Nanofactory

Nano factory can be defined as a syste of compact molecular manufacturing.. Molecular assemblers
are used in its product assembly. It is smaller in size hence it has the ability to build a diverse selection
of large-scale atomically precise diamondoid products. Main inputs to a diamondoid nanofactory is
simple hydrocarbon feedstock molecules such as natural gas, propane, or acetylene. Molecular mills ,
a layer of machines extract the suitable molecules from the inputs and form the building blocks.
simple molecules containing trace atoms of chemical elements such as oxygen, nitrogen or silicon may
also be required for the process. The nanofactory must be provided with electrical power and a means
for cooling the working unit. The output is in macroscale quantities of atomically precise diamondoid
products. These products may include nanocomputers, medical nanorobots, products having diverse
aerospace and defence applications, devices for cheap energy production and environmental
remediation, and a cornucopia of new and improved consumer products.

Nanolithography

Nanolithography is a collective term for various processes for creating nanoscale patterns on different
medias. This can be described as part of nanotechnology. This can be used to study and fabricate
nanometer-scale structures. That means nanometre-scale structures with at least one lateral
dimension between 1 and 1,000 nm. Methods can be categorized in serial or parallel, mask or
maskless/direct-write, top-down or bottom-up, beam or tip-based, resist-based or resist-less
methods. The most common applications of the nanolithography are Multigate devices such as Field
effect transistors (FET), Quantum dots, Nanowires, Gratings, Zone plates and Photomasks,
nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), or semiconductor integrated circuits. The main purpose of
nanolithography is to shrink electronic devices, to allow for more electronic parts to be crammed into
smaller spaces, i.e., smaller integrated circuits that result in smaller devices, which are faster and
cheaper to manufacture since fewer materials are required.

Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique where a beam of electrons is transmitted

through an ultra-thin specimen where it interacts with the specimen as it passes through. This
technique is in macroscopy scale. From the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the
specimen an image will be created which is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a
fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or it can detected by a sensor such as a CCD
camera.

Figure 1 : Transmission Electron Microscope

This can used to observe the features of very small specimens and can observe particles at a much
higher magnification and resolution because of the shorter wavelength of an electron compared to a
photon. It also provides higher resolution images compared to a scanning electron microscope, which
can only be used to scan and view the surface of a sample. Scientists can view specimens to the atomic
level, which is less than 1nm using this TEM.

Working Principal of the Transmission Electron Microscope

An electron gun fires a beam of electrons by accelerating the electrons to extremely high speeds using
electromagnetic coils and voltages of up to several million volts. This beam is focused into a thin, small
beam by a condenser lens. Due to its high aperture electrons in a higher angle will be eliminated.
An image will be created by the objective lens by focussing the portion of the beam that is emitted
from the sample. the vacuum system in TEM ensures that electrons do not collide with gas atoms.

A rotary pump or diaphragm pumps generates a low vacuum enabling a low enough pressure for the
operation of a diffusion pump. Later it achieves vacuum level that is higher enough for operations.

The image produced by the TEM is called a micrograph. This cam be seen through projection onto a
screen that is phosphorescent. This screen emits photons when it is irradiated by the electron beam.
A film camera positioned underneath the screen used to capture the image.