Air-Conditioning Project

Taught by Meng Chamnan

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Why this A/C system is important in our life?

1. Many aspects depend on the A/C process

- Our comfort
- Our activities
- Drying
- Cooling
- Heating

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Why this A/C system is important in our life?

2. Many Industries require A/C process

- Electronic Industries
- Conservation systems
 Foods
 Drinks
- Process Industries
 Foods
 Cloths
 Painting
 …….
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What is the role of A/C Engineer?

1. Calculate of peak loads

Load cooling
Load heating
Air treatment Humidity
Dehumidify
……
2. Specification of the equipment and systems
configuration
3. Calculation of annual performance

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What is the role of A/C Engineer?

4. Calculation of costs
 Investment cost or first cost ( rent, interest for the
bank)
Energy cost
 Operating cost Maintenance cost
Interest cost

Ex: We have 600 W cooling capacity of our refrigerator

with COP = 4. Calculate the operating cost in case of
10hours of operating condition per day (650reil/KWh).

(1TR = 12000Btu/hr or 1kW = 3415Btu/hr)

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What will you expect to get from this course?

1. Cooling load calculation method

2. Type of air-conditioning systems
3. Air ducting systems
4. Piping systems
5. Accessories

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 I. Cooling Load Calculation Method

There are three methods for calculating the cooling

load in each local:
1. Calculated by Software,
2. Calculated by Ratio estimation
3. Calculated by Manual.

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Recommended Inside Design Condition for
Summer and Winter

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1. Calculated by Software: We use the software
which is named Hourly Analysis Program 43 (HAP
43).

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2. Calculated by Ratio estimation
Cooling load = R x S [Btu/h]
Cooling load = 0.293.10-3 x R x S [KW]
S : surface area in local [m2]

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3. Calculated by Manual

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 Heures de
Orientation Nombre de
Murs exposés réfrigération
des locaux murs exposés
maximum
1 N
2 NE
3 E
4 SE
1
5 S
6 SO
7 O
8 NO
9 NE- N- E
10 NE- SE
11 SE- S et E
12 SE- SO A déterminer en
13 SO- S et O combinaison avec le
14 SO- NO tableau (rayonnement
2 solaire sur les murs et
15 O-N vitrages) et l'heure où
16 NO - NE les charges dans le
17 N-S local à climatiser
18 NE - SO
19 E-O
20 NO - SE
21 N-E-S
22 NE - SE - SE
23 E-S-O
24 SE - SO - NO
3
25 S-O-N
26 SO - NO - NE
27 O-N-E
28 SO - NO - SE
29 N-E-S-O
4 NE - SE -SO -
30
NO
31 Néant 17
Tableau 2.22- Orientations des locaux pour déterminer l'heure de
réfrigération maximale
QT: the puissance refrigerant total in each local [W]
Q T = Q S + QL [W]

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 Tableau 2.3 Coefficients globaux de transmission thermique (K) des parois (murs- planchers toitures- vitrages- terrasses- portes) en W/m2°C
Epaisseurs (Cm)
Types de parois Type d'enduits
10 15 20
Aucun 2.80 2.65 2.43
Enduit extérieur et intérieur au béton 2.37 2.20 2.09
Parpaings creux (agglomérés creux) Plâtres ou carreaux 2.55 2.38 2.26
Lattes de bois 1.69 1.64 1.59
panneaux isolants 1.30 1.24 1.18
Aucun 1.75 1.41 1.18
Enduit extérieur et intérieur au béton 1.69 1.36 1.14
Béton coulé Plâtres ou carreaux 1.59 1.30 1.08
Lattes de bois 1.24 1.02 0.84
panneaux isolants 1.02 1.09 0.79

11 22 33
Aucun 3.25 2.20 1.62
Briquettes de terre
Enduit extérieur et intérieur au béton 3.10 2.50 1.80
Plâtres ou carreaux 2.90 2.10 1.50
2.50 3.20 3.80 4.40
Châssis simple 3,94 3.36 3,00 2.90
Portes en bois
Châssis double 1,97 1.86 1.94 1.74

Sans solivage 5.80

Tuiles- Ardoises- Fibrociment
Avec solivage 4.05
Toitures
Sans solivage 9.28
Tôle galvanisée ondulée
Avec solivage 4.64

