A GUIDE TO

TRANSLATION

ً‫ثشط ثبث‬

Mohamed Azab, Ph.D.

1
2
 ‫ت‬ِ ‫﴿ َو ِمنْ آ ٌَا ِت ِه َخ ْل ُق ال ّس َم َاوا‬
‫اخ ِتالَفُ أَ ْل ِس َن ِت ُك ْم‬
ْ ‫ض َو‬ ِ ْ‫َواألر‬
ٍ ‫ك الَ ٌَا‬
‫ت‬ َ ‫َوأَ ْل َوا ِن ُك ْم إِنّ ِفً َذ ِل‬
﴾‫ٌن‬
]22 :‫ اآلٌة‬- ‫ الروم‬:‫[سورة‬ َ ‫لّ ْل َ ال ِم‬
And of his signs is the creation of the
heavens and the earths and the difference
in your languages and colors. Herein
indeed are portents for men of knowledge.

3
4
 Table of Contents

Subject Page

I- Introduction: 8
1- General
2- The need for translation
3- Translation and enlightenment
4- How to translate

II- Classification of Translation: 14

1- By method
2- By type
3- By topic

III- Translation and Lexicography 21

IV- Challenges that face the translator: 31

1- Culture
2- Structure
3- Vocabulary

V- Critical Translation: 70
1- Idioms
2- Proverbs
3- Poetry

5
 VI- Texts for Studying, Comparing and 102
Analyzing

VII- Practice Texts 151

VIII- Annex: 160

1- A Collection of Idioms
2- A Collection of Proverbs

IX- Index: 229

1- Readings on Language and Translation
2- Useful Material for Translators
3- Answer to some Assignments
4- Test Samples

X- Bibliography 274

6
7
 Introduction

8
9
 I- Introduction

1- General:
Translation is a science and an art. It requires much talent, skill,
inspiration, patience and toil. For all this, the translator has been
dubbed the second author of the book.

2- The need for translation:

Translation began when people felt a need for contact and
communication. This stringent need, according to the Old Testment,
might have emerged shortly after the incidence of the tower of Babel
and the consequent diversity of tongues. Translators were needed to
work for dealmakers, marriage brokers and peace seekers. As long as
we lack a lingua franca or an Esperanto, translation will never be
under-appreciated.

3- Translation and enlightenment:

Translation has played a major part in the movement of
knowledge: from ancient Greece to Persia, from India to Arabia, from
Islam into Christianity and from Europe to China and Japan.
Examples of translation activities that helped preserve and
develop human civilization are many, but let's touch on a few:
 Bibliotheca Alexandrina embarked on the translation of
almost all the manuscripts of the ancient world.
 In 282 AD, Jeronimo, the Bishop of Rome did Bible
translation from Hebrew to Latin. He traveled to Palestine
where he lived and studied Hebrew for 20 years in order to
perform this task. Bringing the Bible to Europe was a
landmark in its history. In the 4th century, Wycliff translated
the Bible into English and so did Martin Luther into German.
 In 830 AD, Caliph Al-Mamun founded the House of Wisdom
in Iraq. Under the direction of Hanayn Ibn Ishag, heaps of
Greek works were translated into Arabic. Al-Mamun weighed
the translated books to gold in return. This encouraged
translators to undergo the hardships and the uneasiness of
translation. Ibn Al Mokafaa went to India and for one year he

10
 sneaked into the ruler's palace to translate a part of Kalila and
Dimna.
 The translation of Rosetta Stone opened the eyes to the secrets
of Egypt. Under the reign of Mohamed Aly, the school of Al-
Alsun was established by Rifaa El-Tahtawy. Subsequent
translators were indebted to Tahtawy. Hereafter are some
outstanding names and the masterpieces they brought to their
mother tongue, Arabic.

ٖ٤‫ٗظ‬ٞ‫ك‬٫ ‫خص‬٣‫كٌخ‬ ٕ‫ٍ ػؼٔخ‬٬‫ٓلٔي ؿ‬

َ٤٤ُُٞٔ َ٤‫حُزو‬ ٕ‫ٕ ٗوخ‬ٍٝ‫ٓخ‬
َ‫ّ كخٍط‬٫‫آ‬ ‫خص‬٣ُِ‫حكٔي كٖٔ ح‬
‫ش‬٤ُٜ٩‫خ ح‬٣‫ي‬٤ٌُٓٞ‫ح‬ ‫ى ٍحٗي‬ٞ‫ػز‬
ٚ‫ط‬ٞ‫ٓض ُـ‬ٝ‫كخ‬ ٝٞ‫ٓلٔي ػ‬
َٜٓ ‫ق‬ٛٝ ‫ذ‬٣‫َ حُ٘خ‬٤ُٛ
‫خٍس‬٠‫ش حُل‬ٜ‫ه‬ ّٝ‫كئحى أٗيٍح‬

The influence of Rifaa was to last until the second half of the
20th century when national projects like " ‫ُق ًظخد‬٧‫ع طَؿٔش ح‬َٝ٘ٓ" came
into existence.

Assignment (1)
-Select and bring to class a translated work from English to Arabic.
Get ready to talk about it from any aspect you like.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4-How to translate:

In order to perform this job successfully, translators should meet

three important requirements:
 The source language
 The target language

11
  The subject matter
The Know How
- Understand perfectly the content and intention of the author
through careful reading of the text.
- Although a translator has to maintain good knowledge of both
languages (mother tongue and second language), he should
utilize his dictionary in looking up problematic words.
- Avoid word by word tracing unless there is an obligation to do
this.
- Review the translation for beefing up or revising.

Assignment (2)
Read the following passage on ways of translation and decide on
the one you like and mention why:

:‫َم حُظَؿٔش حُٔوظِلش‬١

‫وش‬٣َ‫َ حُط‬٠‫ل‬٣ ٖٓ ٖ٤ٔ‫ حُظَؿٔش كٖٔ حُٔظَؿ‬٠‫ذ ٓظؼيىس ك‬٤ُ‫ أٓخ‬ٝ ‫َم ٓوظِلش‬١ ‫٘خى‬ٛ
‫وش‬٣َ١ َ٠‫ل‬٣ ٖٓ ْٜ٘ٓ ٝ َ٤‫ ؿ‬٫ َٟ‫ُ ُـش أه‬َٞٓ‫ُ ُـش ر‬ٍٞٓ َ‫ل‬٣ ٚٗ‫ أ‬ٟ‫خٓظش) أ‬ُٜ‫(ح‬
٠ُ‫خ ا‬ِٜ‫٘و‬٣ ٕ‫خ هزَ أ‬ٛ‫وخ‬٤ٓٞٔ‫ظؤػَ ر‬٤ُ ‫ع‬ٞٔٔٓ ‫ص‬ٜٞ‫وَأ ًَ ؿِٔش ر‬٣ ٚٗ‫ ح‬ٟ‫ ) أ‬ٚ‫خثظ‬ُٜ‫حُظَؿٔش ( ح‬
‫وش‬٣َ‫ حُط‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ٗٞٗ‫ حُٔٔظ٘يحص حُوخ‬ٝ ‫ػخثن‬ُٞ‫ طَؿٔش ح‬٠‫ ك‬٠ُٝ٧‫وش ح‬٣َ‫َ اطزخع حُط‬٠‫ك‬٧‫ ح‬.َٟ‫ُـش أه‬
0‫ (ٗزَ)حٌُِٔخص‬٠ِ‫ طؼظٔي ػ‬ٌٙٛ ٕ٧ ٠‫و‬٤ُٓٞٔ‫وخع ح‬٣٩‫ش ًحص ح‬٣َ‫ حُوطغ حُ٘ؼ‬ٝ َ‫ حُ٘ؼ‬٠‫ش ك‬٤ٗ‫حُؼخ‬
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transitions
In studying translation, transitions are neither classified with
vocabulary nor structure. It is something the translator can add to give
sense to the text. It is like the spices that are added to the food to make
it yummy. Transitions are of two types: sentence-to-sentence linkers
and paragraph-to paragraph linkers. Hereafter are some examples of
transitions:

