J. Env. Bio-Sci., 2016: Vol.

30 (1):109-116
(109) ISSN 0973-6913 (Print), ISSN 0976-3384 (On Line)

ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY AMONG OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS [L.]

MOENCH.) GENOTYPES USING AGRO -MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS
Davinder Singh-1, B.S. Dudi-1 and Om Prakash Meena-2
1-
Department of Vegetable Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India
2-
Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
[Corresponding author E-mail2: chandrawatop2-coavs@pau.edu]

Received: 20-01-2016 Accepted: 30-04-2016

The present investigation was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar, during kharif season 2013 to evaluate thirty genotypes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench.) for their
qualitative and quantitative traits.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.
The results of present investigation revealed that, the highest plant height was recorded in genotype HRB 140-2-2 (108.1 cm) and
minimum in the genotype HRB-153-2-1 (90.6 cm). The genotype HRB-124-1-1 had the highest value for stem diameter (2.6 cm) and
fruit weight (10 g). The genotype HRB-140-2-2 recorded the highest number of nodes (18.1) followed by genotypes HRB-108-2-2 and
HRB-146-1-1-2 (18.0). The lowest value for days to 50% flowering recorded in HRB-106-1-1, HRB-108-1-1, HRB-146-1-1-2 and HRB-
147-2-1 (41.0), indicated that the earliness. The okra genotype HRB-146-1-1-2 (42.9) was superior in terms of number of fruits per
plant. The genotype HRB-108-2-2 (398.9 g) was superior in terms of fruit yield per plant followed by HRB-146-1-1-2 (383.4 g), higher
yield of these genotypes might be due to having higher fruit weight and more number of fruits per plant, respectively.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench.) is one of the
most important widely grown vegetables in different agro-
climatic zones of India.The geographical origin of okra is
disputed from one or more centres of origin in East or West
Africa and South-east Asia1-2. Okra is cultivated in tropical
and sub-tropical regions, including the Mediterranean and has
recently been used in studies of its ethno pharmacological
and medicinal properties against cancer, high cholesterol and
bacterial adhesion3-7. Okra immature fruits (pods), which are
consumed as vegetables, can be used in salads, soups and
stews, fresh or dried, fried or boiled8. According to FAO
database, 2013, India is the largest okra producing country
(6.35 million tons) with an area 0.53 million hectare9. Progress
in crop production depends largely on the ability of the breeders
to select high yielding varieties. Plant breeders cannot develop
a new variety without the use of genetic material with some
levels of variation. The role of genetic resources in the
improvement and development of cultivated plants has been
well recognized10. Characterization of the collected germplasm
is indispensable in a plant breeding programme. It helps
breeders in selecting suitable parents for crossing experiments
to develop new varieties11. With the view of above facts, the
following experiment was planned with the objective of
evaluating okra genotypes in respect of yield and yield
contributing traits.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present investigation was conducted at the Research Farm
of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar, during kharif season 2013. The
materials utilized for the present study consisted of thirty
indigenous genotypes of okra collected from CCSHAU, Hisar
(Table-1). The experiment was laid out in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
Geographically, Hisar issituated at 29°10' N latitude and 75°46'
E longitude with an elevation of 215.2 m above mean sea
level.The plot size was kept 2.1 m ×1.20 m and each plot
consisted of 14 plants with row-to-row spacing of 60 cm and
plant-to-plant spacing of 30 cm.The experimental plots were
properly prepared and added recommended doses of manures
and fertilizers12. Other intercultural operations were done as
and when necessary.
The observations were recorded on five competitive plants
selected randomly of each genotype in each replication during
harvesting for sixteen qualitative characters which were:
dentation of margin (weak, medium, or strong), colour between
veins (green or red), intensity of colour between veins (light,
medium, or dark), vein colour (light green or purple), leaf colour
(green, light green, or dark green), leaf blade size (small,
medium, or large), depth of lobbing (shallow, medium, or deep),

