PAPER

BASIC GRAMMAR
“Connecting Ideas”

Created By :

1. Sartika Obian R.
2. Sukma Virgonita
3. Tri Melti

Lecture :
Abdul Aziz,M.Pd

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULITY OF TARBIYAH AND TADRIS
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI BENGKULU
2018

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 FOREWORD

Thank God we pray to Allah SWT who has given grace, taufiq and
hidayah Him, so that we can finish this Scientific Works can be completed
properly. In this Scientific Work we discuss "Early Childhood Learning Theory"
with the aim that students know and recognize some of the contents and meanings
contained in it.
The author realizes that this Scientific Work is far from perfection, so the
criticism and suggestions of the reader are expected to be improved in the future.
And hope we hope this paper can increase knowledge and experience for the
readers, For the future can improve the form and add the contents of the paper for
the better.
Finally, the authors hope that this paper can be useful for writers and
readers, Amin.

Bengkulu, Desember 2018

Author,

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE
FOREWORD .................................................................................................. i
LIST OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY
A. Background ....................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Identification .......................................................................... 1
C. Purpose ................................................................................................. 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSION
A. Connecting And.................................................................................... 3
B. Connecting Idea With But And Or ....................................................... 3
C. Connecting Idea With So ..................................................................... 5
D. Connecting Idea With Because ............................................................ 5
E. Connecting Idea With Even Thought / Althought .............................. 6
F. Using Auxiliary Verb After But And And ........................................... 7
G. Using And + Too, So, Either, Neighter ................................................ 11

CHAPTER III CLOSING

A. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 13
B. Suggestion ........................................................................................... 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

A. Background of The Problem

A strong essay links ideas so a reader can follow the progression of an
argument without losing focus or becoming confused. Sometimes information
needs to be repeated to highlight the angle being developed. Other times,
concepts and accusations must be explained or clarified by providing
examples.
1. To repeat/simplify – in other words, simply put, to put it differently /
another way
2. To show similarities – similarly, in a similar manner, correspondingly, in
the same way, equally, for the same reason
3. To give examples – for example, for instance, a further instance of this
is…, an example of this is…, such as
4. To concede/contrast – admittedly, although, even though, however
5. To show emphasis – interestingly, indeed, it should be noted (that),
(un)fortunately, more important(ly), most importantly, unquestionably
The complexities and moral dilemmas that nuclear technology poses are
beyond the scope of simple minds. In other words, mankind is not ready to
adopt nuclear technology into mainstream life. In the same way, advances in
cloning and stem cell treatment raise ethical questions that humans struggle
with. For example, could cloning be used to advance warfare? Admittedly,
progression to this level is years away, but it is a valid concern. Again, take
note of sentence construction and punctuation in the paragraph above.

B. Problem Identification
1. What Is Connecting And?
2. What Is Connecting Idea With But And Or?
3. What Is Connecting Idea With So?
4. What Is Connecting Idea With Because?

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 5. What Is Connecting Idea With Even Thought / Althought ?
6. What Is Using Auxiliary Verb After But And And?
7. What Is Using And + Too, So, Either, Neighter?

C. Purpose
1. To Knowing About Connecting And.
2. To Knowing About Connecting Idea With But And Or.
3. To Knowing About Connecting Idea With So.
4. To Knowing About Connecting Idea With Because.
5. To Knowing About Connecting Idea With Even Thought / Althought.
6. To Knowing About Using Auxiliary Verb After But And And.
7. To Knowing About Using And + Too, So, Either, Neighter.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSIONS

A. Connecting And
Connecting idea with And yang berarti dan termasuk kedalam jenis
Coordinating Conjunction, yaitu kata sambung yang menghubungkan dua
kalimat sama atau beberapa klausa yang berkedudukan sama (and
menghubungkan dua elemen yang setara) dan and diletakkan diantara kalimat
atau klausa yang dihubungkan. Jika menghubungkan beberapa klausa (3 atau
lebih) menggunakan tanda koma (,) dan pada klausa terakhir dihubungkan
dengan and.
(S + V) + koma ( S + V)
Contoh :
1. You come and I go (kamu datang dan aku pergi)
2. They ran and played. (Mereka lari dan bermain)
3. He is a teacher and a worker (ia adalah seorang guru dan seorang
pekerja)
4. Liam and Noel came to Manchester a few years ago. (Liam dan Noel
datang ke Manchester beberapa tahun yang lalu)
5. My sister lives in South Sulawesi, and my brother lives in North
Sulawesi.
Perhatikan:
1. Muh. Rifqi enjoys lerning English, and he enjoys playing football
2. Muh. Rifqi enjoys learning English and playing football.

B. Connecting Idea With But And Or

1. Connecting idea with but
Connecting idea with but yang berarti tetapi termasuk kedalam jenis
adversative conjunction (hubungannya berlawanan/kontras), kata sambung
ini digunanakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan pertentangan atau suatu hal
yang bersifat berlawanan.

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 Contoh :
a. Zak is small but strong. (Zak kecil tapi kuat
b. He is poor, but honest (ia miskin tetapi jujur )
c. He studied hard but he failed (ia belajar sungguh – sungguh tetapi ia
gagal)
d. He is not only handsome but also kind (ia tidak hanya tampan tetapi
juga baik hati)
e. Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, but he doesn’t enjoy playing
football.
f. My shoes are old but comfortable.
2. Connecting idea with or
Connecting idea with or yang berarti atau termasuk kedalam jenis
Alternative conjunction (hubungannya alternatif), kata sambung
alternative ini biasanya merujuk kepada sebuah alternative pilihan yang
ada.
Contoh :
a. Don’t step a side or I have to kill you
b. She will arrive on Sunday or Monday (Dia akan datang hari Minggu
atau Senin)
c. I couldn’t decide whether I should read a book or clean the house.
(Saya tidak bisa menentukan antara harus baca buku atau
membersihkan rumah)
d. Don’t approach a step nearer, or you will be killed (jangan melangkah
lebih dekat kalau tidak anda akan terbunuh )
e. Did you go to Solo or Yogya ? ( kamu pergi ke Solo atau Yogja ?
f. Next month I will go to my hometown, or I may just stay in Makassar.
g. Next month I will go to my hometown or may just stay in Makassar.

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C. Connecting Idea With So
Connecting idea with so yang berarti jadi / oleh karena itu termasuk
kedalam illative conjunction ( menunjukkan kesimpulan ), kata sambung
illative ini digunakan sebagai penarik sebuah kesimpulan dalam suatu kalimat.
Contoh :
1. I feel dizzy, so I decide to not go to school
2. Fitri was hungry so she ate the food up. (Fitri lapar sehingga ia
menghabiskan makan itu.)
3. It is time to go, so let us start. (sudah tiba waktunya untuk pergi, oleh
sebab itu marilah kita berangkat)
4. She walks quickly so that she will not be late (ia berjalan cepat – cepat
agar tidak terlambat)
5. I have a dream to go abgroad, so I have to study English more.

D. Connecting Idea With Because

Connecting idea with because yang berarti karena / sebab juga termasuk
kedalam illative conjunction, kata sambung yang digunakan sebagai penarik
sebuah kesimpulan dalam suatu kalimat. Because digunakan untuk
menghubungkan dua buah kalimat dimana salah satu di antara kalimat tersebut
tergantung pada kalimat yang pertama. “ salah satu kalimat pada kalimat
tersebut tidak bisa berdiri sendiri dengan kata lain memiliki ketergantungan
pada kalimat yang lainnya untuk dapat diperoleh maknanya secara sempurna”.
Contoh
1. I have started gaining weight because I haven’t exercised lately
2. He didi not pass the exam because he did not study (dia tidak lulus ujian
karena dia tidak belajar
3. I eat a lot of pizza because I like it. I study English because I want a good
job
4. Becausehe was sleepy, he went to bed
5. He went to bed because he was sleepy.

