PRACTICAL COURSE IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR

FOR

1st YEAR STUDENTS IN THE PEDAGOGY OF SCHOOL

AND PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION

AUTHOR: Maria-Anca MAICAN

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Contents
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................4
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PREREQUISITES ...................................................................6
UNIT ONE.THE NOUN ...................................................................................................7
I.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7
I.2. Competences ................................................................................................... 7
I.3. Noun classes ................................................................................................... 7
I.4. Number ........................................................................................................... 8
I.5. Gender .......................................................................................................... 12
I.6. Case .............................................................................................................. 12
I.7. Exercises ...................................................................................................... 13
I.8. End of unit test ............................................................................................. 15

UNIT TWO. THE ARTICLE ....................................................................................... 17

II.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 17
II.2. Competences .............................................................................................. 17
II.3. The indefinite article ................................................................................. 17
II.4. The definite article ..................................................................................... 18
II.5. Exercises ................................................................................................... 20
II.6. End of unit test .......................................................................................... 22

UNIT THREE. THE ADJECTIVE............................................................................... 24

III.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 24
III.2. Competences ............................................................................................ 24
III.3. Definition, form and position .................................................................. 24
III.4. Spelling..................................................................................................... 25
III.5. Degrees of comparison ............................................................................ 26
III.6. Exercises .................................................................................................. 29
III.7. End of unit test ......................................................................................... 30

UNIT FOUR.THE VERB (1) .................................................................................. ….33

IV.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 33
IV.2. Competences .......................................................................................................... 33
IV.3. Present Simple ....................................................................................................... 33
IV.4. Present Continuous ................................................................................................ 34
IV.5. Present Perfect Simple .......................................................................................... 34
IV.6. Present Perfect Continuous ................................................................................... 35
IV.7. Exercises ............................................................................................................... 36
IV.8. End of unit test ...................................................................................................... 38

UNIT FIVE. THE VERB (2) ........................................................................................ 39

V.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 39
V.2. Competences ............................................................................................... 39
V.3. Past Simple ................................................................................................. 39
V.4. Past Continuous ........................................................................................... 40
V.5. Past Perfect Simple ...................................................................................... 40
V.6. Past Perfect Continuous............................................................................... 41

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 V.7. Exercises ..................................................................................................... 42
V.8. End of unit test ........................................................................................... 44

UNIT SIX. THE VERB (3) .......................................................................................... 45

VI.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 46
VI.2. Competences .............................................................................................. 46
VI.3. Future Simple ............................................................................................. 46
VI.4. Future Continuous ...................................................................................... 47
VI.5. Future Perfect Simple ................................................................................ 47
VI.6. Future Perfect Continuous ......................................................................... 48
VI.7. Exercises ................................................................................................... 49
VI.8. End of unit test .......................................................................................... 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 52

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Introduction
The Practical Course in English Grammar attempts at revising and
consolidating grammar points at intermediate level, also providing opportunities for
students to practice grammar structures and assess themselves. To this end, each unit
includes a theoretical part which synthesizes essential information from outstanding
works in English morphology, followed by a wide range of exercises. The exercises are
designed so as for students to be able to solve them both individually and in pairs, during
the tutorials. The course also comprises regular tests, placed at the end of each unit,
which give students the possibility to check their knowledge. The grammatical
information provided in the course can be used for reference when needed or worked
through systematically.

Course objectives

The aim of this course is to provide students with comprehensive grammar

structures linked to the following parts of speech: the noun, the article, the
adjective and the verb (the tenses of the indicative). At the end of this course,
the distance-learning students will be able to:
 operate with a wide range of new grammar structures;
 use language accurately;
 identify the appropriate form of the parts of speech required;
 compare and contrast English and Romanian morphological systems.

Resources
Apart from the printed material, the course also requires the use of
monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. Areas from the course which might
be found problematic can be further studied using the bibliography provided
by the tutor.

Course structure
The course is structured in 6 units, each of them including objectives, a
theoretical part with examples, followed by exercises and an end of unit test.

Preliminary requirements
Being designed at intermediate level, the course requires students to have
knowledge of English at pre-intermediate level.

The average time for individual study

Each unit of this course requires no more than 4-5 hours of individual study.

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Assessment
At the end of the semester, each student will receive a grade which will
consider the results of a written test meant to assess the students’ acquired
knowledge (70% of the final grade), the students’ activity during the tutorials
(20% of the final grade) and the students’ homework (10% of the final
grade).

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QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PREREQUISITES

Choose the right answer. Only ONE answer is correct.

1. I own a lot of information. Where did you get…..?

a. it; b. them; c. them both; d. them all.
2. When the team arrived, we were pleased to see … .
a. him; b. him or her; c. it; d. them.
3. The … were spread all over the hillside.
a. deer; b. deers; c. dear; d. dears.
4. Whenever you leave the country you have to go through the… .
a. custom; b. custom’s; c. customs; d. customs’.
5. This teacher … in our school for one year.
a. is; b. is being; c. has been; d. has been being.
6. When … school?
a. did he start; b. he started; c. he did start; d. did he started.
7. I know nothing about … .
a. tomorrow weather; b. tomorrow’s weather; c. the tomorrow weather; d.
the tomorrow’s weather.
8. Stop making noise! My son … now.
a. sleeps; b. has been sleeping; c. has slept; d. is sleeping.
9. He … to bed a few minutes ago.
a. goed; b. went; c. gone; d. has gone.
10. They did not know if they … in time or not.
a. will arrive; b. would arrive; c. arrive; d. have arrived.
11. The latest two … in the Middle East haven’t been dealt with properly by the heads of
the states concerned.
a. crisis; b. crises; c. crisae; d. crisises.
12. What time … back home?
a. comes your brother; b. your brother is coming; c. your brother does
come; d. does your brother come.
13. She will be cooking while the baby … .
a. sleeps; b. is sleeping; c. will sleep; d. will be sleeping.
14. My favourite football team … the cup.
a. is just wining; b. has just won; c. just wins; d. just has won.
15. Fire was one of … first important discoveries.
a. man’s; b. the man’s; c. men’s; d. mens’.
16. Although it was Sunday, there were a lot of … in the street.
a. passer-bys; b. passers-by; c. passers-bys; d. passer-by.
17. If she … , she wouldn’t be lying in bed now.
a. would have listened; b. listened; c. listens; d. had listened.
18. Jimmy will be very surprised when he … you here.
a. will see; b. sees; c. see; d. shall see.
19. I will not accept any advice from you; somebody else is going to give … to me.
a. it; b. them; c. they; d. its.
20. Tom would have played with us if he … free.
a. had been; b. will be; c. is being; d. were.

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UNIT ONE. THE NOUN

Content
I.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7
I.2. Competences ................................................................................................... 7
I.3. Noun classes ................................................................................................... 7
I.4. Number ........................................................................................................... 8
I.5. Gender .......................................................................................................... 12
I.6. Case .............................................................................................................. 12
I.7. Exercises ...................................................................................................... 13
I.8. End of unit test ............................................................................................. 15

I.1. Introduction
This unit introduces essential elements regarding the category of
noun in English.

I.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT ONE, students will be able to specify the
noun classes in English and form the plural and possessive case of English
nouns correctly.

Study time for UNIT ONE: 4-5 hours.

I.3. Noun classes

English nouns are divided into two classes:

A. countable nouns: denote individual countable entities (bottle, chair, forest,

idea)
B. uncountable nouns: denote undifferentiated mass or continuum (bread, grass,
music, furniture, gold, money).

There are cases when uncountable nouns can also be used as countable, but this involves
a change in meaning:

EXAMPLE
I admired her beauty. vs. She was a real beauty.
He likes wine. The wines he produces are well appreciated by everyone.

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 In the case of uncountable nouns, we use partitives in order to denote a part of
the whole. The most frequently used partitive expression is a piece of (advice/ news/
information etc.). Other general partitives are: a bit of and an item of. There are also
typical partitives, such as:

EXAMPLE

a grain of truth
a bar of chocolate/soap/gold
a loaf of bread
a bunch of flowers/keys
a speck of dust/dirt
a herd of cattle
a sheet of paper/ice

I.4. Number

As regards number, nouns are divided into three classes:

1. singular invariable nouns: nouns used only in the singular

joy, gold, the imaginary, Henry
2. plural invariable nouns: nouns used only in the plural
trousers, scissors
3. nouns used with either singular or plural number
dog, dogs

Two subclasses can be distinguished:

1. regular: nouns with plural predictable from the singular
dog, dogs
2. irregular: the plural form of the noun is not predictable
man-men; mouse-mice

I.4.1.Variable Nouns

A. Regular plurals
-the plural suffix is written “-s” after nouns
boy – boys

Exceptions:
1. after nouns ending in –s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, the plural ending is -es:

EXAMPLE

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 box - boxes, bush –bushes, watch - watches

2. nouns ending in “-o” have plurals in “-os” or “-oes”:

EXAMPLE

 only -s after a vowel, in the case of proper nouns, abbreviations

radios, pianos, Eskimos
 only –es
heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes
 either -s or –es
volcanos/oes, tornados/oes, cargos/oes

3. nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant change the y into i and adds -es:

EXAMPLE
sky-skies, cry – cries, bunny - bunnies
BUT y is kept after a vowel: day-days, ray-rays

4. the final consonant is doubled in a few nouns:

EXAMPLE
fez-fezzes, quiz-quizzes

5. the apostrophe s (‘s) is used in:

EXAMPLE
in the 1980’s, write two b’s

6. nouns ending in –f can make the plural in –fs or –ves, or, sometimes, both:

EXAMPLE
beliefs, cliffs, proofs, roofs / knives, leaves, halves, calves, shelves, thieves/
handkerchieves/fs, scarves/fs

B. Irregular plurals
a. a group of seven nouns:

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 EXAMPLE

man-men woman-women
foot-feet tooth-teeth
goose-geese louse-lice
mouse-mice

b. the -en plural in a group of three nouns:

EXAMPLE

brother-brethren
child-children
ox-oxen (in Am E also oxes)

c. zero plural (nouns which have the same form in the singular and in the plural):

EXAMPLE

 sheep, deer
 nationality names, nouns ending in “-ese”: one/five Chinese
 dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion when preceded by another quantitative
word
 two hundred people, many thousand times, several million inhabitants

but the plural form is used when they are followed by “of”
hundreds of people, thousands of spectators
 nouns with equivocal number, which can be treated both as singular and plural:
means, series, species

d. foreign plurals

EXAMPLE

 nouns from Latin:

stimulus-stimuli, nucleus-nuclei (but also nucleuses), antenna-antennae, alga-
algae
 nouns from Greek:
analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, basis-bases, criterion-criteria, phenomenon-
phenomena

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e. compound nouns which consist of more than one word:

EXAMPLE

 nouns with plural in the last element:

assistant-directors, grown-ups, attorney/generals, forget me nots
 nouns with plural in the first element:
passers-by, mothers-in-law
 nouns with plural in both first and last element:
women doctors, gentlemen farmers

Note the special case of the collective nouns: committee, family, team, army.
When used in the singular, the nonpersonal collectivity of the group is stressed, when
used in the plural, the personal individuality within the group is stressed.

I.4.2. SINGULAR INVARIABLE NOUNS

1. concrete mass nouns:

silver, sugar, tobacco, furniture, milk
2. abstract mass nouns:
music, truth, knowledge, kindness
3. proper names:
John, the USA, Naples
4. invariable nouns ending in –s:
o The noun news
o Names of diseases: rickets, measles, mumps, tantrums
o Subject names in –ies: mathematics, linguistics, physics, politics
o Games: dominoes, billiards, draughts
o Abstract adjectival heads: the beautiful, the absolute, the good, the evil

I.4.3. PLURAL INVARIABLE NOUNS:

1. tools, instruments and clothes made of two equal parts joined together:
scissors, jeans, pants, pyjamas, shorts, braces, trousers
2. nouns that end in -s and in a given sense only occur in the plural and take a plural
verb
damages, contents, customs, minutes, wages, spirits, compasses, premises
3. nouns that have no plural marking but are used as plurals:
people , police, cattle, clergy, youth
4. personal adjectival heads:
the rich, the poor, the wounded, the unemployed, the needy

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I.5. The Gender

In point of gender, the following categories can be distinguished:

1. personal male/female nouns:

bachelor-spinster, father-mother, monk-nun, widower-widow, bridegroom-bride

2. personal dual gender:

friend, doctor, teacher, student, speaker

Note: male student/female student, Tom cat, Pussy/ Cathy cat, he/she lion, boy/girlfriend

3. suffixes: actor-actress, waiter-waitress, prince-princess

I.6. The Case. The form of the possessive/genitive case

1. apostrophe s ('s)

 singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in -s

a man's job the people's choice
men's work the crew's quarters
the children's room Russia's exports
 compound nouns
my sister-in-law's car
 names consisting of several words
Henry the Eighth's wives the President of Romania's helicopter
 initials
the PM's secretary the MP's briefcase
 collective nouns
the government’s position, the company’s capital
 higher animals
the horse’s neck, the lion’s tail
 continents, countries
Europe’s future, England’s history
 ships and boats
the ship's captain, the yacht's name
 time expressions
today's paper, tomorrow's weather, in two years' time

2. simple apostrophe (')

 plural nouns ending in -s

a girls' school the students' hostel
the eagles' nest the Smiths' car
 classical names ending in -s
Pythagoras' Theorem Archimedes' Law

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3. of+noun

1. lower animals
The name of the cat
2. inanimate possessors
3. when the noun is followed by a phrase or a sentence:
I took the advice of the man I met on the train.

EXERCISES

I.7.1. Underline the noun in each sentence and write “C” or “U” to show whether
the noun is being used as a countable or as an uncountable:
1. This is an excellent painting.
2. I don’t like milk.
3. How many photos did he take?
4. Add a little more oil.
5. His drawings really interest me.
6. Hope keeps me going.
7. He hasn’t a hope.
8. How much flour did you buy?
9. Where are my two new shirts?
10. We’ve got plenty of coal.
11. Add more onion.
12. Would you like some fish?
13. I eat two eggs every day.
14. Too much cake isn’t good for you.
15. They’ve built a new motorway.
16. Would you like an ice-cream?
17. I need two clean glasses.
18. Don’t throw stones.
19. A lot of paper is wasted.
20. We bought a new iron yesterday.

I.7.2. Match A and B:

A. B.
1. I’d like some ice. a. a wisp of
2. Have you got any chocolate? b. a cube of
3. Can I have some bread, please? c. a splash of
4. We need some paper. d. a box of
5. Buy me some soap, please. e. a sip of
6. Buy me some milk, please. f. a tube of
7. We need some jam. g. a drop of
8. Have you got any matches? h. a bar of
9. I’ve made some tea. i. a slice of
10. Buy some toothpaste. j. a pinch of

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11. Add a little water. k. a sheet of
12. Add a little salt. l. a jar of
13. I’ve drunk a little tea. m. a bar of
14. Add a little soda. n. a bottle of
15. I can see a little smoke. o. a pot of

I.7.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate partitive (a piece of, a pair of, a bar of, a
loaf of, a game of, a bottle of, a cup of, a packet of, a box of, a bit of):
1. ……football 6. ……news
2. ….biscuits 7. …..bread
3. ….milk 8. ……plastic
4. …..chalk 9. ……chocolate
5. ….coffee 10. ……jeans

I.7.4. Give the nouns which describe people who do things or who come from
places. Use the endings: -an, -ant, -ar, -er, -ian, -ist, -or.
1. He acts very well. He’s a fine ….
2. Don’t beg. You’re a …..
3. I can’t play the piano. I’m not a ….
4. She drives very well. She’s a good …..
5. I’m from Berlin. I’m a ……
6. She’s from Athens. She’s an ….
7. Manuel assists me. He’s my …..
8. She always tells lies. She’s a ….
9. He’s from Texas. He’s a ….
10. Anna is studying history. She’s a fine …..

I.7.5. Give the nouns derived from verbs, adjectives or other nouns. Use the
endings: -age, -hood, -ation, -ion, -ful, -ence, -ency, -ness, -al, -(er)y, -ment, -aty, -
ism, -ity, -ing.
1. I decided this. It was my ….
2. Don’t be so anxious. Control your ……
3. Anna’s a socialist. She believes in ….
4. We all want to be happy. We all seek ….
5. We all agree. We’re all in …..
6. Who discovered this? Who made this ….
7. We’ll all arrive in time. We’ll be met on ….
8. I was a child then. That was in my ….
9. She is absent. Can you explain her ….
10. I’ll post this. What’s the …
11. Try again. Have another….
12. Be more efficient. Improve your ….
13. Don’t be so curious. Control your ….
14. Address this envelope. I’ll give you the …..
15. I refused their offer. My ….is final.
16. I warned you. I gave you enough…..
17. Put the food in your mouth. Take one ….

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 18. Can you explain it? Is there an …
19. They tried him. I was at the …
20. Don’t argue. I don’t want an ….

I.7.6. Choose the correct answer:

1. In some countries you can have more ………………..

a. wives; b. wiffes; c. wifes; d. wife; e. wieves;
2. Mrs Brown is speaking to three or four ……………..
a. woman; b. waman; c. wamen; d. wimin; e. women;
3. One fish - two ………………….
a. fisch; b. fisches; c. fish; e. fishes;
4. The Evans have four ……………….., two boys and two girls.
a. childs; b. childrens; c. children; e. child;
5. His new …………………..too long.
a. trousers is; b. trousers are; c. trousers are; d. trouser is;
6. My …………………..the largest in the neighbourhood.
a. family is; b. family are; c. familys are; d. families is;
7. The …………….that we must stay here because they are coming.
a. newes is; b. new are; c. news is; d. news are;
8. Your ……………..blunt.
a. scissor are; b. scissor is; c. scissors are; d. scissors are.