12
 Assignment (3)
Translate the following transitions into Arabic and determine
what they express (condition-concession-similarity). If possible use
them in sentences of your own:

Transitions Expressing Translatable as

)‫( ًُي‬٠ِ‫س ػ‬ٝ٬‫ػ‬ Addition moreover
)‫ ؿخٗذ (ًُي‬٠ُ‫ا‬ in addition to
)‫ً ػٖ (ًُي‬٬٠‫ك‬ furthermore
‫ ًُي‬٠ُ‫ف ا‬ٝ‫أ‬
َٟ‫ رؼزخٍس أه‬ٝ Apposition that is to say
ٙ‫ٌح ٓؼ٘خ‬ٛ ٝ in other words
ٕ‫ ًُي أ‬٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ to rephrase it
‫ش‬ٛ٬‫ حُو‬ٝ Summation to conclude
ٕ‫َٓ أ‬٧‫ش ح‬ٛ٬‫ه‬ to wrap it up
ٕ‫ أ‬٠ُ‫ ٖٓ ًُي ا‬ِٚ‫ٗو‬ to sum up
ٕ‫ش أ‬٤‫خث‬ُٜ٘‫ِش ح‬ٜ‫ حُٔل‬ٝ
‫ٗظَحً ٌُُي‬ Result therefore
‫ٖٓ ؿَحء ًُي‬ as a result
‫َ ًُي‬٠‫رل‬ consequently
‫ ًُي‬٠ِ‫طَطذ ػ‬ thus
ْ‫ ٖٓ ػ‬ٝ in view of that
‫ ٖٓ ًُي‬ٞ٤‫ حُ٘و‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ Contrast on the contrary
‫ ًُي‬ٞ٤‫ ٗو‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ in contrast
ٖٓ ً٫‫ري‬ on the other hand
‫ ٓوخرَ ًُي‬٠‫ك‬ on the other side of
the coin
on the flip side
- Likewise
- It goes without saying
- Provided that
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13
 Classification of Translation

14
15
 II- Classification of translation:
1- By method(word by word or sense by sense)
Let's face it; the translational capacity of languages varies.
Therefore a prefect translation does not exist. Look at screen
translation or closed caption and you will discover some mistakes. We
have to admit that in translation we cannot achieve every thing. It
should be noted that while it may not be hard to tell what a bad
translation is, it is not always easy to tell, definitely, what a good
translation is. A bad translation simply is inaccurate, nonsensical,
ungrammatical, unnatural and so on. In the case of good translation, the
sky is the limit. You do your best, but you have to understand that you
can not reach perfection. What a translator seeks in his venture is
a good and trustworthy translation as opposite to the bad, dishonest
and imprecise translation ‫ٌش‬٤ًَُ‫حُظَؿٔش ح‬.

UN resolution 242 is a good example of inaccurate translation.

The definite article "the" (from the territories---from territories) has
caused a problem in understanding and implementing the resolution.
The famous saying "You translator, you traitor" highlights this idea.

In order to prove that there is no "perfect translation", let's carry

out this little experiment which breaks down to three steps:

- step one -------- translate a text from Arabic to English at the

beginning of the week
- step two ----------- retranslate the English text to Arabic again at
the end of the week without looking at the original text. This
process is called "back translation"
- step three ----------- compare the original Arabic text with the
back-translated text. Account for the discrepancy and the ratio of
loss.

Many schools and theories of translation have come to light to

tackle the issue of word or sense / word and sense translation. Word by

16
 word translation is also called mechanical or literal translation. It goes
without saying that this kind of translation can be ambiguous. Tracing
word for word is not honesty if you are violating or sacrificing the
meaning. Sense by sense or free translation does not mean feeling free
with the text and changing the message it conveys. If you want to
change, you have to state from the very beginning that this is an
adaptation ‫ق‬٣َٜ‫ طَؿٔش رظ‬which includes also what is known as َ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬.

Hereafter is an example of word by word and sense by sense

translation:

‫ِِ ٓظَؿٔش‬٣ٝ ِٟ٤ِ‫ٗـ‬٫‫ش " آُش حُِٓخٕ " ٌُِخطذ ح‬٣‫ح‬ٍٝ ٖٓ ‫َد ُي حُٔؼَ روطؼش‬٠ُ٘ٝ
-:ٖ٤‫وظ‬٣َ‫رخُط‬

The darkness grew apace; a cold wind began to blow in

freshening gusts from the east, and the showering white flakes in
the air increased in number. From the edge of the sea came a ripple
and whisper. Beyond these lifeless sounds the world was silent.
Silent? It would be hard to convey the stillness of it. All the sounds
of man, the bleating of sheep, the cries of birds, the hum of insects,
the stir that makes the background of our lives-all that was over.

As the darkness thickened, the eddying flakes grew more

abundant, dancing before my eyes; and the cold of the air intense.
At last, one by one, swiftly, one after the other, the white peaks of
the distant hills vanished into blackness.

The breeze rose to a moaning wind. I saw the black central

shadow of the eclipse sweeping towards me. In another moment the
pale stars alone were visible. All else was rayless obscurity. The
sky was absolutely black.

A horror of this great darkness came on me. The cold that

smote to my marrow and the pain I felt in breathing overcame me. I
shivered and a deadly nausea seized me. Then like a red-hot bow in
the sky appeared the edge of the sun. I got off the machine to
recover myself. I felt giddy and incapable of the return journey.