NAAS Rating (2016)-4.20

 ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY AMONG OKRA GENOTYPES
Table-1.Collection of different genotypes
petiole length (short or medium), stem colour (green or
red),petal base colour (one side or both side), fruit colour (light
green, medium green, or dark green), surface between ridges
(concave, flat, or convex), constriction of basal parts (absent,
very weakly expressed, weakly expressed, or strongly
expressed), shape of fruit apex (narrow acute, acute, or blunt),
fruit thickness (thin, medium, or thick), length of mature fruit
(small, medium, or long). Data on the 12 selected yield
contributing characters such aspant height (cm), number of
branches per plant, stem diameter (cm), number of nodes per
plant, days to 50% flowering, diameter of edible fruit (cm),
diameter of mature fruit (cm), days to 1st picking, number of
fruits per plant, internodal length (cm), fruit weight (g), and fruit
yield per plant (g) were also recorded from the sample plants
during the experiment.The experimental data were statistically
analyzed by technique of analysis of variance using randomized
block design.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Morphological characterization of okra genotypes: In
breeding programs variation in traits is a most important
element.The different morphological characteristics of 30
genotypes were collected for the characterization of individual
genotypes of okra and shown in Table-2.
Based on dentation of margin, two genotypes showed weak
dentation of margin, whereas, twenty five and three genotypes
(110)
exhibited medium and strong dentation of margin, respectively.
On the basis of observation for colour between veins, genotypes
revealed no variation for this character. All the thirty genotypes
exhibited green colour between veins. Similarly, based on
intensity of colour between veins, the okra genotypes were
classified into three categories, light, medium, and dark. Out
of thirty genotypes, nine genotypes had light, fifteen genotypes
had medium and six genotypes had dark intensity of colour
between veins. The result showed that medium colour between
veins was found more prevalent than light and dark colour. On
the basis of observation for the vein colour, genotypes were
found to have light green and purple vein colour (Plate-1). Out
of which, twenty two genotypes were with light green and eight
genotypes were with purple vein colour. With respect to leaf
colour, seventeen genotypes showed green, four genotypes
showed light green and nine genotypes exhibited dark green
leaf colour.Similar result was supported byAlam and Hossain
who observed colour of leaf (light green, green, and deep green)
in fifty okra genotypes13. AdeOluwa and Kehinde observed
green colour leaves in all the genotypes14.
The genotypes revealed variation for the leaf blade size. Out of
thirty genotypes, three genotypes showed small, thirteen
genotypes exhibited medium and fourteen genotypes showed
large leaf blade. On the basis of observation for depth of lobbing,
eleven genotypes showed shallow, eleven genotypes showed
medium and eight genotypes showed deep depth of lobbing
 (111)
Table-2.Characterization of okra genotypes for various morphological parameters

SINGH, DUDI AND MEENA

 ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY AMONG OKRA GENOTYPES (112)

Fig.-1 . Plant height (cm) and number of branches per plant of 30 genotypes of okra

Fig.-2 . Mean performance of okra genotypes for number of nodes per plant, internodal length
(cm) and days to 50% flowering

