SCB 48404 HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

LAB REPORT

STUDENT ID: 54268112456

STUDENT’S NAME: SITI KHADIJAH BINTI MOHAMED YUSOF
EXPERIMENT NO. : EXPERIMENT 1

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Title:
Fourier’s Law Study for Linear Conduction of Heat along a Homogeneous Bar

Objective:
 To determine the slope, (dT/dx).
 To calculate the average thermal conductivity k of the brass.
 To calculate the heat transfer coefficient U of the brass.
 To investigate Fourier's Law for the linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous
bar.

Apparatus:
For the conduction experiments, we were using the SOLTEQ® Heat Conduction Study
Bench (Model: HE105).

1
7
2
3 8

4
9
5

Figure 1: Unit Assembly for Heat Conduction Study Bench (Model: HE 105)

1. Control Panel 6. Thermocouple Connectors

2. Heater Power Indicator 7. Thermocouples
3. Heater Power Regulator 8. Radial Module
4. Temperature Indicator 9. Linear Module
5. Temperature Selector
 The equipment comprises two heat-conducting specimens, a multi-section bar for
the examination of linear conduction and a metal disc for radial conduction. A control
panel supplies electrical power to the heaters and shows readings for all relevant
measurements. A small flow of cooling water provides a heat sink at the end of the
conducting path in each specimen.

Literature review:

In this experiment we investigated the conduction in an insulated long slender

brass bar like the one in Figure 2. Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction is most simply
demonstrated with the linear conduction module. This comprises a heat input section
fabricated from brass fitted with an electrical heater.

Three temperature sensors are installed at 10mm intervals along the working
section, which has a diameter of 25mm. A separate heat sink section also of brass is cooled
at one end by running water while its working section is also fitted with thermistor
temperature sensors at 10mm intervals.

The heat input section and the heat sink section may be clamped directly together
to form a continuous brass bar with temperature sensor at 10mm intervals, alternatively
any one of three intermediate sections can be fitted between these two.

Heat losses from the linear module are reduced to a minimum by a heat-resistant
casing enclosing an air space around the module. The interchangeable center sections have
their own attached casing pieces, which fit with those of the heat input and heat sink
sections. The temperature sensors come with miniature thermocouple plugs.

There are to be connected to the panel for temperature measurement readings.

Therefore temperature gradients can be readily plotted from rapidly acquired data on the
computer.
 Figure 2: Schematic of a Long Cylindrical Insulated Bar

The equation that governs the heat flow is known as Fourier's Law, and in the axial
direction it is written as:

Where Q is the rate of heat conduction in the x-direction, k is the thermal

conductivity of the material, A is the cross-sectional area normal to the x-direction, and
dT/dx is the temperature gradient in the x-direction. The negative sign indicates that heat is
transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature.

The thermal conductivity k varies between different materials and can be a function
of temperature, but it can be treated as a constant over small temperature ranges. In this
experiment we will investigate Fourier's Law by finding the thermal conductivity k for
brass and comparing this value to the actual value from one or more references.

To do so we will calculate the cross sectional area A of the bar and the slope dT/
dx from a plot of measured temperatures vs. length. We can then use these values in a
rearranged version of Fourier's Law to find the thermal conductivity, k:

( )
Procedures:

1. The main switch was off initially. Then a brass conductor (25mm diameter) section was
inserted as an intermediate section into the linear module and clamped together.

Note: When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler sections, care
should be taken to match the shallow shoulders in the housings.

2. The temperature sensors T1 until T9 were installed to the test module and connected the
sensor leads to the panel.

3. The heater supply lead for the linear conduction module connected to the power supply
socket on the control panel.

4. The water supply was turned on and ensured that water was flowing from the free end of
the water pipe to drain. It was checked at intervals.

5. The heater power control knob control panel was turned to the fully anticlockwise
position.

6. The power supply and main switch were switched on; the digital readouts were
illuminated.

7. The heater was switched on and turned the heater power control to 5 Watts and allowed
sufficient time to achieve steady state condition the time taken were 15 minutes.

Note: Do not exceed 20 W power deliveries under any circumstances, and do not allow
the temperature to go above 100°C at any of the thermocouple locations.