17
 ‫اٌزشعّخ اٌٍّ‪ّٙ‬خ إلثشا٘‪ ُ١‬اٌّبصٔ‪ ٟ‬ثطش‪٠‬مخ ؽٕ‪ ٓ١‬ثٓ اعؾك‬
‫‪ٝ‬حهٌ حُظ‪٘٣ ّ٬‬ظي ‪٘ ٚ‬جذ اٌش‪٠‬ؼ طشطش ٖٓ حُْ٘ٔ ‪ً ٝ‬ؼَص حُؼِ‪ٞ‬ؽ ك‪ ٠‬حُـ‪ ٝ ٞ‬حٍطلؼض‬
‫ٖٓ ٗخك‪٤‬ش حُزلَ ‪ٔٔٛ‬ش ‪ ٝ‬كًَش ‪ًٝ‬خٗض حُيٗ‪٤‬خ ك‪ٔ٤‬خ ه‪ًُ ٬‬ي ٓخً٘ش أحه‪ٓ ٍٞ‬خً٘ش ؟إ ٖٓ حُؼٔ‪َ٤‬‬
‫إٔ أ‪ٌٜٗٞٓ ٌُْ ٍٞٛ‬خ‪ ,‬كٔخ رو‪ٗ ٠‬ت ٖٓ أ‪ٞٛ‬حص ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ‪ٝ‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٕ ‪ ٝ‬حُط‪ ٝ َ٤‬حُلَ٘حص‬
‫‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٜٞ‬حّ أ‪ ٖٓ ٝ‬حُلًَش حُٔؤُ‪ٞ‬كش ك‪ ٠‬ك‪٤‬خط٘خ ‪ ٝ‬ؿؼَ حُؼِؾ حُٔظٔخه‪ِ٣ ٢‬ىحى ٓغ حُظ‪٣ ٝ ,ّ٬‬ؤط‪ٖٓ ٠‬‬
‫ًَ أ‪ٝ‬د‪ ٝ .‬أٗظي حُزَى ‪َٛ ٝ‬حٗ‪ ٝ ٠‬أهظلض أه‪َ٤‬ح حُؤْ حُز‪٠٤‬خء ُِظ‪ ٍ٬‬حُ٘خث‪٤‬ش ‪ُ ٝ‬ل‪ٜ‬خ حُِ‪ َ٤‬ك‪٠‬‬
‫ٓ‪ٞ‬حى‪ٛ ٝ .ٙ‬خٍص حَُ‪٣‬خف ط٘‪ٞ‬ف ‪ٝ‬ط‪ٜ‬ـ‪ٜ‬ؾ ‪ٍ ٝ‬أ‪٣‬ض ؿزَس حٌُٔ‪ٞ‬ف طيٗ‪٣ ُْٝ ٠٘ٓ ٞ‬زن ٓخ ‪ َٟ٣‬ؿ‪َ٤‬‬
‫حُ٘ـ‪ ّٞ‬حُ٘‪ٞ‬حكذ ‪ ٝ‬حكِ‪ٌُٞ‬ض حُٔٔخء كٔخ ‪ِٔ٣‬غ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ٗؼخع ‪ٝ‬حكي ‪ٝ‬ػوِض ػِ‪ٗ ٠‬لٔ‪١ٝ ٢‬ؤس حُظ‪ّ٬‬‬
‫حٌُؼ‪٤‬ق ‪ٝ‬حٗظي ػِ‪ ٠‬حُزَى ‪ ٝٝ‬هق ٓ٘‪ ٚ‬ؿِي‪ ٝ ٟ‬طؼٌٍ حُظ٘لْ كخٗظل‪٠‬ض ‪ٝ‬ػخٗ‪٤‬ض ٖٓ ًُي ًَرخ‬
‫ٗي‪٣‬يح ‪ ,‬ػْ ظ‪ َٜ‬ه‪ ّٞ‬حُْ٘ٔ كُِ٘ض ػٖ حَُٔؽ كظ‪ ٠‬طؼ‪ٞ‬د ٗلٔ‪ ٠‬حُ‪ ٠‬كوي ًخٕ ٍأٓ‪٣ ٢‬ي‪ٍٝ‬‬
‫‪ً٘ ٝ‬ض أكْ أٗ‪ ٠‬ؿ‪ َ٤‬هخىٍ ػِ‪ٍ ٠‬كِش ح‪٣٩‬خد‪.‬‬

‫اٌزشعّخ اٌؾشف‪١‬خ ٌٕؼّبد أؽّذ فإاد ثطش‪٠‬مخ اثٓ اٌجطش‪٠‬ك‬

‫‪َٓٝ‬ػخٕ ٓخ حٗظي حُظ‪ ٝ – ّ٬‬أهٌص ٍ‪٣‬ق رخٍىس ط‪ٜ‬ذ ٖٓ حَُ٘م ٘جبد ِٕؼشخ‪ ٝ .‬حُىحى‬
‫ػيى ٗيف حُؼِ‪ٞ‬ؽ ك‪ ٠‬حُ‪ٜٞ‬حء‪ ٝ ,‬حٍطلؼض ٖٓ ٗخك‪٤‬ش حُزلَ ‪ٔٔٛ‬ش ‪ٝ‬كًَش‪ً ٝ ,‬خٗض حُيٗ‪٤‬خ ك‪ٔ٤‬خ ه‪٬‬‬
‫‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ٞٛ٧‬حص حُظ‪ ٫ ٠‬ك‪٤‬خس ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ٓخً٘ش‪ٓ .‬خً٘ش ؟ إ ٖٓ حُؼٔ‪ َ٤‬إٔ أ‪ٌٜٗٞٓ ٌُْ ٍٞٛ‬خ ‪ ,‬كخٗ‪ُْ ٚ‬‬
‫‪٣‬زن ٗ‪٢‬ء ٖٓ أ‪ٞٛ‬حص ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ‪ ٝ‬ػـخء حُوَحف ‪ ٝ‬رـخّ حُط‪ ٖ٤٘١ ٝ َ٤‬حُلَ٘حص أ‪ ٝ‬حُلًَش‬
‫حُظ‪ ٠‬طٌ‪ٜٓ ٕٞ‬خى حُ‪ٍٜٞ‬س ك‪ ٠‬ك‪٤‬خط٘خ ‪ُ ٝ .‬حىص ٓغ حٗظيحى حُظ‪ٗ ّ٬‬يف حُؼِؾ حُي‪ٝ‬حٍس ُ‪٣‬خىس ‪ٝ‬حكَس‬
‫‪ ٝ‬طَحه‪ٜ‬ض أٓخّ ػ‪ ٝ ٢٘٤‬حٗظيص رَ‪ٝ‬ىس حُ‪ٜٞ‬حء‪ٝ .‬أه‪َ٤‬حً حهظلض حُؤْ حُز‪٠٤‬خء ُِظ‪ ٍ٬‬حُ٘خث‪٤‬ش‬
‫رَٔػش ‪ٝ‬حكيس رؼي أهَ‪ ٝ ٟ‬ط‪ٗ٬‬ض ك‪ٞٓ ٠‬حى حُِ‪ٛ ٝ َ٤‬خٍص حَُ‪٣‬خف ط٘‪ٞ‬ف ‪ٍ ٝ‬أ‪٣‬ض حُظَ ح‪ٞٓ٧‬ى‬
‫ك‪ ٢ٓٝ ٠‬ؿزَس حٌُٔ‪ٞ‬ف ‪ِ٣‬كق ٗل‪٣ ُْ ٝ .ٟٞ‬زن ٓخ ‪ َٟ٣‬ؿ‪ َ٤‬حُ٘ـ‪ ّٞ‬حُ٘‪ٞ‬حكذ‪ٝ ,‬حكِ‪ٌُٞ‬ض‬
‫حُٔٔخء كٔخ ‪ِٔ٣‬غ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ٗؼخع ‪ٝ‬حكي‪ٍٝٝ .‬ػ٘‪ًُ ٢‬ي حُظ‪ ّ٬‬حٌُؼ‪٤‬ق ‪ ٝ‬حٗظي حُزَى حٌُ‪ٗ ٟ‬لٌ حُ‪٠‬‬
‫ٗوخع ػظٔ‪ ٝ .٠‬ؿِز٘‪ ٠‬ح‪ ُْ٧‬حٌُ‪ٗ ٟ‬ؼَص ر‪ ٚ‬ػ٘ي حُظ٘لْ كخٍطـلض ٖٓ حُزَى ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٛ‬خر٘‪ ٠‬ى‪ٝ‬حٍ‬
‫ٓٔ‪٤‬ض ػْ ريص كخكش حُْ٘ٔ ك‪ ٠‬حُٔٔخء ًو‪ ّٞ‬كخّ حكَٔ كُِ٘ض ػٖ حَُٔؽ كظ‪ ٠‬طؼ‪ٞ‬د ٗلٔ‪٠‬‬
‫حُ‪ ٠‬كوي ٗؼَص رخٕ ٍأٓ‪٣ ٠‬ي‪ ٝ ٍٝ‬حٗ٘‪ ٠‬ؿ‪ َ٤‬هخىٍ ػِ‪ٍ ٠‬كِش ح‪٣٩‬خد‪.‬‬

