CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 02
2. OPARETION & BLOCK DIAGRAM 05
3. COMPONENT USED 11
4. LITERATURESURVEY 15
5. THEROY OF OPARETION 18
6. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 26
7. APPLICATIONS 32
8. ADVANTAGES 34
9. COST & ESTIMATION 36
10. PROGRAMMING 38
11. FUTURE SCOPE & CONCLUSION 44
12. DATA SHEET 47
13. REFERENCES 48

1
 CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION

2
INTRODUCTION

The Embedded Technology is now in its prime and the wealth of knowledge
available is mind-blowing. Embedded technology plays a major role in integrating the
various functions associated with it. This needs to tie up the various sources of the
Department in a closed loop system. This proposal greatly reduces the manpower, saves
time and operates efficiently without human interference. This project puts forth the first
step in achieving the desired target. With the advent in technology, the existing systems
are developed to have in built intelligence.
The aim of this project “stepper motor speed controlling using cell phone
(DTMF)” is used to control the stepper motor by using the cell phone. Here we are using
the DTMF (Dual tone multi frequency) to transmit the data from cell phone to
Microcontroller. The scan codes are scanned by the microcontroller from mobile which
gives audio frequency from key pad of mobile. For each key it will produces different
audio frequency. This project consists of Power supply, Microcontroller, DTMF, and
motor driving units. The input will be given to the controller through set switches. The
controller receives the data according to the value set by the cell phone switches. This can
be done by manual. Then the controller gives digital input to the DTMF, which converts
the digital data into analog.
In this project the stepper motor, is controlled by a mobile phone that makes call
to the mobile phone attached to the circuit in the course of the call, if any button is
pressed control corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call.
This tone is called dual tone multi frequency tome (DTMF) robot receives this DTMF
tone with the help of phone stacked in the robot The received tone is processed by the
atmega16 microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder MT8870 the decoder decodes
the DTMF tone in to its equivalent binary digit and this binary number is send to the
microcontroller, the microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a decision for any give
input and outputs its decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or
backward motion or a turn.
The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a
remote. So this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and
transmitter units. DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the
voice frequency band to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used for
telephone dialing is known as touch tone.

3
 DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each key
s that it can easily be identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the
DTMF encoder is the direct algebraic submission, in real time of the amplitudes of two
sine (cosine) waves of different frequencies, i.e., pressing 5 will send a tone made by
adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of the mobile. The important components of
this robot are DTMF decoder, Microcontroller and motor driver.
An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the mt8870 series use
digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the sixteen DTMF tone pairs in to a
four bit code output. The built -in dial tone rejection circuit eliminated the need for pre-
filtering. When the input signal given at pin2 (IN-) single ended input configuration is
recognized to be effective, the correct four bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is
transferred to Q1 (pin11) through Q4(pin14) outputs

4
 CHAPTER 2.
OPARETION & BLOCK
DIAGRAM

5
BLOCK DIAGRAM

6
CRICUIT DIAGRAM

C8 R4
+12V C9

18

10
100k 100n
HP 100n
2 2 17

VDD

Tof
IN St
U5 1 3
GS 16 R5
7805
R3 R2 ESt
CONN-SIL2 1 330K
IMt
J6 100R 100k 4
1 3 Vref
VI VO
2 C5 D1 5 15
GND

INH
1 C4 100p C6 C7 LED-RED 6 StD
14
PIN 25
PD Q4 PIN 24
1000u 1000u 100p 9 13
CONN-SIL2 Vss Q3 PIN 23
12
2

Q2 PIN 22
7 11
OSC1 Q1 PIN 21
8
OSC2
X3
CRYSTAL
U3
CM 8870

C3 RP1
RESPACK-8
33p
VCC

C2 X1
LCD1
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

CRYSTAL
LM016L

33p
U1
19 39 PIN 39
R1 XTAL1 P0.0/AD0
38
P0.1/AD1 PIN 38
37
vcc 10k P0.2/AD2 PIN 37
18 36
XTAL2 P0.3/AD3 PIN 36
35
VDD
VSS

VEE

P0.4/AD4 PIN 35
RW
RS

+12V
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
34
C1
E

P0.5/AD5 PIN 34
33
10u P0.6/AD6 PIN 33
9 32
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
RST P0.7/AD7 PIN 32
21
P2.0/A8 PIN 21
22
P2.1/A9 PIN 22
23
J2 29
P2.2/A10
24
PIN 23 R7
PSEN P2.3/A11 PIN 24 330R
PIN 38
PIN 37

