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Rivalry in consumption
Public goods
Non-excludability in consumption
Non-rivalry in consumption
All music events with an access system – e.g. concerts and opera houses as
well as music festivals – can therefore be defined as club/toll goods.
The ticket price makes them excludable in consumption, but listening to the
performances is still non-rival.
Originally, music was a public good (e.g. as music in the liturgy and as a
public court entertainment).
In the 18th century impresarios turned music into a club good by staging
operas and concerts and collecting entrance fees.
Music printing and later sound recording transformed music into a private
good with a price mechanism constituting excludability and rivalry in
consumption.
Commercial broadcasting turned music into a public good financed by
either commercials (private radio) or fees (public radio)
In the course of digitization, the public good characteristics of music
became even more relevant => P2P file-sharing.
The artists?
The artists?
3.000.000
2.500.000
in 1,000 EUR
2.000.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Subscriptions 374.600 677.890 978.565 1.744.393 2.638.493
Advertising 55.500 68.157 98.823 195.843 295.011
Cost of revenue 386.498 614.523 876.089 1.623.624 2.482.973
-50.000
-100.000
-150.000
in 1,000 EUR
-200.000
-250.000
-300.000
-350.000
-400.000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Operating loss -37.556 -59.136 -76.876 -91.178 -165.180 -184.490 -349.412
3.000.000
in 1,000 EUR
2.500.000
2.000.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
General and administrative 28.614 39.965 76.678 116.405 175.179
Sales and marketing 54.099 110.825 173.013 246.486 417.911
Research & development 37.946 72.723 121.030 143.307 206.853
Cost of revenue 386.498 614.523 876.089 1.623.624 2.482.973
Cost of revenue Research & development Sales and marketing General and administrative
20.000.000
10.000.000
-10.000.000
-20.000.000
-30.000.000
-40.000.000
-50.000.000
-60.000.000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Revenue 1.370.000 4.330.000 8.040.000 11.280.000 17.350.000 21.100.000
Net loss -1.550.000 -4.460.000 -12.430.000 -23.110.000 -39.140.000 -51.220.000
Answer: NO
Source: Vivendi, First Half 2017 results, August 31, 2017, p.5.
Source: Vivendi, First Half 2017 results, August 31, 2017, p.25.
64% of Merlin members report that audio streaming accounts for the
majority of their digital revenues (2016: 46%).
67% of Merlin members stated that digital income accounted for over half
their overall business revenues.
42% of members report that services such as YouTube account for less than
5% of their digital revenues
Answer: YES, …
but just the majors and a few indies
5.000.000
4.000.000
in Euro
3.000.000
2.000.000
1.000.000
0
2013 2014 2015 2016
Streaming 274.067 458.955 564.877 5.214.375
Download 1.276.704 1.283.945 2.450.744 3.774.554
140.000
120.000
100.000
in Euro
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
and of course …
the music consumers