‫‪Study the phrase "freshing gusts" in both translations. Does‬‬

‫? ٓظِح‪٣‬يس ‪٘ٓ or‬ؼ٘ش ‪"freshening" here mean‬‬

‫‪2-By type:‬‬
‫‪Translation breaks down into textual and verbal. The former‬‬
‫‪deals with any written text even if it is a cyber text on the net. The latter‬‬
‫‪alludes to simultaneous translation and is subdivided into (at sight and‬‬
‫‪ means remote like audio-‬حُٔ٘ظ‪ٍٞ‬س ‪consecutive) translation. At sight‬‬
‫حُظظزؼ‪٤‬ش ‪video conferences where . "the tempo is real fast. Consecutive‬‬
‫‪refers to the sentence/ pause/ translation technique. In doing both‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
 textual and simultaneous interpretation, you should have the same
degree of linguistic sensitivity and awareness. While the style is more
important in textual translation, the response should be faster in
simultaneous translation in the sense that you have to seek the operative
verb very quickly. With a non-controlled vocabulary, delivery is no
doubt a challenge.

3-By topic:
Translation is categorized into several thematic fields:
-Military.
-Medical.
-Scientific.
-Literary.
-Religious.
-Political.
-Economic.
-Legal………..etc.
Some researchers divide translation into literary and non-
literary. In literary translation, language and the beauty of the language
is the ultimate goal. In non-literary translation, language is a means to
an end. The style also varies. In scientific translation for example, you
have to be extra cautious with the textual message while in journalistic
translation, you try to be concise and to the point.

Assignment (4)
Translate the following sentences, paying attention to
technical words:
.‫ش‬٤‫ٍُحء حُوخٍؿ‬ٝ ١ٞ‫ ٓٔظ‬٢ِ‫ش أْٓ حؿظٔخػخ ػ‬٤‫ ػويص حُـخٓؼش حُؼَر‬-1
‫ُش‬ٝ‫ٍ حُي‬ٞ‫ش طظل‬٣ٌ٤‫ حُِٔطش حُظ٘ل‬٢‫ػش كؼ٘يٓخ ططـ‬٬‫ٖ حُِٔطخص حُؼ‬٤‫َ ر‬ٜ‫ش رٌٔخٕ حُل‬٤ٔٛ٧‫ ٖٓ ح‬-2
.‫ش‬٤١‫طوَح‬ٝ٫‫ ح‬٢ُ‫ح‬
.‫ُش‬ٝ‫ش حُؼخٓش ُِي‬٤ٗ‫ِح‬٤ُٔ‫ ح‬٢ِ‫زش ػ‬٤‫ حٌُج‬ُٚ٬‫ رظ‬١‫خى‬ٜ‫هظ‬٫‫وْ ح‬٠‫ حُظ‬٢‫ أُو‬-3
.‫ش‬٣‫حُـ٘خ‬ٝ ‫ٖ حُـ٘لش‬٤‫ٕ حُلَم ر‬ٞ‫ؼَك‬٣ ٫ ٖ٤٘١‫ح‬ُٞٔ‫ش ح‬٤‫ؼَ حُؼـذ إٔ ؿخُز‬٣ ‫ٓٔخ‬ٝ -4
.‫لش‬٤‫ش حٌُؼ‬٤‫َحٕ حُٔيكؼ‬٤ٗ ٖٓ ٍ‫ حُو٘خس طلض ٓظخ‬٢ٌ٤ٗ‫ٌخ‬٤ٓ ٙ‫ ػزَص حُلَهش حُوخٓٔش ٓ٘خ‬-5
.‫غ‬٣‫ع حُطذ حُلي‬َٝ‫ْ ك‬ٛ‫هش ٖٓ أ‬ٞ‫و‬٤ُ٘‫ذ ح‬١ٝ ‫ن حُلخٍس‬١‫ذ حُٔ٘خ‬١ ‫ؼي‬٣ -6
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------

19
20
 Translation and Lexicography

21
22
 Translation and lexicography:

In doing technical translation as at the very end of the previous

chapter, we need specialized or technical dictionaries or at least
a book on classified technical terminology. Here is how Samy Al
Shahed classified his Groundwork of Translation which came out in
1986:

Page Subject ‫ع‬ٛ‫ػ‬ٌّٛ‫ا‬ ‫طفؾخ‬

9 State and state institutions ‫خ‬ٜ‫ٓئٓٔخط‬ٝ ‫ُش‬ٝ‫حُي‬ 9
19 Law ٕٞٗ‫حُوخ‬ 19
22 Religion ٖ٣‫حُي‬ 22
-Islam ّ٬ٓ٩‫ ح‬-
-Christianity ‫ش‬٤‫ل‬٤ُٔٔ‫ ح‬-
-Judaism ‫ش‬٣‫ى‬ٜٞ٤ُ‫ ح‬-
-Other religions ١َ‫خٗخص أه‬٣‫ ى‬-
30 Police, prosecution, courts and ًْ‫حُٔلخ‬ٝ ‫خرش‬٤ُ٘‫ح‬ٝ ‫ش‬١َُ٘‫ح‬ 30
prisons ٕٞ‫حُٔـ‬ٝ
36 Election, parties and ٕ‫حُزَُٔخ‬ٝ ‫كِحد‬٧‫ح‬ٝ ‫ٗظوخرخص‬٫‫ح‬ 36
parliament
40 The press, publishing and ‫حُطزخػش‬ٝ َُ٘٘‫ح‬ٝ ‫لخكش‬ُٜ‫ح‬ 40
printing
46 Armed Forces ‫حص حُِٔٔلش‬ٞ‫حُو‬ 46
- Ranks ‫ حَُطذ‬-
- Units and formations ‫كيحص‬ُٞ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ص‬٬٤ٌ٘‫ حُظ‬-
- Posts ‫ش‬٣ٌَٔ‫ظخثق ػ‬ٝ -
- Armed Forces Authorities ‫حص حُِٔٔلش‬ٞ‫جخص حُو‬٤ٛ -
- Armed Forces Departments ‫حص حُِٔٔلش‬ٞ‫ اىحٍحص حُو‬-
- Armed Forces Academies ‫ش‬٣ٌَٔ‫خص حُؼ‬٤ٌُِ‫ ح‬-
- Infantry ‫ حُٔ٘خس‬-
- Artillery ‫ش‬٤‫ حُٔيكؼ‬-
- Amour ‫ حُٔيٍػخص‬-
- Military Engineers ٖ٤ٓ‫٘ي‬ُٜٔ‫ف ح‬٬ٓ -
- Signal Corps ‫ٗخٍس‬٩‫ف ح‬٬ٓ -
- Military Intelligence ‫ش‬٤‫ حُٔوخرَحص حُلَر‬-
- Electronic Warfare ‫ش‬٤َٗٝ‫ٌُظ‬٫‫ حُلَد ح‬-
- Chemical Warfare ‫ش‬٤‫خث‬٤ٔ٤ٌُ‫ حُلَد ح‬-
- Air Force ‫ش‬٣ٞ‫حص حُـ‬ٞ‫ حُو‬-

