1 Instruction manual. An instruction manual
shall be supplied with the projector and shall give
all necessary instructions for the correct operation
of the projector and for its care and
maintenance (see clauses 8 and 12).
4.2 Marking. Projectors meeting the requirements
of this standard shall be marked with the number of
this standard, i.e. BS 5550-2.7.21).
NOTE Specific labelling requirements are made in respect of
the lens assembly (see clause 7) and lamps (see clause 13).
Section 2. Design and construction
5 Design
The projector shall be designed for the satisfactory
projection of 16 mm motion-picture film complying
with the requirements of the relevant Subsections of
BS 5550-2.
The projector shall accept spools complying with
BS 5550-2.9 of sizes in the range 120 m to 610 m, or
in the range 244 m to 1 800 m in the case of an
installed projector, or a greater range as specified by
the projector manufacturer.
The projector shall be able to transport films having
splices to a maximum thickness of 0.48 mm without
detriment to the projector or to the film.
The projector shall satisfactorily project film which
has shrunk 1.0 % below the minimum width
specified in BS 5550-2.1.1.
6 Speed of projection
6.1 The speed of projection for sound-films (except
for certain applications) shall be as specified in
BS 5550-2.7.1 when the projector is operated at its
rated voltage and frequency.
NOTE For telecine and certain other synchronous applications
a nominal speed of 25 frames per second may be required.
1
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
6.2 If provision is made for the projection of silent
films, the speed of projection for such films shall be
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as specified in BS 5550-2.7.1.
7 Projector lens assembly
The projector lens assembly shall be so designed
that there shall be no change in the position of the
lens sufficient to cause any impairment of focus,
and/or change of image position, while the projector
is running after actuation of a locking device, if
fitted.
The lens assembly shall be marked with:
a) relative aperture;
b) focal length.
8 Accessibility of optical and other
parts for cleaning
All the external surfaces of the condenser lenses and
of the projector lens assembly shall be accessible for
cleaning.
If the condenser lenses have to be removed for
cleaning, they shall be so designed as to facilitate
their accurate replacement.
The instruction manual shall give the necessary
instructions for the cleaning of certain optical parts,
e.g. dichroic reflectors, requiring special care.
The picture aperture, and all the surfaces which
make contact with the film, shall be easily accessible
for cleaning.
9 Picture aperture
The effective picture aperture shall be in accordance
with BS 5550-2.2.2 or BS 5550-6.3.
If a variable aperture is provided, it shall alter the
projected image area only as a result of a deliberate
adjustment.
10 Framing and tilt
A means of framing shall be provided, giving a
minimum framing movement of 0.50 mm both
above and below the nominal position.
An installed projector shall have a means of framing
such that, when the framing control is operated, the
position of the illuminated area on the screen is not
affected.
NOTE This requirement is also highly desirable in portable and
transportable projectors.
Portable and transportable projectors shall have a
means of elevating the projected beam through at
least 8° from the horizontal.
2 © BSI 10-1999
An installed projector shall have a means of
elevating and depressing the projected beam
through at least 10° and 20° respectively from the
horizontal.
11 Picture-sound separation
The design of the projector shall be such that the
film path distance from the centre of the projection
aperture to the sound scanning point shall
be 26 + 0.5, – 1.0 frames for photographic sound
and 28 + 0.5, – 1.0 frames for magnetic sound.
12 Electrical and safety requirements
The equipment shall be insulated and protected in
such a manner that there shall be no danger from
electrical shock or fire.
The projector shall comply with the safety
requirements of BS 3456-3.14.
The projector shall comply with the requirements of
BS 800 regarding the suppression of radio
interference.
The design shall guard against the possibility of
interference from external radio frequency
transmissions.
Lamphouses shall be designed in such a manner as
to prevent the egress of material in the event of the
lamp shattering. The instruction manual shall state
that the lamp is not to be operated with the lamp
shielding removed and shall include advice on the
safe installation, running, removal or disposal of a
lamp in respect of safety.
A projector equipped with a discharge lamp shall
comply with Appendix A.
NOTE Accessories supplied for use with the projector should
comply with the applicable safety requirements of the relevant
British Standards.
13 Light source
Provision shall be made to ensure that correct
positioning of the lamp is maintained in use and
after lamp replacement.
The projector shall be marked with the type(s) of
lamp(s) for which the projector is designed and the
maximum wattage lamp which may be used. In the
case of filament lamps the rated voltage of the lamp
shall be marked on the projector. In the case of
discharge lamps, the maximum rated current of the
lamp shall be marked on the projector.
For a discharge lamp, the lamp current shall not
exceed the maximum rated current of the lamp
when the projector is connected to and suitably
adjusted for any of its rated supply voltages.