End of UNIT TEST

I.8.1. Underline the correct item:

1. He has a lot of works/work to complete before leaving.

2. The stylist was trimming her customer’s hairs/hair.
3. We were all impressed with the content/contents of his speech.
4. The magazine lost the court case and was ordered to pay damage/damages
to the television celebrity.
5. The group doesn’t have sufficient funds/fund to finance the expedition.
6. The custom/customs officer stopped us and asked if he could inspect our
luggage.
7. The cook weighed out the necessary ingredients on the scale/scales.
8. They follow the custom/customs of exchanging chocolate eggs at Easter.
9. Hopkins proved popular but the man of the minute/minutes was De Niro.
10. She admired the colour/colours of her country during the military ceremony.

I.8.2. Underline the correct form of the verb. Sometimes both forms are possible:

0. The landscape is/are spectacular here.

1. Inaccurate weights occurred because the scales was/were unbalanced.
2. Detectives agree that the evidence is/are overwhelming.

15
 3. The hostilities in the province was/were worrying.
4. Rubbish is/are accumulating outside the entrance to the stop.
5. The management was/were considering implementing the new strategy.
6. Athletics was/were well represented in the magazine’s sports section.
7. The audience was/were applauding loudly.
8. Good advice was/were hard to give in such a situation.
9. Work is/are underway to complete the new motorway.
10. The articles of furniture he bought were/was very expensive.
11. The government was/were debating the new bill for three days
12. A meeting is a waste of time if the minutes is/are lost.
13. The woods is/are home to hundreds of plant species.
14. Is/Are the designer spectacles really worth getting? I could just buy these,
instead.
15. A crowd of hangers-on was/were pursuing the Princess.
16. The stairs is/are due to be replaced by a lift.
17. The premises was/were declared unsafe after the earthquake.
18. Argument is/are widespread on the global warming issue.
19. Your theory is sound but your calculations is/are wrong.
20. The information were/was passed on to another department.

I.8.3. Join the following nouns using (‘), (‘s) or (…of…):

1. the coat/Jimmy;
2. the newspaper/yesterday;
3. the wife/the man crossing the street;
4. the neighbours/my parents;
5. the roof/house;
6. the name/your friend;
7. the name/that river;
8. the dress/the girl we met yesterday;
9. the policy/government;
10. the marks/the boy and girl.

I.8.4. Fill in the following words so as to form meaningful phrases: advice,

chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, coffee, oil, rice, tennis:

1. a piece of …………….
2. a packet of……………
3. a bar of ……………….
4. a glass of ……………..
5. a cup of ………………
6. a bottle of ……………
7. a slice of ……………..
8. a barrel of ……………
9. a game of ……………
10. a jar of ……………….

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UNIT TWO. THE ARTICLE

Content
II.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 17
II.2. Competences ............................................................................................................ 17
II.3. The indefinite article ............................................................................................... 17
II.4. The definite article ................................................................................................... 18
II.5. Exercises ................................................................................................................. 20
II.6. End of unit test ........................................................................................................ 22

II.1. Introduction
This unit introduces essential elements regarding the definite and indefinite
article in English.

II.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT TWO, students will be able to differentiate
between the definite and indefinite article and use them appropriately in given
contexts.

Study time for UNIT TWO: 4-5 hours.

II.3. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

The indefinite article has the form A or AN, irrespective of genders:

EXAMPLE

a boy a girl a waiter an engineer a queen

 a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant

sound:
a man a hat a university a year a European

 an is used :
o before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): an apple, an engineer, an
island

17
 words beginning with a mute h: an hour
o individual letters spoken with a vowel sound: an MBA

The indefinite article is used in the following situations:

1. before a singular noun which is countable, when it is mentioned for the first time and
represents no particular person or thing:
She needs a baby sitter. He has a beautiful house.
2. before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things:
A dog might be dangerous ( All dogs might bite.)
3. with names of professions:
She is a teacher.
4. in expressions of quantity:
a lot of a couple
a great many
5. with certain numbers:
a hundred a thousand
6. in expressions of price and speed
5p a kilo sixty kilometres an hour
7. in exclamations before singular, countable nouns:
What a pretty girl!
8. before proper names, in isolated situations
I met a different John yesterday.

There are cases in which the indefinite article is omitted:

1. after the verb turn: to turn coward
2. in reversed word-order: intelligent as he was…
3. before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective:
We have breakfast at eight.
He gave us a good breakfast.
4. with nouns denoting unique positions: President, Rector

II.4. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

The definite article has the form THE irrespective of genders:

the boy the girl the waiter the engineer the queen

The definite article is used in the following situations:

EXAMPLE
1. when the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique
the earth the sun
2. before a noun which has become definite, when mentioned a second time in the

18
context
I’ve bought an interesting book. The book is written by T.S. Eliot.
3. before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause
the girl standing in front of me
the bread I bought yesterday
4. before superlatives and ordinal numerals
the first the best the most interesting
5. before a singular noun denominating an animal/ thing to refer to the whole class
The tiger is endangered in this region.
However, man, used to represent the human race, has no article
Man has to take care of nature.
6. before adjectives to refer to an entire class
the rich the needy
7. before names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, plural names of countries, deserts,
regions:
the Atlantic the United States
the Thames the Sahara
the Carpathians the Black Sea

- also before certain names of towns and countries in the singular:

(the) Sudan the Hague (the) Yemen
8. before other proper names consisting of adjective + noun, or noun + of + noun:
the National Gallery the Tower of London
9. before names of people to mean 'the. . . family':
the Smiths (the entire Smith family)

There are cases in which the definite article is omitted:

1. before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense:
Children love innocence.
2. after a noun in the possessive case, or a possessive adjective:
the boy's uncle( = the uncle of the boy)
3. before names of games: He likes football.
4. before parts of the body and articles of clothing
Raise your right hand. He took off his coat.
5. before plural nouns to refer to the entire category
Lions are dangerous animals
6. before church, hospital, prison, school when these places are visited for their primary
purpose. We go:
to bed to sleep to hospital as patients
to church to pray to prison as prisoners

When these places are visited or used for other reasons the is necessary:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

19
 EXERCISES

II.5.1. Put a, an and the where necessary:

EXAMPLE
0. The window alcove measures exactly a meter across.

1. When you go to ………. Athens, don’t forget to visit ………. Acropolis and
………. Ancient Agora.
2. ………. famous actress wanted to be married in ………. British castle.
3. My new BMW motor cycle can reach speeds of over 300 kilometres ……….
hour.
4. The community managed to raise quite ………. large sum of money for the
building of the new school.
5. Many people are attracted by ………. unknown and ………. unexplained in
………. nature.
6. During ………. Napoleonic Wars, the army tried to defeat ………. Russia.
7. This government doesn’t care about ………. jobless.
8. ………. Indian Ocean lies between ………. West coast of Australia and
………. country from which it was named: ………. India.
9. Did you know that ………. gold was discovered in ………. Australia in
………. 1850s?
10. Nick always wanted to have ………. pony as ………. child.
11. Hikers in ………. Loch Ness reported seeing ………. large moving mass at
………. dawn.
12. I’ve got two tickets at ………. dawn.
13. Timothy had to go to ………. hospital to have ………. x-ray.
14. Nancy’s got ………. migraine; she really should go ………. home.
15. ………. reigning monarch stayed at ………. plush five-star hotel in ……….
city centre.
16. Let’s meet outside ………. Palace of Congresses.
17. ………. director will chair ………. meeting tomorrow so everybody should
come prepared.
18. Patrick is in ………. hardware shop buying ………. paint.
19. My mother cleaned the house from ………. top to ………. bottom.
20. They are ………. husband and ………. wife.
21. This is one of … five Great Lakes in … North America.
22. Andrew and Alice went to … school yesterday; after the classes, they studied
in … library before returning home.
23. … Queen Elisabeth II is the monarch of … Great Britain.
24. This was a gift of … friendship from France to … United Kingdom.
25. David learned to play … violin when he was at … university.
26. I need … time to think about … offer you made me.
27. What’s the use of receiving … information from … person who is not to be
trusted?

20
 28. They were in … hurry because they were having … lunch in an hour.
29. … brave as he was, he decided to swim across … Danube.
30. She went to … church to see what could be done for its restoration.

II.5.2. In the following sentences the is missing in one or more cases. Write in the
where necessary.

1. There are countless varieties of English in use in English-speaking world.

2. Concepts of language vary from country to country and from generation to
generation; English you hear spoken nowadays is in no way
recognizable as language used by last generation, let alone in time of
Shakespeare.
3. Government is now insisting that mathematics is taught with methods
reminiscent of 1950s.
4. Government is only possible if majority accept law of land.
5. When Julie walked into room, you could have cut atmosphere with a knife.
6. Music of today deserves a different name from music of Beethoven, Bach
and other comparable geniuses.
7. People living inside Arctic Circle have a very different view of year from
those living in, say, Belgium.
8. Many people in public sector of work are just looking for sun, sand and
relaxation when they go on holiday, and why not?