23
 - Navy ‫ش‬٣َ‫ حُزل‬-
- Air Defense ١ٞ‫ حُيكخع حُـ‬-
- Tactics ٍ‫ٕ حُوظخ‬ٞ٘‫ ك‬-
- Topography ‫خ‬٤‫ؿَحك‬ٞ‫ حُطز‬-
- Strategy ‫ش‬٤‫ـ‬٤‫ٓظَحط‬٫‫ ح‬-
61 Economy, Banks, and ‫حًَُ٘خص‬ٝ ‫ى‬ٞ٘‫حُز‬ٝ ‫خى‬ٜ‫هظ‬٫‫ح‬ 61
Companies
72 Management ‫ىحٍس‬٩‫ح‬ 72
75 Labors and Workers ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ٝ َٔ‫ػ‬ 75
80 Agriculture ‫حٍُِحػش‬ 80
- Agrarian reform ٢‫ف حٍُِحػ‬٬ٛ٩‫ ح‬-
- Soil ‫ حُظَرش‬-
- Fertilizers ‫زخص‬ٜ‫ حُٔو‬-
- Pests ‫كخص‬٥‫ ح‬-
- Irrigation and draining ‫َف‬ُٜ‫ح‬ٝ ١َُ‫ ح‬-
- Crops َ٤ٛ‫ حُٔلخ‬-
- Fruits ًٚ‫ح‬ٞ‫ حُل‬-
- Vegetables ‫حص‬َٝ٠‫ حُو‬-
- Milk and Dairy ‫خ‬ٜ‫ٓ٘ظـخط‬ٝ ٕ‫ُزخ‬٧‫ ح‬-
90 Industry ‫٘خػش‬ُٜ‫ح‬ 90
- Weights ٕ‫ُح‬ٝ٧‫ ح‬-
95 Petroleum ٍَٝ‫حُزظ‬ 95
- Prospecting ‫ذ‬٤‫حُظ٘و‬ٝ ‫ حُزلغ‬-
- Soil and oil location ٍَٝ‫حؿي حُزظ‬ٞ‫ أٓخًٖ ط‬ٝ ‫ حُظَرش‬-
- Rocks ٍٞ‫و‬ُٜ‫ ح‬-
- Drilling and extraction ٙ٬‫ٓظو‬٫‫ح‬ٝ َ‫ حُلل‬-
- Types of wells ٍ‫رخ‬٥‫حع ح‬ٞٗ‫ أ‬-
- Petroleum products ٍَٝ‫ ٓ٘ظـخص حُزظ‬-
- Oil processing ٍَٝ‫غ حُزظ‬٤ٜ٘‫ش ط‬٤ِٔ‫ ػ‬-
- Gauging instrument ‫حُزلغ‬ٝ ‫ذ‬٤‫ِس حُظ٘و‬ٜ‫ أؿ‬-
- Petroleum transportation ٍَٝ‫ ٗوَ حُزظ‬-
- Petroleum economics ٍَٝ‫خص حُزظ‬٣‫خى‬ٜ‫ حهظ‬-
- Minerals ٕ‫ حُٔؼخى‬-
105 Tourism ‫خكش‬٤ُٔ‫ح‬ 105
- Tourist attractions ‫َ ؿٌد حُٔخثق‬ٛ‫ ٓظخ‬-
- Archaeology and history ‫ن‬٣ٍ‫حُظخ‬ٝ ٍ‫ػخ‬٥‫ ح‬-
- Sports ‫ش‬ٟ‫خ‬٣َُ‫ ح‬-
- Arts and culture ‫حُؼوخكش‬ٝ ٕٞ٘‫ حُل‬-
- Shopping ‫م‬ٞٔ‫ حُظ‬-

24
 - Other attractions ١َ‫َ ؿٌد أه‬ٛ‫ ٓظخ‬-
111 -Hotels ‫ حُل٘خىم‬- 111
114 - Civil Aviation ٢ٗ‫َحٕ حُٔي‬٤‫ حُط‬- 114
120 - Nuclear energy and ‫ِٓلش‬٧‫ ح‬ٝ ‫ش‬٣ُٝٞ٘‫ حُطخهش ح‬- 120
weapons ‫ش‬٣ُٝٞ٘‫ح‬
122 -Medicine ‫ حُطذ‬- 122
- Branches of medicine ‫ع حُطذ‬َٝ‫ ك‬-
- E.N.T. medicine ‫حُل٘ـَس‬ٝ ًٕ٧‫ح‬ٝ ‫ٗق‬٧‫ذ ح‬١ -
- Ophthalmology ٕٞ٤‫ذ حُؼ‬١ -
- Digestive System ٢ٔ٠ُٜ‫خُ ح‬ٜ‫ حُـ‬-
- Respiratory System ٢ٔ‫خُ حُظ٘ل‬ٜ‫ حُـ‬-
- Urinary System ٢ُٞ‫خُ حُز‬ٜ‫ حُـ‬-
- Circulatory System ١ٍٝ‫خُ حُي‬ٜ‫ حُـ‬-
- Nervous System ٢‫ز‬ٜ‫خُ حُؼ‬ٜ‫ حُـ‬-
- Genital System ٢ِٓ‫خُ حُظ٘خ‬ٜ‫ حُـ‬-
- Skeleton System ٢ٔ‫خُ حُؼظ‬ٜ‫ حُـ‬-
- Surgery ‫ حُـَحكش‬-
- Radiology ‫ٗؼش‬٧‫ ح‬-
- Medical Analysis ‫ش‬٤‫َ حُطز‬٤ُ‫ حُظلخ‬-
- Blood ّ‫ حُي‬-
- Fever ‫خص‬٤ٔ‫ حُل‬-
- Glands ‫ حُـيى‬-
- Skin diseases (Dermatology) ‫ش‬٣‫ حُـِي‬ٝ‫َٓح‬٧‫ ح‬-
- Symptoms َُٝٔ‫ ح‬ٝ‫ أػَح‬-
- Medical tools and instrument ‫ش‬٤‫ز‬١ ‫ِس‬ٜ‫أؿ‬ٝ ‫حص‬ٝ‫ أى‬-
- Dentistry ٕ‫ٓ٘خ‬٧‫ذ ح‬١ -
- Veterinary Medicine ١َ‫ط‬٤‫ حُطذ حُز‬-

