LECTURER

NOTESi

CELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING

(Ar0s.98)

INSTRUCTURE:
DR. KIMMO MAKILAINNEN

ELYAS PALANTEI
TCA008422

Tf, LECOMMUNICATION PROGRAM

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BANGKOK. THATLAND
MAY TER,NI2OOI
 Topi6: Celu]ar Netsork Plauilg
AT05.96 Selectcd

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Texl Book fmque Saleli:CellularMobileSysteftsEneueenng.

AftechHouse,I996

crading Mid-lemexd 25 %

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Selecl.dTopis: CeuularN.t*orLPlannnrgi(?_3) Tem: lt:l

llnonale To f@iljarizeihe nude withcompureraidedcellularoel$orkplatuS meihod

CabloqDesdiption btodudion ro CelluldNetsorkPlamng tudo PtopagarionElt'cs

md Coenge PlMing Mrlrirer tnefsence bd Capacitv!!mi4, Ffequcnrydd ChmeL
CellulrNerworkPlmingToak
Alootiotr Comtutetued

Sleers
Prer@uisireATo52l CelluiarMobile

I ObecrivesofRadioNeiw.rk Plamn,q
2 The Inpact oiuserEnvitonmenr
:l CelluldNetworklldmg Approdches
4 SraningPoin$forThcPlamjngProceduE DcsredGradeofseni'e. Sleem
Equipment
Speciljcandn. Available
Specjficanons. IlequencvBaid. Se ce A'ea
'oponrDl!. I ri.- D'. D o -' 4. n
5 Phases ofThe PlamnsProcedu.e

I] RadioNctuork Denni!!Ir!!Ud!rsCaN.n! qlan4!3

r Sbnins Point andObjectives

I lredicfon ofofercd Trafrc

4 CapactyPlanning ExnPle

trl lroll33Irllludasis aodCo'daac Phnnne

I Sra(LngPointandCoalsofcove'agePlamng
lkelam Model.PathLoss
2 NluliiparhPropagaionParhLo$, HataModel.WaLlish
Conecrons.S1o$od Fas Fadlng
I ComeclionBctwee'Covcta-qe andQuahl ofSenrce
4 RadioLinI P.werBudget:AnremaleederLos, AmemaGain

tv
I Sidin! PoinaandObjeclnes
2 RegxlarFftole.c! ReusePatems
Lelek. M'o'mud Reuse
I }relhodsApoliedin Freque.cyPlamir-. Inre:fe.ence
DEteces,Allocarion Adla.emChatre lmefercnceAvoidance
oaf ft qrencies.
 v C.llulr \eqork PlMine Toots

: Capaciry PlMing ir RadioN*ork D.inirion

I Propaganon AnalysisandCovcras.ptaming
4 Frcqu€ncyAll ocarion
5 RouieCalcuiarions
6 CellularNeNork Measur.menr

g9llularMobile

CeuulaRadro.

Comuruor'on 5\eemsad T{hno oaes

' D
ur€nons HmdbooLCRCPre$,1996

Mcrowave Mob e Comunjarons, JohnWley & Sons,I 9?4

Ccuulr &djo PerfoftMceEnse.tu

MobilcRadioComunia.ons 2id ldniotr JohnWl€y & So.s.1999

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EE Eldronig dd Comuni€tio6 JoDh,J
IEE EleclrodicsLend
IEE Prftedin$ I Comu"ldtioN, Spech dd Msion
IEEE Comuni€riod Masujne
IEEE Tl:ectos on Comunicariod
EEE Joumalon Selded Ares in Comunianions
EEE Tlwdio6 on Veboir Technotog/

Gndine Svn.mr Tle 6n, grade*iU bc enpured ton lhe fouoDingomponentu nidrem
exd (25%),6nalexam(50%),andtabodrons(?5%l open-book e{minarto.is nomalv
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 I. Introduction

Any cellul& tretworkmustcoopnsenedly all the rnaiDcoEpoDents

(switches, ndtiplexers,lrmsmiss;on equipnentetc.)of lhe 6xedtelephone
nerworkwith theaddriion of a ldee radjonetwo.k.WheDdesigug a ne{
celluld letwork, m operator mDstchoose how bany pjecesof equipment
lbasestatjoDs, exchdeeserc) ro orderfiod nmufachners,for wlxchca-
pacrtytheyshouldbe setup,whereto Install!hem,ro whichotherequipmerr
to connectthen. etc

Simildly thetrmsmission
linis beMeenequipftentnust be prolideddd
dmensionedappropnately. Fur$ermore, ofcndcal parmeters
a nu..Itber
mustbe set,for exmplethe.adiochmel configlrationrn eachcell (D
clud,ngthe Fequencjes
useddd rhenMber of chmels for eachceie.
nequency),handoverparmeteB,pow l$els, Dd so on

Theaunofnetworkdesignis not onlylo havea technicallyconsistent and

operahonal systen,butaisoto obtaira cost-effective systemwhileprovid-
ing d acceptable qualiryofsetuiceto subscnbers Themainissueofcosr
effectivelessjsto adaptthenetworkconieuahonto thelr'afllc Thesystem
mustbe drrnensioned lo supporttheexpected taffic with tnerequiredqualiry
ofseNice(probabil;ry ofcall loss.ofcauesrablishhent failue, erc), bxr
overdimelsioug nust beavoidedto rord *asted con Therightchoice
ofequipmentlocation,equipnentdimensionirg ed li!-k dime.sioning &e all
i r e , d e p ed, e n .
d - , r p p - d " . J € r g d r t ro p i u / r , o r
problem,wheretie am r to niluize costsuder trafic ed qualiryof
 Even thjs coDplicaledopribiation p.obteb ercompdses oDlya static
aspects ofth€ desig problen.AnotlerdimeDsioD nust be added,which
is time. Ibe d.a.fficdebard of&y nerworkdoesDotrenaro corstan! il is
gowrng Epidly especialtyduring rle iDauguatior of a lew network. Tte
lage g.o*rh n &e nunberofsubscribenat th€staningphaseof a nerwor!
leadsto a steepilcreare ir tle rra_fficduing tle ftst yearsof operarioo.

instdtmeousiNrallarionofldge calacity,whichweresunablefof iong_

ted traffc dened, wouldieadto'probjbitrve iDit;atnvesr-nenrcostsrnak_
ing this option inpossible. The ornyfeasibtesolutio, is ro opiinjze the in-
stallationofthe nerworkcomporents acros tine, in conjudjon with rhe
ndkellng policy Theaimis ro minimizelbeoveratlcosrofthe system.
whrie mainiainDga balanceberweenrhe$afijc haldling capac;t_lat a
-qrven
levelofserucequal;lyandthenunberofsubscrjberswtrenalt theDaeF
LaDties ofnekel forecastine de bomero mrd, D pafiicutdwhenseve.at
operators aren competrrior, rtrs is nosmlle task Thisraskatsoneces-
sady requiresnees for monitoring rh€nehrorki! reattne

The iltegtuioD ofnetvork plarning dd nervork operar

desigDof tsaditioral reiecomunicatio.nerworksHowever,tnecomptexir_v
of the task in cellularnerworkssr.on8tyfavorsthis integration

Thequalityof a designed ceituldmob e radionetworkdoes,or onlyde,

pendoDperfomuce ofradiolbks, butalsoon dimenionneofc:pacit! in
thewholenetworkro suppon&e additronat loadinedueto userlnobitir!
Tlerefore,lhe desigrof a compteteceltularretwo.kcd be drvided;ntotwo
parts:the designofthe radioDetworkcons;tin8of ttrece stes andrhcmo
biies,ard tie desisnofthe 6-xednerwo.kextendjns iiom drecell snesto the
interconnectionsto thepublicswirchedreiephone nerwork(pS,I.).i)Thede
srenoff,xed networkce be ilrle. spiirillo two parrsroptmizanonof0re
accesslet*ork (Aombasesrations to a slvltciingc€nrer),
andoprirtruadon
of thebackbone Derwort(ntercotrecxonofrie sucn,lg cenrers md
PSND.
The desie! ofirtercomectio! Detworkis a problemtbat foud h aXrele,
colmuicatio! networks,which ee composedofswjtcbirg €quipDetrtDd
d-snission liDls. Tlle problem ca! be interpretedas a ropolo$cal oprior-
zatior problem.It consistsofchoosins sites,switching capaciriesand link
capacitiesto suppoftihelrzfrc with a minjn'n .on.