Châssis en bois 5.00

Vitrage simple
Châssis métallique 5.80

Châssis en bois 3.30

Avec lame d'air de 6mm
Châssis métallique 4.00
Châssis en bois 3.10
Vitrage double Avec lame d'air de 8mm
Châssis métallique 3.90
Châssis en bois 3.00
Avec lame d'air de 10mm 19
Châssis métallique 3.80
 Tableau 2.4- Différence de température entre les différentes
faces des parois

Types de parois Δθ [°C]

Murs extérieurs ensoleillés ∆θ = θe - θi

Murs en contact avec les locaux non
∆θ = θe - θi - 3oC
conditionnés
Plafond sous comble ventilé ∆θ = θe - θi + 3oC

Plafond sous comble non ventilé ∆θ = θe - θi + 12oC

Plancher sur terre Pleine ∆θ =20oC - θi

Mur en contact avec la cuisine ∆θ = θe - θi + 18oC

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 Tableau 2.5- Coefficient d'absorption "α" pour murs, toits et fenêtres

Couleurs et nature de la surface α

Pierre blanche- surface blanche,

Surfaces très claires 0,4
claire où crème ciment très clair

Fibrociment- bois non peint- pierre

Surfaces foncées brune- brique rouge- ciment foncé- 0,7
staff rouge, vert ou gris

Toitures en ardoises foncées- cartons

Surfaces très foncées 0,9
bitumés très sombre

Vitrage simple 1
Verres (fenêtres ou lanterneaux) Vitrage double 0,9
Vitrage triple 0,8

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 Tableau 2.6- Facteur de rayonnement solaire

K coefficient de transmission thermique de F coefficient du

la paroi considère [W/m2°C] rayonnement solaire

0 0
1 0,05
2 0,1
3 0,15
4 0,20

N.B: Interpoler pour les coefficients intermédiaires

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 Tableau 2.7- Facteur de réduction "g" pour fenêtres protégées

Fenêtres protégées Couleurs g

Stores extérieurs en toile Ecru 0,28
Stores extérieurs en toile Aluminium 0,22

Stores extérieurs entièrement baissés Aluminium 0,45

Bianco ou
Stores intérieurs á moitié baissés 0,63
crème

Persiennes entièrement baisées á l'intérieur des

Aluminium 0,58
fenêtres

Persiennes entièrement baisées á l'extérieur des

Aluminium 0,22
fenêtres

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 Tableau 2.8- Débit de renouvellement d'air nécessaire dans les locaux climatisés et
nombre de personne au m2 par type de locaux.

Débit minimum
Débit minimum d'air Densité
d'air neuf avec
Désignation des locaux neuf sans fumeur d'occupation
fumeur
[m3/h/personne] [personne/m2]
[m3/h/personne]
Locaux d'enseignement 15-18 25 0,67
Dortoirs, chambres
18 25
collectives 0,25
Bureaux et locaux assimilés 18 25 0,10
Salles de réunion, spectacle 18 30 0,31
Boutiques, supermarchés 22 30 0,08
Cafés, bars, restaurant 22 30 0,50
Locaux á usage sportif 18 30 0,80

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Tableau 2.9 Chaleur dégagée par les personnes [w]

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 Tableau 2.10- Chaleur dégagée par l'éclairage

Puissance raccordée [W/m2]

Destination du local ou type d'activité Lampe á Lampe
incandescence fluorescente

Entrepôts, habitat, restaurant, théâtres 25 8

Bureau, salle de cours, hall d'entrée avec

65 16
caisse et quiches
Salle de lecture, d'ordinateur, laboratoire,
110 24
magasin, hall d'exposition
Supermarché, très grand bureau, amphi -
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théâtre sans fenêtre, travaux de précision

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 Gain á admettre [W]
Puissances
Type d'appareils Chaleur Chaleur
nominales [W]
sensible latente
Friteuse 5litres d'huile 2575 464 696
Friteuse 10litres d'huile 6954 1102 1653
Chauffe pains 435 319 29
Moule á gaufrettes 2192/719 899/319 609/203
Percolateur 2L 993 394 104
Chauffe eau 146 116 29
Cuisine électrique et machine á laver 3000 1450 1550
Aspirateur 200 50
Essoreuse 100 15
Congélateur 200L 175 500
Fers á repasser 500 230 270
Chaîne stéréophonique 40 40 0
Téléviseur 175 175 0
Séchoir cheveux 500/1000 175/350 75/250
Plaque de cuisson 500/1000 120/250 130/250
Grill á viande 3000 1200 300
Stérilisateur 150 175 325
Ordinateur 400 250 0
Cafetière 500/3000 750 300
Photocopieuse 750 33
Imprimante á jet d'encre 52
Imprimante laser 15
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 QS: the contribution of total sensitive heat in the local [W]
QS = QStr+ QSRm + QSRv+ QSr + QSoc+ QSécl+ QSéquip
Where is :
QStr = k  S  θ [W]
QSRm = a  F  S  R m [W]
QSRv = a  g  S  R v [W]
QSr = q v  (θ e -θi )  0.33 [W]
QSoc = n  CSoc [W]
QSécl = 1.25  P [W]
QSécl = P [W]
QSéquip : see in table [W]