140 - Pharmaceuticals ‫حء‬ٝ‫ حُي‬- 140

- Medical effects ‫ش‬٤‫ػخٍ حُطز‬٥‫ ح‬-
- Dosage ‫ حُـَػش‬-
- Drug components ‫حء‬ٝ‫ٗخص حُي‬ٌٞٓ -
- Cosmetics َ٤ٔ‫حص حُظـ‬ٝ‫ أى‬-
145 - Demography ٕ‫ حٌُٔخ‬- 145
148 - Ecology ‫جش‬٤‫ ػِْ حُز‬- 148
151 - Astronomy ‫ حُلِي‬- 151
153 - Geography ‫خ‬٤‫ حُــَحك‬- 153

25
 168 -Music and singing- ‫حُـ٘خء‬ٝ ٢‫و‬٤ُٓٞٔ‫ ح‬- 168
172 -Radio and television ٕٞ٣ِ‫ل‬٤ِ‫حُظ‬ٝ ‫ًحػش‬٫‫ ح‬- 172
175 - Cinema ‫٘ٔخ‬٤ُٔ‫ ح‬- 175
178 - Automotive Engineering ‫خٍحص‬٤ُٔ‫٘يٓش ح‬ٛ - 178
- Engine ‫ حُٔلَى‬-
- Gear Box َّٝ‫م حُظ‬ٝ‫٘ي‬ٛ -
- Brakes َٓ‫ حُلَح‬-

General dictionaries on the other hand are more

accessible and abundant. Up to date dictionaries are recommended to
include recent words. If you look up a word like netiquette ‫اػذ‬ٛ‫ل‬
‫ن اٌخبطخ ثشجىخ االٔزشٔذ‬ٍٛ‫ اٌغ‬in a dictionary printed out before 2005, you
would not probably find it.

Assignment (5)
Try to look up the following words in a pre- and a post 2000
dictionary and write down their meanings:
- Air kiss
- Electronic money
- Euro-zone
- Feng shui
- Junk mail
- Microwavable
- Dotcommer
- Yard sale / garage sale
- Zero tolerance

On more than one occasion while seeking help in your

dictionary, you can not help feeling frustrated. As there is not a perfect
translation, there is not a perfect dictionary either. Although most
lexicographers begin their career as translators, they forget in writing
their dictionaries the need for unsophisticated counterparts. Let's take
an example of how helpless and frustrating dictionaries sometimes are!
"Yesterday, I ate a dish of seafood at dinner. Beside fish, it contained
CRAB, LOBSTER, SQUID AND SHRIMP".

26
 ْٛ‫اٌغٍطؼ‬ ٖٓ ‫ش حٌُِٔ٘ش‬٣َ‫٘خف حُزل‬ٛ٧‫زوخ ٖٓ ح‬١ ‫ؿزش حُؼ٘خء‬ٝ ٢ِ‫ُض ػ‬ٝ‫ْٓ ط٘خ‬٧‫" رخ‬
*"‫ذط‬١‫اٌغج‬ٚ ‫ظ‬٠‫اٌمشد‬ٚ ‫اٌىشوٕذ‬ٚ

* Taken from Monir Al-Baalabaky's English-Arabic dictionary "Al-

Mawrid".

If you are translating into English, you might confront some

difficult Arabic vocabulary that you need to understand in Arabic first.
Here is an example:

:‫ٗ ِٓ ِظش‬١‫ ٌؾظخ ٔف‬ٞ‫د‬ٚ‫ٌٍجبس‬

ُِٕٔ‫ٗ٘خ حُٔيحٓغ ًخ‬ٞ٤‫ أٓزِض ػ‬ٝ ‫ىحع‬ُِٞ ‫هل٘خ‬ٝ ‫ُٔخ‬ٝ
ٖ‫ـ‬٣ ِْ‫ئد ك‬٣ ٕ‫ أ‬٢ِٔ‫ض ك‬٣‫ٗخى‬ٝ ٢ِٗ‫ى كز‬ٞ‫ؼ‬٣ ٕ‫ أ‬١َٜ‫زض رز‬ٛ‫أ‬
ٖ‫ أؿ٘لش حُٔل‬٢‫ حُل‬١ٞ‫ر٘خ ػٖ ٗط‬ ‫ أهِؼض‬٢‫غ ٓخػخص كظ‬٠‫ ر‬٫‫ ا‬٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬ٝ

Assignment (6)
- Give the meaning of ِٕٓ -٢ِٗ‫ ر‬-َ‫ أٓز‬-‫زض‬ٛ‫أ‬
- Elect five Arabic items that you feel difficult to understand. Consult a
lexicon for clarification.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Machine Translation (Electronic Dictionaries)

Translation is a human production. It destroys brain. That is
mainly why the U N has assigned certain number of pages/ hours/ a day
with numerous coffee breaks. Machine translations are merely
developed electronic dictionaries. They are easy to carry, but they do
not answer all your questions. They are prosperous in translating words,
phrases and simple sentences only, but they would fall short in so far
patterns, culture……etc are concerned.

27
 ‫ٓ٘طوش ‪One of these machines translated "NO FLY ZONE" as‬‬
‫‪٘ٓ .‬طوش ‪٣‬لظَ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ حُط‪َ٤‬حٕ ‪ instead of‬هخُ‪٤‬ش ٖٓ حٌُرخد‬

‫‪The following is another example tried on an electronic‬‬

‫‪dictionary:‬‬

‫‪Southern American students at the very beginning of the‬‬

‫‪Nineteenth century used to pick up fresh apples in the morning , polish‬‬
‫‪them and offer them to their teachers . The idiom TO POLISH THE‬‬
‫‪APPLE which means TO FLATTER dates back to that time. The‬‬
‫‪emblem of the instructor in the United States of America is still the‬‬
‫‪APPLE.‬‬

‫حُط‪٬‬د ح‪ٌ٣َٓ٧‬خٕ حُـ٘‪ٞ‬ر‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُزيح‪٣‬ش ًحط‪ٜ‬خ ٖٓ حُوَٕ حُظخٓغ ػَ٘ طٔظؼَٔ ‪ُ٫‬ظوخ‪١‬‬
‫حُظلخف حُـي‪٣‬ي ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٜ‬زخف‪ِٔ٣ ,‬ؼ‪٣ ٝ ْٜ‬ؼَ‪ ْٜٟ‬حُ‪ٓ ٢‬ؼِٔ‪ .ْٜ٤‬حُظؼز‪ُ َ٤‬ظِٔ‪٤‬غ حُظلخف حٌُ‪٣ ١‬و‪ٜ‬ي‬
‫اؿَحء حُؼ‪ٞ‬ىس حُ‪ًُ ٢‬ي حُ‪ٞ‬هض‪ٗ .‬ؼخٍ حُٔيٍد ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪٣٫ٞ‬خص حُٔظليس ٓخ ُحُض حُظلخف‪.‬‬