II.5.3. Supply the or - :

1. More and more people don’t eat …. meat.

2. ….meat you bought yesterday was fat.
3. She is not interested in the price of ….gold.
4. ….English say that ….time is….money.
5. She will never forget ….time she spent in that camp.
6. Alice spends long hours listening to ….music.
7. Bob learned …. French at ……school but ….French he learned proved to be
useless to him.
8. …..blue is her favourite colour, but she doesn’t like …. blue dress I have
bought today.
9. You are very tired so you should go to ….bed.
10. Why is your tie under …bed?
11. ….cars have become very expensive.
12. Most of …cars in this exhibition have been made in Japan.
13. After graduating from …..school, she will go to ….university.
14. When I was crossing …London Bridge, I met ….Browns.
15. From ….hotel room we had ….splendid view of ….Lake Huron.

II.5.4. Rewrite these headlines as normal written sentences, adding the as

appropriate, and making any other suitable changes.

21
 EXAMPLE

TV corrupts young says Minister of Education

The Minister of Education has said that television corrupts the young.

1. Death of President leaves country in chaos

2. Big business hit by inflation

3. Computers blamed for record number of job losses

4. Level of unemployment highest since mid-nineteen-nineties

5. Sales manager faces sack after latest problems

End of UNIT TEST

II.6.1. In the following old person’s recollections, articles are missing. Put in a / an
and the as appropriate.

I remember in dim and distant past my children being obsessed by man called
Bob Dylan. I have no idea he’s still alive, but impact he had in sixties and seventies was
incredible. I remember one song called ‘Blowing in Wind’; my son – he’s in his fifties
now – sang it all day and all night, month in month out, for several years. And it was so
silly: ‘How many times must man look up before he can see sky?’ I mean, question like
that can’t be taken seriously, can it? And ‘How many times must white dove fly before it
sleeps in sand?’ And then answer to profound questions: ‘Answer, my friend, is blowing
in wind’. Generation after mine didn’t know what life was all about, did they? We did,
of course. ‘Very thought of you’, ‘Just way you look tonight’. ‘Night they invented
champagne’. They were real songs. But what came next? ‘How many years can
mountain exist before it is washed to sea?’ And there was whole generation singing
along to song. Funny world we live in, I say it’s funny world we live in.

II.6.2. Tick the answer that best fits the meaning of each sentence.

1. Accidents / The accident will happen, I’m afraid.

2. A tortoise is a / the sort of reptile.
3. My dog has hurt the / his leg.
4. Look me in the / my eye and tell me what you’re saying is true.
5. A / The liver is used to help purify the blood.

22
 6. Can’t you think of anything else? You’ve got food on the / your brain.
7. Have you ever considered taking up a / the musical instrument?
8. What on earth is a / the CD_ROM?
9. I used to play a / the trumpet when I was younger.
10. Frank White invented a / the jet engine.

II.6.3. Correct the errors linked to articles in this extract from a composition:

Every day there is news of another war breaking out somewhere in world.
Clauswitz claimed that the war is a continuation of the government by other means, but
is it necessary? First World War is often used, especially by pacifists, as an example of
an unjustifiable war: the European powers allied themselves with each other and for five
years killed each other in appalling conditions. What makes the society indulge in such
extraordinary behaviour? Is it simply in nature of man to fight? Under any circumstances
can the violence ever be justified?

II.6.4. Insert the necessary articles (definite, indefinite or zero):

As ……….(1) political entity, Britain (as ……….(2) United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland is loosely called) is less than 300 years old, being
……….(3) state which emerged from ……….(4) union of ……….(5) ancient kingdoms
of Scotland and England in 1707.
It is widely assumed that ……….(6) British are ……….(7) relatively
homogenous society, with ……….(8) strong sense of ……….(9) identity, but it is
……….(10) assumption that requires ……….(11) considerable qualification. Even after
300 years, ……….(12) terms “British” and “Britain”, which are used for ……….(13)
official purposes, can seem very artificial.
For centuries, it has been ……….(14) idea of England (or Scotland), rather than
of Britain, which has been charged with patriotic emotion. The idea of England is
invoked at ……….(15) times of national crisis, for example at ……….(16) Battle of
Trafalgar in 1805, when ……….(17). Admiral Nelson’s famous order to ……….(18)
British Fleet read: “England expects that every man will do his duty”.(…)
While Britain is instinctively thought of by many as “England”, so also
……….(19) idea of England evokes ……….(20) images of ……….(21) Queen,
……….(22) Parliament, ……….(23) Westminster Abbey, ……….(24) Tower of
London and ……….(25) soft landscape of ……….(26) Southern counties. This is not so
surprising, since almost ……….(27) quarter of ……….(28) British people live within 25
miles of ……….(29) Trafalgar Square. But it also reveals that England as well as Britain
is dominated by ……….(30) South, and particularly ……….(31) South-East.

23
UNIT THREE. THE ADJECTIVE

Content
III.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 24
III.2. Competences ................................................................................................. 24
III.3. Definition, form and position ....................................................................... 24
III.4. Spelling.......................................................................................................... 25
III.5. Degrees of comparison ................................................................................. 26
III.6. Exercises ....................................................................................................... 29
III.7. End of unit test .............................................................................................. 30

III.1. Introduction
This unit introduces essential elements regarding the category of
adjective in English.

III.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT THREE, students will be able to make up
adjectives from given words, form the degrees of comparison both for
regular and irregular adjectives and use adjectives both attributively and
predicatively.

Study time for UNIT THREE: 4-5 hours.

III.3. Definition, form and position

Adjectives describe nouns and express what something is or feels like.

Adjectives can be used in two positions:
o before nouns (attributive position). Typically, adjectives are used in this
position.

EXAMPLE

beautiful girl
interesting story

o after link verbs such as be, seem, appear, become, feel, look, taste, sound,
smell, get, etc. (predicative position).
awake, asleep, aware, glad, afraid, alive, sure, alone, alike, content, etc.

24
Most adjectives are formed by affixation, namely by adding a suffix or o prefix to either
an adjective or a word from a different class. Some of the most common prefixes and
suffixes used in English are the following:

Prefixes:
a-: akin, alike, alive, alone, asleep
over- : overconfident, overcritical, overdue, overpopulated, overcast
bi- : biennial, bilingual, bigamous
contra- : contradictory, contrary
inter- : interchangeable, international
trans- : transatlantic, transient, transitive, translucent
ultra- : ultraconventional, ultramarine, ultramundane, ultrasonic, ultravilet
un- : uncut, unhappy, unintelligent, untrue, unwise

Suffixes:
-ed : celebrated, tired, wretched
-en : golden, leaden, wooden, woolen
-ern : eastern, northern, southern, western
-ful : beautiful, careful, cheerful, grateful, peaceful, thankful
-ing : amusing, exciting, loving
-ward : backward, homeward, inward, onward
-ish : whitish, foolish, babyish
-ly : daily, homely, elderly, manly
-able : agreeable, remarkable, drinkable
-ant : defiant, distant
-ent : dependant, diligent, innocent, permanent
-ous : courageous, glorious, joyous, precious
-less : ceaseless, careless, hopeless

III.4. Spelling

1. Doubling the final consonant

 when the word ends in a consonant preceded by a single stressed vowel and
the suffix starts with a vowel
dot- dotted, up- upper, forget- forgettable
 -l preceded by a vowel, either stressed or unstressed, is always doubled
compel- compelling, rebel- rebellious

2. Silent “-e”
 silent -e is dropped before a suffix that starts with a vowel
love- lovable, scare- scared, fame- famous
Exceptions: gluey, bluey
 silent -e is not dropped before a suffix that starts with a consonant
awesome, careless, entirely, hopeful, lovely
 silent -e preceded by the consonants “C’, “d”, “g” is not dropped before a
suffix starting with “a’ or ”o”.
peaceable, manageable, advantageous, courageous, gorgeous,
outrageous

25
3. Final “-y”
 final -y turns into -i before the suffixes: -able, -ant, -ful, -less, -ous.
pity- pitiable, beauty- beautiful, fury- furious
 final -y is not dropped when preceded by a vowel
enjoyable, playful, joyless
 final -y always turns into -i before the suffix -ly
day- daily, body- bodily
 final -y is never dropped before the suffixes “-ish” and “-like”
grey- greyish, country- countrylike

III.5. Degrees of comparison

1. a. Comparative of Equality
 as…as, or so...as in the negative
Drive as fast as you can.
My grandfather doesn’t get about so easily as he used to.

b. Comparative of Inferiority

 less…than and not so/as…as

Your colleague is less intelligent than you are.
He is not so/as kind as Jane.

c. Comparative of Superiority

A. short adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y.

 adj. + -er

EXAMPLE

old older
tall taller
fat fatter
happy happier

B. long adjectives
 MORE + adj.

EXAMPLE

tiring more tiring

exact more exact
beautiful more beautiful

26
1. Superlative
A. short adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y.
 The + adj. + -est

EXAMPLE

old the oldest

tall the tallest
fat the fattest
happy the happiest

B. long adjectives
 The + MOST + adj.

EXAMPLE

tiring the most tiring

exact the most exact
beautiful the most beautiful

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

There are certain adjectives in English that form the comparative and the superlative
irregularly. These are the following:

good better best

well

bad worse the worst

ill

little less/lesser the least/littlest

few fewer the fewest

much more the most

many

old older/elder the oldest/eldest

far farther/further the farthest/farthermost

the further/furthermost

27
 near nearer nearest/next

fore former foremost/first

late later/latter latest/last

 elder and eldest are often used instead of older and oldest before words such as:
brother, sister, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter ( usually members of the
same family )

My elder daughter is a student at the University.