 QL: the contribution of total latent heat [W]

QL = QLr + QLoc + QLéquip
Where is:
QLr = q v  (θe -θi )  0.84 [W]
QLoc = n  CLoc [W]
QLéquip : see in table [W] 37
 II. Type of Air-conditioning Systems
 Split system
 VRV system

Air cooled condensers:

 Primary-Only Variable Flow Systems
 Primary-Only Constant Flow Systems
 Primary-Secondary Variable Flow Systems
 Primary-Secondary Constant Flow Systems
 Chiller system
Water cooled condensers:
 Primary-Only Variable Flow Systems
 Primary-Only Constant Flow Systems
 Primary-Secondary Variable Flow Systems
 Primary-Secondary Constant Flow Systems

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Type of Indoor Units

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 Recommandations
• Pour une puissance frigorifique  2.5 kW
– Windows ou split system
• Pour une puissance frigorifique > 2.5 kW
et < 75 kW
– split system ou l’armoire de climatisation
• Pour une puissance frigorifique > 75 kW
– l’armoire de climatisation ou la centrale de
climatisation

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 III. Air Ducting Systems
There are 2 types of duct that will be installed in the
project:
- Supply air duct
- Return air duct

The differences forms of duct:

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Velocity of Air:
1m/s = 196.85 fpm
Vmax of supply duct  2500 fpm
Vmax of return duct  2000 fpm
1200 fpm < Vnormal  2200 fpm, comfort
2200 fpm < Vnormal  2500 fpm, factory
Velocity in the neck of diffuser, Vn 700 fpm

Noise normal is smaller than 40 dB a

Aspect Ratio = a/b
b
a/b < 2.5 is limited
If a/b is less than 1 it is not common cuz the space between
floor and ceiling is limited
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 Terminal duct
Roles of the terminal duct are: Supply and Return Air

- Grilles

- Ceiling diffusers

- Slot diffusers

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Fan is utilized for suction or discharge the air from one
place to one place. There are two types of fan:
Centrifugal and Axial fan

Centrifugal fan

Axial fan

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There are three main points to calculate in this duct systems:
1. Air flow rate in duct
a. Air flow in fresh supply air duct
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Qsup  Ndif  Qdif [ m / h]
- Ndif : number of person
- Qdif : air flow blow in the each diffuser [m3/h/person]
(see in the table)
b. Air flow in exhaust and fresh air duct
3
Qre  S  H  ACH [ m / h]

- S : surface in local [m2]

- H : height between ceiling and slab [m]
- ACH : changing air coefficient per hour [1/h] (see in the table)
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 Tableau - Qdif : le débit d'air soufflé par chaque diffuseur [m3/h/personne]
Nombre de m3/h par personne
Application
fumeurs Recommandé Minimum
Normal Faible 34 25
Appartement
Luxe Très faible 51 42
Salon de beauté Faible 17 13
Coiffeur pour hommes Important 25 17
Salon de beauté Très faible 17 13

Bourse Très important 85 51

Bar Important 51 42
Corridors (soufflage ou extraction) - - -
Grand magasin Faible 13 8.9
Salle de conseil Très important 85 51

Drugstore Important 17 13
Usine Aucun 17 13
Prisunic Aucun 13 8.5
Salon funéraire Aucun 17 13
Garage - - -

Salle d'opération Aucun - -

Hôpital Chambre pavée Aucun 51 42
Salle commune Aucun 34 25
Chambre d'hôtel Important 51 42
Restaurant - - -
Cuisine
Pavée - - -
Laboratoire Faible 34 25

Salle de conférence Très important 85 51

Commun Faible 25 17
Bureau Privée Aucun 42 25
Privée Important 51 42
Cafétéria Important 20 17
Restaurant
Salle à manger Important 25 25