Theotherfacetof slsteDengiDeemgdesienofthe radiones-ort - is spe-

cific to celtuid radio,dd is related10radiocoveraseftis dea dealswith
the choiceofradiosites.wrthtbeaitibutionoffreouencies n eachcell dd
with oiherpar@eteBfor cell selection andhandover. lt is Ldsdesign
of the radio letwork - that we call .elltlar hehtotk Dlan Dg which is the

BS, ,,r ;;;r]]]l

,fir*- F-l
".Fl P
s
T

<->i
Bss<-> MSC
 I.1. ObjectivesofRadio NetworkPlatrlitrg

The core t6k D celluld network plauing is to set up d optimalradio De1-

work,whjchprovidesaccepiable qualityofsewiceoverthe ilvestigated
pla,rnmg.esjon Dring the designprocess,tlis am is aclnevedby optmal
ofbasestationsitesad rheperfectdetemination
selection of rbebasicRr
pdeeters, iike tle BAimm BS ndsmit power, de otema heighl, or the
nmber andtheorientation ofsectou

Theoverallqualityof seMce(QoS)co besplnirto radrocoverage, avail

ab rty, i:nsmsno! qlality ud sale ofserqce(cos). but mdy orher
goalsneedto bedefned,suchasthoseto do wit! scrvices, billing,opera-
tiolai andretworkDdagemert.equirenents QoStake! fom the custoner
viewoint cd beassessed by thefollosilg neasues:

. blockrc probabilit]

. successtul/dJoppedcalk

. call setupmd cled-dosndelays

. opinionofcallqualty (voicedd data)

. radiocoverase
/ ubiqurtous
seFic€

. cusionerfeedback
andb lDS coDpiairts

An mpo'lantobjecllveoflne ceUuldn.Mork planmg rs to obtai! suffi

cientcoverage overtle €ntireseNicealeasothathignqLrality vorcesenices
anddalaseNiceswith low errorratescm beofferedto lhe subscnberstn
additioDto sDficiendyhighlrssmissionqualit_v for userdata,alsoeror Fee
systemsgDalingis crucialfor gxddleeLrgreLablecail€stablislmenr and
marntaiDDg low call &oppi!-qrate ftis objectivepresu]n€sgoodradroco!-
erageandreliablecalI landole. proceduesMosrpldtung roerhods ae
bded on theassmpdonofloicetesn,ssion. As dalaraffic increases rhn
nay rellec!intotie plming procedures Covera-qchasro be suflicieDr
to
"captue"
d-affctud provideepp&entubiquitoNseryiccto custoDersPro-
qdng coverage to placeswl'ereno otr. goesis cle&h ror cosreflecuve
 Olber mportat objecnvesfor celluiaruetworkplamilg de to prov'de
enoueh1ratrc capacityto gu@tcc sufrcieDtlylow blockjrg. ad to erable
d econoDical DetwofkimplemelBdon whenthesemceis established dd a
controlled Detworkexldsion duDg the life cycle ofthe neFvork T]le only
My to neet tbeneedsofincreasin8 !affic is to introducesmallercells(o.
to illroduceftw networksin higie.liequencyb&rdswllh t!o.c chmels
aNMT4i0 + NMT900.GSM + DCSIE00I).

Accomplishmeltof theecononcalobjectives.€qutres utilizationof ex'stmg

inEastruchreandshdingofexpensive e g dtema masts,be-
strlctures,
tweenseveralb6e stat'onsNetworkexpdsionshouldalsobe takeninto
:ccountaLeadyin tie iniiialnetworkplmirg

lie custoneris theonlyaccuatepoinrat whichQoSneasuementcanbe

made;however.lhenehro.koperaror hasonlyaccessto eventandstatislical
perfonnancedata6on the network,suchas:

. switchincnodes:processor holdingtmesi qucuc

loads,congestion,

. . rsnalinsneMo,k -'dse. linl andchaffel s-atu"

. tiuking nerwork:busy-lou callattenpts.as*e.ro'brd ratio,dswer

to-seraferatroetc

. radionelworkrcoverage,
interference,
droppedcallsetc.

. hudover perfomance: rates,farlurereasons,

success couts elc

. globalpedomdcer toralEatric,cal completioos.

numberofcustoners
Represatative network desiellQoSpedomece goalsfor ttpicat celdar

. h-buildiDg coveragen ube ad sububd eeas. coveragefor all

exteldedubm dear, indlstrialestates.
rai]}av srarions.
hjsh}ars
andoajor roads,witi lesstio I0% outageprobabilit\

speech(transnissio!)
quauty
. Accepiable Falsmissiorqualiryasde?suredby suchpeam€rersas
delay,qudtizationdistoftion,
loudness,
echoesandolherreminal

Network gradeofservice
. Overal blockngprobabiiiry
of I % on a dfect mobilero ponr of in,
lercomecl(POI)for PSTNcomectiondLreto 2% blockns in mobile
accesslo a b6e statjon;0.5%
oDbasestatio!to swjrchingcenter
(MSC) linksad 0 50"on MSCro POI lD,ts

Networkavailabiliry
. Great€r
ttra 999%overall.
 Tbesade of servlce(Gos)is a .aealureofthe ab ityofauserto accessa
systen duiDg a bNy hou. Trafic denmd in celluld networksis getrerally
low at Drehtolre,tleD the t-afic nsesnpidly in tbe momDg as o6ces od
factdes openlrtil luch time, duftg wllch the raffic irtelsiry gadually
decreases.Tratrc intensityrises againduing a.fremoonuril ir reachesits
peakiJoud 16.00.lle busrhous for ceUdarnerworksusuattytatc Dlace
on Fridavaftemoons berween16.00dd l8 00.

Tle GoSfor blocknsnerworks is noasured asihe probabrtityof calt latwe

dueto networkcoDgesrion (blockbgprobability) drng tnebusynou The
GoS offered lo customenis diectly relatedto th€ capaciryof the letwork.
Whereno enstinScellularDerworkoperates, rl js rhejob ofmarketingpeo-
ple to predictthei*ely levelsof trafic U'nikea fixedlelwork, mobile
customersae not alwayspredictablen dre; movementsandtraffic oveF
loadscu occurwhenabnomalevenrs takeplace.suchasbadroadcondF
troDsor ldge scalepublicevents.

Tle avanabiliryofthe network is defnedasthe percertageof rime the ler

work 's in workirg order Theavailability
ofrh nerworkis d;ecity relared
to the reliabihryof nen ork componenrs
d servicerestorationtimeaftera
 fl"^", e I r,1on
.r6a1
-1,1-.1

" ---f-
 I.:. The Ibpact ofUse. Envi.oaDst

Most ofthe edly ceuuldnetworks havebeendesi$ed for celutd phoDes

tbatde houred in vehcles A cdmoured artemaco o
opnioailythd anantemaofa handneld mobitepho.etatsotbe power
, u o o l !i s r o l i m r a r i oirn d . r ' . o L r " rh . q i n d . t r , r e , o o qe r a r cp o " c , b t €
Thc atema ofa hodheldphoreis shadowed by rheusefs head,tud the
requnemeDrs for longbafterylite insoduceconslrainrs on a\aitabletresmrr
po*er On tbe othersde, hedoveEmo.efrequenr fo. a fasrno\iDc cd
m o r r e o p n o n el h d f o rd h e J h e l op " ) e . m e o o \ r p e d e " r n a

Therede w.ll estabtished

plming methods for nerworksthal de basedoD
Bac.ocelkdd rharareinrended naintyfor cff mouled phonesHowever,
snce aimosrall rew subscnbers
wi usehadheldphones,pranni,smerh_
odsforne! networksmustbesupporthandbeld useD nncro-ad picocells.

Duin8 tle naring phaseof nerworkmptenenration theoffe.edfisffic is

rathersnall ad thecellsizesde mdimjzedto aclnevemdimm coveEge,
so tnatcell sizesee deteDiled naurlyby avaitabte rmsmjnerpowers,
propagational facton,dd rece,ver sersiirlrty.Thissitlarionwilt conlinue
tb. lhe eDtirenetworklife c).le n spdsetypopulated deas

Coveragels nomally fiisr builr to denselypopulatedareasdd aloDghieh_

ways tn the latter casehightydirecti\€ antenna may be Lrsed,which mates
.ell shapeseuptical alongroads Wretr rte rafic n tle network increases
no.e capaciircd beobtanedby usngsectored &remas md by decreas_
irg cell s;e b netropoljte areasnirocelts ed picoceitsae innoduced
learrgthe oid mac.ocelhasDbreth cettsA panicuid geoeraphjca_larea
nar becove.edsmultDeouslyby macro-, nicro ad picocellsFviDsrise
Io a muhilaycrnen{o.k

ln a spdselypopulared couu v-_

it nar beueconomicalro build up com
plelecoverage for a 900MHz cellul&sj'stemDuero ncreasedpathtoss
at h€ner irequenciesit is evenlessecononical to bu d up cornptete
cover
agefo. a I 800 l,trlz celularsysten for r€motede6 a raoo sy$emusDg
lowertrequencres, shch givemucl ldcer cellsizes,ryouldbe d appro-
pnaiecbo,ceFor*ildemessa.as &d seau.as a nobite satellitesrneD
couldbe themo$ aDpropnare
l.l. CeuularNetForkPlrrningAppro.ches

to celluldnetworkplMing:
Therearetlvo marnapproach€s

L Piamilg accordingb $e lnal (longertm) capactryof the neffork

. all ceus'resde chosendd all basesiationsee ,mediateiv
builtandprovidedwrthrbebasrcequ,pnent
. mor€Essceivers(chmels) re addedwhent'af6c increases

A drsadvaiag€of is approach is fiat a verylargealout ofcapilalis

boundfor a loDgpenodoflioe, beforetherede enoughcustomers D lne
neffork to provideprofitsfo. dreopcralor.