‫‪Now go through the following passage by Prof. Mohamed‬‬

‫‪Anany on machine translation:‬‬

‫ُ‪ٛ ٢‬ي‪٣‬ن‪ ٖٓ ,‬أ‪ٛ‬يهخء حُ‪ٜ‬زخ‪ ,‬ػَكض ك‪ ٚ٤‬حُيأد ‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼخرَس‪ ُْ ٝ ,‬أطَىى ‪ٓٞ٣‬خ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٧‬ػَحد ػٖ‬
‫اػـخر‪ ٢‬ر٘٘خ‪ ٝ ٚ١‬كٔخٓ‪ُِ ٚ‬ؼِْ‪ٝ .‬هي طوخًكظ٘خ ح‪٣٧‬خّ كـٔؼظ٘خ ك‪٘٤‬خ ‪ ٝ‬كَهظ٘خ أك‪٤‬خٗخ‪,‬‬
‫‪ً٘ ٝ‬خ ًِٔخ حُظو‪٘٤‬خ ىحٍ حُلي‪٣‬غ ػٖ ٓ‪ٟٞٞ‬ػ‪ ٚ‬حُٔل‪ َ٠‬أ‪ ٞٛ ٝ ٫‬حُظَؿٔش رخٌُٔز‪ٞ٤‬طَ‪ ٞٛ ٝ ,‬حُ‪ٜ‬يف‬
‫حٌُ‪ٔ٣ ١‬ؼ‪ ٢‬حُ‪٤‬خرخٗ‪ ٕٞ٤‬هزَ ؿ‪ َْٛ٤‬حُ‪ ٢‬طلو‪٤‬و‪ًٝ .ٚ‬خٕ ‪ٛ‬ي‪٣‬و‪٣ ٢‬و‪ ":ٍٞ‬إ حُ‪ٜ‬يف ٓ‪ٞ‬ف ‪٣‬ظلون ك‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫ط‪ٜ‬زق حُظَؿٔش ػِٔخ ‪ِٛ‬زخ‪ ,‬رل‪ َ٠‬ػِ‪ ّٞ‬حُِـش حُلي‪٣‬ؼش‪ً ٝ ".‬خٕ ‪ ََٓ٣‬حُ‪ ٢‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُل‪ ٝ ٖ٤‬حُل‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫ه‪ٜ‬خ‪ٛ‬خص ٖٓ حُ‪ٜ‬لق طظ‪ ٖٔ٠‬أٗزخء طط‪ ٌٙٛ َ٣ٞ‬ح‪٧‬ؿ‪ِٜ‬س‪ ٝ .‬هي ‪ٝ‬ػي حُ‪٤‬خرخٗ‪ ٕٞ٤‬ربهَحؽ حُـ‪ٜ‬خُ‬
‫حُٔ‪ٞ‬ػ‪ٞ‬ى حٌُ‪ ُٖ ١‬طٔظؼ‪ ٢ٜ‬ػِ‪ُ ٚ٤‬ـش ٖٓ ُـخص ح‪ ٍٝ٧‬ػخّ ‪ ٝ, ) Generation 5 ( 1995‬إ‬
‫ًخٗ‪ٞ‬ح ُْ ‪٣‬ظ‪ٞ‬هل‪ٞ‬ح ػٖ حُيػخ‪٣‬ش ‪٧‬ؿ‪ِٜ‬ط‪ ْٜ‬حُلخُ‪٤‬ش‪ً ٝ ,‬خٕ أهَ‪ٛ‬خ ؿ‪ٜ‬خُ ؿَرظ‪ ٚ‬حُٔ‪٤‬يس ٓخٍؿَ‪٣‬ض‬
‫طخطَ٘‪ٍ ,‬ث‪ٔ٤‬ش ‪ٍُٝ‬حء رَ‪٣‬طخٗ‪٤‬خ حُٔخروش ‪ ,‬أػ٘خء ُ‪٣‬خٍط‪ٜ‬خ ُِ‪٤‬خرخٕ ‪ ٝ ,‬إ ًخٗض حُ٘ظ‪٤‬ـش ‪ ٫‬طزَ٘ رخُو‪,َ٤‬‬
‫حً ‪ِ١‬زض ٖٓ َٓحكوظ‪ٜ‬خ إٔ طـؼَ حُـ‪ٜ‬خُ ‪٣‬ظَؿْ ػزخٍس ٓـخِٓش ُِطؼخّ حُ‪٤‬خرخٗ‪ٓ ٢‬لخى‪ٛ‬خ ‪ :‬إٔ حُِلْ‬
‫‪( ١َ١‬أ‪٠ٓ َٜٔ٣ ١‬ـ‪ ٌُٖ ٝ )The meat is tender ( )ٚ‬حٌُٔز‪ٞ٤‬طَ ُْ ‪ ٌٖ٣‬رخُٔ‪ٜ‬خٍس حٌُخك‪٤‬ش‬
‫كؤ‪ٝ‬هغ حَُٔحكوش ك‪ ٢‬كَؽ ٗي‪٣‬ي ‪ ٝ ,‬أػخٍ ‪ٟ‬لي حُِ‪ٝ‬حٍ ‪ ٚٗ٧‬أهَؽ ػزخٍس طؼ٘‪ ٢‬إٔ حُـٔي ‪ٟ‬ؼ‪٤‬ق‬
‫( ‪ ٝ ) The flesh is weak‬ى‪ُ٫‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش ػـِ ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ أ‪ٟ ٝ‬ؼل‪ًٝ .ٚ‬خٕ ‪ٛ‬ي‪٣‬و‪ٖٓ ٢‬‬
‫أ‪ٛ‬لخد حُ٘ظَ‪٣‬خص‪ ١ٜٞ٣ ,‬طَى‪٣‬ي ح‪٫‬كٌخٍ حُٔٔظٔيس ٖٓ ػِْ حُِؾس ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٛ٫‬ط‪٬‬كخص حُظ‪ ٢‬طز‪ َٜ‬حُٔخٓغ‬
‫رـيط‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬ؿَحرظ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٓ ٝ‬خ ط‪ٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬ر‪.ٚ‬‬

‫إ ٓخ ؿؼَ حُيّ ‪ٜ٣‬ؼي حُ‪ٝ ٢‬ؿ٘ظ‪ ٢‬حَُٔحكوش‪ًٔ ,‬خ طو‪ٛ ٍٞ‬ل‪٤‬لش ( ‪ٞٛ ,) The Times‬‬
‫ح‪٣٩‬لخءحص حُ‪ٜ‬خٓ٘‪٤‬ش ٌُِٔش ‪ , flesh‬حً أٗ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٝ‬كي‪ٛ‬خ ػ٘يٓخ طؼَف رؤىحس حُظؼَ‪٣‬ق ( ‪,)The flesh‬‬