Their eldest son has just got married.

 in British English both “farther” and “further” are used to refer to distance with no
difference of meaning. “Further” is also used figuratively.

London is farther/ further away than Manchester.

For further information check our website at www. Rrr.com

 “few” is used with plural nouns; “little” is used with singular uncountable nouns

Few people realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle.

I have little interest in fashion.

 without articles, few and little usually have a negative meaning. They often suggest
‘not as much/many as one would like’, or ‘not as much/many as expected’, or a
similar idea.

Ordinary people have little influence on the rich.

Few people can speak a foreign language perfectly.

 a few and a little usually have a positive meaning which is closer to some. They
often suggest ideas like ‘better than nothing’ or ‘more than expected’.

My problems are emotional and few people understand me.

My problems are emotional but a few people understand me.
He has little faith in you.
Would you like a little water?

 “lesser” is used in a few expressions (in a rather formal style ) to mean “not so
great” or “not so much”

the lesser of two evils

a lesser known artist

28
 EXERCISES

III.6.1. Use one of the following prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, un- with each of the
following words:

a) attentive f) honest k) natural

b) aware g) literate l) practicable
c) cautious h) logical m) relevant
d) discreet i) loyal n) resolute
e) fortunate j) modest o) respectful

III.6.2. Choose from among the negative prefixes un-, in-, dis-, de-, non-, il-,
according to the example:

EXAMPLE
welcome – unwelcome

1. competent 11. verbal

2. active 12. experienced
3. grade 13. kind
4. qualified 14. dramatic
5. usual 15. regardful
6. proportional 16. academic
7. likely 17. legal
8. passionate 18. dependent
9. distinct 19. consistent
10. block 20. figurative

III.6.3. Use the following suffixes to form adjectives from the following nouns: –
able, -ate, -ful, -ish, - ive, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -ed, -ous.

EXAMPLE
love - lovely

1. secret 6. shame
2. family 7. death
3. affection 8. care
4. honour 9. home
5. lady 10. friend

29
 11. respect 16. danger
12. fashion 17. harm
13. education 18. attraction
14. learning 19. price
15. music 20. taste

III.6.4. Provide the right form of the adjectives in bold letters to fill in the gaps:
1. This is a nice cat. It's much …………………. than my friend's cat.
2. Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her brother is nine, so he
is……………………. .
3. This is a difficult exercise. But the exercise with an asterisk (*) is
the…………. exercise on the worksheet.
4. He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the…………… hobby in the
world.
5. In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an
even…………… one last weekend.
6. School is boring, but homework is…………………….. than school.
7. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is…………………
than skateboarding.
8. This magazine is cheap, but that one is………………… .
9. We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is
even……………….. than ours.
10. Have you visited the old castle? It was the…………………… castle we
visited during our holidays.

III.6.5. Choose the correct answer:

1. My father is as strong/ stronger/ strongest as his father.
2. She is pretty/ prettier/ prettiest than her sister.
3. You are not as tall/ taller/ tallest as your brother.
4. That pond is the shallow/ shallower/ shallowest in this area.
5. That has to be the interesting/ more interesting/ most interesting film I have
seen.
6. Which university offers the good/ the better/ the best/ degree courses?
7. This clown is not as funny/ funnier/ funniest as the other one.
8. He is easily the bad/ worse/ worst player in the team.
9. The second half of the play was little/ less/ the least interesting.
10. What is far/ farther/ the farthest distance you have ever run?

End of UNIT TEST

III.7.1. Fill in the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets, using
prefixes or suffixes:

1. She waited without complaining; she was very (patience).

2. That visit wasn’t (pleasure).
3. Mary is always (confidence) that she is right.

30
 4. His behaviour was always (courtesy).
5. Tommy was particularly (mischief).
6. I like the privacy of a (fence) garden.
7. It was a (moment) occasion.
8. You look rather (occupy). Are you worried about anything?
9. You do have some good ideas but your work is very (organise).
10. When Paul had been made up for the play he was (recognise).
11. We had a marvellous holiday and our trip to Paris was (forget).
12. The result was very strange! In fact it was (belief).
13. The pain became (endure) so we had to call the ambulance.
14. The judge told him it was (respond) to drink and drive.
15. Living conditions in some poor African countries are very (health).

III.7.2. Find adjectives coming from the following verbs:

1. instruct 11. permit
2. attract 12. convince
3. relate 13. collapse
4. persuade 14. argue
5. construct 15. pity
6. exclude 16. reserve
7. avoid 17. concern
8. remove 18. employ
9. deny 19. use
10. solve 20. succeed

III.7.3. What is the opposite of the following words? Use the negative prefixes un-/
in-/ im-/ dis-. If there is another word that has approximately the same meaning,
write it too.

WORD OPPOSITE SIMILAR MEANING

e.g safe unsafe dangerous
modest
happy
complete
expensive
interesting
important
perfect
friendly
polite
correct
honest
certain
flexible

III.7.4. Provide the right form of the adjectives in bold letters to fill in the gaps:

31
 1. Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the…………………..
joke I've ever heard.
2. My father is heavy. My uncle is much……………………. than my father.
3. The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology
was……………………..
4. Florida is sunny. Do you know the…………………… place in the USA?
5. Stan is a successful sportsman, but his sister is…………………… than
Stan.
6. My mother has a soft voice, but my teacher's voice is………………. than
my mother's.
7. Amy has a beautiful baby, but my daughter has the………………….. baby
on earth.
8. I live in a large family, but my grandfather lived in a …………………..
family.
9. We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we'll have
even………….. time.
10. Lucy is clever, but Carol is………………….. than Lucy.

III.7.5. Use prefixes to give the opposites of the following adjectives:

1. symmetrical 11. modest
2. similar 12. material
3. rational 13. loyal
4. pure 14. logical
5. practical 15. legal
6. possible 16. honest
7. political 17. direct
8. polite 18. clear
9. perfect 19. certain
10. patient 20. attractive

32
UNIT FOUR. VERB: PRESENT TENSES

Content
IV.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 33
IV.2. Competences ......................................................................................................... 33
IV.3. Present Simple ...................................................................................................... 33
IV.4. Present Continuous ................................................................................................ 34
IV.5. Present Perfect Simple .......................................................................................... 34
IV.6. Present Perfect Continuous .................................................................................. 35
IV.7. Exercises ............................................................................................................... 36
IV.8. End of unit test ..................................................................................................... 38

IV.1. Introduction
This unit introduces essential elements regarding Present Tenses in
English.

IV.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT FOUR, students will be able to differentiate
between the four present tenses of the Indicative Mood and use them appropriately
in given contexts.

Study time for UNIT FOUR: 4-5 hours.

IV.3. PRESENT SIMPLE :

1. DEFINITION:
Is used to describe:
- general truths and states which are regarded as permanent;

- repeated actions or habits;

- exclamations introduced by “here/there”;

- explanations, demonstrations.

2. FORM:
 POSITIVE: V1, BUT V1 +s for the 3rd person singular;
 INTERROGATIVE: DO+V1

33
  NEGATIVE: DON’T+V1

3. ADVERBS: (of frequency)

- every day; every week; every month; every year;
- usually, mostly, generally, rarely, seldom, frequently, always, never;
- sometimes, at times;

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student writes formulas every day.
INTERROGATIVE: Does the student write any formulas every day?
NEGATIVE: No, the student doesn’t write any formulas.

IV.4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

1. DEFINITION:
Is used to:
 represent an action, viewed in progress (continuous) at the very time of
speech (present);
 represent an action viewed in progress (continuous) at the time of speech
(present), even if not literally at the very moment of speaking;
 express a definite arrangement in the near future (immediate plans);
 express a non-habitual action;
 express a reproach.

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB. + BE + V1-ing
 INTERROGATIVE: BE + SUB + V1-ing
 NEGATIVE: SUB. + BE + NOT + V1-ing

3. ADVERBS: (of present moment)

- now, right now; this moment; at the time;
- at present;

EXAMPLE

POSITIVE: The student is writing a formula right now.

INTERROGATIVE: Is the student writing a formula right now?
NEGATIVE; No, the student isn’t writing a formula right now.

IV.5. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE:

1. DEFINITION:
Is used to:

34
  express a completed action (perfect) still having an effect or result in
the moment of speaking (present);
 represent activities completed in the immediate past, often associated
either with “just” or no time reference at all;
 express activities completed in a period up till the moment of speech,
without being exact about the time;
 represent a completed action in an uncompleted time interval.

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + V3
 INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/ HAS + SUB. + V3
 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3

3. ADVERBS: (of interval, time span, period, uncompleted time interval)

- just, yet, already, never, ever;
- for…, since…;
- lately, recently;
- this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this night, this week, this month,
this year, this, spring, this century;

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student has already written the formula.
INTERROGATIVE: Has the student already written the formula?
NEGATIVE: No, the student hasn’t written the formula yet.