The projector shall be so designed that the film is
not damaged by overheating in normal operation,
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whether stationary or moving.
A transportable or installed projector shall
incorporate a cut-off device to interrupt the light
path and protect the film against heat. The device
shall be capable of being inserted manually and/or
automatically between the light source and the
picture aperture.
Lamp caps (bases) and lamp holders shall comply
with the requirements of BS 5101, where
applicable.
NOTE Manufacturers’ instructions or recommendations should
be adhered to strictly when installing, testing, running, removing
or disposing of a lamp.
14 Lamphouse ventilation
14.1 All projectors
14.1.1 General. The ventilation shall be such as to
maintain the lamp temperatures within the limits
specified by the lamp manufacturer during a period
of 3 h of continuous operation, when transporting a
normal projection print and using a lamp of the
highest power for which the projector is designed in
an ambient temperature of 40 ± 2 °C2).
14.1.2 Test. To determine the adequacy of the
ventilation, operate filament lamps at 1.06 times
their rated voltage and operate discharge lamps at
their maximum rated current or, if lower, at the
maximum current specified by the projector
manufacturer. If a speed control is provided, set it at
minimum speed. Any heat sinks specified by the
projector or lamp manufacturer are to be in position
during the test. At the conclusion of the test, there
shall be no damage as a result of overheating to the
projector or to the film.
14.2 Projectors with filament lamps
14.2.1 Minimum temperature. For filament lamps,
the lamp shall attain any minimum temperature
specified by the lamp manufacturer within 2 min of
starting to transport a normal projection print at an
ambient temperature of 5 ± 3 °C3).
14.2.2 Test. Operate the projector at ambient
temperature and if the projector incorporates a
device enabling the lamp to be run at less than its
rated power, set this device to the minimum power
position. Use a lamp of the lowest power for which
the projector is designed and reduce the supply to
the projector to 0.94 times the rated voltage. If a
speed control is provided, set it at maximum speed.
Any heat sinks specified by the projector or lamp
manufacturer are to be in position during the test.
2)
See BS 2011-2.1B.
3)
See BS 2011-2.1A.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
15 Optional facilities
The use of a still-picture device, if provided, shall
not cause damage to the film or overheating of the
lamp (see 34.6).
If a reversing mechanism is provided to enable a
film to be projected backwards, it shall be capable of
projecting a recognizable picture when so operating.
A projector which incorporates such a reversal
mechanism shall meet the requirements of 34.4 and
of 14.1 during a 5 min reverse run following the test
in 14.1.
Other additional facilities, e.g. automatic film
threading, slow motion, in-path fast winding of film
forwards or in reverse, shall not cause damage to
the film (see section 5).
Section 3. Picture performance
16 General
After being set up and adjusted as in clause 17, the
projector shall be tested for light output,
distribution of screen illumination, colour bands in
the image, picture steadiness, travel-ghost, image
resolution, alignment and position of film plane, and
flicker as described in clauses 18 to 25.
All these tests shall be made in blackout conditions
and where stray light does not affect significantly
the illumination of the screen.
17 Preliminary setting up
For the picture performance tests, the projector
shall be equipped with its standard projector lens as
supplied by the manufacturer (normally of focal
length 50 mm). Before the tests the projector shall
be set up on a firm stand at a suitable distance from
a vertical matt white screen to produce an image not
less than 1 m in width and with the axis of the
projection beam normal to the centre of the screen
surface. The lamp alignment adjustment, where
provided, shall be set in accordance with the
projector manufacturer’s recommendations. The
focus and framing shall be set, using a general
purpose image test film to give the most acceptable
picture.
3
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
For tests of light output and distribution of screen
illumination, the voltage of the mains supply used
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shall be adjusted to within 0.5 % of the value to
which the voltage selector of the projector is set or,
if no selector is fitted, to within 0.5 % of the voltage
for which the projector is designed, as quoted on its
data plate (e.g. for a 240 V selector setting or a
projector stated to be for 240 V only, the supply
voltage shall be between 238.8 V and 241.2 V).
A projector designed to cover a range of voltages
without adjustment, by fitting a lamp designed for
the local mains voltage, shall be tested with a supply
voltage adjusted to within 0.5 % of the voltage
marked on the lamp used for the test. If the lamp
itself is marked for a range of voltages, the supply
voltage shall be adjusted to within 0.5 % of the
median voltage of this range (e.g. with a lamp
marked “ 240/250 V”, the input supply voltage for
the test shall be between 243.8 V and 246.2 V).
A projector in which the lamp can be run at a
reduced light output in the interests of increased
lamp life shall be tested in the condition giving
normal (non-reduced) light output.
NOTE The dots indicate the measurement points.
Figure 1 — Light output (see clause 18)
4) For details of sources of supply of suitable photometers apply to Central Enquiries Section, British Standard
Institution, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS, enclosing a stamped addressed envelope for reply.
4 © BSI 10-1999
NOTE Different samples of the same type of filament lamp may
vary in performance. Tests should be made with at least five
lamps selected at random and the average test results calculated.
When testing a range of projectors which use the same type of
lamp, for the purpose of comparative evaluation, it is desirable to
use the same lamp for all the tests. Lamps used for the
measurement of light output should be aged prior to their use in
accordance with the lamp manufacturer’s recommendations.
18 Light output
Measurements for calculating light output shall be
made with an incident light photometer4) without
cosine correction but having its spectral response
corrected to the sensitivity of a Standard Observer
agreed to by the International Commission on
Illumination in 1924 and adopted in 1933 by the
International Committee of Weights and Measures.
The measurements shall be made with no film in the
projector gate but with the focus set correctly as if
the film were present. The projector shall be tested
in normal operating condition with the shutter
running.
NOTE 1 Where there is a switched electrical adjustment of the
light level, it may be useful for measurements to be made for each
setting.