PIN 35
PIN 39

PIN 36

PIN 34

U2
PIN 33

1 30 25
PIN 32

8 16 ALE P2.4/A12 PIN 25

2 31 26
PIN 27

PIN 28

EA P2.5/A13 PIN 26
3 2 27
OUT1 VS VSS IN1 P2.6/A14 PIN 27
CONN-SIL2 6 7 28
OUT2 IN2 P2.7/A15 PIN 28
1
EN1 1 10
P1.0 P3.0/RXD
2 11
P1.1 P3.1/TXD
9 3 12
EN2 P1.2 P3.2/INT0
11 10 4 13
OUT3 IN3 P1.3 P3.3/INT1
14 15 5 14
OUT4 GND GND IN4 P1.4 P3.4/T0
6 15
P1.5 P3.5/T1
7 16
P1.6 P3.6/WR
L293D 8 17
P1.7 P3.7/RD
80C51

7
WORKING
The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known by the
trademarked term Touch-Tone. Other multi-frequency systems are used for signaling
internal to the telephone network. A machine that converts electrical power into
mechanical power is called Motor. Power devices are used in speed control circuits of AC
motors to get high Reliable operations at large currents. Various methods are available to
control the speed of the AC motor; here we Control the motor speed by applying the
DTMF decoder technique. In this system our mobile signals are goes to DTMF decoder.
And this DTMF decoder is interfacing with the embedded controller. The controlling
device controls the speed of the motor. Here there are mobile keys, which serve the
purpose of increasing or decreasing the speed of the motor. This speed of the motor varies
in steps according to the selection of key over the particular range

8
VOLAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variableoutput
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negativevoltage regulators
are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic
protection from excessive current (over load protection)and overheating (thermal
protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3leads. They include a hole for
attaching a heat sink if necessary.

9
DESCRIPTION

These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed
voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation.
These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-area
compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in excess of 1.0
A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used
with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and current

10
 CHAPTER 3.
COMPONENT USED

11
CAPACITORS

In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in

completelydifferent ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you
haveread How Batteries Work , then you know that a battery has two terminals. Insidethe
battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorbelectrons at the
other terminal.

BASIC

Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the
terminalsconnect to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be
air,paper, plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps theplates
from touching each other. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum
foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage
capacity, but it will work.

In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this:

When you connect a capacitor to a battery, here’s what happens:

 The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery
accepts electrons that the battery is producing.
 The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery loses
electrons to the battery.

12
LED

LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode
(LED) isa diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased
P-N junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a
Recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy
possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of
giving off light by applying an electrical source is called Electroluminescence.

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are displayed
by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown through it in
forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in the flat
shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.

13
EQUIPMENT USED

Sr. no Equipment Quantity

1 IC 8051 MC 1
2 MT 8870 DTMF IC 1
3 Crystal (3.579545mhz) 1
4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 1
5 2 LINE LCD DISPLAY 1
6 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR(11.0592mhz) 1

7 DIODE 1

8 LEDS 4
9 RESISTER(220Ω,4.7kΩ,10kΩ) BOX
10 CAPACITORS(10uf,1000uf) 5
11 DC MOTOR 2
12 ULN2003 1

14
 CHAPTER 4.
LITERATURESURVEY

15
LITERATURESURVEY
DTMF
Today, most telephone equipment use a DTMF receiver IC. One common DTMF
receiver IC is the Motorola MT8870 that is widely used in electronic communications
circuits. The MT8870 is an 18-pin IC. It is used in telephones and a variety of other
applications. When a proper output is not obtained in projects using this IC, engineers or
technicians need to test this IC separately. A quick testing of this IC could save a lot of
time in re-search labs and manufacturing industries of communication instruments.
Here’s a small and handy tester circuit for the DTMF IC. It can be assembled on a
multipurpose PCB with an 18-pin IC base. One can also test the IC on a simple
breadboard.

For optimum working of telephone equipment, the DTMF receiver must be

designed to recognize a valid tone pair greater than 40 ms in duration and to accept
successive digit tone-pairs that are greater than 40 ms apart. However, for other
applications like remote controls and radio communications, the tone duration may differ
due to noise considerations. Therefore, by adding an extra resistor and steering diode the
tone duration can be set to different values. The circuit is configured in balanced-line
mode. To reject common-mode noise signals, a balanced differential amplifier input is
used. The circuit also provides an excellent bridging interface across a properly
terminated telephone line. Transient protection may be achieved by splitting the input
resistors and inserting ZENER diodes (ZD1 and ZD2) to achieve voltage clamping. This
allows the transient energy to be dissipated in the resistors and diodes, and limits the
maximum voltage that may appear at the inputs.