IV.6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

1. DEFINITION:
Is used to:
 express an activity partly completed (perfect) but still in progress
(continuous) at the moment of speaking (present);
 express an activity begun in the past which has only just finished and
is relevant to the current situation;
 describe a repeated activity, in which case a nuance of reproach,
irritation, wonder can be present.

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + BEEN+ V1-ing
 INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/ HAS + SUB + BEEN+ V1-ing
 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + BEEN+ V1-ing

3. ADVERBS: (of interval of time)

- since...;
- for…;

35
 EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student has been writing for an hour.
INTERROGATIVE: Has the student been writing for an hour?
NEGATIVE: No, the student hasn’t been writing for an hour.

EXERCISES

IV.7.1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:

The closest most of us (1-to get) to a daring dream, we suddenly (2 – to

realize) that we (3 – to stand) stark naked in a crowed shopping-centre. So it (4-to
seem) rather unjust that some people can apparently will themselves into dreams of
breathtaking high adventure. The phenomenon (5 – to know) as lucid sleeping and (6
– to mean) the sleeper (7 – to become) aware that he (8 – to dream) and can
consciously (9 – to participate) in and control his dream. It (10 – to compare) to (11-to
have) your very own virtual reality in your head.
“People typically lucid-dream about things that they always (12- to want) to
do as children, like flying”, (13 – to say) Charles McCreery from Psychophysical
Institute in Oxford, which (14-to research) lucid dreams for thirty years.
Other favourite lucid dreams are (15-to have) sex with a beautiful lover or (16-
to perform) outrageous stunts, such as (17-to leap) off cliffs for a thrill, safe in the
knowledge that you can come to no harm.
Aside from (18-to be) a secret recreation, some argue that lucid dreaming can
have an impact in waking life. It even (19-to creep) into therapists’ work. The theory
is that, (20-to train) to lucid dreams, people who have self-confidence problems or
phobias can practice difficult situations in the safety of a lucid dream.
It also (21-to use) to help alleviate nightmares, which (22-to plague) one
million people in Britain. Dr. Delia Cushway, a clinical psychologist, (23 – to
recount) the case of one woman she (25 – to see) who (25-to become) lucid when she
had a nightmare in which two ferocious growling Doberman dogs (26 – to bar) her
way and (27-to threaten) to attack. She simply (28-to say) to herself: “This is OK, this
is only a dream!”, and (29-to push) past the dogs, (30-to let ) herself out of the door.
In a subsequent dream, one of the dogs (31-to lie) down beside her and (32-to put) its
head in her lap.
Some psychotherapists (33-to warn) that (34-to interfere) with a dream
narrative might rob you of the clues that dreams (35-to throw) up, about what or who
(36-to trouble) you in your life.
Interest in lucid dreaming as a subject of research (37-to start) (38-to grow) in
the last 15 or 20 years and scientists (39-to develop) machines which allegedly (40- to
trigger) lucid dreams.

36
IV.7.2. Choose the correct form to fill in the blanks:

1. Stop making noise! My son … for half an hour.

a. sleeps; b. has been sleeping; c. is sleeping.
2. What time … back home?
a. comes your brother; b. your brother comes; c. does your brother
come.
3. She will be cooking while the baby … .
a. sleeps; b. is sleeping; c. will sleep.
4. Tom will play with us if he … free.
a. is; b. will be; c. has been.
5. I … here for half an hour.
a. am; b. have been; c. have been being.
6. He ... with the company for three years now.
a. is b. has been c. has to be
7. John Dee ... for Best Motors in the Sales Department.
a. works b. work c. is working
8. Her mother’s business was difficult to keep going but it ... well at that moment.
a. has done b. was doing c. does
9. They have ... several hundred pounds on their advertising campaign.
a. yet spent b. now spending c. so far spent
10. My favourite football team … the cup.
a. is just wining b. has just won c. just has won.

IV.7.3. Provide the right form for the verbs in brackets:

1. What's that noise? Somebody (practise)………………the piano.
2. We (go)……………….to the cinema this Friday.
3. They (go) …………………on holiday every winter.
4. The days (be)………………….longer in summer.
5. She often (talk)…………………to herself.
6. She (have)……………………a shower at the moment.
7. Right now she (run) ………………….down a hill.
8. Oak trees (grow)…………………very slowly.
9. My dog (not eat)………………….vegetables.
10.My brother (not like)……………………..animals.
11. Most people (not like)………………….to visit a doctor.
12. In his job he usually (stand) ……………………
13. I'm looking at that woman, she (wear)…………………….a nice dress.
14. I never (go)…………………….out in the evening.
15. He usually (work)………………………with paints and brushes.
16. Do you know anyone who (speak)…………………….Italian?
17. At work he usually (sit)………………………all day.
18. 'Where is Kate?' 'She (watch) ………………….TV in the living room.'
19. (you go)………………..to the party next Saturday?
20. (you ever work) ………………..at the weekend?

37
 End of UNIT TEST

IV.8.1. Provide the correct form for the verbs in brackets:

1. What's the noise? Tim (practise)……………….the piano.
2. What are you doing? I (read)…………………a very interesting magazine.
3. We (go)…………………….on holiday in summer.
4. This animal (eat) ……………….meat.
5. Temperature usually (rise) ………………….. in the afternoon.
6. She can't talk to you right now. She (have) …………….a shower.
7. Ornithologists (study)………………birds.
8. Most of my friends (not like) ………………..visiting their relatives.
9. Look! He (drink)………………..beer.
10. Jane often (talk)………………..to herself.
11. It (get) cold…………………….now.
12. I'm looking at that girl. She (wear) …………………a nice jacket.
13. I wonder what's with Ann. She (look)………………very unhappy.
14. I never (drink) …………………..alcohol at lunch time.
15. He usually sits down and (use) …………………..a computer.
16. He usually (work) ………………..with paints and brushes.
17. He (spend) ………………….all his pocket money on sweets.
18. Do you know anyone who (speak) ………………….German?
19. At the moment he (stand) …………………..inside a telephone box.
20. (you go) ……………………to the meeting next Friday?

38
UNIT FIVE. THE VERB: PAST TENSES

Content
V.1. Introduction................................................................................................. 39
V.2. Competences ............................................................................................... 39
V.3. Past Simple ................................................................................................ 39
V.4. Past Continuous .......................................................................................... 40
V.5. Past Perfect Simple ..................................................................................... 40
V.6. Past Perfect Continuous .............................................................................. 41
V.7. Exercises .................................................................................................... 42
V.8. End of unit test ........................................................................................... 44

V.1. Introduction
This unit introduces essential elements regarding Past Tenses in
English.

V.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT FIVE, students will be able to differentiate
between the four past tenses of the Indicative Mood and use them
appropriately in given contexts.

Study time for UNIT FIVE: 4-5 hours.

V.3. PAST SIMPLE:

1. DEFINITION:
Is used to:
 represent simple actions completed at a definite time in the past;
 represent a series of actions in a sequence, often as part of a narrative;
 describe habitual, repeated actions in the past, and with verbs of permanent
characteristic.

3. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + V2
 INTERROGATIVE: SUB + DID + V1
 NEGATIVE: SUB + DIDN’T + V1

4. ADVERBS: (of definite point, or period in the past)

39
 - yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century;
- ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954;
- when ….past action;

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student wrote that formula ten minutes ago.
INTERROGATIVE: Did the student write that formula ten minutes ago.
NEGATIVE: No, the student didn’t write that formula ten minutes ago.

V.4. PAST CONTINUOUS:

1. DEFINITION:
Is used to:
 represent an action viewed in progress (continuous) before the moment of
speaking at some point in the past (past);
 describe a past repeated action causing annoyance;

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + WAS/WERE + V1-ing
 INTERROGATIVE: WAS/WERE + SUB + V1-ing
 NEGATIVE: SUB + WAS/WERE + NOT SUB + WAS/WERE + V1-ing

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the past)

- yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century;
- ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954;
- when ….past action; at this time yesterday.

EXAMPLE

POSITIVE: The student was writing the formula at this time yesterday.
INTERROGATIVE: Was the student writing the formula at this time
yesterday?
NEGATIVE: No, the student wasn’t writing the formula at this time
yesterday.

V.5. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE:

1. DEFINITION:
Is used to:
 represent an action completed (perfect) before another action or moment in
the past (past);
 denote an action that began before another moment in the past and continued
up to that time.

2. FORM

40
  POSITIVE: SUB + HAD + V3
 INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUB + V3
 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAD + NOT + V3

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point in the past, and of interval)

- since…; for…;
- yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century;
- ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954;
- when/ before….past action; at this time yesterday.

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student had written the formula before he took the test.
INTERROGATIVE: Had the student written the formula before he took the
test?
NEGATIVE: No, the student hadn’t written the formula before he took the
test.

V.6. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

1. DEFINITION:

Is used to represent a mostly completed action (perfect) that is still viewed in progress
(continuous) at a definite point in the past (past).