Salle de classe Aucun - -

Magasin de détail Aucun 17 13
Théâtre ou cinéma Faible 25 17
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Toilettes (extraction) - - -
 Tableau - ACH : le coefficient de changement de l'air par heure
Location ACH Location ACH
Assembly Halls 4-8 Hairdressing Salons 10-15
Bakeries 20-30 Hospitals- Sterilizing 15-25
Banks 4- 8 Wards 6-8
Bathrooms 6-10 Kitchens- Domestic 15-20
Bedrooms 2 -4 Commercial 20-30
Billiard Rooms 6-8 Laboratories 6 -15
Boiler Rooms 15-30 Launderettes 10-15
Cafes and Coffee Bars 10-12 Laundries 10-30
Canteens 8-12 Lavatories 6 -15
Cellars 3-10 Lecture theatres 5-8
Changing Rooms- Main area 6-10 Libraries 3-5
Changing Rooms- Shower area 15-20 Living rooms 3-6
Churches 1-3 Mushroom Houses 6-10
Cinemas and Theatres 10-15 Offices 6-10
Club rooms 10-12 Paint shops (not cellulose) 10-20
Compressor rooms 10-20 Photo and X-ray darkrooms 10-15
Conference rooms 8-12 Public house bars 10-15
Dance halls 8-12 Recording studios 10-12
Dental surgeries 12-15 Recording Control rooms 15-25
Dye works 20-30 Restaurants 8 -12
Electroplating shops 10-12 Schoolrooms 5-7
Engine rooms 15-30 Shops and Showrooms 8-15
Entrance Halls and Corridors 3-5 Shower baths 15-20
Factories and Workshops 8-10 Stores and Warehouse 3-6
Foundries 15-30 Swimming baths 10-15
Garages (Showrooms) 6-8 Toilets 6-10
Glasshouses 25-60 Utility rooms 15-20 59
Gymnasiums 6 min Welding shops 15-30
 2. Dimension of duct
Qair Qair 4A
Vair   A D
A Vair 

Where is: - A: cross section area of each section of duct [m2]

- Qair: air flow in each section [m3/s]
- Vair: velocity in each section [m/s]
- D: diameter of duct [m]

If we do not know the value of velocity, we can use the chart to

select diameter of duct as velocity reference below:
- velocity of the main duct is Vair ≤ 7 – 8 m/s
- velocity of the branch duct is Vair ≤ 5 m/s
- velocity of the terminal duct is Vair ≤ 3.5 m/s
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1mmH2O/m = 9.806 Pa/m

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For converting
the circle to
rectangle, we use
the table below:

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 3. Pressure losses of air in ducting system
The formula of pressure losses total  pd

pd  pd _ ma  pd _ mi [Pa]

- Skin friction losses

pd _ ma  j  L [Pa]

- Fitting losses
pd _ mi  Vp  Co [Pa]

j : the pressure drop per unit of length [Pa/m]

L : the length of pipe in each section [m]
Vp: velocity pressure [Pa] V 2
ρ: density of air 1.204Kg/m3 V p   air
2
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 Co : the coefficient of minor pressure drop or fitting loss
coefficient of duct that can be calculated by Manual or Software.
- By manual : using the reference in ASHRAE
- By software : is the method which get the result
quickly and correctly

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 Air Distribution
To produce satisfactory conditions in the comfort
zone of a space to be held at normal temperature,
the distribution system should :
produce an air velocity, at a measurement point 1.8m above
the floor and
not less than 0.15 m from a wall, of between 0.1 and 0.25
m/s and never less than 0.05 m/s.
where activity is high and spot cooling needed, as in a
factory, a velocity of up to 1 m/s might be acceptable.
laminar flow is used in clean rooms.

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General Principle

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 1. Upward system
• Air is introduced at low level with very slow velocity (0.5m/s)
and exhausted at high level
• Upward system is used with simple ventilation systems or
where air is being introduced 2 or 3K below room
temperature.

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Another application of the upward system is the
swimming pool hall
Upward distribution
has been successfully
applied to computer
rooms or offices

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 2. Downward system
• Air is introduced at high level and exhausted at low level
• It is commonly used with full air-conditioning where, due to
the air admitted being cooled, it has a tendency to fall.