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E. Connecting Idea With Even Thought / Althought
1. Even Though
Even though memiliki arti walaupun, meskipun, kalaupun. Event
though digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat dalam bahasa
inggris, biasanya kalimat tersebut berupa kalimat positif dan kalimat
negative. Namun, even though lebih banyak di gunakan untuk kalimat
yang lebih formal.
Contoh :
a. She passed the exam even though she did not study hard (dia lulus
ujian meskipun dia tidak giat belajar)
b. I come to your house, even though it is rain (aku datang kerumah mu
meskipun saat ini hujan)
c. They send me a message even though I never reply (mereka mengirim
ku surat meskipun aku tak pernah menjawab)
d. She is beautifull, even though she does not use make up (dia cantik,
meskipun dia tidak berdandan)
e. She is smart even though she never study (dia pandai meskipun dia
tidak pernah belajar)
f. I love my friend even though I seldom to meet him (aku mencintai
temanku meskipun aku jarang bertemu dengan nya)
g. My father does not like watch TV even though he likes football
(ayahku tidak suka menonton TV meskipun dia suka sepak bola)
h. I do not eat this food, even though I like it (aku tidak makan makanan
ini, walaupun aku menyukainya)
i. They never love me , even though I love them (mereka tidak
mencintaiku, meskipun aku mencintainya)
2. Although
Although merupakan jenis conjunction yang memiliki makna yang
sama dengan even though dan though. namun, sama seperti even though,
although lebih banyak di gunakan untuk menghubungkan kalimat yang
bersifat formal atau resmi.

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 Contoh :
a. I don’t like exercise in the morning, although it is good for our health
(aku tidak suka berolahraga pada pagi hari, meskipun ini baik untuk
kesehatan)
b. Although your sister is beautiful, I don’t like her (meskipun saudara
perempuan mu cantik, aku tidak menyukainya)
c. Although you love me, I don’t love you (meskipun kamu mencintai
aku, aku tidak mencintaimu)
d. I introduce you to my mother, although she does not like you (aku
mengenalkanmu pada ibuku, meskipun dia tidak menyukainya)
e. My mother cooks food although we do not eat (ibuku memasak
makanan meskipun kita tidak makan)
f. My family go to vacation together although I do not follow
(keluargaku pergi liburan bersama-sama meskipun aku tidak ikut)
g. I still like eat, although Iam fat now (aku masih suka makan,
walaupun aku gemuk sekarang)
h. He does not need me, although I need him (dia tidak membutuhkan
ku, meskipun aku membutuhkanya)
i. We are not free, although it is weekend (kita tidak santai meskipun
sekarang akhir pekan)
j. I don’t like send the message, although I like communication (aku
tidak suka mengirim pesan, meskipun aku suka berkomunikasi)

F. Using Auxiliary Verb After But And And

Auxiliary verb adalah kata kerja yang muncul sebelum main verb (kata
kerja utama) di dalam suatu kalimat untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja
utama tersebut. Tidak seperti kata kerja utama, auxiliary verb tidak
mempunyai arti sendiri.
Kata kerja pembantu ini terdiri dari primary auxiliary verb (be, do, have)
dan modal auxiliary verb (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should,
must, ought to). Sebuah main verb dapat dilengkapi sampai tiga auxiliary verb

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dimana terdiri dari satu modal verb dan satu atau dua primary auxiliary verb.
Berikut contoh kombinasinya.