2. FORM
 POSIVE: SUB + HAD + BEEN + V1-ing
 INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUB + BEEN + V1-ing
 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V1-ing

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point in the past, and of interval)

- since…; for…;
- yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century;
- ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954;
- when/ before….past action; at this time yesterday.

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student had been writing for ten minutes, when the test was
over.
INTERROGATIVE: Had the student been writing for ten minutes, when the
test was over?
NEGATIVE: No the student hadn’t been writing for ten minutes, when the
test was over.

41
 EXERCISES

V.7.1. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs in brackets:

1. Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (1. die), he (2.
give) a magnificent funeral which (3. attend) by hundreds of famous
people. The funeral was going to (4. hold) in Westminster Abbey. Many
ordinary people (5.stand) in the street to watch the procession. The
wonderful black and gold carriage (6. draw) by six black horses. Lord
Manners’s relatives (7. follow) in silence. “He (8. give) a royal funeral!”
said one of the people present. Among the crowd there were two beggars.
They (9. watch) the procession with amazement for some time when one
of them turned to the other and (10. whisper) in admiration: “Now, that’s
what I call really living!”
2. I …1.(to fall asleep) while I was working because it took me a long time to
realize that the telephone…2.(to ring). When I answered it, my girlfriend
said: “You…3.(to forget) that we …4.(to go) to the cinema tonight? I
…5.(to wait) here for half an hour. If you…6.(to come) soon, we’ll miss
the film”. I suddenly remembered that Sally…7.(to give) tickets for the
first performance of a new film. “By the time I get there, the film…8.(to
begin). Let’s go out to dinner instead.”
3. Last week I …1.(to invite) my brother to dinner. When he…2.(to arrive), I
still…3.(to work) in the kitchen, for I quite…4.(not finish) ..5.(to prepare)
the salad. He told me he ….6.(to come) as soon as he …7.(to finish)his
work at the office. I told him…8.(make) himself at home, …9.(to add) that
I …12.(be) ready for him. The dinner …15.(to cook). My brother …16.(to
say) that he …17.(to go) ….18.(to send) his girlfriend to me for cooking
lessons. I enjoy…19.(work) in the kitchen, if somebody else …20. (to do)
the washing up.

V.7.2. Give the correct forms of the verbs:

1. I (fall) when I (cross) the road.

2. I (drop) my bag when I (board) the plane.
3. I (get) wet while (walk) in the rain.
4. Whenever the politician (open) his mouth to speak the crowd (shout)
insults.
5. While the maid (clean) the room a skeleton (fall) out of the cupboard.
6. As soon as he (get) under the shower, the doorbell (ring).
7. They (slip) and (fall) while they (climb) the mountain.
8. While I (sightsee) in London I (hide) my money in my socks.
9. As they (fly) from Stockholm to Moscow, the starboard engine (burst) into
flames.
10. When she (have) lunch a waiter (drop) a plate of soup in her lap.
11. As it (rain) their mother (cancel) the picnic.
12. When he (cycle) downhill, the brakes (fail) and he only (avoid) a serious
accident by steering into a friendly rhododendron bush.

42
V.7.3. Choose the correct form to fill in the blanks:
1. When she asked me I … a few days to think about it.
a. explain her I’d like; b. told her I’d like; c. told her I liked.
2. Last year, Mary asked me what she … buy me for Christmas.
a. could; b. was able to; c. can.
3. They did not know at that time that she … music so much.
a. liked; b. likes; c. was
liking.
4. Jane said she would lend me the book after she … it.
a. finishes; b. had finished; c. will finish.
5. If she … , she wouldn’t have been lying in bed now.
a. would have listened; b. listened; c. had
listened.
6. He … to bed a few minutes ago.
a. goed; b. went; c. has gone.
7. They did not know if they … in time or not.
a. will arrive; b. would arrive; c. arrive.
8. He asked me … to stay.
a. how long was I going; b. how long I was going; c.
how long time I was going.
9. America Online said yesterday that its customers ... $ 1.2bn in purchases
between November 27 and December 26.
a. were spending b. had spent c. have
been spending
10. The shop assistant informed me that I ... to your office if I wanted a refund.
a. have to write b. had to write c. would have
written
11. Every Monday she ... into my shop and buy her weekly order, which never
changed.
a. comes b. used to come c. was used
to come
12. There seemed to be a mistake but nobody realized where ....
a. had it come from b. it came from c. from it
came
13. Thomas tried to find out what other places ... visited.
a. have I b. had I c. I had
14. What ....... interested in?
a. he said he was b. did he say he was c. did he
say was he

V.7.4. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous:
1. He (lie)…………….on the road when they found him.
2. Someone stole my cigarettes when I (not look)……………….
3. She was a beautiful woman. She always (attract) ………………a lot of
men.
4. I turned the radio off. Nobody (listen)…………………to it.
5. Mr. Brown (have)……………..a shower when I knocked on his door.
6. How much (it cost)………………to fly to Paris?

43
 7. (you close)…………………….the door when you left?
8. (they get)…………………..our presents?
9. 'When (she start)…………..learning English?' 'Five years ago’.
10. I left the cinema before the film ended. I (not enjoy)……………….it.
11. (you go) …………………to the restaurant yesterday evening?
12. I got up at 7 and then I (have) …………………a big breakfast.
13. I (see)……………………..you walking in the park this morning.
14. She (wear)……………………..her new jacket when I saw her.
15. (you see)…………………….Jane last night?
16. Who (you wait)…………………..for when I arrived?
17. What (happen) …………………..after that?
18. When I was young I (want)………………….to be a pilot.
19. I waved at him, but he (look not) ……………….
20. She (sit) ……………………….on the chair and watching TV.

V.7.5. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
1. I ………………… (see) my first baseball game when I
………………… (live) in New York.
2. How many pints of beer ………………… (he/drink) before he
………………… (leave) the pub?
3. It ………………… (rain) so we ………………… (decide) to stay at
home all afternoon.
4. By the time I ………………… (leave) university I …………………
(be) to France fifteen times.
5. What ………………… (you/do) at the time the murder was committed?
6. When we ………………… (get) home we saw that someone
………………… (break) in to steal the DVD recorder.
7. He ………………… (send/passive) to prison four times before he
………………… (decide) that it would be better to go straight.
8. I didn't realise I ………………… (lose) my credit cards until I
………………… (try) to pay for dinner at the restaurant.
9. I ………………… (write) an email to my sister when she
………………… (ring) me.
10. She was so upset by the news that she ………………… (drop) her tea
and ………………… (start) crying.

End of UNIT TEST

V.8.1. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Perfect:
1. When she (hear) …………….the noise she turned to see what it was.
2. When I saw her I knew we (never meet) …………….before.
3. When I looked at the lorry I could see that somebody (drive)
…………….in.

44
 4. The movie (start already)………………….when we arrived at the
cinema.
5. The doctor examined her leg and (find)………………that she had
broken it.
6. I was hungry because I (not eat)……………….since breakfast.
7. I was frightened because the police (come)………………..for my sister.
8. I was feeling very thirsty because I (drink) ……………….too much
alcohol.
9. I told him twice that I (not know)…………………..him.
10. I told him I didn't know who (steal) …………………his pen.
11. I paid for the window because my son (break) ……………….
12. I felt really stupid because I (make)………………..a lot of mistakes.
13. I couldn't get in because I (lose) …………………my keys.
14. I (write)……………………a long letter to my mother yesterday.
15. He told me he (never see)………………….anything like that.
16. He told me he (never be)………………….to Australia before.
17. He started to read the newspaper he (buy)………………….an hour
earlier.
18. He (spend) ……………………three years in Tahiti when he was a child.
19. Before he came to Warsaw he (live) …………………..in Prague.
20. After she (finish) ……………………breakfast she left the house.

V.8.2. Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense.
1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.
2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking
space.
3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.
4. The waitress asks us if we have reservations.
5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them."
6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.
7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car.
8. Then we see a small grocery store.
9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches.
10. That is better than waiting for two hours.

V.8.3. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1. Last night, Samantha have pizza for supper.
2. My pet lizard was died last month.
3. Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room.
4. This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two bowls of cereal.
5. What was happened to your leg?

45
UNIT SIX. THE VERB. WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE
TIME

Content
VI.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 46
VI.2. Competences ............................................................................................. 46
VI.3. Future Simple ............................................................................................ 46
VI.4. Future Continuous ..................................................................................... 47
VI.5. Future Perfect Simple ............................................................................... 47
VI.6. Future Perfect Continuous ......................................................................... 48
VI.7. Exercises ................................................................................................... 49
VI.8. End of unit test ......................................................................................... 50

VI.1. Introduction
This unit introduces essential elements regarding ways of
expressing future time in English.

VI.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT SIX, students will be able to differentiate
between the different ways of expressing Future Time and use them
appropriately in given contexts.

Study time for UNIT SIX: 4-5 hours.

VI.3. FUTURE SIMPLE:

1. DEFINITION:
It is used to denote actions which will take place in the future. The performance of the
future action may be caused by objective circumstances, by a mixture of the former
and a personal element, or it may depend on a condition;

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + V1
 INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB + V1
 NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + V1

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future)

- tomorrow;

46
 - next week, next month, next year, next century;
- in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day;
- when….future action;

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student will write the formula in ten minutes.
INTERROGATIVE: Will the student write the formula in ten minutes?
NEGATIVE: No, the student won’t write the formula in ten minutes.