Before measurements are made the projector shall
be operated with the lamp on for at least 15 min.
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Measurements shall be taken of the light reaching
the nine points on the screen as defined in Figure 1.
The measurements shall be recorded in lux5)
(lumens per square metre) and the total light output
(lumens) calculated by multiplying the average of
these readings (lux) by the illuminated area of the
screen (square metres).
The light output shall be:
a) not less than 200 lumens for a portable
projector;
b) not less than 900 lumens for an installed or
transportable projector; and
c) such as to suit the system in which the
projector is to be used for a projector intended for
telecine application.
NOTE 2 A light output of 200 lumens is the minimum likely to
give acceptable picture quality in a darkened room on a matt
white screen 1.8 m wide. For projection on wider screens or in
higher levels of ambient lighting, a higher light output is
desirable.
NOTE 3 Reference should be made to BS 5550-7.2.2, which
gives recommendations for screen luminance.
NOTE The dots indicate the measurement points.
Figure 2 — Distribution of screen illumination (see clause 19)
5) 1 foot-candle = 10.76 lux.
6)
For example, Wratten No. 96 has been found suitable.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
19 Distribution of screen illumination
Illumination measurements shall be made at the
centre of the screen and at each of the four corner
points as shown in Figure 2. The illumination
measured at each corner point shall be not less than:
a) 70 % of the illumination measured at the
centre for projectors using xenon lamps;
b) 60 % of the illumination measured at the
centre for projectors using other types of lamps.
There shall be no change in distribution so abrupt as
to be obtrusive to an observer.
20 Colour bands in the image
The projected light on the screen shall be
substantially free from colour bands or fringes.
For the purpose of checking compliance with this
clause, set up the projector with a film in the gate.
Project and focus the film on a screen not
exceeding 2 m in width and then remove the film
and examine the screen with a neutral density filter,
having a density of 0.60 ± 0.036), placed in front of
the lens. The screen shall appear to be substantially
free from colour bands or fringes.
5
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
21 Picture steadiness
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The projector, when tested on forward running with
a picture unsteadiness test film (see foreword or
Appendix B) shall comply with the following:
a) the overall vertical picture unsteadiness shall
not exceed the following percentages of the
picture height:
1) portable and transportable
projectors 0.25 %
2) installed projectors 0.15 %
3) telecine projectors 0.1 %
b) the overall horizontal picture unsteadiness
shall not exceed the following percentages of the
picture width:
1) portable and transportable
projectors 0.15 %
2) installed and telecine projectors 0.1 %.
22 Travel-ghost
When the projector is tested on forward running
with a travel-ghost test film, no travel-ghosting
shall be visible when the screen is viewed at a
distance of twice the projected picture width.
23 Image resolution
The projector, when tested using an alignment and
screen image quality test film and with the standard
projector lens, shall give a resolution not less
than 68 lines per millimetre at the centre and
simultaneously not less than 40 lines per millimetre
at any corner of the screen.
NOTE The image resolution is only a partial evaluation of
image quality, because it indicates only the minimum size of
detail which is observable. Nevertheless, if the test pattern has a
good contrast, figures for image resolution are usually
sufficiently meaningful to be of use.
24 Alignment and position of film
plane
When viewed at a distance from the screen equal to
twice the width of the picture, and with correct
framing, the four corner patterns of the image of a
general purpose test film shall appear to be equally
in focus.
25 Flicker
For projection speeds of 24 and 25 frames per
second at least two equal obscurations per frame
shall be provided by the shutter.
NOTE There may be apparent flicker if a projector with a
shutter giving two obscurations per frame is run at 16 or 18
frames per second. It is recommended that the manufacturer be
prepared to fit a shutter system giving three obscurations per
frame to meet special requirements.
6 © BSI 10-1999
Section 4. Sound performance
26 General
26.1 Projection speed. In all tests when the
projector is running the projection speed shall be as
specified in 6.1.
26.2 Controls. In all tests of the projector sound
system the tone control(s), if fitted, shall be set at
the position(s) giving a level frequency response.
NOTE When the test film specified in 27.7 is reproduced with
the amplifier gain control at its maximum setting, it is desirable
that any loudspeaker assembly integral or supplied with the
projector be capable of handling the full power supplied to it or, if
not so capable, be protected from damage as a result of
overloading.
27 Projectors with photographic
sound systems
27.1 Sound system. The sound system
performance of the projector shall be tested by the
use of suitable test films (see foreword).
27.2 Scanning beam. The photographic scanning
beam shall be correctly set for focus and azimuth,
and the position of the scanning beam and its
effective dimensions shall be located in relation to
the guided edge of the film in accordance with the
requirements of BS 5550-2.2.3.
27.3 Uniformity. The uniformity of scanning beam
illumination, when determined by a snake track test
film, shall produce a signal variation not greater
than 4 dB with portable equipment, and 3 dB with
transportable and installed equipment.
27.4 Response. The frequency response at the
loudspeaker output of the amplifier, when
determined by replaying a multi-frequency test
film, shall be 80 Hz to 6.3 kHz (± 4 dB with portable
equipment, ± 3 dB with transportable and installed
equipment).
27.5 Wow and flutter. The total peak wow and
flutter, when determined by a 3 150 Hz flutter test
film, shall be not greater than 0.4 % with portable
and transportable equipment, and 0.25 % with
installed equipment when measured in accordance
with BS 4847. These figures shall be achieved
within 3 s of starting the test.
27.6 Power
27.6.1 General. The amplifier shall deliver its rated
power into a resistive load, equal in value to its
rated load impedance. The amplifier shall also have
a reserve gain of not less than 12 dB when
delivering half its rated output.