Contoh Kombinasi Auxiliary Verb Keterangan

The children should have slept.
(Anak-anak itu seharusnya sudah tidur.)
The book has been returned.
(Buku itu telah kembalikan.)
I will have been sleeping for two hours
when they arrive.
(Saya akan telah tidur selama dua jam
ketika mereka tiba.)
 modal verb “should”
 primary auxiliary verb “have”
 main verb “slept”
 primary auxiliary verb “has”
dan “been”
 main verb “returned”
 modal verb “will”
 primary auxiliary verb “have”
dan “been”
 main verb “sleeping”

1. Be (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been)

Auxiliary verb “be” berfungsi untuk membentuk present atau past
continuous tense dan future continuous dengan tambahan modal verb
“will”. Be dapat pula dikombinasikan dengan auxiliary verb “have” untuk
membentuk membentuk present atau past perfect continuous tense dan
future perfect continuous tense dengan tambahan modal verb “will”.
Selain untuk membentuk (perfect) continuous tense, be dapat pula
digunakan untuk membentuk passive construction.
Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb “be”
a. She is brushing the bathroom floor.
(Dia sedang menyikat lantai kamar mandi.) present continuous tense
b. They were roasting corns at this time last night.
(Mereka sedang membakar jagung tadi malam.) past continuous tense
c. The party will be starting at this time tomorrow.
(Pesta akan sedang berlangsung besok.) future continuous tense
d. He has been driving for an hour.
(Dia telah menyetir selama satu jam.) present perfect continuous tense
e. You will have been sleeping long.
(Kamu akan telah tidur lama.) future perfect continuous tense

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 f. She was fired yesterday.
(Dia dipecat kemarin.)
g. Your room has been cleaned.
(Ruanganmu sudah dibersihkan.)
2. Do (do, does, did)
Auxiliary verb “do” dapat digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan
pada kalimat pernyataan (indicative) maupun perintah (imperative).
Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb “do”
a. I do finish my homework.
(Saya harus menyelesaikan PR.)
b. Do open the door.
(Buka pintu.)
c. Tina rarely does wash her shoes.
(Tina jarang mencuci sepatunya.)
Do dapat pula untuk membentuk pertanyaan (seperti yes-no question,
wh-question, question tag, dan clarifying question (pertanyaan
klarifikasi) berhubungan negative statement (pernyataan negatif)
sebelumnya); kalimat negatif (dengan not), dan short answer (jawaban
pendek).
Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb “do”
a. Did you see him yesterday?
(Apakah kamu melihatnya kemarin?) yes-no question
b. What does she want from you?
(Apa yang dia inginkan darimu?) yes-no question
c. You love your job, don’t you?
(Kamu suka pekerjaanmu kan?) tag question
“Diana didn’t have much money.”
d. “Then who did lend it to me?”
(“Diana tidak punya banyak uang.”
“Lalu siapa yang meminjaminya padaku?”) clarifying question

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 e. I do not like coffee.
(Saya tidak suka kopi.) negatif
She didn’t come last night.
(Dia tidak datang semalam.) negatif
f. Yes, I do.
Yes, she does. short answer
Auxiliary verb ini dapat dipadukan dengan conjunction so dan
neither untuk mengekspresikan similarity (persamaan) dan differences
(perbedaan).
Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb “do”
a. My brother loves swimming and so do I.
(Saudara saya suka berenang dan saya juga.)
b. I don’t want to spend my money unwisely; neither does my friend.
(Saya tidak ingin menghabiskan uang dengan tidak bijaksana; teman
saya juga.)
3. Have (have, has, had)
Auxiliary verb “have” berguna untuk membentuk perfect tense. Kata
ini dapat pula dikombinasikan dengan modal verb (should, would, might,
may, must, can’t) dan past participle membentuk perfect modal (modal
verb + have + past participle).
Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb “have”
a. Dira has studied in French since April.
(Dira telah belajar di Perancis sejak April.) present perfect tense
b. I had already eaten breakfast by the time he picked me up.
(Saya sudah sarapan sewaktu dia menjemput.) past perfect tense
c. He might have realized his mistakes.
(Dia mungkin telah menyadari kesalahannya.)
d. My father may have read this book.
(Ayah saya mungkin telah membaca buku ini.)