2. Planninswhichaddscapacitytlhentaffic mcreases
. in $e becrnni.sldce cellsde designedwhichcd seRetne
noderatetrafficofthe inilralpl'ase
. whentrafficindeases ldge cellsde paltixoned'nrosmauer

This ]eads10the useofsnall celh in denseiypopuletedareasmd ldge cells

in tual dd sldsely populateddeas In th,sapproachlhe nerworkplalrug
optrm'zanon
tneaimofwhichis economical
is a contirungprocess,
 I.4. Stanirg Poilts fortbe PlanDirgProcedure

ID the plMiDg lrocedue a l{ee nuber of extemalcoDsraiDlsmust be

taken hto accout. They establishtle slaftingpoints for the nerworkpla-
DiDg.The most inportant exlemalconstrainrsar€ ljsted below

1 . . t . 1D
. e s i r e dQ u a l i 9o f S e d i c e

T}e mostibportut componenls o{de qualit-v

of seMcede coverage ofthe
network,blockugprobability, andlransmsst-onquality wlhin thecoverage
uea call establshmentandlhe D:intairingof onsoDgcausis possibie.The
allowedblockhgis thekey factorofnerworkcapacitygiventheavailable
nequeDcyband andthe t€chnicalsoiutioDsof the ndio ntedace The block'
jng givestie average
rateofusuccessfulcailanemptsduem occupancy of
at a givenlimenstart,usuallyduing thebusyhour
2ll networkresources

Thetrdsrrisson qualitycanbe represented asthes,enal-to-no,seration

dalog Detworksed astle bit eEor nte in digital network Besidesthe
averagehansmssior quality, the proportioDof tme duirg wlnch quality
fa-[s below a siven thresholdlevel is animponantparaneter.The success
.atein tresfer ofsigrallg messaees 's a usetultresn,ss'on qualityneas-

I.4.2. Systed Specificatioo

Tl'e specrncatron
of theseiected
celluldsysrendeinestheusednequency
baDd,carrierspacing,
modulationmetiod,bil rat€n digrtalsystems,
signal'
ing procedues,multipleaccess
methods etc

I.4.3. EquipDentSpecificafioDs

Ihe equipment specifcatiorsof a paiiculalmdulactuer cane.g.lun,tthe

choiceof possiblenunbersofb:isestationaesc.rvercad saDsed radra
tion p:heru of atemas to certu valueslt mayalsobe ftat diveBi!. pa
ram€tende choserbeforehmdpowerlelelsae fixedlo cenainralueserc.
 I

I.4..{. Avlilable frequetrcyBaDd

The regrnatoryautlority wilt providethe opeEtor with a certainFequmcy

bed (subsetof chmds that de desielatedfor the whole system),whjch
definesthe ma{nun nuber of avarlable cmiers

I.'1.5.Senice Area Topograpby

Thetcm topogaphyis underslood herelo containinfomationabourterain

heightvdiat'on,q?e ofthe eroud.overra (forest,opendea, bDill-Dp dea
etc.),mainroadd;ections,beislt dd densiryofbuildhgsetc.Thesefactors
havesiemficmtmpacton radiowavepropagation dd thusatrectthechoice

I.4.6. Traffic distriburion

The geogaphical d;stributior of tiafrc deDmd has nahlally najor ibpact

otr network plming lnportmt factoB affectng iraiEc demed de debo
deDsity,qpical subsc.ibe.behauo.,tine of
Iraphrcstalistics,subscnber

I.,1.7.ExistiogItrfrrstructurc

To reducethecostof thenetwork,
erjstingartemamasts,
equipment
shel-
teB,elecdclines,ed roadsshoutdalwaysbeutitized
 I.5. Phrs6 ofthe PlarDingProcedure

ln thedaM ofthe eraofwnelessrelephory, dle to thelackof plauilg

oerhodology and$€ step-by-stepnetwo.k'mplenentahon. pagmaEcap-
proacheswere often usedin networkplaiming.Ar lhat tinre, cellulartretwork
planni.cmedt ilsedingcell sitesal locations
chosenby expenenced radio
engdeers, proudDgmeasuements ofihe systemin operatioD, ard adapt-
ingihe systenaccordinglyS,nce$e lastslepusuallyresuhedD add'tional
equipment bural,nostneverr€movedunnecessalr' equipnentfor useit ar
olier ntes.ln;sapproach
tendedto ove.dimension ihe slnem

As the custonerdemdd increased

temendously in the 1980s.mo.esys-
tematjcnerwo.kplming wasrequiredThisled to so-called
dndtttcal
app.od.i to neMorkplmrng Thedal),ticalapproach consists
offour

RadioNetworkDeln,rion

RadioNetworkAnalysL

rlat de passed
severaltms iteralivdyTheflow diagamofnetwo.kplM-
nng basedon tnearal)dcalapproach is shoM in thefi$r€ ofthe follorvng

DurLng tne.Rrdr,{er,o* relrirrfi phase.a hwm expenchooses cell

sites(i e ransniter locations) whch ue basedon lusplmhg experience
dd tnegeogaplncal rnapofthe aie'tobeservedlfa complelely newnet-
work is dengnedandthetrafic derndddistribulion is complelel)neglected,
ihe initialcell sit€sre chosento proqdetustcoverage, so tnatall cellsof
thenetworkhaveiery limiteddafficcapacitl.

drefirst slage
However.if infomarioraboutrhetrafic dcndd is available.
oftbe RadroNeIgorkDefinilionphaseshoujdbe lhe .rpaco! pldnnng.
Rouel estimates dcndd canbe den\ede g liom
ofthe expected'traffic
 The outpurof the capacfiyplaDllng srageis a pleliminary capacjrypla
s'vilg cel srzes&d numberof chmels i! eacbcell, whjch ee basedo,
the actualletwork specification(e.g NMT, cSM), b-atrc idomario!,
availablebddwidrh' and alowed b]ockhg probabilt_! Tte reqffed nunber
of trafficchanoels ald nequeDcies of a celtca be computed by usiDsla!d-
line capacitypl?iling techniqueslike L,recomon Ertdg B fomuta as well
ei corection factorsllar cone fron plai,ling cxpenenoe.Aner de capacit]
pl:Dlng hasbeenceied oul, tnechoiceofcettsiresreduceslo choosing
a iavorablepositionfor rheBS withI cachcettarEa

Usingtbe Eansminer locations

chosen n RadioNetworkDefi tion phase,
the PropagotionAhalysts phaseevaluarestle radiu coverageover lne cro
sendea by fieldstrengtlpredicxon nerhodsBesidesrheDfomarjono,
amlysisjs basedon equipneltspecifications,
rhecell sites,tle propagation
andthes)rnemspecificalion, especially
tle requredreceiversensiriviN.

Map nxfomationandtheorelical propaearionmodeistao propaganon

neasurenentresults)de alsous€dh rhjsphaseStochastic chametmodek
asweil asnore sophisticated approachestikeray tracngrecirniquescd b€
alpled. Usually,severalfieldsrengrhpredictionmerhodsareincludedn
softwde designtook, but iheroolsoFerlintefey supportin choosirgtte
appropriate
propagatio!model.OuFutsof thep.opagatio,dalysis ee e.g
equrpmeotpaameters Deeded lo obrained
a specifiedcoverageor the coveF
ageprediction
with giveDequipnenr pemereB.

AJiertie plamlngexpeddectdes tiar rhecoverag€ rtregven re,

satlsfies
quiemenis,theFregler.r,1llo.alar s cuied our.Othes-'se,iftte cov_
eragedoesnorsadsiytle Evenrequireoents, new transdrer positions
haveto be chosenad tle propagatioD hasro be ana,yzcuonceaga..