Fig.-3 .Stem diameter (cm), diameter of edible fruit (cm) and diameter of mature fruit (cm) of
okra genotypes
(113) SINGH, DUDI AND MEENA
Fig.-4 . Days to 1st picking, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight (g) and fruit yield per plant (g)
of 30 genotypes of okra
(Plate-1). The okra genotypes assessed exhibited two
categories of petiole length i.e., short and medium, among,
seven genotypes had short petiole length and twenty three
genotypes showed medium petiole length. There was no
variation for stem colour, only green stem colour showed by
all genotypes, indicated that these traits are probably controlled
by dominant genes as no variation was expressed amongst
thegenotypes. Aladele reported range of stem colour from light
purple to dark red and from green with some traces of purple
to deep green11. AdeOluwa and Kehinde14, Kumar and Reddy15
observed two types of stem colour (green and green with purple
tinge).
With respect to petal base colour, the two categories of okra
genotypes were distinguished as one side and both side. Most
of the genotypes (twenty five) showed both side, whereas,
only five genotypes showed one side petal base colour (Plate-
1). Kyriakopoulou et al.3 reported that the red colouration at
the petal base (petal blotch) was present on both sides of the
flower and only on the adaxial surface of the corolla, whereas
some accessions having both forms of this trait.
In addition to fruit yield, fruit quality plays an important role in
okra productivity and marketability16. The economic returns
from okra not only depend on pod yield, but also on its quality,
which is conglomerate of several horticultural traits17. In okra,
the fruit quality characteristics include length and width of fruits,
shape, color, straightness, surface between ridges,
pubescence (texture), and constriction at base. These are the
external qualities or properties on the basis of which consumers
may be attracted to okra fruits with greater perceived quality15.
On the basis of fruit colour, the three group of okra genotypes
were distinguished as light green, medium green, and dark
green. The result revealed that eleven genotypes had light green,
fifteen genotypes showed medium green and four genotypes
exhibited dark green fruit colour. AdeOluwa and Kehinde14
observed green, purple, and yellowish green fruits. Aladele
observed most of the genotypes were green but with some
yellow and red colour patches; Kumar and Reddy also observed
green to dark green fruit colour11,15. Based on surface between
ridges, genotypes were classified into three categories
concave, flat and convex. Fourteen genotypes showed concave,
ten genotypes had flat and six genotypes exhibited convex
surface between ridges.
On the basis of constriction of basal parts, genotypes were
classified into four categories, absent, very weak, weak, and
strong constriction. No genotype was found with absent
constriction of basal parts. Fifteen genotypes showed very
weak, twelve genotypes exhibited weak and three genotypes
had strong constriction of basal parts. For the shape of fruit
apex, the okra genotypes exhibited three classes, narrow
acute, acute, and blunt shape. Six genotypes showed narrow
acute, fourteen genotypes had acute and ten genotypes
exhibited blunt shape of fruit apex (Plate-1). With respect to
fruit thickness, eight genotypes showed thin, twenty genotypes
had medium and two genotypes were with thick fruit thickness.
 ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY AMONG OKRA GENOTYPES
The length of mature fruit ranged from small- to- long. Out of
thirty genotypes, four genotypes had small, fourteen genotypes
showed medium and twelve genotypes were with long length
of mature fruit. Kyriakopoulou et al.3 observed wide variability
for length of mature pod between accessions; those from the
Aegean islands were characterized mainly by long pods at
maturity, while those from the mainland were shortest. The
variation between the genotypes for different morphological
traits may be due to the differences in the genetic make-up of
these genotypes, suggesting that these traits are controlled
by relatively few genes.
Mean performance of okra genotypes: All those genotypes
