See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/312291071

Sustained load performance of adhesive fastening systems in concrete

Conference Paper · October 2016

DOI: 10.1201/9781315375175-348

CITATIONS READS

0 39

3 authors, including:

Rasoul Nilforoush Lennart Elfgren

Luleå University of Technology Luleå University of Technology
6 PUBLICATIONS   13 CITATIONS    112 PUBLICATIONS   484 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Bridge modelling and testing View project

Torsion in concrete structures View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Rasoul Nilforoush on 13 June 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Life-Cycle of Engineering Systems: Emphasis on Sustainable Civil
Infrastructure - Bakker, Frangopol & van Breugel (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02847-0

Sustained load performance of adhesive fastening systems in concrete

R.
 Nilforoush, L. Elfgren & M. Nilsson
Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

ABSTRACT: Influence of several sustained loading levels and various in-service conditions on the long-term
performance of adhesive bonded anchors are experimentally evaluated. Adhesive bonded anchors with 16 and
20 mm diameters were subjected to sustained load levels between approximately 23 and 70% of their mean
ultimate short-term capacities. The creep deformation of tested adhesive anchors was monitored over approx-
imately 28 years. The tested in-service conditions were indoor, outdoor, wetness (i.e. water on the surface of
concrete) and presence in the concrete of salt additives.
The tested adhesive anchors in the indoor conditions could carry sustained loads up to 47% of their mean
ultimate short-term capacities. However, the adhesive anchors under outdoor environment showed larger
creep deformations and failure occurred for anchors subjected to sustained loads higher than 23% of the an-
chors’ mean ultimate short-time capacities. Wet condition seemed to have no adverse effect on the anchors’
creep behavior, but caused corrosion of the steel in the anchors over time. Salt additives in concrete had neg-
ligible influence on the long-term performance and creep deformation of the tested adhesive anchors.

1 INTRODUCTION adhesive anchors and anchors close to concrete free

In recent years, application of post-installed fas-
tening systems has increased since they allow great-
er flexibility for designing new structural systems as
well as strengthening of existing structures. One of
the most frequently-used types of post-installed fas-
tening systems is adhesive anchors. Adhesive an-
chors were first developed in Germany during the
sixties and early seventies. The use of them was in-
creased considerably due to their quick and easy in-
stallment and their moderate price. Adhesive an-
chors exploit chemical bonds and friction for
transferring the external loads to concrete body. The
adhesive products used for bonding anchors to con-
crete may be organic compounds delivered in glass
or foil cartridges, or diverse injected compounds
(inorganic, organic or a mixture of both) with time-
and temperature-dependent stiffness. Adhesives are,
in general, viscoelastic by nature and exhibit a time-
dependent behavior and thus prone to creep under
sustained loads. Since the resistance of adhesive
bonded anchors depends on the chemical properties
of their adhesive products, they are also sensitive to
various installation conditions and in-service factors.
Several recommendations for design of adhesive
anchors subjected to pull-out loads were presented in
Cook (1993). Detailed information for design of ad-
hesive anchors was given in Cook et al. (1998). In
addition, recommendations for design of group of
edges were presented in Eligehausen et al. (2006).
The short-term behavior of bonded anchors under
various installation and in-service conditions was
extensively studied during the past decades (e.g. in
Cook al. (1994), Higgins & Klingner (1998), and
Cook & Konz (2001)). The long-term creep behav-
ior of structural epoxy adhesives was studied by
Feng et al. (2005). Later, the long-term behavior and
design of adhesive anchors under sustained load
were evaluated by Eligehausen et al. (2012) and Spi-
eth (2012). The sensitivity of adhesive products to
various in-service and installation conditions sub-
jected to both short- and long-term loads was further
studied by Davis (2012).
The design models and testing procedures for ad-
hesive bonded anchors have been under develop-
ment during the last decades. Consequently several
design models as well as testing and approval provi-
sions for qualification of adhesive products were es-
tablished and developed in both the USA and Eu-
rope (e.g. ASTM E1512-01, ICC-ES AC58, ICC-ES
AC308, ACI 355.4-11 and ETAG 001-Part five).
Although the design and performance of adhesive
anchors under both short- and long-term loads have
been extensively studied in the literature, the long-
term creep behavior of adhesive bonded anchors un-
der sustained loads is still unknown due to rather
high diversity of adhesive products in the market
and also their varying sensitivities to the time, tem-
 For a copy of the complete paper, please contact the author via RG

View publication stats