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1. Why are there two basic types of well-logging tools to measure the
electrical resistivity of rock formations? Induction logs are better for oil
based muds and laterologs are better for water basedmuds with high
salinity Induction-oil based mudsLaterologs- water based muds with high
salinity.
2. What are the factors that need to be taken into account in deciding
whether to use and induction or a laterolog resistivity tool? Resistivity of
the mud (Rmf) and the resistivity of the water in the formation (Rw),
Design, Borehole resistivity, Adjacent beds, Resistivity of undisturbed zone,
Invaded zone.
3. How are resistivity tools designed to exhibit variable radial lengths of
investigation?As the length increases between the transmitter and reciever
the depth of investigationincreases but the vertical resolution decreases
and vice-versae.
4. What is the vertical resolution of induction and laterolog tools? Induction =
48” high resolution tools = 12”Laterolog = 30” and the high resolution tool
is 8”
5. How can the separation of the shallow, intermediate, and deep resistivity
curves be associated with the process of mud-filtrate invasion? What
petrophysical variables would have the most impact on the separation of
these three curves? In the shallow resistivity you will see invasionMiddle
sees what kind of invasionDeep sees no invasionThe petrophysical
variables that will have an impact are the permeability, the porosityand the
Rmf/Rw
6. What would be the petrophyical information available from the ratio of
virgin-zone resistivity to flushed-zone resistivity? If the ratio is equal to 6
“invasion and permeable zone” from ratio need valuesWhen Rw>Rmf in 8”
borehole that is a clean water bearing invaded zone then Rt>Rxo
7. What types of super-shallow electrical resistivity tools are there available?
What are they used for? Why are they pad tools? Microlog , microspherical
log (MSFL) which is used today and is like a dual laterolog, mocroscanner
(FMI/FMS) which is an imaging tool of the formation, To get very good
vertical resolution with very small depths of investigation or to figure out
what is going on near the wellbore with the invasion, Use pad tools so that
the log will be taken up against the borehole wall
8. What are the environmental corrections that are normally applied to
resistivity logs? Environmental Corrections:Borehole Size, Mud Resistivity
and Temperature, Eccentricity, Invasion diameter > 40 in, Hoe size > 12 in,
Bed thinner < 15 ft, Rt/Rs > 10, Rt/Rm > 10
9. Why does one need to worry about bed thickness in the interpretation of
resistivity logs in terms of in-situ hydrocarbon saturation? When are bed
thickness corrections necessary? Thin beds give incorrect resistivities, Bad
resistivity bad saturation, Bed thickness corrections are needed when beds
are less than about 5ft.
10. Why does one need to worry about invasion in the interpretation of
resistivity logs in terms of in-situ hydrocarbon saturation? When are
invasion corrections necessary? Invasion changes the resistivity
measurement, thus having to worry about what can we correct for it and if
the resistivity is changing when going out from borehole then need to
make correction.The changes should be smaller the deeper the readings.
You will not get the correct Rt if the resistivity is not deep enough.
11. What are the so-called resolution-enhanced resistivity curves? Assume
that the variations in the shallow logs are the true variations and the deep
resistivity logs are the true values. The square beds are the correct
answers. The short readings are affected by washouts and short spacing
and bad boreholes then cannot use enhanced vertical resolution
12.Describe the types of resistivity tools used in LWD operations. What is the
frequency of operation of these tools compared to that of open hole
wireline tools? What is the length of investigation and vertical resolution of
LWD resistivity tools? The LWD tools measure the phase shift and
attenuation, They use a bigger frequency 2MHz instead of Hz like in
wireline, Length of investigation is not as deep as wireline logs, Vertical
resolution is excellent compared to wireline logs due to less invasion
because invasion has not set in yet usually takes 2-3 days ...
RESISTIVITY LOG
1. Using simple physics arguments, explain why the electrical resistivity of a
rock is related to porosity. F= 1/Ф 2; the lower the porosity the smaller the
spaces in the rock and the greater the tortuosity or a reduced ability to flow
of the ions. Therefore it makes it harder the measure the resistivity when
the tortuosity is increased
2. Is the electrical resistivity of a rock controlled by its solid or fluid
component, or by both? The electrical resistivity is controlled by the fluid
component most of the time. It is not just the fluid component when the
rock is conductive in cases like (clays, conductive minerals like (graphite,
pyrite, iron ores))
3. List four independent petrophysical/measurement conditions that will
cause Archie’s first law to breakdown? Shaley Sands, carbonates, clays,
fractures/vugs (secondary porosity), grain shapes and sizes
4. The porosity variable used in Archie’s equations, is it total or effective
porosity? The original Archie equation is Total porosity and we still use that.
It should be the effective porosity because that is how the current is able to
flow through the rocks.
5. Why is it often said that Archie’s second law is not scientifically sound? It is
because Archie’s second law is an empirical relationship and not a derived
formula.
6. Why is the electrical conductivity of clays in contact with water relatively
high? The electrical double layers in clays and shales cause the conductivity
to increase when they are in contact with water.
7. When does presence of clay/shale in a rock will cause Archie’s first law to
breakdown? Whenever the clay coats the grains of pores and makes it look
like an oil wet rock it will cause Archie’s first law to breakdown
8. Explain why the wettability of a rock could have a sizable influence on the
rock’s electrical conductivity. If the rock is oil wet then it will not have all
the paths to flow through and the water will be isolated in the pores
therefore making it unable to conduct electricity. If it is water wet then the
electrical paths will be free to flow through the rock where there is
permeability.
9. List four methods, in order or their reliability, that are used in practice to
assess the electrical resistivity of connate water. Picket Plot, SP log, get
samples,
10.What types of carbonate rocks will not abide by Archie’s resistivity-
saturation equations? Carbonates that have vug or moldic (secondary)
porosity.
11.How do petrophysicists usually correct Archie’s equations in order to
calculate water saturation in carbonate formations? They use a variable
“m” (formation factor exponent) from zone to zone
12.How would you integrate gamma-ray, SP, and deep electrical resistivity
measurements to estimate water saturation? GR clean zone, SP Rw, Need
the porosity form the resistivity to estimate Sw.
13. Unaccounted presence of clay in a rock, will it cause an underestimation or
an overestimation of in-place hydrocarbon reserves? Is this effect more
pronounced in low-porosity rocks? Is this effect more pronounced in rocks
that are almost completely saturated with hydrocarbons? Is this effect
more pronounced when the connate water is fresh? The unaccounted
presence of clays in rocks will cause a lower in the resistivity, which in
effect will cause an underestimation of the HCIP. This effect is more
pronounced in low porosity rocks because it will greatly lower the
resistivity. If the clays provide their own conduction paths then only read
the clay values. You will have a higher resistivity with fresh connate water
which will increase the HCIP