If the Rad;o NeMork Definirion phasehasincludedthe capaciryplaiug

stage,then@be!of req edchanlelsin eachcel is deteminedaheady
drere r$e capacityplamilg has.orbeencaried our.rhe.equnednuber
ofl]'atrc chdoelsad nequencies ofa celthasro be compuredastie fusr
stageof fi equency
allocarion.
T -
F---*
[""1*
Afier the t-a6c demandhas beeoderemDedthe actualnequency allocano!
is caried out This is bded o! the resultsfron the caPacrtyud coverage
plMilg In additiotr,p.otectior ranos(Cn ratios)for cochadel md adja
ceni chmel iDte.ference.usutlly givenin the systen specfrcatio!, de
needed.With sde nethods as ill tle coverageplam;lg tie trequelcy re-
usedistdce is detemited Thisinfornation, together*,lh tuleslbr theuse
of adjaceltcdiers, is usedto nake chmel allocarion to the basestadols

If for a ervenfiequencyreusepaaemandinterfercnce distece consnants,

witl tle reqfted nmber of chan
all thecels of theeea canbe supplied
nels,thealgonlhnproceeds to radiohetwork analysis.OtheN'sethe atgo'
riihm stansall over agan

TheRddto!"et\earkAnalysrrcalculatestheGradeof SeMceoflhe de3

wirhregardslo blockingandhandover droppngprobabilitiesAgan, sto-
d wellasuserdemad estinatcsfton t}e
chasticchmel chdacterist'cs
tra6c database fie networkperfomdce lfGrade of
de usedto calculale
de net, tbetaskis inished.othetu;setlrealeonihm
Servic€spec'ncalrors

After tle networkdesicn;sreadyad th€nenlorkis takenin comnetctal

$e,t}'e NerwotkPdraneterP/adng hasstillto beperfomed In L\isplasc
nobile switch andbaie statiotrparam€tersde optimized.Thesepddete6
conlrol radio palh andusernob rty mda-qementand the optimizationrs
intendedto ndimize thenetworkcapaci8whilegivingsufficienrgade

Tle finalphaseis,vervo* PefornanceFolLowup In ths phasethe suc-

cessofthe plming lrocedureis ve.ifiedmd networkDodificatio.scaus'
ed by trafic changes atemade.Thismeh inply tatrc measuements ud
propagation measuenents in problenaliclo€tions Pracncalmeasdesde
e.g.networkparameter tmilg, ceupani oning,ud buildingofn.w cell
sites.As a resultoftheseneasurements,newileralrons ofthe conrplele
networkplamilg procedure maybeneeded.
Ijre Eaditional nelwork pltuing nerhodoloel,bded oDtbe dalFcal ap-
p.oachfocusesBainlyon nodelingtle Edjo propagarion ald tbeirter
fererceanalysis. A d?dinoialnetworkplming tool basedon thjsme$od-
ologycm be re-srdedasa hielJysophistrcated deskopcalculator.whrch
only assstsd expedenced engneerduringpropaeatiordalts;s Theonlv
pha€ weretlre pl:Milg tool is autotuar,call),
cohputingresultsis nomaliy
the Aeque.cYallocatjon phase

Theradionetworkplaruirgproceduewill be investrgated h rhefollowing

lresentanonby goDg tlrough lne methods
usedir tlrelll!]rmg phasesde-
finedabove.lnttxscousewe do notcoverNetworkPa.mercrPlMiDg
or PerfonnanceFollow-upCellulunetworkdesignrs coveredo,lvup ro
lne RadioNee-.. ork
Analysislhase

h t h ep r e . e n t ce \ds p l e _ .i d e , l?. d r " r p ' , o f . d - a . e , . l x c h . d

be ratler wealislic for.eal nelworkplming. However-theycm grve
a cleder ide! how thedifferenlfactosatrecrirgtheresultof plamilg. ln
therealworldplamng is perfomedwithsoftwderoolsallolvlngmuch
morecoftplicared matlematical nodelsto beused
 lI. RadioNetworkDefinitionincludingCapacit]Planring

ILr. Shrtirg PoiDt!aad Objective

The slatilg poin6 fo. tbe capacit) pluilg de tle avalable bardwidth
(ie nmber of ararlablecarriers), theeeoerapbrcald,stnbui'onoftbe of'
feredt a6c, od tle allowedblockDgprobabihry. Tte nai! obieotiveof
tle calacity plming is to mdinte lhe capaciryfor a ervenblockDg level
Theava ablenmber of cdiers depends on tle decisionoftie natio.al
autiorities responsiblefor radio fiequercy allocahon

If tnereis ody onenationaloperatorfor tle celltimsysiem,a1llhechmels

deinedh thesystenspecificatlon nay begive! 1otneoperatorA! elm-
ple of ttLjsis tne NMI450 network in lidmd, wheretne only operatorbas
got all the l8o chmels oftle NMT450systemspecification In somecases
the coogestionotr someradio Aequencybatds (i e competingsystemsutil-
izrg lhe samef€quency bdd) canle3dto a smalternmber of cnmek
ftd lhe systerospecificationvaluealthouChtheremaybe only one operato.
A! exmple ofthis is the NMT900 D€tworki, Fitled wherethe only op-
eratorhd sot 799of the I 999Dossibte chmels.

lf $ere de severaloper3tors,this wll nmnerreducetle Dmber of cuierc

givento eachopentor. An exuple oflhis is the GSM tretworkin Finldd
whereeachof th€ hvo operatorsoriginallygot 24 cuiers of lhe I 24 possi
ble. h GSM md otherDetworksutilzrng TDMA, the actualluber of
channels is nahlaly thetruber of cMjersnultipliedby thenmber of
The capacityplamiDgphaseca! be divided into two P.ns: planug of the
eltne serice da md plar)drg oflhe iDdividlal cels. Assuilg tbat the
!-afrc is lDjfomly distr butedoverthe sernce dea with a! area,4 (ld'),
dd that iherejs ltre sme nmber of !-afrc ch@els ,Vrsavailablei! eacb
cel, the mdinum ruEber ofsimultaleous ongoingcalls in the seMce or
tle totalcapacir)_C b:

N
C =L N e s =

whereL:.A/ABS is lhe lmber of basestationsmd NBs= NA4 is tnerm-

beroftraffic chmek ABsis averase cell size(n kn' ) dd M ls tle reuse
factor(nmber ofcellsin a cluslet,wlnchdepends on theacceptable signal'

l! ca! be clearlyseentlat thecapacitycd be ilcreasedeit}erby usingnore

llaffc chMeh or by decreasiDs th€ reusefactor M or cell sizeABs The
6rst altemativ€reqitres a favorableverdict fron tle fieqrency authonties,
which is very raresituatioD,becauseof lhe generalshona-qe of availabl.

The reusefactor is detemhed by lhe req ed protectionratio (C,{ raho).

which is 6-{edsysiempdmeter andassuchcmot be chaged by e op-
erator.Tle oDlyreDailirg way for the operatorto incrde the capactry's
to decrese the cell size. This canbe doneto sone €xtent,but with very
snall cell siz tle nunbe. ofhddovers increasesvery rapidly dd a sig-
trficaDt pan ofthe network capacitywil be usedby hmdover sigtalnS
ln dalog systemsthe hddover cancauseu audibieshort breakin the
vo;ceDathdd withfequetthmdoversthisbecomes dtsturbiDgThecosls
ofa denseb6e statio!nenvorkh alsoanmpondt faclorto be considered
Eiadpl. l ln tle NMT systemtle voicepathmigh!bebrokenup 102
secoDds fo. desebreaksto occu about
!1a hodover.lfit ts acceptable
i% of thenme,andtle mdmu nobilesarionspeedis 50 laA, what
is tle miniDM celldimeter?

j0kln/h
. 50lm ls ^--.
olt=rt"ro.
t]oi=u)ot'm
p = 0 , 0 5)

T h u , r h ec e l d r d c , e r . m o r b e r e d - l e db e l o u0 < 6l m
 IL2. P.edictionof Offered Traffic

Network capacityis detemir€d by the alowed blocking level duiDg ile

b6y bou t6trc. Tle alowed blockilg level is detemired by nerwork
operators
accordiog to th* gade of seMcepoticy

TIE first factor detemidng Lrreoff.red rafic is rhe nbber ofpcolle dd

tbeir disbibut'on over the serice dea Durirg lhe nirial ph4e ofrhe Ljfe
cycleofa celh d networkihe subscnbeB maybaidy usecd nourcd oo-
b e slations,sothedistnbutionof c&s ondiJlerentstiee!or roadsshodd
alsobehoM Duing iaterpbases ofthe networkiife clcle tte nunberof
pedesfituusersandako residemial usersjs likely ro increaseThenMber
oftheseusersshouldalsobep.edicted in soDeway llfomatio! fromprc-
viousnerworksin lhe sde orsmilal areascanbe veryusetul.