27.6.2 Test. Determine the reserve gain by using
a 400 Hz signal level test film. Insert in the
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photographic sound head a neutral density filter
having a density of 0.60 ± 0.037). Then, with any
tone control(s) in the position(s) giving the flattest
frequency response, the rated power output of the
amplifier will be regained by advancement of the
volume control if there is adequate reserve gain.
27.7 Signal-to-noise ratio (total system). The A
weighted signal-to-noise ratio (see Appendix C) of
the total system, tested with the projector running
in accordance with Appendix D, shall be not
less than 40 dB for portable and transportable
projectors and 60 dB for installed projectors. The
signal-to-noise ratios given are in relation to the
recorded reference level of the 400 Hz signal level
test film.
NOTE To evaluate the overall performance of the projection
sound system it is necessary to know the frequency response and
efficiency of the loudspeaker(s) to be used. It is difficult to
evaluate loudspeaker performance due to the varied acoustic
conditions under which the equipment is used. The
loudspeaker(s) supplied with the projector may not be suitable for
all applications.
28 Projectors with magnetic sound
systems
NOTE The magnetic specifications assume a full-width stripe
of 2.54 mm on the picture film. It is recognized that a half-width
stripe is sometimes used, which will result in a 6 dB loss of
amplifier output and give a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. Uneven
wear of a full track head can result from the running of a
half-width stripe.
28.1 Sound system. The sound system
performance of the projector shall be tested by the
use of suitable magnetic sound test films.
28.2 Replay head. The magnetic replay head shall
be correctly set for azimuth, and the position of the
head and its dimensions shall be located in relation
to the guided edge of the film in accordance with
BS 5550-2.4.6 (see the note above).
28.3 Recording. If the projector incorporates
provision for recording on magnetically striped film,
the amplifier shall comply in respect of its recording
characteristics with BS 5550-2.4.3, and the same
magnetic head may serve for record and replay.
28.4 Response. The frequency response at the
loudspeaker output of the amplifier, when
determined by replaying a multi-frequency test
film, shall be 60 Hz to 10 kHz (± 4 dB) on portable
equipment, and 40 Hz to 12.5 kHz (± 2 dB) on
transportable and installed equipment.
7) For example, Wratten No. 96 has been found suitable.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
28.5 Wow and flutter. The total peak wow and
flutter, when determined by a 3 150 Hz flutter test
film, shall be not greater than 0.4 % on portable and
transportable equipment, and 0.25 % on installed
equipment when measured in accordance with
BS 4847. For double-headed (sepmag) equipment
the total peak wow and flutter shall be not greater
than 0.15 %. These figures shall be achieved
within 3 s of starting the test.
28.6 Signal-to-noise ratio (total system). The
minimum A weighted signal-to-noise ratio
(see Appendix C), of the total sound system
measured with the projector running and the lamp
on shall be as listed in Table 1 when measured by
the method given in Appendix F. The signal-to-noise
ratios given are in relation to a recorded reference
r.m.s. flux level of 320 nWb/m.
Table 1 — Signal-to-noise ratios for
projectors with magnetic sound systems
Sound Minimum signal-to-noise
Projector type
system type ratio on replay
dB
Commag portable and 40
transportable
Commag installed 55
Sepmag portable and 50
transportable
Sepmag installed 60
NOTE When recording, the noise induced by the recording
process is generally masked by induction from stray a.c. magnetic
fields.
28.7 Erasure efficiency. Before erasure efficiency
is checked it shall be ensured that the
signal-to-noise ratio as specified in 28.6 is met. If
the projector incorporates provision for recording on
magnetically striped film, the efficiency of erasure
shall be tested using a 1 kHz tone by the method
described in Appendix E. For all projectors, the level
of any 1 kHz tone remaining after erasure shall be
at such a level that the meter reading obtained is
not more than 2 dB above that obtained when
the 1 kHz tone is absent.
NOTE The 1 kHz tone may still be audible at high listening
levels even though the projector meets this requirement.
29 Amplifier
29.1 Characteristics. The projector amplifier,
when tested independently of the photographic
and/or magnetic reproducing system, shall have the
characteristics given in Table 2.
7
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

