Investigatory project

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This is to certify that zeeshan khan ,a
student of class 12-a has successfully
completed the research on the below
mentioned project under guidance of
MR. ARVIND SRHIVASTAVA(subject
teacher) during the the year 2018-19
in partial fulfillment of chemistry
practical examination conducted by
AISSCE,CBSE

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Index:-

1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNLOWLEDGEMENT
3. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Arvind Sir who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic (To Determine The
Rate Of Evaporation Of Different
Liquids), which also helped me in doing
a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time.
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 Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It
slowly escapes into gaseous phase eventually
leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is
known as vaporization or evaporation.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the
terms of kinetic molecular model although
there are strong molecular attractive forces
which hold molecules together. The molecules
having sufficient kinetic energy can escape
into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen
to come near the surface in a sample of liquid
all the molecules do not have same kinetic
energy. There is a small fraction of molecules
which have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces and escapes
into gaseous phase.

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Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the
reason that the molecules which undergo
evaporation have high kinetic energy
therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules
which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left
have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore
temperature is kept constant the remaining
liquid will have same distribution of the
molecular kinetic energy and high molecular
energy will kept one escaping from liquid into
gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open
vessel evaporation will continue until whole of
the liquid evaporates

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Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or
molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the
substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to
enter the gaseous state.
The thermal motion of a molecule must be
sufficient to overcome the surface tension of
the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is,
its kinetic energy must exceed the work
function of cohesion at the surface.
Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly
at higher temperature and in liquids with
lower surface tension. Since only a small
proportion of the molecules are located near
the surface and are moving in the proper
direction to escape at any given instant, the
rate of evaporation is limited. Also, as the
faster-moving molecules7 escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average
kinetic energy, and the temperature of the
liquid thus decreases.
If the evaporation takes place in a closed
vessel, the escaping molecules accumulate as a
vapor above the liquid. Many of the molecules
return to the liquid, with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the density and
pressure of the vapor increases. When the
process of escape and return reaches
equilibrium, the vapor is said to be “saturated,”
and no further change in either vapor
pressure and density or liquid temperature
will occur.
Factors influencing rate of evaporation:-
(1) Nature of Liquids: The magnitude of inter-
molecular forces of attraction in liquid
determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker
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the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger
are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether
rate of evaporation is greater than that of ethyl
alcohol.
(2) Temperature: The rate of evaporation of
liquids varies directly with temperature. With
the increase in the temperature, fraction of
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to
escape out from the surface also increases.
Thus with the increase in temperature rate of
evaporation also increases.
(3) Surface Area: Molecules that escape the
surface of the liquids constitute the
evaporation. Therefore larger surface area
contributes accelerating evaporation.
(4) Composition of Environment: The rate of
evaporation liquids depends upon the flow of
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air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air
current flowing over the surface of the liquid
took away the molecules of the substance in vapor
state thereby preventing condensation.
(5) Inter-molecular forces. The stronger the
forces keeping the molecules together in the
liquid or solid state the more energy that must
be input in order to evaporate them.
Intermolecular forces: –
Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the
levels of mutual attraction among different
molecules help explain why some liquids
evaporate faster than others. Attractions
between molecules arise because molecules
typically have regions that carry a slight
negative charge, and other regions that carry
slight positive charge. These regions of electric
charge are created because
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molecule are often more electronegative
(electron-attracting) than others. The oxygen
atom in a water (H2O) molecule is more
electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, for
example, enabling the oxygen atom to pull
electrons away from both hydrogen atoms. As a
result, the oxygen atom in the water molecule
carries a partial negative charge, while the
hydrogen atoms carry a partial positive charge.
Water molecules share a mutual attraction—
positively charged hydrogen atoms in one
water molecule attract negatively charged
oxygen atoms in nearby water molecules.
Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of
evaporation of a liquid because strong
intermolecular attractions hold the molecules
in a liquid together more tightly. As a result,
liquids with strong intermolecular attractions
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evaporate more slowly than liquids with weak
intermolecular attractions. For example,
because water molecules have stronger mutual
attractions than gasoline molecules (the electric
charges are more evenly distributed in gasoline
molecules), gasoline evaporates more quickly
than water
Objective of project:
In this project, we shall investigate various
factors that have already been discussed such
as nature of liquid, surface of liquid and
temperature and find their correlation with
the rate of evaporation of different liquid

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 Experiment no.1
Aim:-
To compare the rate of evaporation of water, acetone and
diethyl ether

Materials required:-
China dish, Pipette, Beaker, Weighing balance Measuring flask,
Acetone, Distilled water, Diethyl ether, Watch

PROCEDURE:-
1. Take three china dishes.
2. Pipette out 10 ml of each sample.
3. Dish A-Acetone
Dish B-Water
Dish C-Diethyl ether
4. Record the weights before beginning the experiment.
5. Leave the three dishes undisturbed for ½ an hr and
wait patiently.
6. Record the weights of the samples after the given
time.
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 7. Compare the prior and present observations.

OBSERVATION

Water Acetone Diethyl

(gm) (gm) Ether
(gm)
Weight of dish

Weight of (dish +
substance) before
evaporation

Weight of (dish +
substance) after
evaporation

Weight of
substance
evaporated
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 Inference and conclusion: –
The rate of evaporation of the given three liquids is
in order.

Reason: –
Water has extensive hydrogen bonding in between
oxygen atom of one molecule and hydrogen atom
of another molecule. But this is absent in the case
of acetone.

Experiment No.: 2
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 Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of

evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameters

each,stop watch, 10 ml. pipette, and thermometer.

Procedure:

1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them
as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes
A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the
other heat for same time.4. Note the reading.

Observation:
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Petri Evaporated
Time Temperature Volume Taken
dishes volume
(Sec.) (0C) (ml.)
Marked (ml.)

Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri

dishes as given Room Temperature < Heating.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.3

Aim:

To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation

of diethyl ether.

Requirements

Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm,5 cm, and 10 cm with

covers ,10 ml pipette and stopwatch.

Procedure
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A,
B,C

2. Pipette out 10 ml of Diethyl ether in each of the Petri

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 dishes A, B and C cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all the three Petri dishes simultaneously and
start the stopwatch.
4. Note the time when diethyl ether evaporates
completely from each Petri dish.

Observation Table

Petri dish Mark Diameter of Petri Time taken for

dish complete
evaporation
A
B
C

Result
It will be observed that maximum evaporation occurs in Petri
dish with largest diameter followed by smaller and the
smallest Petri dish. It is therefore, concluded that rate of
evaporation increases with increase in surface area

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 EXPERIMENT NO.4
Aim To study the effect of air current oF the
:

rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast
air current .
3. Note the reading.

Observation:
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Petri dishes volume

Conditions Time (Sec.)
Marked Evaporated (ml.)

A With fan

B without fan

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Results The order of evaporation of acetone in two
:

Petri dishes a given

CONCLUSION: The rate of evaporation of liquid

increases with increases in rate of flow of air current.

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 Experiment No.:-5
Aim:-
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and
chloroform and find whose intermolecular force is stronger?

Requirement: -
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm. 10 ml. pipettes, stop
watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:-
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly
pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B"
and "C".

3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop
watch.

4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now

cover each of the Petri dish and note the volume of remaining
material in them.

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Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Volume
Petri dishes Liquid Taken Vol. Evap.
remaining (V2) Rate (V/T) ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. V=V1–V2
ml.

Results:
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is ml/s.

Conclusion:The intermolecular forces of acetone,

benzene and chloroform are in order.

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 Bibliography-
*www.google.com
*www.wikipedia.com
*icbse.com
* Practical book of chemistry
of
12th

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