Whenever you press any key on your local telephone keypad, the delayed steering
(Std) output of the IC goes high on receiving the tone-pair, causing LED5 (connected to
pin 15 of IC via resistor R15) to glow. It will be high for a duration de-pending on the
values of capacitor and resistors at pins 16 and 17. The optional circuit shown within dot-
ted line is used for guard time adjustment.

The LEDs connected via resistors R11 to R14 at pins 11 through 14, respectively,
indicate the output of the IC. The tone-pair DTMF (dual-tone multi-frequency) generated
by pressing the telephone button is converted into bi-nary values internally in the IC. The
binary values are indicated by glowing of LEDs at the output pins of the IC. LED1
16
represents the lowest signifi-cant bit (LSB) and LED4 represents the most significant bit
(MSB). So, when you dial a number, say, 5, LED1 and LED3 will glow, which is equal to
0101. Similarly, for every other number dialed on your telephone, the corresponding
LEDs will glow. Thus, a non-defective IC should indicate proper bi-nary values
corresponding to the decimal number pressed on your telephone key-pad.

Keys A, B, C, and D on the telephone keypad are used for special signaling and
are not available on standard pushbutton telephone keypads. Pin 5 of the IC is pulled
down to ground through resistor R8. Switch on auxiliary switch S2. Now the high logic at
pin 5 enables the detection of tones representing characters A, B, C, and D.

17
 CHAPTER 5.
THEROY OF OPARETION

18
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:

When we have to learn about a new computer we have to familiarize about the
machine capability we are using, and we can do it by studying the internal hardware
design (devices architecture), and also to know about the size, number and the size of the
registers.
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-
volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input
and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. Also called a "computer on a chip,"
billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of products
from toys to appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more
microcontrollers. The following picture describes a general block diagram of
microcontroller.

AT89S52:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller, which
provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many, embedded control
applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-
chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic
for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving
modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the
RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
interrupt.

19
 The hardware is driven by a set of program instructions, or software. Once
familiar with hardware and software, the user can then apply the microcontroller to the
problems easily.
The pin diagram of the 8051 shows all of the input/output pins unique to
microcontrollers:
The following are some of the capabilities of 8051 microcontroller.

 Internal ROM and RAM

 I/O ports with programmable pins
 Timers and counters
 Serial data communication

The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:

 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR)

 8 bit program status word (PSW)

 8 bit stack pointer (SP)

 Internal ROM 4k

 Internal RAM of 128 bytes.

 4 register banks, each containing 8 registers

20
  80 bits of general purpose data memory

 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports: P0-P3

 Two 16 bit timer/counters: T0-T1

 Two external and three internal interrupt sources Oscillator and clock circuits.

REGULATOR IC (78XX)
It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current into
regulated DC current.

Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the
filtered DC (see in above diagram). It can also be used in circuits to get a low DC voltage
from a high DC voltage (for example we use 7805 to get 5V from 12V). There are two
types of voltage regulators 1. fixed voltage regulators (78xx, 79xx) 2. variable voltage
regulators(LM317) In fixed voltage regulators there is another classification 1. +ve
voltage regulators 2. -ve voltage regulators POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS This
include 78xx voltage regulators. The most commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812. 7805
gives fixed 5V DC voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V, 20V).

21
8051 Architecture

22
23
24
25
 CHAPTER 6.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

26
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:

1. POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or

system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads
is called a power supply unit or PSU.
The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less
often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others. Here in our application we need a 5v DC
power supply for all electronics involved in the project. This requires battery voltage
regulator, and filter circuit for generation of 5v DC power. Here a brief description of all
the components are given as follows:
1. Battery
2. voltage regulator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

27
BATTERY

DC Motor operation

DC Motor has two leads. It has bidirectional motion If we apply +ve to one lead
and ground to another motor will rotate in one direction, if we reverse the connection the
motor will rotate in opposite direction. If we keep both leads open or both leads ground it
will not rotate (but some inertia will be there). If we apply +ve voltage to both leads then
braking will occurs.