29.2 Output to loudspeaker. The minimum load 30.2 Tests. The satisfactory handling of the film
impedance to be used shall be marked adjacent to through the film path shall be tested by running
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the loudspeaker output connection. The output shall continuous loops of film and, if applicable, fast
have built-in protection against amplifier damage winding and loop reforming with lengths of film.
from incorrect loading. The feed and take-up shall be tested by a series of
alternating projection and rewinding operations.
Section 5. Mechanical tests with film For all these tests:
a) the gate and film path shall be cleaned at the
30 Test requirements start of each test;
30.1 General. Under the conditions given in 30.2, b) the projector shall be operated at its rated
and using film as specified in clause 31, the voltage;
projector shall be tested for satisfactory mechanical c) the lamp shall be of the highest wattage
operation with film as specified in clauses 32 to 35. recommended for use with the projector and shall
In particular it is required that: be operated throughout the tests at the highest
a) the mechanism and the film path through the light output level provided on the projector;
whole machine shall not cause apparent damage d) in the case of a sound/silent projector the tests
in the picture and sound track areas or to the shall be carried out at sound speed except as
perforations; in 32.1.5;
b) the feed, take-up and rewind mechanisms shall e) the tests shall be made in a normal room
function satisfactorily in both normal and reverse atmosphere, i.e. reasonably free from dust, with
projection and rewinding with the smallest and an air temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C and
largest spools for which the projector is designed; a relative humidity of not less than 45 %; and
c) on a projector with an automatic threading with the projector set up on a firm stand.
facility, the facility shall function satisfactorily
with any type of 16 mm film stock specified in
BS 5550-2.1.1 which has been correctly
processed, of any thickness between 0.100 mm
and 0.175 mm provided that its leader is
trimmed in accordance with the projector’s
operating instructions.
Table 2 — Amplifier characteristics
Portable projectors Transportable and installed projectors
Frequency response 60 Hz to 12.5 kHz (± 3 dB) 40 Hz to 15 kHz (± 2 dB)
Signal-to-noise ratio (measured in greater than 50 dB greater than 60 dB
accordance with Appendix C)
Total harmonic distortion less than 3 % up to rated output less than 2 % up to rated output
Auxiliary inputs, preferred values 0.2 mV, input impedance 1 k7 (dynamic microphone)
when fitted 2.0 mV, input impedance 1 k7 (capacitor microphone)
200 mV, input impedance 220 k7 (tape reproducer)
200 mV, input impedance 470 k7 (amplitude sensitive pick-up
cartridge)
2 mV, input impedance 47 k7 (velocity sensitive pick-up cartridge)
Outputs, preferred values when 1.95 V, source impedance not greater than 50 7 into a minimum load
fitted impedance of 600 7 (line output)
not greater than 100 mW, source impedance 120 7
(headphone monitor)
not less than 10 W into its rated not less than 25 W into its rated
load impedance measured in load impedance measured in
accordance with BS 5428-2 accordance with BS 5428-2
NOTE 1 The auxiliary input voltages, output voltages and output power values are quoted at r.m.s. values measured at a
frequency of 1 kHz.
NOTE 2 Other relevant additional information is to be found in BS 5428.

