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BP NeuralNetwork
Xiaoqing HAN Zhijing ZHENGNannan TIAN Yuanyuan HOU
College of Electrical and Power Engineering Department of Power System
Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi Electric Power Exploration and Design Institute
Taiyuan China Taiyuan China
Abstract ̅ An assessment approach on power system voltage calculation, it can reflect the nonlinear mapping relationship
stability is provided using Back Propagation (BP) Neural correctly between power flows and voltages on load bus with
Network, which takes the Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator given load increasing mode; The dynamic models, which is
(VCPI) as assessment index. The key feature of the method is to based on integrated load model, use two three-layer BPNN to
establish static and dynamic assessment models on voltage make classification and prediction on system, respectively.
stability. The training results of the static models based on load With two instances of WSCC-9 and 3 generator-12 bus power
flow calculation can reflect the nonlinear mapping relationship system, it is verified that the method is effective to voltage
correctly between power flows and voltages on load bus with stability assessment on power system.
given load increasing mode; Based on integrated load model, the
dynamic model uses two three-layer BP networks to make II. THE VOLTAGE COLLAPSE PROXIMITY INDICATOR
classification and prediction on system, respectively. With two Voltage collapse proximity indicators [2] are usually
instances of WSCC-9 and 3 generator-12 bus power system, it is considered as useful measures to estimate whether the voltage
verified that the method is effective to voltage stability of a system collapses or not. For a particular operating point,
assessment on power system.
the value of the index L provides voltage information on bus
Index Terms—Voltage Stability assessment, BP neural network,
and its proximity to the voltage collapse limit. It varies in the
Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator range between 0 and 1 with L<1 for stable state and L=1 for
voltage collapse state. The VCPI for a node j can be calculated
I. INTRODUCTION by:
Voltage stability assessment is to determine whether the • •
' '
power system is stable or not. As an important component of V0 j S S
power system security, it has inherently complexity, Lj = 1+ • = j
= j
P1 Q1 Va Vb Vc La Lb Lc
0.4648 0.2536 0.9986 1.0128 1.0163 0.0640 0.0571 0.0437
Fig.1 Structure of BP Neural Network 3.5928 1.4881 0.9010 0.9766 0.9950 0.2835 0.0614 0.0456
The basic BP learning algorithm is steepest descent 4.7807 3.0978 0.7813 0.9204 0.9663 0.4700 0.0692 0.0483
method, whose central idea is to get the smallest error though
4.9345 3.5147 0.7476 0.9045 0.9582 0.5235 0.0716 0.0491
adjusting the weight of network. That is, using gradient search
technology to make the square error values minimum between 0.8175 0.2785 0.9956 1.0110 1.0157 0.0776 0.0631 0.0437
the actual output of network and expectation.
1.8464 0.4788 0.9913 0.9870 1.0116 0.0783 0.0283 0.0441
IV. APPLICATION OF BP NEURAL NETWORK It is obvious from the sample data in Tab.1, that bus a is
The method based on BP neural network to estimate the the weakest one, where the index La has the highest value for
VCPI is: The input variables to the network are generator
terminal voltage, active and reactive power on both generators different loading level.
and loads. The outputs are the voltages and indices of all load The selected optimal parameters after a lot of practice are
buses. By training the network, we can establish a nonlinear in Tab2
mapping relationship between the operating conditions and
related index L. After continuous learning and testing, the Tab. 2 Summary of parameters of the BPNN
network can be used to estimate the index L on line.
Training mean squared Max
Structure Learning rate(s)
A. The static model function error(MSE) error
1) Structure of network 10-21-6 trainlm 0.1 7.0878e-006 0.0039
The neural network concerned is consists of input layer, The training process indicates: time is short and error is
one hidden layer and output layer. Using MATLAB neural small when the off-line static flow data are used as training
network toolbox to train the network and determine the samples. Moreover, the network has better generalization
optimal number of hidden layer neurons, the training function ability. If we input the testing data, the output is close to the
and learning rate. actual data. That is, once trained, the ANN can be used to
estimate the index L and then to assess the voltage stability.
2) Training the neural network
The proposed method has been tested in WSCC-9 bus B. 7KH dynamic model
system shown in Fig.2. In this paper, two three-layer BP neural networks are
employed for voltage stability assessment, one will be used to
divide the system into dynamic voltage stability and voltage
instability, the other is used to predict bus voltage of dynamic
voltage stability system. The active and reactive power of all
load buses are used as input features to the BP neural
networks. The outputs of the first network, which is used to
classify the system, are 0 or 1 with 0 for stability and 1 for
instability on the system. And the outputs of the second
network are voltage amplitudes on load buses. This network
will be used to predict voltage amplitude of all load buses
when the system is on dynamic stability.