The secord factor detemining rheofferedtralic is lhe penetration(i e

theperceDtage ofcelluld srbscibersi! tnetoralpopulario!)Tle operaror
nglt havesomeinfomationabouttheexpecred peneration,burhinoricatty
penelranon asiiuct'on of t_meh6 alwaysbeenude.estimated. The besr
assunptionnight betle penetatio!evolution in similarcoudjes ud deas

fte lhnd factordeteminiogtheofferedtraffic is tnetme of dayofdle busy

hou. ff thebusyhou occusduirg conmuting to ud ion wo.kplaces, il
maystartedljer ir sdbdbandeasmdoccu lare.ned ro doMrow deas
tn tle nomilg, md in reversedorderin the eveniDg.h tlns cased]lmic
capacityallocation(i.e.teDporaryborowDgof chmels fron onebase
stationto anolter)metrt be a soluhotr.
SocialfactorscaDalsoiliuence
the geoeraphicaldisrliburjonofotrered raffc

Tle fourth factor detenniningtne otreredtiafic is the subsdber raffic

beha\aor,how ofteDhe makesa call, andtle drsribution of cal duarion.
This is represeltedby &e averageofferedrraffic per subscnbe. This is
generaly lower D the hobite networktlm n Ue fixed netwo.k, but tle
siixation could cidge in turue depeldiig on taritrpoticies

Theofferedl]afic ofausergoup I i! aceliuldn€tworkca be computed

T,: F, CeT. N,
. F,nis the scrice probability iD the serice area whlch is a paralrleler
detemired by th. Dctworkop@tor accordiDgto his eradeofservice
policy. Tle valueofthis paranetershouldbe ashieh a possible,but
it @ rcver be uDity,be€ue complerecoverageis Deverpossible The
pmeter js actlrlly drfiereDtfor tle difi'erenIusercroupsa5 ir s more
diffcult e.g to getgoodindoorcoverage.
. Thiscodd ,so be ditrerenrto. rhediferenruser
C. is tbepenetration.
eroups.but wher most ofthe celul& phonesde ladheld sane value
cu be osuned for aI eroLrps.
. 1",r, de AerageDafii( ceneBred b) one'ub"cnber ForvorceD"trc
with Porsson callsdd exponentially
dislrrbuted call duanot
distributed

1 I is the nmber of calvtiDe uirsubscnber,

. tH;srheavemge duationofa call
The subscnbertrdtrc uder ibe busyhou is nomallv assued to be in
the order of25 - 35 mlrlmg Tte valueis aboutonethnd of the vdue
6sued fot fixednerworksubsc.ibers.
. Niis tle nuber of user;r tie SroupA5 d exuple, drenuber of crrs
rn a giv€n dea could be estDatedas
T A
"r- s -'LRs

. L is tle totalleo8thofstree$androadsD somehomogelous

pan ofrhe seMce area,and
. S is t!6 averaCedislzlce betweenthe carst .king into accout ?u
lanesandd;ecdons.
. Tle laner pan ofthe equationis sorctly valid for a ciry are3with
rectEneularblocks,but couldalso be extendedto otler sbapes

. A is fte dea o{the homoseDous aJe4

. LB is the averageleogt! of a block o. gid size in lhe road
EsEple 2. The averagen-rfic goetated fron a cell'ld phoie is 25
mErlalg. h a doMtoM cel wit! 3l@ radiustbeblocksizeis 200x200E
ad aveEgevehiciespaciogis 30 D,4d !he.ede 50p€desi_tans along100
m ofstree!.TheoperatorproudesF" = 0.90for vehiclemoDtedphones
andF, = 0.75for pedestrian
use6.Thepenerationis 10%.

ln thiscasetie nmber ofvehrclesis

dd $e nuber of pedeslrrus 6

"
0.2,(0 l/50)

js tlen
T}e rorJ lredrcredD_a-6c

T = IF,,CeT,,N,
= 0 9 i 0 1 i 0 0 2 5 x 9 4 2+50 7 5 x 0t x 0 . 0 2 51x4 l l 7 2= 2 8 6 .E3 r l a t g '
Tbe blockhg probabilry is a functioDofthe offeredtmfrc, which deperds
d-
on tne way the t'atrc is nodeled lt is coGlonlv assMed tbat the calls
nd
nve r?ldooly iD a tay, whicb leadsto a Po'sso! di$'ibution for th€
ber of cals Miving withm a tine rnterval.Tle caXdMtion ;s generaXv
dssuredIo tollos |}e ooe+idede(po]€urJ dltnbrrion

Theblockngprababilrty ce be denvedfor difierentca]lhandlilgssaieges

lfblockedc;i atemptsde dropped(noqleuus ofcall requesis) rheblock
wi$ tl€ Erldg B folmLrla
ilgprobabiliiycd be calculaied as

T^rN

B is theblockirsprobabilrv occupied)'
(allbafic chamels
T is tle ofieredtatrc (in Erlan-s),
N is theDurbe!of available !a6c chmels

As descnbededlie., the traffic intensiiyT rn Erlangsis a product of the

averagecall requenrate 1,ard theavera-qe duaiion ofa calllH i e. T: LtH

Twoconclusions cm bededucedfioE lbeErlangB fomula'Fora siven

grves
blockilsieveltle useof rno.echannels beterutilizalionofthe che-
a hisherblockinslevela srvenlurnber
oeh. o; fte olherhand,bv accepting
of chmels canbebetlerutilized
 Enmple 3. The CSM systeE is 8-TDMA systeE, wheretherede 8 rime
slotsfo. every cdier. However,rct all ofthese tioe slols are availabte
6 tlaffic cbmeh, silce we nu$ alsodedicaresone ofrheb ascoDEol
chmels. Tle folowirgtable showsa t)"jcat nmber of rratrc chmels,
when I -4 cdiers are usedfor a B S It alsoshowstle tratrc capacityfor
2% blockilgaccordilgto Erldg B fomula,od nmber of servedcEtom
e.s,lvheDwe assuDe thaltbebafic eenemred b) oneuserarbusyhou is
li nErlans

l6 )4 32
I 2 2 3
1 2: 29
29 8l 14.9 2 10
8l I 214 4ti 600

Ifwe assue tnatthetlafiic generated

by oneuserat busylou is ilcreded
to i0 nErlarg, tle nmber ofsewed custoinersreducessignificdrly ro:

l
58 1 6 4 2 9 81 4 2 0
 II.l. Capacit plaDniDgerldpl€

In this example.d arrificial serviceareais cosidered. It consistsofrecto-

sdar paniar resiors (A I). Eachpanial dea na a eivenaveEse block
size, andvehjcul& ed pedestian spacilg is assued to be colstdt od the
trafrc is assued to be honoeenousovereachregioD Th. dea paameters
de grvetrin tle followitg figue.

Tte followingpmeters Ee elven.Tle networkis plmed for a l0%

peletahon.Eachsubscriber gereEtes25 nErlangtraJficdrilg tlrebusy
hou, seMce!.obab;lityshoddbe 85%for vehicular users,whjle it should
be 80%forledestnd users.Tratrc clmek (TCt areaddedin €toupsof
fou in a mttdTDMA network.ed the maximu numberof chmels m
ole celi is 16 Traftc cnmds cm b€addedonlyonecarrier(i e. 4 baf6c
chmels) at a tme. andrie mdiDm ruber TCsn a basestationis 16.

T}E prerinirary capacityplrn is madeassmilg equisizedreclacxlu

macrocels for aI usersandcross-shaped 4 sectofmicrocels for pedestjd
users;! RegionE. h the olher areascar ard pedestiiD usersuse the sme
macroceXsbut in RegiooE we assme a layeredstruchnewtth ditrerent
cdier fiequenciesin macro-od dic.ocells

fte stepsto be followed in the capaciryplmDg procedure

L Predictionofotrered traffc m the padtal regjoDs.

