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Surface
Anatomy
A. 9cm
left
to
the
midsternal
line
at
the
5th
Intercostal
space
=
Apex
D
B. 7th
right
sternocostal
articulation
C
C. Upper
border
of
the
3rd
right
costal
cartilage
1cm
from
the
right
sternum
D. Lower
border
of
the
2nd
left
costal
cartilage
2cm
from
the
sternum
Pericardium: Phrenic nerve (s), Pericardiophrenic and musculophrenic arteries (branch of internal thoracic)
A
fibroserous
sac
that
encases
the
heart.
Lying
between
the
2nd
and
6th
costal
cartilages.
1. Fibrous
–
tough
outer
layer,
bound
inferiorly
to
the
central
tendon
of
the
diaphragm.
2. Parietal
(serous)
–
lines
fibrous
pericardium.
3. Pericardial
cavity
4. Visceral
(serous)
–
forms
the
outermost
layer
of
the
heart
the
epicardium.
• Transverse
pericardial
sinus
–
space
between
the
2
arteries
that
leave
the
heart
and
the
6
veins
that
enter
the
heart.
Via
this
space
a
surgeon
can
pass
a
finger
behind
the
aorta
and
pulmonary
artery
and
in
turn
apply
a
clamp
to
divert
blood
through
a
cardiopulmonary
bypass.
• Oblique
pericardial
sinus
a
recess
between
the
entrance
points
of
the
SVC,
IVC
and
pulmonary
veins.
Right Atrium
• 3
Inlets:
SVC,
IVC
(rudimentary
valve
present)
and
the
coronary
sinus
(rudimentary
valve
present).
• 1
Outlet:
Tricuspid
valve
to
right
ventricle.
• Fossa
Ovalis:
The
closed
foetal
foramen
ovale
(see
septal
defects).
Approximately
25%
of
adults
have
a
probe
patent
foramen
ovale
i.e
a
instrument
probe
can
be
passed
through
from
right
atrium
to
left
atrium
–
largely
asymptomatic
but
a
recognised
risk
of
paradoxical
embolus.
• Crista
terminalis:
Ridge
between
SVC
and
IVC
entry
points.
• Sino-‐atrial
node:
Located
at
the
superior
part
of
the
crista
terminalis,
right
to
the
opening
of
the
SVC.
• Sinus
venarum:
Smooth
posterior
wall
of
the
right
atrium
embryologically
derived
from
the
sinus
venosus.
• Musculi
pectinati:
muscular,
‘comb’
like
(pecten
=
comb)
wall
forming
the
anterior
surface
of
the
right
atrium.
• Atrio-‐ventricular
node:
found
in
the
atrial
septum
above
the
opening
of
the
coronary
sinus.
Right
atrium
(rotated
laterally)
SVC
SA
node
Musculi
pectinati
Fossa
ovalis
AV
node
Sinus
venarum
Crista
terminalis
IVC
and
valve
Coronary
sinus
and
valve
Right
AV
orifice
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
• Lies
posteriorly
• Snooth
walled
except
auricle
(ear
like
appendage)
• 4
inlets:
pulmonary
veins
• 1
outlet
to
left
ventricle
via
the
mitral
valve
(bicuspid).
• Fossa
ovale
Left
Atrium
Auricle
Pulmonary
veins
Fossa
ovale
Mitral
valve
MRCS Cardiac Anatomy 4
Left
Ventricle
• Wall
of
left
ventricle
is
3
times
larger
than
right
ventricle.
• 1
Inlet:
Right
atrium
via
mitral
valve.
• 1
Outlet:
Aorta
via
aortic
valve.
• Anterior/Posterior
papillary
muscles
anchor
mitral
valve
to
papillary
muscles
of
ventricle.
• Muscular
wall
–
trabeculae
carnae.
Left
Ventricle
Aortic
valve
Mitral
valve
Papillary
muscles
Trabeculae
carnae
Valve Anatomy
MRCS Cardiac Anatomy 5
Coronary
circulation