were also evaluated for fruit yield and yield associated traits.
Plant height (cm): The plant height as observed in this study
varied significantly among the genotypes, ranged from 90.6 to
108.1 cm with a mean of 98.9 cm and CD (P 0.05) 8.6 (Fig.-1).
The highest plant height was recorded in genotype HRB 140-
2-2 (108.1 cm) followed by HRB-124-1-1 (107.6 cm) and HRB-
130-1-1 (106.4 cm), while, the lowest plant height was recorded
in genotype HRB-153-2-1 (90.6 cm) followed by HRB-132-1-1
(91.3 cm) and HRB 141-2-1 (92.1 cm).The variation in plant
height is genotypic characteristics, which are controlled and
expressed by certain genes.This finding was also in agreement
with Alam and Hossain13 who obtained okra genotypes with
plant height in the range of 70 to 93 cm. Singh et al.18 and
Guddadamath et al.19 also reported range of plant height from
46-114 cm.
Number of branches per plant: Number of branches ranged
from 2.0 to 6.5 with a mean of 4.6 and CD (P-0.05) 0.4 (Fig.-
1). The genotype HRB-108-1-1 (6.5) was with maximum number
of branches per plant followed by HRB-109-1-1, HRB-140-2-1
and HRB-151-1-1 (6.1), whereas, the minimum number of
branches per plant was counted from the genotype HRB-124-
1-1 and HRB-132-1-1 (2.0) followed by HRB-153-2-1 (2.2) and
HRB-130-1-1 (2.5). This variation in branching may be due to
the fact thatvarious genotypes have the ability of exhibiting
differentgrowth habit. This is in conformity with the finding of
Alam and Hossain13 who observed significant differences in
number of primary branches per plant among fifty okra
genotypes. Guddadamath et al.19 and Reddy et al.17 reported
number of branches per plant of 1.0-5.0.
Stem diameter (cm): Significant variation in respect of stem
(114)
diameter among the genotypes was found, and ranged from
1.6 to 2.6 cm with a mean 1.8 cm. and CD (P-0.05) 0.2 (Fig.-
3). The genotype HRB-124-1-1 had the highest value for stem
diameter (2.6 cm) followed by HRB-124-3-1 (2.5 cm) and HRB-
105-1-1 (2.1 cm), on the other hand the minimum stem
diameter was recorded from HRB-108-2-2, HRB-147-2-1, HRB-
151-2-1 and HRB-163-1-1 (1.6 cm).This result agrees with that
of Guddadamath et al. 19 who also reported significant
differences among the genotypes for stem diameter (1.0-2.6
cm) in biparental progeny of okra.
Number of nodes per plant: Number of nodes per plant
ranged from 8.0 to 18.1 with a mean of 13.5 and CD (P-0.05)
1.3 (Fig.-2). The genotype HRB-140-2-2 recorded the highest
number of nodes (18.1) followed by genotypes HRB-108-2-2
and HRB-146-1-1-2 (18.0), in contrast, the genotype HRB 141-
1 and HRB-141-2-1 (8.0) recorded the lowest number of nodes
per plant.This indicates that there is a great scope for selection
and increasing the mean in desired direction because number
of nodes are positively correlated with number of fruits and
ultimately increased the fruit yield as also observed by few
earlier workers18-19.
Days to 50% flowering: Days to 50% flowering ranged from
41 to 48 days with a grand mean of 44.1 days and CD (P-0.05)
3.1 (Fig.-2). The lowest value for days to 50% flowering recorded
in HRB-106-1-1, HRB-108-1-1, HRB-146-1-1-2 and HRB-147-
2-1 (41.0), indicated that the earliness in okra. Whereas, the
highest value for days to 50% flowering was recorded in HRB-
119-1-1, HRB-124-3-1, HRB-151-1-1, HRB-153-2-1 and (48.0).
Early flowering not only gives early pickings and better returns
but also widens fruiting period of the plant. Alam and Hossain20
observed days to 50% flowering ranged from 40-53 days. Singh
et al.18, Goswami et al.21, Koundinya et al.22 also obtained
besides 50% flowering in the range of 38-49 days.
Diameter of edible fruit (cm): In respect of diameter of edible
fruit, significant variation was observed among the genotypes,
ranged from 0.9 to 1.9 cm with a grand mean of 1.4 cm and
CD (P-0.05) 0.3 (Fig.-3). The genotype HRB-106-1-1 (1.9 cm)
was significantly superior in terms of diameter of edible fruit
followed by genotype HRB-141-1-1 and HRB-147-1-1 (1.8 cm),
while, the lowest fruit diameter was estimated in genotypes
HRB-153-2-1 (0.9 cm) followed by HRB-151-1-1 (1.0 cm).Alam
and Hossain20, Singh et al.18 also pointed out that diameter of
(115) SINGH, DUDI AND MEENA