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G. Using And + Too, So, Either, Neighter
So, Too, Neither dan Either digunakan untuk menyatakan setuju atau
kesamaan pendapat dengan orang lain. Adapun perbedaannya adalah:
1. So dan Too digunakan dalam kalimat positif.
2. Neither dan Either digunakan dalam kalimat negatif.
Pola Penggunaan So, Too, Neither dan Either

Pola Contoh

So So + Auxiliary + Subject (Pronoun) So do I.

Too Subject (pronoun) + Auxiliary + Too I do too.

Neither Neither + Auxiliary + Subject (Pronoun) Neither do I.

Either Subject (pronoun) + Auxiliary + NOT+ Either I don't either.

Auxiliary diantaranya: is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, will,
can, etc.
Contoh dalam kalimat:
1. So: I like orange juice. So do I.
2. Too: I need Math book. I do too.
3. Neither: I don’t like coffee. Neither do I.
4. Either: I don’t need Math book. I don’t either.
Penggunaan So, Too, Either dan Neither dalam Kalimat
Kalimat positif (menggunakan So atau Too)

Auxuliary Orang pertama Orang kedua

is/am/are Heni is at school. So am I.
I am tired. I am too.
do/does Rani likes tea. So does Rudi.
I want to go to Bali. I do too.
did I wrote some essays last night. So did I.
She went to Yogyakarta last month. I did too.
was/were Cindy was at post office. So was Nuri.
You were at library. They were too.
has/have Meli has been in Jakarta since two So has my

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Auxuliary Orang pertama Orang kedua
years ago. brother.
They have visited Bandung Zoo. We have too.
will I will go to USA next month. So will I.
can/could,
must, should, She can do it. I can too.
etc.

Kalimat negatif (menggunakan neither atau either)

Auxuliary Orang pertama Orang kedua

is/am/are Heni is not at school. Neither am I.
I am not tired. I am not either.
do/does Rani doesn't like tea. Neither does Rudi.
I don't want to go to Bali. I don't either.
did I didn't write essay last night. Neither did I.
She didn't go to Yogyakarta last
I didn't either.
month.
was/were Cindy wasn't at post office. Neither was Nuri.
They weren't
You weren't at library.
either.
Meli hasn't been here since two Neither has my
has/have
years ago. brother.
They haven't visited Bandung Zoo. We haven't either.
will I won't go to USA next month. Neither will I.
can/could,
must, should, She can't do it. I can't either.
etc.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Dalam penggunaannya, apalagi dalam sebuah percakapan atau tulisan,
terkadang kita sering menggunakan kalimat majemuk, yaitu suatu pernyataan
yang terdiri dari beberapa kalimat. Kalimat-kalimat ini bisa saja saling
menjelaskan atau berlawanan dan lain sebagainya. Untuk menghindari
kesalahpahaman pendengar atau pembaca, maka kita perlu menggunakan
“Connector” seperti dijelaskan di bawah ini: And, But, Or, So, Because. Dan
masih banyak lagi jenis-jenis “connector” yang dapat Anda gunakan untuk
menghubungkan satu kalimat dengan kalimat lainnya.

B. Suggestion
My suggestion to reader is necessarily a more regular try to understand
tenses because startup we can make an english language deep sentence be
tenses. And also we shall often well-read that book a lot of reference. And
then accustomize yourself to speak English with your friend wherever you.
Don’t shy or fear Aamiin.

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 REFERENCES

Boscolo, P. And Hidi, S. 2007. Studies In Writing (Writing And Motivation).

Netherland: Elsevier

Brown, K. And Hood, S. 1993. Writing Matters (Writing Skill And Strategies For
Students Of English). New York : Cambridge University Press.

Coulmas, F. 1989. The Writing Systems Of The World. New York: T.J. Press Ltd.

Rogers, H. 2005. Writing Systems (A Linguistic Approach). UK: Blackwell

Publishing Ltd.

Scholes, R. And Klaus, H. C. 1972. Elements Of Writing. London: Oxford

University Press.

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