2 Calculationofthe miounumnunber of cells grvinstle desiredblocktng

probability. For 4 ra.trc cbanDelstle na\inM tramc with 2% btocking
is 1.09ErlDg, with 8 traffc chmels 3 63 Erldg, dd with 12 haffic
chamels6.61Erlds. Tte snalestpossible numbe.ofcells is obtailed
by diqdng the offe.ed t-dfic suc! a way tiat eachc€l1has tlre natmm
t a6c fo. a siver blocking level. Theresullsfo. the differcd re-siorsee
gveD n ihe tablebelsw for differentnubers oftaffic cbannek.
 6x6 km- 6x6 km2 l3x5 km2

E F
2
4x4
8 < 5km-
l3x7 km2
I
8 x l i Km- i 3x12km2
4xl1 Km-

T, =F",C!T",N,
I ( ^
10.85'01: 10.00425-.
=1 1 A
l o8 0 , ro, 0.00400i=,
 SeMcedea pdueters ard off€redtraffc:

RegioD Blort size TraJfic T

Lg tl:nj s,0.rl se tErlangl
36 02 008 25 9.6 28 E
B 0.25 0 l 6t 144
C 65 04 0l li0 l5 4.1
l) 4A 02 006 ,10 t12 267
E o . ll 001 j I l._l 853
F 91 0.5 0t5 200 a2 36
G 104 06 02i 254 2.9 28
il 56 0.4 005 t0 119 280
I 156 t 0 04 500 1 1 t 2

Thechoiceof nmber oftiaffic chmek for thebas€natronsstrouldtead

to midmu nmbe. ofcelk. Tlxskindofoplin,zaijonoficnproduces
veryl&se cellsizesHowever,tle Ddnu slzeofcellsis lidred by
Llremaimm allowabtetrdsnn powef as well asp.oblemsi! cobbinilg
nmy Fansmtlers ilto a comon anlema.Herewe assme dratrhenum-
be. of trafficchMels is lim,redro 16

L Thenexlstepis to detennine
thecellsitesad numberoffiafic chainek
assigned
to eachbasestatjon.

Ths is generally
a taskbestsuitedfor comlureraidedplMhg Here
we onlyconsider d siDpljfiedscendio,whereatl cellsD a regor de
assued to behexagons or eqmr,sided recte-qles(squaJetofequalsize.
Thefollowngfigue showsfiat bothcel q"es leld lo cenaindegeeof
overcapacjty,
because lh€ id$t cellsde cfcles whichnowlvll be over-
lappilg.Theoverlapphg of coverage is ldger for rerecranglldap

Usuallythehexagolalapproach rs used,here$e rill usefte recrdelid

approach to Dakeibeeeooemcalealysis eajer. Oneoftne feCrons sill
alsobeiDvestgated wiL\tle hexagonal
approach ro seewherheranyre-
ducnoni! nmber of celk or cbmels cb be achieled
 ofcoverage
Conpansonofoverlappn-q andin ihe rectd-
in the hexagonal
 For 2% blockitrgth€ mainu !2.6c qth 4, 8, 12 ed 16trafic cbdmels
is 1.09,3.63,661 ed 9 83 E.lde, respectively
Wbenwe taow fte otre.ed
we
t"6c in everyregion, ca! calculatetle miDiDu luber of cells thar
de requiEd for differeotnmber ofTCrAS

Traffc cbamel$tsS t2
Mdimu tafic/Bs t09 363 9E:

Regron Orered ,
Tratrc
A 184 :5.21 10.58 581 I 9l
B 20.5 1 88 t 5.65 I l0 2 09
'1
c 78 )6 2 15 I tE A.79
D 409 3142 Il27 619 ,J16
E t l.l 10.17 I lt t.7l I Ii
F 8 8 8.07 2.42 I 3l 0 90
J.2l 1.57 0.86 0 58
H 399 366t 1099 604 406
r 29 2.66 0 80 0.44 0 30

We will usetwo approaches.In lhetqalapproach the lagest cells de sized

to glvep.ec;sely2% blockjngwhen16TCsareused.Tliiswill leadro cell
shapesdepanngcl*rly fromtherectdgxl& shapesTo be sue thatthe
necessarycapacityis obtailedwe muslssme thatnon'o@jdiectionai
anteDrasareusedin this cells ofwbrch sone may be very small This could
be na$eda minmumexcesscalacit/approach.

In tle secondapproach (Appro,ch 2) fie subregrons de drqdedinto eq

uiized rectdsuld celistiat bave(atnost)equalsrdes (i.e.squueshape)
The! omidirectional dtennat maybe usediD alt c€lls ud lle plM-q
procedure wm b€ colsiderably smplifiedOverlapphscoverase will Dot
be a probleD. ftis could be narneda unifoin excesscalacrry alproach
6 rc cell;s workingjustat thecapacity limit.
 Approacbl.

rn Regio!A 4 (> 1.91)cellsBustbe usedwhennaximm i6 daflic che

ftts ee avaitable.
Tte sze oftle leSesrcell is

fte ce! areaandtle corcspondmg

ofieredtralncir cellA I is

A A = 3 0 3 x 3 , 0 1 =9 2 l k n r

_ I o , o o 4 ro5l ] o 4 o o l A
l A l = A | t + | A | e = | q * c ] L

0 0 0 4 2- 50 0 0 4 0 0 1 4 2^t ^ . _ .
- l/ -a8lFrlds - N{, l4ll6l
OOg O o . z r: 0 . 1

Tte result.thattie capacityofthe des;gledcell is exactly(wrlhintheuhl-

izedDu€rjcal precision)th€capacityof I6 tafic cbdels, is obuous,
sinc! we havechosenthe areaofthe ceil to natch exactlvthe calacitv of
16tratrc chamels

lhe ce deas fld $e conespondingoffe.edtraffic valuesin cells,A2dd

A{=A =303x2.97=900kni

_ _ / 0 0 0 4 2 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 ) 9 0=0-" "_ - _ .
Jo : 'n-e
- Nd=N,.N=16(16)
 Tle ceUareaandlhe corespondingorered d.atrcD cell,44 is

A A l = 2 . 9 7 x 29 7 = 8 8 2k n :

_. * = |r0 00425 0 00400l8 8_1

0 ' 0 8 * 0 0 5 / - 7 = Y 4 U E^ n.^d -g ,

Tl'e baflic chainelvahresshosr in b.ackctsde for drecasewheredy

nmber ofhafic chainelcbuldbe allocaredThisnmber cd seneralty
be snallertle thenunberin rhecase,wheretie chmels areincreased
or decreased i, sec of4 TCs

RegioD
A:

ln RegronB at le61 i (> 2.09)cellsmustbe Lsed,but thereseemsro be no

wayto getUr€necess.ry capaciry
wrthonlyI rectarguldcells ThDs,4 ceus
mustbeused.By ushg &e sde approach asfor ReeionA, fie s;zeoftle
Idgestcell Bl is

Thecell dea dd d1econeslondngotreredtatrc m cellBl is

A E = . 11 5 , , 1l J ' = l 7 2 l k m r

_' " , lo oolzi o oo4oo)17

:.t o- 8-.l _
trlarc - N..8, 16116,
I Or 004 ]0.5

Thecapacitvofthe cellis againratually exacrlylte capacilvof16 ratrc

cnmeh. sincewe ha\echosentle eea ollhe cell lo matchexactlyrhe
capacrqof l6 tr.Jlc chamets
 Tle cel aJeasmd the corespolding offeredsaffc valuesD celts 82 ed
83 arel
Asr=A$=415:185=76Eh:

_. o , _l u - lr0.0011j0 00400)
7.68 . -^
or 0a ]02.-,r18F'rd'
= Nl"B,=NbBr=t2(l0j

Tbeceudea md thecorespondngofferedratrc in cell 84 is

A s = L 8 5 , 1 E i = I 4 2 l n r + T E a= l 9 5 E r l e g
J Ni"tsl - 8(6)

RegionC:

ln Reson C t (> 0 79) cellwillproqdeIhenecessary sd 16(la)

capacrry

RegionD:

I! Regon D at least5 (>'l 16)celhmustbeused,butthepracdcalmini-

mm nMber seemsto be6 .ecldgule cells Theeze ofibe ldge( celh
DlddD2s

- 40kn: i8- 2!= I 80kn

x ' = - -, 1
\ = 3 l 0 l J n- - 1
'- -
16 L. \ ro0tur

Thecell eea dd lne corespondirgotrereduatrc in cellsDl tud D2 is

A D r= A D := 3 l 0 : l 1 0 = 96 2k m r

_ _ / 0 0 0 4 1 50 0 0 1 0 0 J 4 6 ^1^ ^ - .