28
SYSTEMATIC OF DC MOTOR

LCD INTERFACE

LCD (Liquid Crystal DisSplay) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments
and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike
in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.

29
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD

The dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays

Alphanumeric, characters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dot-matrix liquid

crystal display under the control of a 4 or 8-bit microprocessor.

Since all the functions such as display RAM, character generator, and liquid crystal
driver, required for driving a dot-matrix liquid crystal display are internally provided on
one chip, a minimal system can be interfaced with this controller/driver. A single
HD44780U can display up to two 8-character lines (16x 2).A 16 x 2 Line LCD module
to display user information. Microcontrollers send the data signals through Pin 11 through
18 (RC0 – RC3) and control signal through 4, 6 and 7 of the micro controller. Pin no 3 of
theLCD is used to control the contrast by using preset PRUses of LCD
They are used in a wide range of application ,including computer monitors ,television
,instrument panel aircraft cockpit displays etc. They are common in consumer devices
such as video players gaming devices ,clocks ,watches calculators and telephone .LCDs
have replace cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications

30
P.C.B. LAYOUT

31
 CHAPTER 7.
APPLICATIONS

32
APPLICATIONS:

 Industries are using RF Solutions for monitoring, process, control, inventory

tracking, data links and bar code reading devices.
 Automotive companies employing RF for wireless Remote Control, Remote
key less entry and safety applications.
 Consumer products including electronic toys, door openers Manufacturing
industries like plastic, textile, chemical etc.

33
CHAPTER 8.
ADVANTAGES

34
ADVANTAGES:
 Remote Controlled for long distance.
 Simple Operation far from sight.
 Less power Consumption.
 Easy of operation
 By using any mobile possible to on/off
 Speed of motor varies simple pressing remote mobile buttons.
 Display the status of current

35
 CHAPTER 9.
COST & ESTIMATION

36
COST & ESTIMATION

Sr. no. Component Cost

1 IC 8051 MC 150 rs

2 MT 8870 DTMF IC 50 rs

3 Crystal (3.579545mhz) 6 rs

4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 10 rs

5 2 LINE LCD DISPLAY 169rs

6 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR(11.0592mhz) 8 rs

7 DIODE 2 rs

8 LEDS 2 rs

9 RESISTER(220Ω,4.7kΩ,10kΩ 20 rs

10 CAPACITORS(10uf,1000uf) 1 rs

11 Bc547 2 rs

37
 CHAPTER 10.
PROGRAMMING

38
PROGRAMMING

#include<reg51.h>

#include<intrins.h>

void delay(unsigned int);

void lcd_string(unsigned char *p);

void lcd_data(unsigned char );

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char );

sbit sw1 = P2^0;

sbit sw2 = P2^1;

sbit sw3 = P2^2;

sbit sw4 = P2^3;

sbit m11 = P1^0;

sbit m12 = P1^1;

sbit enable = P3^2;

sbit EN = P2^7;

sbit RS = P2^6;

sbit std = P2^4;

#define lcddata P0;

void delay1(unsigned int j)

{for(;j>0;j--)

{_nop_;}}

void main()

{int speed = 400;

int y=0;

bit bit1,bit2;

lcd_cmd(0x33); //LCD 4 bit Mode

delay(1);

39
 lcd_cmd(0x32); //LCD 4 bit Mode

delay(1);

lcd_cmd(0x28);

delay(1);

lcd_cmd(0x06); // display move cursor to right

delay(1);

lcd_cmd(0x0E); // LCD On, & cursor on

delay(1);

lcd_cmd(0x01); // LCD Clear

delay(1);

lcd_cmd(0x80); // LCD start 1st line

delay(1);

lcd_string(" WELCOME ");

delay(25);

lcd_cmd(0xc0); // LCD start 2nd line

delay(1);

lcd_string("HAVE A NICE DAY ");

delay(100);while(1)

if(std==1)

if((sw1==1)&&(sw2==0)&&(sw3==0)&&(sw4==0))

{ bit1=1;

bit2 = 0;

lcd_cmd(0x01);

delay(1);

lcd_string("Clockwise");}

40
 if((sw1==0)&&(sw2==1)&&(sw3==0)&&(sw4==0))