1) Generation of Training Data
Training data for BP neural networkV are generated
Fig.2 WSCC-9 bus system through off-line dynamic simulation using the Power System
The training patterns are obtained by changing the active
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Analysis Software Package (PSASP) .The method of practice are as follows in Tab.3.
generating the training data is as follows:
a. Only change the active power of certain bus, the others Tab.3 Network parameters
remain the same; structure training function Leaning function Performance function
b. Only change the reactive power of certain bus, the others
8-17-1 trainlm learngdm mse
remain the same;
c. Only change the active and reactive power of certain bus, Training detail is shown in Tab.4.
the others remain the same;
Tab.4 Training detail of the first BP network model
d. Change the active and reactive power of all buses. Load
level changes ranged from zero to maximum (no trend of Max
convergence). Leaning Training Training
structure absolute MSE
function times time(s)
2) Training neural network: error
The proposed method has been applied to a 3 generator- 12 8-17-1 traingdx 297 18 0.0423 9.9274e-005
bus system shown in Fig.3. The detailed parameters of the
8-17-1 trainlm 13 7 0.0376 5.4609e-005
system can be found in [6]. The system has 4 loads on buses
4,7,11,12(choose buses 1 as slack bus). b) Training the second neural network
The second employed BP neural network has the same
input variables as the first one. The output variables are
voltage amplitudes of load buses. Take the stable output data
selected from the first BP neural network as the input
variables of the second, in order to predict the voltage
amplitudes of the system buses.
190 groups of the data on dynamic voltage stability are
selected by the first BP neural network, of which 140 samples
are used for training, and the remaining 50 groups for
validation. Put the training samples into the second BP neural
network to predict the voltage amplitude of load buses. The
largest error and mean-square error in all cases are shown in
Tab.5.
Fig.3 3 generator-12 bus system Tab.5 Summary of bus voltage estimation for 3 generator-12 bus system
a) Training the first neural network N Load bus Max absolute error MSE
The neural network has 8 input variables (the active and 1 4 0.0234 0.00098
reactive power at buses 4,7,11,12) and one output variable (0
2 7 0.0167 0.00080
or 1). As can be seen form the sample data, the system is at
the edge of voltage collapse when the index L is at about 0.89. 3 11 0.0185 0.00083
As the result, the output is identified as 1 when L > 0.89, 4 12 0.0219 0.00095
otherwise 0.
c) Simulation results
Use the neural network toolbox of MATLAB to train the As can be seen from the Tab.6, the voltage value of the
neural network. 220 sample data are obtained, 160 of them are simulation results are more or less the same as the actual data.
taken as the training patterns. The other 60 are used to test the The employed BP neural network can predict the dynamic
neural network. The selected optimal parameters after a lot of voltage on load buses effectively.
Tab.6 Comparison between the actual data and BP network results
1.85 0.2 2.27 3.37 1.0637 1.0620 0.9466 1.0117 1.065 1.0632 0.9452 1.0124
5.4 0.2 2.27 3.37 1.0109 1.0162 0.9209 1.0047 0.9950 1.0153 0.9213 1.0051
2.8 0.5 2.27 3.37 1.0448 1.0071 0.9280 1.0066 1.0538 1.0067 0.9271 1.0054
2.8 1.25 2.27 3.37 1.0224 0.8266 0.8702 0.9908 1.0235 0.830 0.8713 0.9912
2.8 1.44 2.27 3.37 1.0038 0.6883 0.8206 0.9771 1.0046 0.6923 0.8214 0.9776
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2.8 0.2 0.1 3.37 1.0686 1.1573 1.0908 1.0503 1.0699 1.1588 1.090 1.0498
2.8 0.2 1.3 3.37 1.0620 1.1123 1.0213 1.0318 1.0645 1.1134 1.0205 1.0321
2.8 0.2 3.15 3.37 1.0172 0.9088 0.7848 0.9670 1.0183 0.9166 0.7855 0.9679
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a BP neural network approach for the
voltage stability assessment of a power system has been
proposed and proved to be effective. It could classify and
predict the dynamic voltage stability when the integrated load
is suffered small disturbance, and it is easy for us to get the
trend of dynamic load and its influence on power system. The
test results of the two three-layer BP neural networks indicate
that if the sample data are accurate, reliable, and the model
parameters are appropriate, the network would be a useful
tool to assess voltage stability quickly on line.
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