- N,"Dj=NbDr=16(16)

Thus,onceagainwe useexactlytte capaot_v of l6 trafficchmels, suc.

we havechose!ihe dea oftle cellto matchexactlythecapacibof 16
 RegionA, B, and E 6km
<. 4km >
),6-x-i

i A r ,B I M , B z
iEl lE2 t
43, 83 A4,B4
E3 E 4 i

RegionD RegionH

-, 1 l=s-zr>
DI D2 D 5 :
i
D3 D4
H2
 otreredta6c valuesn celtsDi ed
lle cel are6 dd thecorespoDdios
D4 ue:

A D r= A r = i . l 0 x I 9 0 = 5 8 9 k o i
+ TDr= Tr! = 6 0l Erlue + NbDr = N[Dr = l2(12)

The ccll dea od LllecoaespoldingoFeredEafllc in cell Di s

A D r= l l 0 x l 8 0 = 5 5 8k n r + T D =
5i T0Erlog
+ N , r D=
J l2(l l)

' TheceltaJeadd fte corespondileotreredlrallic in cell D6 rs

A h = I 9 0 : l 8 0 = l 4 2k h r + T D r = 3 4 9 E d o g
+ N"D = 8(8)

RegionE lvehiclesonly):

h R e g i o D Et l e m i n n m ! u b . r o f c e l l s r s 2 ( >| 1 5 )b u rn p r a c t ' ciel

rectmsda cellsmusibeused Thesizeof Lheldgestcell,s

t6 LT
" ,' "t- "-

otrered
Thecel a'eaandthecorespondns taffc D cellEI rs

A E j = 3 r 3 : 3 . t 3 = 1 3 . 9 k1 m l

0 0 0 1 2 5I i 9 l ^ ^ - - .
l D r =r D r = 0 o 1 =e6)rflang
0 tJ
- N ' " D r =N ' " D 1 =1 6 ( 1 6 )

we useexactlrtnecapacit-v
Th6, oncea-qain of 16raffc chamels.sDce
we havechosentneareaoftle celllo natchexactlyihe capacit-v
of l6
tafic chmels
 The cel aJeasmd $e corespondingofieredFatrc va]ues'n cels E2 dd
E3 de

A E ' = A E r = 3 . 7 3 x0 2 7 = I 0 l k n l
+ TE,=TEr= 0 Tl Erlds+ NbEr= Nk.r = 4(4)

The ceu dea dd lhe conespondingofered 1raffc llt ceUE4 is

A s 4= 0 2 7x 0 . 2 t= 0 0 7k m r r T E a= 0 . 0 5 E r l e e
i NcEa= a(2)

R e g i o nF
s.Dd G:

In RegionsF dd G, I (> 0 90 > 0 i8) cellwtll prohdesuJficient

capacit)
dd thenunbe.ofTCs is l6(14)and l2(l l), respectrvely

RegionH:

In Reson H thennnLrm nmberof cellsis 5 (> 4.06)bDtin practtceE

rectdeulu celh nust beused.Tle sizeoftbe ldgestcellsHl. H2. ad
H3 is

= 560km' =
-;IZ- i q-"=o.zsm
x: + x 3.71
kn-
1rr l*=z.szk-
offe.edtraJficin cellsHl, H2, ad Hl
Thecell dea dd tle coresponding

A r | = A H , = A B = 3 . 7 1 r3 . 7 1 = 1 37 6 k m t
+ T H r= T H := T $ = 9 8 s E r l d s + N d n = N k H ,= N , " E = 1 6 ( 1 6 )

otreredtratrc valuesin cels H4, H5,

The cell &e6 ed the conespondin-q

A H a= A s 5 = A r , 6= 3 7 1 x 0 2 9 = 1 0 8L r a '

o o , [ i o o o 4 o o ] r 0^8- _
r , " r , . _' * - /l o o o i o o zr o j 0 - E , r & ,
- N,ctsa= N,.rD = Nrq6 =1(4)
 Tle cel areadd the conespondm-q
of€red r-d6c i! cell H7 is

A H ?= 3 7 1 ' 2 . 8 7 : l 0 6 5 h : + T H 7= 7 . 6 1 E r t a l g
r N,.u = 16(14)

Thecell dea dd tle coresponding

oferednafic in celj H8 G

A t s s= 2 8 7 : 0 1 9 - 0 . 8 1 k ! r :J T , r = 0 j 9 E r t d s
-r N,""s= 4(3)

R.gio.I:

L Regon I. I (> 0 30) cell will prolidesufiicie,tcapacitydd lhe nurber

o f T C si s E ( 7 ) .

firally, thecels andchmels in RegonD ue investigate{tby assuming

hexagoralcelk Theceli sh-ucrde rs choseoaccordngto thefollowmg
figue Thedea ofa tull-szehexagonat cell;

a.= l"5r: = 4 0 = 9 6 l 5 h n r ) . = l 9 2 4 k m
4t6

Thelerglhs, ud, canbe obla;ned

by s;mptenathematical
dalysis:
a=li 3r=2.2281o
b=5 2r+!5r=t 6671o

Ihe c€ll size,offeredtra6c, andnecessarytrumber

ofTCs r! cels D1 and
D2 are:

AD, = AD: = 9 615kr' ) TDr= Io: = 9.83Edarg

I N r c D=r N t D = 1 6 ( 1 6 )
 Tle cel aieasdd thc corespond;ls offeredFafic valuesin cells E2 dd
E3 de

A E : = A E r= 3 7 l x 0 2 7 = l 0 l k n r
+TEr =TEr= 0 Tl ErlosJ N"e. = N"* = 4(4)

Tlle cel dea ald t]e corespondingoff€redraffc in cell E4 ts

AEa = 0.27r 0.27= 0 07 lrnr + TE! = 0 0i E.ldg

+ NkEa= a(2)

RegiorsF aDdG:

h RegionsF andG, I (> 0 90 > 0.58)cellwill providesufficientcapacirr*

ad thermber ofTCs rs l6(14)and l2(l l), respectrlely.

Regio! H:

ln RegionH themininm nmber ofcellsis 5 (> 1.06)bul in practiceE

rectoguld cellsmDstbe DsedTle s;e of theldgesl cellsH I , tl2, dd
HJB

- 560la!r I q-*=o.zqm
x.= 1'06Jx=37tkm-1tr :"=:Stk

Thece1]dea md tle corespondBgofferedtrafficn cellsHl, r{], od Hi

A H r= A s ?= A B = 3 7 l x 3 . 1 1 = 1 37 6 k n 1
+ THr= TH1= TB = 9 83Erlag J Nkrr = Ndr = NkH: = l6(16)

The ceu areasandthe corespondilg otreredl]atrc valuesin cells H.1,H5,

A r r r= A j = / { ! 6 = 3 7 1 x 0 2 9 = l0 8 k m '

_ I 0 0 0 1 2 i 0 0 0 1 0 0 ) t0 8 ^ - - .
'F'- rr rio-[ u rr'@-
005 00i J0]
f NcHl=N,!r,j=Nrc!6=4(4)
 Tle ceUdea dd tle corespondrsofreredr'afic i! cenH7 is

A s r = 3 . 7 1 ! 2 . 8 7 =l 0 6 5l o : + t , = 7 6 1p r 1 - t
-+ NtH? = 16(14)

Tle.ell eea dd thecorespo.dngofferedtrafic i, ce ltS is

A r r s= 2 8 7t 0 2 9= 0 8 l k n : j T H s= 0 . 5 9E i & r q
J Nds = a(l)

R e g i o nI :

ln Reson I, 1 (> 0 30) cetlwil proudesufficrent

capacityd.t lhe,mber
ofTCs is 8(7)

Finally,thecels ad chmels n Regron D de mvesrigared by assuming

js
hexagonalcells Tle c.lt stuctue choseDaccordingro the foltowing
fisue Thedeaofa tul].szehexagonal cer is

A=j"5r.= =9or5trn,-.r=t924kE
4.r6
T}telen8tlsa ud, canbe obtained
by simplemarheEatical
dalysis:
a=E-lr=222817
b = 5- 2 x +Jlr = 1.667
km

Tle celtsize,otreredtratrc, dd necessary

nuber ofTcs in cels Dl ald
D2 are:

ADr = AD: = 9 6t5lo: + TDr= TDz= 9.83Erlang

+ N r D j= N , o r = 1 6 ( 1 6 )
 Thesize,oFe.edtnfic, dd necessary
DMber ofTcs of cel D3 are:

A D r= u ) A D r+ ( a - t . r . i . " / rr
= 0 . r .e o t r . { 7 . 2 2 8 - t . s 2
! 54.l t. s 2 a - 5 8 2 t k r -

_ / 0 0 0 4 1-50 0 0 4 0 0 1 5 1 t-4^ . - .
t*-[ J NLD.-l2ll2l
ooo 0 0 ] . J0 t - . . 9 d 1 ' l d 8