{bit1=0;

bit2 = 1;

lcd_cmd(0x01) ;

delay(1);

lcd_string("Anticlockwise");}

if((sw1==1)&&(sw2==1)&&(sw3==0)&&(sw4==0))// Increase speed

{ speed = 0;

lcd_cmd(0xc0);

delay(1);

lcd_string("Speed level 1");}

if((sw1==0)&&(sw2==0)&&(sw3==1)&&(sw4==0)) // Decrease speed

speed = 350;

lcd_cmd(0xc0);

cdelay(1);

lcd_string("Speed level 2");

if((sw1==1)&&(sw2==0)&&(sw3==1)&&(sw4==0))

{speed = 420;

lcd_cmd(0xc0) ;

delay(1);

lcd_string("Speed level 3");}

if((sw1==0)&&(sw2==1)&&(sw3==1)&&(sw4==0))

{speed = 450;

41
 lcd_cmd(0xc0) ;

delay(1);

lcd_string("Speed level 4")}

if((sw1==1)&&(sw2==1)&&(sw3==1)&&(sw4==0))

{bit1=0;

bit2=0;

lcd_cmd(0x01);

delay(1);

lcd_string("Motor Stops");}

// y++;}

m11 = bit1;

m12 = bit2;

enable = 1;

delay1(500-speed);

enable=0;

delay1(speed);}

y=0;}

void lcd_string(unsigned char *p)

{while(*p != '\0')

{lcd_data(*p);

p++;

delay(10);}}

void lcd_data(unsigned char x)

RS=1;

P0 = (P0 & 0x0F)|(x & 0xF0);

42
 EN=1;

delay(1);

EN=0;

P0 = (P0 & 0x0F)|((x<<4) & 0xF0);

EN =1;

delay(1);

EN=0;

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char z)

RS=0;

P0 = (P0 & 0x0F)|(z & 0xF0);

EN =1;

delay(1);

EN=0;

P0 = (P0 & 0x0F)|((z<<4) & 0xF0);

EN =1;

delay(1);

EN=0;}

void delay(unsigned int tt)

{unsigned int a,b;

for(a=0;a<tt;a++)

{for(b=0;b<1275;b++);}}

43
 CHAPTER 12.
FUTURE SCOPE &
CONCLUSION

44
Future scope :
1. Wireless.
2. Operates world widely
3. On/Off Status.
4. Six Step RPM Control.
5. Dtmf Controlled.
6. Motor of any power can be used.
7. Adding of number of load control by using programming.
8. Auto Fault finding by using CT & PT.
9. We design load up to 8 Amp Possible to increase the load range by use higher
value of Triac

Conclusion
After the completion of this project called “DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING
DTMF” we experienced deep sense of satisfaction and achievements. We faced a lot of
difficulties while the work on the project was underway. But due to hard work we
concluded the project to the result of satisfaction. We were too happy so that we forgot all
the labor and pain which were need by us. From the above project we get to learn a lot
of things such as how to solder any IC socket, how to test the project, etc. This is nothing
but to try to build a lighted example how easier the life can be made with the little cost.
So, we conclude that we have reached into a position with our project in the bright area.
Recent developments in science and technology provide a wide range scope of
applications of high performance DC motor drives in area such as rolling mills, chemical
process, electric trains, robotic manipulators and the home electric appliances require
speed controllers to perform tasks. DC motors have speed control capabilities, which
means that speed, torque and even direction of rotation can be changed at anytime to meet
new condition.
The goal of this project is to design a DC motor speed control system by using
microcontroller PIC16F877A. It is a closed-loop real time control system. The controller
will maintain the speed at desired speed when there is a variation of load. By varying the
PWM signal from microcontroller (P controller) to the motor driver, motor speed can be
controlled back to desired value easily.
For this project, by applying Kp =1 to P controller in microcontroller, the speed response
become underdamped response. If Kp <1, the speed response is not satisfied. At some
greater gain, the speed response of the control loop becomes a steady-state oscillation. If

45
the gain is increased past the point where steady oscillation is observed, the control loop
will become unstable and the oscillations will increase in amplitude. The motor will
suddenly speed up and it will damage the motor.
64 In conclusion, with the Kp =1 for P controller at microcontroller PIC 16F877A, the
motor speed response can be maintained at desired value although there is a variation of
load. The objective of the project is successfully fulfilled.

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CHAPTER 13.
DATA SHEET

47
CHAPTER 14.
REFERENCES

48
REFERENCES
 8051 and embedded system” by Mazidi and Mazidi

 All datasheets from www.datasheetcatalog.com

 About AT89s8252 from www.atmel.com

o And www.triindia.co.in

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