green pod (fruit) lay in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 cm. Koundinya (6.1 cm). Shorter distance between nodes accommodates
et al.22 also reported the fruit diameter range between 1.28- more number of nodes on main stem, which will ultimately
1.55 cm.Jindal et al.23 observed the diameter of fruit range lead to higher fruit number and higher fruit production. Kumar
from 1.46-1.90 cm. and Reddy15 reported that internodal length varied from 3.42 to
4.23 among the parents and 3.17 to 4.69 among the hybrids.
Diameter of mature fruit (cm): The diameter of mature fruit
Singh et al.18 observed average range from 2.5-8.0 cm.
ranged from 2.2 to 2.5 cm with a grand mean of 2.4 cm and
Goswami et al.21, Koundinya et al.22 also reported that
CD (P-0.05) N/A (Fig.-3). The highest mature fruit diameter
intermodal length varied from 3.0-6.0 cm.
was estimated in genotypes HRB-109-1-1 and HRB-147-1-1
(2.5 cm) while, the lowest mature fruit diameter was estimated Fruit weight (g): Fruit weight is one of the important trait that
in genotypes HRB-122-1-1 and HRB-141-2-1 (2.2 cm).This was directly linked with yield, for this high mean value is
finding was supported by Duzyaman and Vural who reported desirable.The average fruit weight ranged from 7.0 to 10.0 g
that grand mean of pod diameter was 1.54 cm24. with a grand mean of 8.4 g and CD (P-0.05) 0.9 (Fig.-4). The
genotype HRB-124-1-1 was significantly superior in terms of
Days to 1st picking: Days to first picking ranged from 46.0 to
average fruit weight than others (10.0 g) which was at par with
56.0 days with a grand mean of 50.3 days and CD (P-0.05)
genotype HRB-108-2-2 (9.9 g), while, the minimum fruit weight
4.8 (Fig.-4). It was found that the genotypes HRB-106-1-1 and
was recorded from the genotype HRB-143-2-2 (7.0 g) followed
HRB-146-1-1-2 gave the earliest days to first picking (46.0),
by the genotype HRB-107-4-1 (7.1 g). Alam and Hossain20
whereas, highest days to first picking was taken by genotypes
reported that range of fruit weight was varied from 14 to 26 g.
HRB-151-1-1 and HRB-153-2-1 (56.0) followed by HRB-119-1-
Duzyaman and Vural24 observed that grand mean of fruit weight
1, HRB-124-1-1 and HRB-151-2-1 (54.0).The early or late
was 7 g. Singh et al.18 and Goswami et al.21 also observed that
maturity is attributed as genotypic character and somewhat
the range from 11-15 g,. Jindal et al.23reported that fruit weight
influenced by the environmental factors of any particular
range from 5-9 g.
growing area.Koundinya et al.22 reported that days to first
harvesting lay between 46-58 days. Fruit yield per plant (g): High yield is a basic objective in
any breeding programme. Wide range of variation in fruit yield
Number of fruits per plant: Data in Fig.-4 revealed that
per plant was observed among the genotypes, which was ranged
significant variations were observed in the number of fruits per
from 155.7 to 398.9 g with a grand mean of 269.6 g and CD (P-
plant among the okra genotypes. The range for number of
0.05) 23.5 (Fig.-4). The genotype HRB-108-2-2 (398.9 g) was
fruits per plant was 17.3 to 42.9 with a grand mean of 31.9 and
superior in terms of fruit yield per plant followed by HRB-146-
CD (P-0.05) 2.7. The results indicated that okra genotype HRB-
1-1-2 (383.4 g), higher yield of these genotypes might be due
146-1-1-2 (42.9) was superior in terms of number of fruits per
to having higher fruit weight and more number of fruits per
plant followed by the genotype HRB-151-1-1 (40.9), whereas,
plant, respectively. The result suggested that these genotypes
the minimum number of fruits per plant was recorded from the
should be utilized for the improvement of yield and yield
genotype HRB-132-1-1 (17.3) followed by genotype HRB-130-
contributing traits in okra. The lowest fruit yield was recorded
1-1 (22.1).This finding was also in agreement with other
from the genotype HRB-132-1-1 (155.7 g) followed by HRB-
researchers Guddadamath et al.19 who reported that the range
130-1-1 (176.7 g). Variation in the fruit yield per fruit were also
of number of fruits per plant was 8.0-45.6 in biparental progeny
reported by Alam and Hossain20 and Goswami et al.21,who
of okra.
observed that the range of fruit yield per plant lay between
Internodal length (cm): Internodal length ranged from 4.5 to 105-293 g. Guddadamath et al.19 obtained okra with fruit yield
6.3 cm with a grand mean of 5.3 cm CD (P-0.05) 0.7 (Fig.-2). per plant in the range of 112.16-740.0 g (biparental progeny);
This character recorded lowest in genotype HRB-147-2-1 (4.5 Reddy et al.17 reported that range of fruit yield per plant was
cm) followed by HRB-143-2-2 (4.7 cm) and the highest value varied from 90-350 g.
in genotypes HRB-162-1-1 (6.3 cm) followed by HRB-151-2-1
 ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY AMONG OKRA GENOTYPES (116)

CONCLUSION 8. Ndunguru, J. and Rajabu, A. (2004). Scientia Horticulturae 99:

The range of mean values could present a rough estimate 9.
about the variation in magnitude of variability present among
genotypes. The characters showing high range of variation 10.
have more scope for improvement. On the basis of mean 11.
performance the genotypes, HRB 140-2-2 (for plant height, 12.
number of nodes per plant), HRB-108-1-1 (for number of
branches, early flowering), HRB-124-1-1 (for stem diameter,
225.
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6(1&2): 25.
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14. AdeOluwa, O.O. and Kehinde, O.B. (2011). Agric. Biol. J. N.
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15. Kumar, S. and Reddy, M.T. (2015). Open Access Library Journal
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Plate 1: Categorization of okra genotypes based on vein colour (A); depth of lobbing (B); petal base colour (C); shape of fruit
apex (D)