VI.4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS:

1. DEFINITION:
It is used to represent an action viewed in progress at one particular time in the future.

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + BE + V1-ing
 INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB + BE + V1-ing
 NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + BE + V1-ing

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future)

- tomorrow; at this time tomorrow;
- next week, next month, next year, next century;
- in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day;
- when….future action;

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student will be writing a formula during the next two
minutes.
INTERROGATIVE: Will the student be writing a formula during the next
two minutes?
NEGATIVE: No, the student won’t be writing the formula during the next
two minutes.

VI.5. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

1. DEFINITION:
It is used to represent a completed action (perfect0 at some point in the future (future);

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + V3
 INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB + HAVE + V3
 NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + HAVE + V3
]

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future and of interval of time)

47
 - tomorrow; at this time tomorrow;
- next week, next month, next year, next century;
- in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day;
- when….future action;
- for…; since…; by…; already.

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: By 10 o’clock the student will have already written that formula.
INTERROGATIVE: Will the student have already written that formula by 10
o’clock?
NEGATIVE: No, the student won’t have written that formula yet by 10
o’clock.

VI.6. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

1. DEFINITION:
It is used to represent a partly completed action (perfect) still viewed in progress
(continuous) at some point in the future (future).

2. FORM
 POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing
 INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB +HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing
 NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future and of interval of time)
- tomorrow; at this time tomorrow;
- next week, next month, next year, next century;
- in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day;
- when….future action;
- for…; since…; by…; already.

EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: By 10 o’clock the student will have been writing that formula for
ten minutes.
INTERROGATIVE: Will the student have been writing that formula for ten
minutes by 10 o’clock?
NEGATIVE: No, the student won’t have been writing that formula for ten
minutes for ten minutes by 10 o’clock.

EXERCISES

48
VI.7.1. Choose the correct form to fill in the blanks:

1. Donald … sixteen tomorrow.

a. will be; b. shall be; c. going to be.
2. Don’t you remember that we … to the cinema tonight?
a. would go; b. are going; c. go.
3. By the time we arrive, the film … .
a. shall have started; b. will start; c. will have
started.
4. You will ... in the arrivals hall by one of our representatives.
a. meet b. be meeting c. be met
5. They promised they … back soon.
a. will come b. would come c. are
coming

VI.7.2. Write a correct version for each of the following sentences:

1. As soon as I will get the answer, I’ll let you know.

2. After 1997, exports have been booming.
3. When I’ll get back, I’ll tell you all about it.
4. When examining it more closely, he realized the ticket was for the next
day.
5. Once she will have understood the procedures, she’ll work much faster.
6. I’d no sooner taken my seat when the fire alarm went off.
7. As our bus didn’t leave for another hour, so we didn’t have to rush
8. All you have to do is tell me everything what happened.
9. He left the country at the age of 20 and it was only after several years
when he returned.
10. It’s not learning new words that I find difficult, and remembering them.

VI.7.3. Use will or going to for the verbs in brackets:

1. I (get married)……………….next year.
2. These shoes are very dirty. I (clean) …………………..them.
3. As soon as I arrive, I (send) ………………..you a postcard.
4. This car is very old. I (buy) …………………….a new one.
5. I expect I (be)…………………..late.
6. If you don't leave, I (call)………………………the police.
7. It is getting late. I think I (go)…………………….home.
8. What (you do)……………………..with all the money?
9. I must stay at home this afternoon because my father (call)
……………….me.
10. I (take) ………………the state exam next year.
11. If she helps you with your homework, I (tell) ………………the teacher.
12. These exercises are very difficult. If you want I (explain)
…………….them.
13. I am quite cold. I (close)………………the window.
14. Go away I (sneeze)…………………

49
 15. I (be)…………………thirty next month.
16. I'm sorry I must leave today. No problem. I (take) ……………….you to
the station.
17. I still don't have a present for Lucy. I think I (buy) ……………her a bag.
18. She (have) …………………….a baby in five months.
19. Hold on! I (help)…………………….you with these heavy bags.
20. I have a special plan for the weekend. I (learn) ……………..how to
make a cake.

VI.7.4. Use appropriate tenses for the verbs in brackets:

1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch)
………….TV as well.
2. Tomorrow after school, I (go)…………….to the beach.
3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do)
………….paperwork and (talk)………….to annoying customers on the
phone, I (lie)……….on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous?
4. We (hide)………….when Tony (arrive)…………..at his surprise party.
As soon as he opens the door, we (jump)………….out and
(scream)…………..,"Surprise!"
5. We work out at the fitness centre every day after work. If you (come)
…………over while we (work)…………..out, we will not be able to let
you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave)…………….a key under
the welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside.
6. While you (study)…………at home, Magda (be)……………….in class.
7. When I (get)……………..to the party, Sally and Doug
(dance)……………, John (make)…………….drinks, Sue and Frank
(discuss) ………………..something controversial, and Mary (complain)
……………about something unimportant. They are always doing the
same things. They are so predictable.
8. When you (get)…………….off the plane, I (wait)………………..for
you.
9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake)
……………up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)……………….
10. If you (need)……………..to contact me sometime next week, I (stay)
…………..at the Sheraton in San Francisco.

End of UNIT TEST

VI.8.1. Use Present Continuous or Future Simple:

1. Did you write to Ann? No, I forgot. I (write)……………..her tomorrow.
2. What (you cook)………………….for dinner this evening?
3. We (go)…………………….to the cinema tomorrow.
4. I (go)…………………to the museum this evening.
5. 'I need more money.' 'I (lend)………………….you some if you want.'
6. 'Have a nice time!' 'Thanks I (send)………………….you a postcard.'
7. It's cold in here. (you shut)……………………..the door, please?
8. I don't want to be at home alone. (you stay) …………………with me?

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 9. Jim has got a plan for Friday. He (play)…………………tennis with
friends.
10. 'Have you phoned Jim?' 'No, I forgot. I (phone) ……………………him
later.
11. Peter (meet)……………………….his friends this evening.
12. What time (Bill and Jerry come)…………………….tonight?
13. What time (you leave)……………………tomorrow afternoon?
14. I (work)………………………tomorrow so I can't go anywhere.
15. The French president (visit)…………………Britain next week.
16. (you do) ……………………..anything tonight?
17. I (get) ……………………….married next Saturday.
18. Have you heard? She (go)………………………to have a baby next
week.
19. It must be very heavy. I (carry)………………………..it for you.
20. I (do)………………………my exams next week.

VI.8.2. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence. There may be more
than one possibility.

1. "What …………………when you leave university?" "I want to go back to

London"
a. do you do; b. are you going to do; c. are you doing; d. will you do
2. If the plane gets in late I …………………my train connection.
a. am missing; b. will miss; c. am going to miss; d. will be missing
3. It's half past eight and it takes twenty minutes to get to the station. My train
leaves in fifteen minutes. I …………………
a. am late; b. will be late; c. am going to be late; d. am being late
4. I've had twenty replies to the invitations I sent out, so I know twenty people
…………………
a. definitely come; b. are definitely coming; c. will definitely come; d.
are definitely going to come
5. I'm sure you …………………a lot better after a good night's sleep.
a. feel; b. are feeling; c. will feel; d. are going to feel
6. "Oh, no! I've spilt my wine." "Don't worry. …………………a cloth to wipe
it up."
a. I get; b. I'm getting; c. I'll get; d. I'll be getting
7. The plane doesn't leave until tomorrow afternoon, so I …………………the
cases in the morning.
a. pack; b. will pack; c. am going to pack; d. am packing
8. "Can I come round after dinner?" "Yes, that's fine. I
…………………anything."
a. don't do; b. won't do; c. won't be doing; d. won't have been doing
9. The match doesn't start till 9 o'clock, so we …………………a drink first.
a. will have; b. are going to have; c. are having; d. will be having
10. At the beginning of next month we …………………married for ten years.
a. are; b. will be; c. are going to be; d. will have been.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Acklam, R., First Certificate Gold, Longman, 2003;

2. Aspinall, T., Advanced Masterclass CAE, OUP, 2001;
3. Radu, Lucian, Milotoiu, C., Sasu, L., Antonaru, C., Andrei, M., Farcas, A. Popa,
R. si Ion, M. Gramatica Practica a Limbii Engleze (Morfologie). Brasov: Editura
Universitatii Transilvania Brasov, 2005;
4. Vince, M., First Certificate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2003;
5. Vince, M., Intermediate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2006;
6. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de
7. http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/simple_past.html
8. www.onestopenglish.com
9. www.learningenglishfeelgood.com
10. www.nonstopenglish.com
11. www.bbcenglish.com
12. www.english-at-home.com
13. www.english-test.net
14. www.english-online.at
15. www.esltower.com
16. www.englishforeveryone.org
17. www.englishexercises.org
18. www.learningenglish.com

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