8 © BSI 10-1999

31 Test film
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The film shall be unused lengths of regular acetate
colour print film processed at least two weeks before
being used, lubricated and free from abrasions and
scratches. The dimensions of the film shall comply
with the appropriate requirements of BS 5550-2.1.1
and dimension L, representing the length of any 100
consecutive perforation intervals, shall have shrunk
not more than 0.5 % at the time of use. The picture
shall depict normal pictorial scenes and the sound
track shall be of the photographic type.
32 Loop tests
32.1 Forward running
32.1.1 Thread the projector with a continuous loop
of test film, containing only one splice of thickness
not greater than 0.48 mm. Determine the length of
the loop by the type of projector under test and pass
the loop over all the rollers and sprockets used in the
regular projection of sound film.
32.1.2 Project the loop for 25 repetitions without
unthreading from the mechanism.
32.1.3 On the completion of the test remove the film
from the projector and examine it carefully. There
shall be no abrasions, scratches or distortion
resulting from overheating, or damage or distortion
of the perforations, capable of producing noticeable
deterioration in the quality of the picture, sound or
steadiness of the projected image.
NOTE The two frames on each side of the splice of the loop may
be excluded in this examination.
32.1.4 Use a new loop with the film laced with the
emulsion side reversed and repeat the operations
in 32.1.2 and 32.1.3.
32.1.5 Repeat the operations in 32.1.2 to 32.1.4 at
silent speed.
32.2 Reverse running. If the projector includes a
reverse running mechanism, repeat the tests in 32.1
with new loops running in the reverse direction.
32.3 Magnetic track facility. If the projector
includes a magnetic track facility, carry out tests
similar to those in 32.1 using 2.54 mm magnetic
track film.
33 Fast winding without unthreading
tests
33.1 A projector designed for the fast backward or
forward winding of the film through the film path
without unthreading shall be further tested as
follows.
33.2 Thread a spool carrying at least 15 m of test
film and attach the film to an empty take-up spool.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
33.3 If the projector has a fast forward wind
capability, operate it until approximately one-third
of the film has been transferred to the take-up spool.
Then stop the fast forward winding by the means
provided and remove the film from the projector.
There shall be no abrasions or other damage to the
image or sound track areas of that part of the film
which was in the film channel at the time fast
winding was interrupted. Then rewind the film
manually to the front spool outside the film path
(i.e. directly from spool to spool) examining it
carefully. There shall be no abrasions, scratches or
distortion resulting from overheating, or damage or
distortion of the perforations, capable of producing
noticeable deterioration in the quality of the picture,
sound or steadiness of the projected image.
33.4 If the projector has a fast backward wind
capability, transfer the test film directly to the
empty take-up spool and insert it in the film path.
Operate the fast backward wind capability. When
approximately one-third of the film has been
wound-off the take-up spool, stop the fast winding
by the means provided and remove the film from the
projector. There shall be no abrasions or other
damage to the image or sound track areas of that
part of the film which was in the film channel at the
time fast winding was interrupted. Then wind the
film manually outside the film path to the take-up
spool examining it carefully. There shall be no
abrasions, scratches or distortion resulting from
overheating, or damage or distortion of the
perforations, capable of producing noticeable
deterioration in the quality of the picture, sound or
steadiness of the projected image.
34 Feed, reverse, still-picture, take-up
and rewind tests
34.1 Spools. In these tests, spools in good condition
complying with the relevant Subsection of
BS 5550-2.9 shall be used as follows:
a) spools A and B, each of 120 m nominal capacity
with spool A loaded to nominal capacity;
b) spools C and D, each of 610 m nominal capacity
(or the largest capacity accepted) with spool C
loaded to nominal capacity.
NOTE For installed projectors spools C and D only are used in
these tests.
9
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
34.2 General. The test of take-up and rewinding
shall comprise six cycles of projection or rewinding,
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performed in the sequence set out in Table 3. If the
projector is designed for automatic threading,
automatic threading shall be used for cycles 1, 3
and 5, the film leader (if necessary trimmed
correctly) being in the condition specified in the
projector operating instructions. The projection
lamp shall be operating at full brightness during
cycles 1, 3 and 5.
34.3 General performance. During the six cycles
of Table 3, the film shall at all times wind on the
accepting spool without perceptible looseness
between the turns. There shall be no evidence of
perforation strain, resulting from excessive tension,
on the first and last 2 m of film, excluding the leader
and trailer, on completion of the cycles as shown in
Table 5.
34.4 Reverse projection test. If the projector is
able to project film in reverse, the additional test
specified in Table 4 shall be performed with the
lamp operating throughout each cycle. There shall
be no looseness between the turns on the accepting
spool at any time during the cycles and no evidence
of perforation strain on those parts of the film,
excluding leaders and trailers, specified in Table 6.
34.5 Change of direction while running test. If
the projector has the ability to change the film
transport direction while running, the additional
tests and inspections specified in Table 7 shall be
made during the tests specified in 34.4 and Table 4.
No damage shall be caused to the perforations in the
film by snatch from the feed or take-up spools or any
other cause and neither shall film loops alter in size.
34.6 Still-picture device test. If the projector
incorporates a still-picture device, this shall be
operated once for a period of 2 min during the
second half of cycle 5. At the end of this period, the
projector shall be run forward until the frame
projected as a still picture is accessible for
inspection and then switched off. There shall be no
signs of burning or overheating at or in the vicinity
of the frame which was projected as a still picture.
After this examination, cycle 5 shall be completed
with the lamp operating.
Table 3 — Take-up and rewinding
Cycle Operation
1 Project spool A to spool B
2 Rewind spool B to spool D
3 Project spool D to spool B
4 Rewind spool B to spool A
5 Project spool C to spool D
6 Rewind spool D to spool C
NOTE Cycles 2, 4 and 6 have to be direct from spool to spool,
not through the film path.
10
Table 4 — Reverse take-up
Cycle Operation
7 Project spool A to spool B
8 Reverse spool B to spool A
9 Project first 60 m only from spool C to
spool D; at the stop point check that there is
no undue overspill of film from the feeding
spool
10 Unthread, advance film, rethread and project
final 60 m from spool C to spool D
11 Reverse 60 m of film from spool D to spool C;
at the stop point check that there is no undue
overspill of film from the feeding spool
12 Unthread, rewind until only 60 m of film
remains on spool D, then rethread and
reverse remainder of film to spool C
NOTE To save time, unthreading and rethreading in cycles 10
and 12 is advised but it is not an essential part of the test, which
can also be performed by projecting all the film from spool C in
cycle 9 and then reversing it from spool D.
35 Loop reformer test
35.1 Film preparation. To check the action of a
loop reforming device, if provided, count the number
of teeth in the claw that propels the film in the
projector aperture. Prepare a 10 m length of test
film by cutting away some perforations from the
perforated side of the film in two places, as defined
in Figure 4, at a distance of approximately 6 m from
the beginning, the number and placing of the
perforations removed depending on the number of
teeth in the claw. Then thread the film and attach
its front end to the take-up spool.
35.2 Test. After threading, and the setting of any
automatic threading mechanism to the normal
projection mode, project the test film on a screen.
After the section with the missing perforations has
reached the projection aperture, any resulting
unsteadiness in the projected image shall be
corrected by the loop reforming mechanism and
without further damage to the film.
When it is specifically stated in the operating
instructions that a loop forming device is designed
to operate during reverse projection, repeat the test
in the reverse direction.
© BSI 10-1999
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