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On a smaller scale, as applied to an office building

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Provided the height of room is normal, the extract
opening may be at high level

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An application of downward inlet with both downward
and upward extract, suitable for rooms of greater height

This is usually adopted

where smoking occurs
and it is necessary to
provide some top extract
to remove the smoke.

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3. Mixed upward and downward

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 4. Mixed upward and lateral
This method of air distribution is in common use with induction
unit, fan coil and reverse cycle heat pump systems where the
terminals are located at low-level under windows.

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5. Lateral

Air is introduced near the ceiling on one side of a

long low room with a smooth flush ceiling, and is
exhausted at the opposite end at the same level.

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Distribution for air-conditioning
Air diffusion terminology
- Cone-type ceiling diffusers
• May be used with temperature differentials of up to 20 K
• Type of ceiling diffuser:
 Inner cones may be raised or lowered in relation to the periphery
 Square instead of circular to match ceiling tiles
 Flush with the ceiling instead of projecting

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Distribution for air-conditioning
Air diffusion terminology
- Perforated-face ceiling diffusers

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Distribution for air-conditioning
Air diffusion terminology
- Multi-directional ceiling diffusers

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Distribution for air-conditioning
Air diffusion terminology
- Swirl ceiling diffusers are used more in industrial
applications to introduce large volumes of air

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Distribution for air-conditioning
Air diffusion terminology
- Linear ceiling diffusers are used in open plan offices
and in avoidance of interference with ceiling pattern

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Distribution for air-conditioning
Air diffusion terminology
- Side-wall inlets
A common and effective form of grille is that known as the double-deflection
type. In this form of grille there are two sets of adjustable louvers, one
controlling the air delivery in vertical plane and one in horizontal plane

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Distribution for air-conditioning
Air diffusion terminology
- Floor outlets
Two types of floor outlet used in
comfort application: twist pattern and
straight pattern, both being circular and
non-adjustable.
Limiting air quantity handled by this
type of outlet is about 12 l/s
Supply temperature should not be
lower than 5K below the occupied zone
temperature
Outlets should be positioned clear of
furniture and not closer than 1m to the
nearest work station
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IV. Piping Systems

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 IV. Piping Systems
There are three main points that will be discussed in this
piping systems:
a. Water flow rate

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Noise, erosion, and installation and operating costs all limit the
maximum and minimum velocities in piping systems.

If piping sizes are too small, noise levels, erosion levels, and
pumping costs can be unfavorable;
If piping sizes are too large, installation costs are excessive.
Therefore, pipe sizes are chosen to minimize initial cost while
avoiding the undesirable effects of high velocities.

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b. Dimension of pipe (reference from ASHRAE)

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 c. Water pressure loss in the piping system
Pressure loss of piping system depends on:
- Velocity of water in side of the pipe, (1→3m/s)
- Length of pipe
- Type of surface roughness inside of pipe
- Diameter of pipe
Straight line pipe :

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 c. Water pressure loss in the piping system
The formula of pressure loss total pp
p p  p p _ ma  p p _ mi [Pa]

- Major Pressure drop (skin friction losses)

p p _ ma  j  L [Pa]

- Minor Pressure drop (fitting losses)

p p _ mi  j   [Pa]

j : the pressure drop per unit of length [Pa/m]

L : the length of pipe in each part [m]
ξ : the coefficient of minor pressure drop or fitting loss coefficient

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ξ : fitting losses coefficient (from ASHRAE)

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 In the case of Tee fitting, we select the direction and percentage of
water flow in each branch.

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Reference:

[1] ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI) – Duct Design, 32.1-29 and

Pipe Sizing, 33.1-17, American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers, 1997.
[2] Chiller and FCU Selection. In: CARRIER Catalogue.
[3] Fan Selection. In: FENTECH Catalogue.
[4] Supply and Return Air Grille Selection. In: ACE Air Diffusion SDN. BHD
Catalogue.
[5] G. Procher. (1993). Distribution de l'air dans les installations. In: Cours
de Climatisation, Bases du calcul des installations de climatisation,
157-171. 7e édition.
[6] George Clifford. (1990). Refrigeration for Comfort Cooling, 89-95 and
Fluid Flow Fundamentals and Piping System, 380-385. In: Modern
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, PRENTICE HALL,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
[7] L'IEPF (Institut de l'énergie et de l'environnement de la Francophonie).
Tome I : Conception des nouveaux bâtiments. In: Efficacité énergétique
de la climatisation en région tropicale, 3-21. Québec, Canada.
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