Thesize,otreredtratrc,dd recessarlnmberof TCs ofcellD4 de

A D 4= 0 . 5 A D r = 0 . 5 x 9 . 6 1 J8=048k n r
+ T t u= 4 9 l E r l e s J N @ = 1 2 ( 1 0 )

suce o . , "fir. rnesze.oreredn"l-- ro ne'e,..,1,nLmber

or TC, o
c e l lD 5 d e :

A D i : A D = 4 . E 0 8k m '
+ TDi : TD = 4 9l Erlbg + N"o; - N,.a = l2(10)

The size,otre.edtraffic,andDecessaryrmberofTCs of cell D6 de:

A s = 0 5 A D r= 2 6 5 7k n :
+ TE = 2 7l Erlansj N,.ft = 8(7)

Tte size,otreredtrafiic,andtrecessar_v
nmbe. ofTCs ofcelt D7 de:

ADr= +r,*J5r= 1.603

bn:
-1" qi. o 6 l - o L r l r P . . Nr ' 8 ' '

Tbesize,otrered
tratrc,ad necessair
nmber ofTCsofcellDEdel

ADs=0jAD.=0E02hn:
+ TD! = 0.82Erlds -+ N"Dr = 4(4)
ThN, with b€xagolalcels we leed 8 cellsdd 2:16-}t2+2!8+.1=
88 Fafrc cbdels, wheDwit! recragul& cels we Deedonty 6 ceus dd
2x16+3x12+8= 76 b2lnc clmels Reaso!for Lhrsis tharwe havelr.ied
to coverrelativelysmallrectdgrid eea by usingrejanvelyldge hexagolal
cells.Nomatly, thehexagonal approximatio.
shouldprovidebeherresulrs
dueio sEaller overlappingoftle actua_l
c;ald co!.tagc de6.

r., nr </^-:4
)-,' D3 !
,/ D2 \., i
)- :-'

D6i

l,
ID RegionE capacitynEt alsobe alocatedto Pedesrrie E-a6c. Tte niri-
mm Du6be.ofcellswith 16TCsis

The capacitycould in pnnciple be providedwjlh 9 tectalguld nacrocells.

However, the RcgionE is represeltinga city cenlerwith tall buildiDgs,so
providedbymacrocells
tlat thecoverage woutdbe verypoordueto siad-
owng ofthesetall buildngs.

hnead of usingDacrocells, we wtll studytheuseofmicrocellsto cover

the sEeetcdyons and, ifpossible, tle surromdng buildilgs With a regubr
rectansuld btock sbuctue, whefelhe block siE is i50 m, ti'ere ate 27 par'
atlet streetsin both dinensionswithitrthis 4 lor x 4 hr block T}e mhinm
Dumbd ofbase stationscorespondsto sitution, wherewe locate bae sta-
tions into steet comersin sucha way ihat eachof themcd cover two
sneels.Ths Mdgement is illustatedin theFigureofthe followingpage.
Thjsleadsin thec6e to 27 cellswiih a cross-shaped coveragedea 6
shoM in lhe figue. The cell ]ayoutmaybe sonewhatuarealishc,and it
requiresralhercoEpiicatedantenna!.

The offeredba6c ed the lecessoy nunber ofTcs will now be

t-- =g:-t t,,E.t-" -- t'i=:rst

The lalt stcp ofthe capacityplaDjng is 10fi.d the ttafic thar ca be sePed
in ihe desi€led nerworkwith tle BrveDblockhg level. This is calculated

r-,, =IN,r"...*

. 44l js tbe capac,lyof Lhe,mpledeniednetwork

. X, is the n@be. of cells,w,thn haffc chmels
. Lrc2% is dretraffic that Fves 2% block'nglevel for n nalic chrnels

e g iD Regron A the mplenented capactly in the networt 's

T * p L ,=r 4 ' T r a . * = 4 ' 9 S 3 =3 85 E r l a n g

Tle resultsfor otherreerons

cd be obtained
corespondingly.

Thecomplete planmg wrthapproachI de giveno

resultsofthe capacrty

PrelimiDary cell plzn, miniDuD ercesscapacity.

I NE Nrc
(4x16= 6,1) r35 €85)
B {r6+2rr0+6=12) 26 7 (223)
c ( r l r 5= r 5 )
D
E, veh
;iili (2r16-2it2+ll+3= 75)
(16+2\4+2= 26)
4) |
1 3l
l2Jx3= 216)
93 o
(r'1- r.1) e 8
1424)
( 1 22 )
(980)
(32)
G
H
I l;1;
:615 57
li12= 12

113= 3
(n- ) 66
(iil6+lr-ir4+l = ?5) '117
(7: 1) 36
(53)
(4i 6)
t2 9)
(540) 292 9 (2314)
 Region.{:

ln RegionA thenmber ofcelk nrnllirg $c shaperequremcntis 4 Thc

su., offeredtratrc ed luber ofTCs are:

A ^ = ; = e o ok n '

- r 0 0 ! 4 2 5 O O O 4 O O , n^O- -l -] .

> N ' " ^ ,= l 6 ( 1 6 )

R e g i o nB :

li RegionB drermber ofcelh tulfillng theshaperequftoenl is 4 The

rze, otreredtia6c dd nmber ofTcs de:

t6
A o00l-' . tIrrldg Nu-l'(lll
,

RegionC:

h Regio. c thenmber ofcclls.tbattulf1lthe.equ;em€rtofapproxinately

squdeshapc,is I Thesz€, offeredEafficandnumberofTcs are:

a. -6'-.,2r1o,' .1 J 8 0 E r t d s' N " . . . ! )

RegionD:

ln RegionD tie numberofcellstulfillingtheshaperequircnentis 6. Tlle

sze. offeredtraffc od n@berofTCs ee:

"" -'j-""-,. - D-o8rLrrro-\ D ro..'r

 Resio! E (vehiclesonly):

In RegionE the luber of cells tulfiIing tbe shaperequiredett is 4 The

sze, offeredbaffc dd nmberolTCs d€.

' 0 9o . r . , 2 . q i E r r e ". \ .
o , oo*, 8,-,

RegionF:

I! ReEonF thenmber ofcellsir-1611ing theshaperequneneuts 2 The

size, otreredtBffic dd nuber of TCs re

e. - l:: r,-' - r^ = 4 40Erlang

+ N.".,= l2(10)
]=

RegionG:

h RegionC t}e numberofceltstulfillirgtneshaperequiementrs 2. The

size,offeredh-atrcdd nmber of TCsue:

,to,=S= s: t ' - r", = 2 86Erlms+ N,.G=8(7)

RegioDH:

In ReeiorH thelmber ofceustuIfi]lngt]e shpe requienentis 5. The

size,offeredta6c md nuberof TCsde.

. r - ' - - u. ' : r - _ .T- 08-rtd. '\ ,bLr!

R€iod I:

In Rcgiotr I tbe n@ber of cels nnflling $e shaPereqfteDent is 1 The

s;e, offeredt'afic ard nmber of TCs are:

o, -'f '...,"' 'r, JorFrtds-'J. 8,-,

As a 6nal result, we obtaiDedtle sane nuber of ceUswitl both a!-

proaches.However,608 traffc chmek are requiredfor unifod cells of
app.oach2, whe.eason-ly564 traffic cha.anels de requiredfor ninDM
excesscapacitypriDciple ofapproachI Tlnsis alsoreflectedby tle excess
capacity,whichrs 120% for l|e approach I (7 0% for ln.esdctednmben
of ratrc chmels), and238% (9.2%)lor theapproach 2

PreliDioary c€ll platr,uoiforrbcells.

ReFron T Nr I T-"r
38.4 4t16= 64 (4x16= 64) 19.l (39i)
B 20.5 4 4tl2= 48 (4:11= aa) 16 4 (23.4)
C 2 2xt2= 24 (2x9= 18) l 3 l ( E7 )
D 40.9 6:16- 96 (6x13= 78) 590 (4,1.,r)
E, veh. I 1 . 1 4 4x8= 32 (4t1 = 28) l 4 5 ( r1 . 8 )
8 5 3 27 27ta:2t6 (27t8= 216) 980 (98.0)
F 8.8 2 2tt2= 24 (2x10: 20) r 3 . 2 ( 1 02 )
G 5.7 2 2x8= 16 (2i7 - la) 7 3 (i.9)
H 399 5 5!16: 80 ( j x 1 4- 7 0 ) 49 2 (4r.0)
I 2.9 i l x s= 8 lltT= 7) 1.6 (l 9)
Total 261.5 5 7 608 (j59) i23 7 (28i6)
 95

tT"l ;

ry