Table 5 — Perforation strain Table 7 — Change of direction while

running test
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After completion of Inspection

cycle Period Operation and inspection
1 Last 2 m on spool B During both After first 15 m reverse direction
2 Last 2 m on spool D cycles 7 and 8 for 2 m and inspect for
5 Last 2 m on spool D perforation damage and any
6 Last 2 m on spool C change in loop sizes; resume the
cycle; then after first 105 m
Table 6 — Perforation strain, reverse direction for 2 m and
reverse take-up inspect for perforation damage
Period Inspection and any change in loop sizes;
resume the cycle
During cycle 8 First 2 m on spool A
During both After first 15 m reverse direction
After cycle 8 Last 2 m on spool A cycles 9 and 11 for 2 m and inspect for perforation
During cycle 11 First 2 m on spool C damage and any change in loop
After cycle 12 Last 2 m on spool C sizes; resume the cycle
During both After first 45 m reverse direction
cycles 10 and 12 for 2 m and inspect for perforation
damage and any change in loop
sizes; resume the cycle

© BSI 10-1999 11
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
Appendix A Requirements specific to
projectors with discharge lamps
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(e.g. metal halide, xenon) (see clause 12)
WARNING. Discharge lamps may be dangerous if handled
incorrectly. The manufacturer’s directions regarding them
should be followed precisely.
A projector using such a lamp shall have built-in
protection such that:
a) the lamp cannot be ignited unless the
lamphouse door is closed;
b) when the lamphouse door is opened all power
supplies are disconnected from the lamp and its
holder and no live parts are accessible.
A device used for such control shall not be capable of
accidental circumvention.
A notice shall be fitted adjacent to the lamphouse
door warning the user not to open the door until the
lamp has cooled.
All lamp and mirror alignment controls shall be
accessible with the lamphouse door closed.
A maximum safe-current indicator shall be
provided, or a fail-safe device shall be fitted, to
ensure that the lamp current does not exceed the
rated maximum for the lamp.
A warning symbol as described in Appendix G shall
be fitted adjacent to points where access can be
obtained to high voltage connections.
NOTE Attention is drawn to BS 3861-2 regarding the hazards
of high voltages, ultraviolet radiation and ozone.
Projectors not designed to be connected to outside
ventilation shall only be equipped with lamps
coated to minimize the production of ozone.
Appendix B Alternative picture
unsteadiness test film (see clause 21)
Picture unsteadiness may be assessed by using film
which, in addition to the normal perforations, has
holes simultaneously punched within the picture
area. Such film need not be exposed in a camera
because the hole takes the place of the photographic
image; but it should be processed and lubricated. If
the film is freshly processed, it should be projected
with the lamp on before being used for the test. In
use the edge of the hole projected within the picture
area is referred to a fixed datum or measuring
sensor, as with a photographic image. Whilst it
is not made for this purpose, some 16 mm
motion-picture film perforated 8 mm type R
with (1-3) perforation location is suitable
(see foreword).
8) For example, Wratten No. 96 has been found suitable.
12
Appendix C Weighting network for
measurement of amplifier noise with
projector not running (see 29.1 and
Appendix D, Appendix E and Appendix F)
Amplifier noise should always be shown as a
weighted measurement, obtained by inserting a
correction network at the amplifier output to
compensate for the frequency response of the ear. A
network for use in noise measurements should have
a frequency characteristic as shown in Figure 4,
which corresponds to weighting curve A specified in
BS 4197. Modern meters may have a network
already built into the instrument.
Appendix D Measurement of
photographic sound system
noise (see 27.7)
Set the tone controls to their nominally flat position
and set the gain control so that the amplifier
delivers half its rated power output into a resistive
load equal to the rated load impedance of the
amplifier, the signal being obtained from a 400 Hz
signal level test film. Then with the test film
removed and the projector running, insert a neutral
density filter having a density value of 0.60 ± 0.038)
in the photographic path of the soundhead and
measure the noise as the power attained in the load
resistor. The measuring instrument shall have a
frequency characteristic as specified in Appendix C
and the measured noise power shall be expressed as
a ratio, in dB, relative to half the rated power
output.
Appendix E Test of erasure efficiency
(see 28.7 and Appendix F)
The method of measuring erasure efficiency is as
follows.
a) Connect a signal generator capable of
delivering a 1 kHz tone to the projector’s
microphone input.
b) Set the projector’s microphone level control to
a midway position with the projector in the record
mode.
c) Adjust the output of the signal generator so
that the projector’s record level meter shows the
optimum record level as specified by the
manufacturer, with the projector running
without film.
d) Load the projector with a suitable length of
new, bulk erased, fully coated magnetic film.
e) Record a section of 1 kHz tone.
© BSI 10-1999
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