8. The temperature at each of the nine thermocouples was recorded as well as the input
power reading on the wattmeter (Q) in Table 1.
9. The procedure was repeated for other input power of 10, 15 and 20 W. After each
change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state conditions again it was
about 10 minutes. All data were recorded.

10. The heater power was reduced to 0 Watt position by turning the knob fully anti-
clockwise and the heater switched off when the experiment was completed. Kept the
cooling water flowing for at 5 minutes through the module to cool down the test metal.

11. The main switch and power supply were switched off. Then, unplugged the power
supply cable.

12. The water supply was closed and the cooling water connection was disconnected hoses.
Result and analysis:

Experiment 1: Fourier’s Law Study for Linear Conduction of Heat along a Homogeneous Bar

Specimens' Material = Brass

Specimen's Diameter, D = m
Cross Sectional Area = m2
Length = 0.09 m

Table 1

Heater Thermal
TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 TT7 TT8 TT9 K U
Power, Gradient
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (W/mK) (W/mK)
Q (dT/dx)

(Watts)
5 36.4 36.5 36.8 29.4 29.6 30.0 28.8 28.9 28.9 -171.71 59.31 659.00

10 49.5 49.3 49.4 33.4 33.2 33.3 29.7 29.7 29.7 -415.14 49.06 545.11

15 66.0 65.3 65.1 38.0 37.4 37.5 30.8 30.3 30.1 -723.71 42.21 469.00

20 83.4 79.7 81.0 42.8 41.8 41.7 31.6 30.9 30.6 -1029.7 39.56 439.56

Distance
from heater 0.005 0.015 0.025 0.035 0.045 0.055 0.065 0.075 0.085
end, x (m)
Discussion:

1. For each of the power, plot the temperature profile along the entire length of the
bar on the same graph and determine the slope, dT/ dx.

Temperature profile along the entire

length of the bar
39
37
Temperature (°C)

35
y = -171.71x + 38.268
33
31
29
27
25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance from heater end, x (m)

Figure 3: Graph of the temperature profile along the entire length of bar with 5 Watts heater
power.

Temperature profile along the entire

length of the bar
55
50
Temperature (°C)

45
y = -415.14x + 53.804
40
35
30
25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance from the heater end, x (m)

Figure 4: Graph of the temperature profile along the entire length of bar with 10 Watts heater
power.
 Temperature profile along the entire
length of the bar
75

65
Temperature (°C)
55 y = -723.71x + 73.261
45

35

25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance from the heater end, x (m)

Figure 5: Graph of the temperature profile along the entire length of bar with 15 Watts heater
power.

Temperature profile along the entire

length of the bar
95
85
Temperature (°C)

75
65 y = -1029.7x + 92.625
55
45
35
25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance from the heater end. x (m)

Figure 6: Graph of the temperature profile along the entire length of bar with 20 Watts heater
power.
2. Calculate the average thermal conductivity k of the brass. Show a sample of your
workings.

Example of calculation:

(
)

The average k of the brass is 47.54 W/mK.

3. Compute the overall heat transfer coefficient for the brass (U = k/L). What is the
average U?

Example of calculation:

The average U of the brass is 528.17 W/mK.

 4. The data displayed on the pages above show the linear temperature distribution
along the cylindrical insulated bar. We can see from all graph of different heater
power that are the temperature will decrease when the distance from heater end is
increase. This shown that the result is following the theoretical and the Fourier’s
Law is satisfied. We assumed that the bar length L, a uniform hot temperature Th is
imposed on one end, and a cold temperature Tc is imposed on the other. We also
assumed, because the bar is insulated in the peripheral direction that all the heat
flows in the axial direction due to an imposed temperature differential along the
bar. We have faced some error which sources of error within the equipment failure
that are heater power supply was not steady to the setup power and the
thermocouple were not place accurately.

Conclusion:

As the conclusion that is taken from our result and analysis, we can say that the
linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous bar can be investigated by Fourier’s law.
From that result also we can identify the slope (dT/dx) of the graph of temperature profile
along the entire length of the bar, the thermal conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient of
the brass.