f) Rewind the film and replay it on the projector Appendix G Warning symbol
with the loudspeaker replaced by a resistive load (see Appendix A)
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equal to the rated load impedance of the

amplifier. Adjust the replay level control so that The warning symbol cautioning against risk of
the tone dissipates in the load resistor half the electric shock is specified in BS 5378-1 and it is
rated power output as specified by the illustrated in Figure 3. It shall be in the form of a
manufacturer. black lightning flash inside a black triangular band
g) Rewind the film and run the projector in the all on a yellow background. The symbol shall have in
record mode over the section of recorded 1 kHz general the proportions indicated.
tone with the microphone control at minimum
and with the signal generator disconnected.
Allow the film to run for at least 5 m beyond the
end of the original 1 kHz tone recording.
h) Rewind the film again and replay it as in f)
above, taking output readings with a meter
weighted as in Appendix C. Take readings during
the replay of the now erased 1 kHz section and
the now erased section of the previously
unrecorded film.

Appendix F Test of the total system

signal-to-noise ratio (see 28.6)
The projector is connected up as detailed in
Appendix E with the normal loudspeaker being
replaced by a resistive load equal to the rated load
impedance. A suitable test meter is connected across
the load resistor. Figure 3 — Warning symbol
The method of measurement is as follows.
a) Switch the projector to the system, commag or
sepmag, to be tested.
b) Replay the reference level section of the test
film appropriate to the system in use (see 28.1).
c) Adjust the replay level control so that the
reference tone, measured at the load resistor, is
dissipating half the rated power output as
specified by the manufacturer.
d) Unload the film and run the projector without
film but with the lamp on.
e) With the test meter weighted as in Appendix C,
measure the noise level at the load resistor.
f) The difference, in decibels, between the two
measurements at c) and e) above is the
signal-to-noise ratio.

© BSI 10-1999 13
 Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 21/07/2011 04:53,

© BSI 10-1999 14

Figure 4 — Weighting curve A (see Appendix C)

BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
 Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 21/07/2011 04:53, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

© BSI 10-1999
Figure 5 — Cut-outs for loop reformer test (see 35.1)

15
BS 5550-2.7.2:1982
 Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 21/07/2011 04:53, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

16
blank
 BS 5550-2.7.2:1982

Publications referred to

BS 800, Specification for radio interference limits and measurements for equipment embodying small
motors, contacts, control and other devices causing similar interference.
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 21/07/2011 04:53, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

BS 2011, Basic environmental testing procedures.

BS 2011-2.1A, Tests A. Cold.
BS 2011-2.1B, Tests B. Dry heat.
BS 345C, Specification for safety of household electrical appliances.
BS 345C-3.14, Projectors.
BS 3861, Electrical safety of office machines.
BS 3861-2, Requirements and tests for machines presenting special hazards.
BS 4197, A precision sound level meter.
BS 4847, Method of measurement of speed fluctuations in sound recording and reproducing equipment.
BS 5101, Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the control of interchangeability and safety.
BS 5378, Safety signs and colours.
BS 5378-1, Specification for colour and design.
BS 5428, Methods for specifying and measuring the characteristics of sound system equipment.
BS 5428-2, Amplifiers.
BS 5550, Cinematography.
BS 5550-2.2.1, Specification for dimensions of 16 mm motion-picture film.
BS 5550-2.2.2, Specification for dimensions and location of the projectable image area on 16 mm
motion-picture prints.
BS 5550-2.2.3, Specification for positions and dimensions of picture image area and photographic sound
record on 16 mm motion-picture release prints.
BS 5550-2.4.3, Specification for recording characteristics for magnetic sound record on 16 mm
motion-picture film.
BS 5550-2.4.6, Specification for positions and width dimensions of magnetic stripes and magnetic recording
head gaps for sound record on 16 mm motion-picture film perforated along one edge (Type 1).
BS 5550-2.7.1, Specification for projector usage of 16 mm motion-picture films for direct front projection.
BS 5550-2.9.1, Specification for dimensions of spools for 16 mm motion-picture projectors (up to and
including 120 m capacity: 18 cm size).
BS 5550-2.9.2, Specification for spools for 16 mm motion-picture projectors (from 244 m to 610 m
capacity: 24 cm to 38 cm size).
BS 5550-2.9.3, Specification for 16 mm film spools of 732 m capacity (43 cm size).
BS 5550-6.3, Specification for position and dimensions of picture areas for motion-picture films and slides
for television.
BS 5550-7.2.2, Recommendations for screen luminance for the projection of 16 mm film.
BS 5550-8.1, Glossary of terms used in the motion-picture industry.

© BSI 10-1999
 BS 5550-2.7.2:
1982
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