‫‪28‬‬
‫ط‪ٜ‬زق َٓحىكش َُؽرخص حُـٔي أ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘‪ٜٞ‬حص حُلٔ‪٤‬ش ًو‪ُٞ‬ي ("هطخ‪٣‬خ حُـٔي " " ‪) " sins of flesh‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬ػ٘يٓخ طيهَ ك‪ ٢‬طًَ‪٤‬زخص أهَ‪ٞٗ ٖٓ ١‬ع حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِق حٌُ‪٤ٓ ١‬ؤط‪ ,ًًَٙ ٢‬طظوٌ ٓؼخٗ‪ٓ ٢‬وظِلش طٔخٓخ‬
‫ػٔخ ٍٓض اُ‪ٍ ٚ٤‬ث‪ٔ٤‬ش حُ‪ٍُٞ‬حء حُٔخروش‪ ٝ ,‬أ‪ٜٔٛ‬خ ًٔخ طوطَ رزخُ‪ ٝ ٢‬ى‪ ٕٝ‬طَط‪٤‬ذ‪"to go the :‬‬
‫"‪ way of all flesh‬رٔؼ٘‪٣ ٢‬و‪ٗ ٢٠‬لز‪ ,ٚ‬أ‪ٞٔ٣ ١‬ص( ٓؼِٔخ ‪ٞٔ٣‬ص ًَ ك‪ )٢‬أ‪"it made my ٝ‬‬
‫"‪ flesh creep‬أ‪ ١‬أكِػ٘‪ ٢‬حُٔ٘ظَ ‪ٛ ٝ‬خُ٘‪ً ٢‬ؤٗٔخ ٍأ‪ٗ ١‬زلخ (أ‪٤ٗ ٝ‬طخٗخ أ‪ٍٝ ٝ‬كخ) – ‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼ٘‪٢‬‬
‫أٗ‪ ٚ‬ؿؼَ ؿٔٔ‪٣ ٢‬و٘ؼَ‪ ,‬حُ‪ ٢‬ؿخٗذ حُٔؼخٗ‪ ٢‬حُٔؤُ‪ٞ‬كش ُِـْٔ رٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُـٔي ( أ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘و‪:)ٚ‬‬
‫‪ In the flesh‬رٔؼ٘‪ٗ ٢‬و‪٤ٜ‬خ أ‪ flesh and blood ٝ‬أ‪ُ ١‬لٔخ ‪ ٝ‬ىٓخ ‪,‬أ‪ ٝ‬رٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُـٔي أ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ًو‪ُٞ‬ي ‪ more than flesh and blood can stand‬رٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬ك‪ٞ‬م ‪١‬خهش حُزَ٘‪ْ٤ُ ٝ ,‬‬
‫ك‪ٞ‬م ‪١‬خهش حُـٔي كلٔذ‪ٌٌٛ ٝ .‬ح كخٕ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُظ‪ ٖٓ ٍ٬‬حُٔؼخٗ‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٜ‬خٓ٘‪٤‬ش ًخٓ٘ش ك‪ ٢‬حٌُِٔش حُظ‪ ٢‬أط‪٢‬‬
‫ر‪ٜ‬خ حٌُٔز‪ٞ٤‬طَ كؤكَؽ حُـٔ‪٤‬غ‪.‬‬

‫فٓ اٌزشعّخ ‪ٌٔٛ ،‬غّبْ ٌجٕبْ‪ (2004 ،‬اٌزّ‪١ٙ‬ذ)‪.‬‬

‫)‪Assignment (7‬‬
‫‪Try a brief text on a machine translation. Print out the result‬‬
‫‪and bring it to class for further discussion.‬‬

‫‪29‬‬
30
 Challenges that Face the Translator

31
32
 Challenges that Face the Translator :
1- Culture:
It has been said that every language is a perfect index of the
culture which has created it, and that it is at the same time the highest
product of that culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences,
which includes history, social norms, religion, traditional customs and
geographical and environmental features…..etc. Cultural meanings are
subtly and intricately woven into the texture and span of the language.
A good translator needs to be not only bilingual but also
bicultural. Here is an example of this awareness. An Egyptian official
told his American guest that once he visited a fattening farm. A cow
gave birth to two babies. The American visitor asked," Did they name
any after his name?" The translator took that out and replaced it with a
social compliment. In the United States of America, it is OK to name
an animal after a person, especially if this person is paying a visit to
this place. In Egypt this would be considered as an insult. The translator
did a good job by not doing this part; he proved that he was aware of
the cultural Don'ts, taboos or faux-pax. He could have caused a
diplomatic problem had he translated this sentence.
Culture can affect vocabulary and structure. In America, some
people do not like to talk about death and say that Americans do not
die; they simply pass away. In Egypt death is a favorable topic.
Americans have like seven tools to express futurity. In Arabic you
express futurity by adding ‫ف‬ٞٓ – ّ because future in our culture is
risky. People do not feel comfortable when they talk about the future.
They start and end their talks with the phrase "God Willing".
A good translator should trace cultural points and project them
in the translated work. Even the climate has its input in translation. Just
compare the sentence "This news has warmed my heart" and its
version in Arabic َ‫ٌح حُوز‬ٜ‫ ر‬١ٍ‫ي‬ٛ ‫ ُوي أػِـض‬.When you translate, you
should read between the lines, looking for cultural aspects. For
example, snow is a part of the Eskimos' life. There are different words
to identify different kinds of snow. For an Egyptian, snow is something
that he rarely experiences. On the other hand, how can an Egyptian
translate words and phrases like ‫م حُوطخٍحص‬ٞ‫ حُظٔطق ك‬-‫خص‬٤‫حث‬ٞ٘‫ حُؼ‬from his
language into others?
33
 Assignment (8)
Read the following article on Khul' ‫ حُوِغ‬and comment on how
this cultural aspect was handled in the translation into English.

Khul' law passes major test

Feminists, human rights activists and civil society organizations
are cheering the recent supreme constitutional court (SCC) ruling
declaring the procedural personal status law passed in 2000
constitutional. the law was being appealed, with particular critical
emphasis placed on its Article 20 , which grants women the right of
Khul'- - the right to get divorced by court order on condition the woman
forgoes many of her financial entitlements.
Alexandria resident Alaa-Ma'aty Abul-Fotoh decided to fight
the law after his former wife - Aliaa Sayed Mohamed - was granted the
right of Khul' by Alexandria's personal status court. Aliaa had appealed
for Khul' to end the three year marriage on the grounds that repeated
disputes had taken her to the point of no longer being able to live with
her husband . Abul-Fotoh's lawyer was contesting the constitutionality
of the law because it violates Islamic Shari'a (Rulings) since it does not
require a husband's consent as a prerequisite for granting a woman
Khul'.

When you translate you have to consider the culture of the

target language as well as the culture of the source language. From
English to Arabic, you will have to handle with care words like:

- Web site
- ATM
- Time share
- Collect call
- Icon
- Cell phone-mobile
- Set up ( program )

34
 Look at the following translation and comment on it:

‫ٗظَٗض‬٫‫ ح‬٢ِ‫هغ ػ‬ٞٓ -‫ٓخص‬ِٞ‫ ُِٔؼ‬٢ُٝ‫حُي‬

‫س‬ ‫ حُ٘زٌش‬٢ِ‫هغ ػ‬ٞٓ -‫ش‬٤‫ط‬ٞ‫ حُ٘زٌش حُؼٌ٘ز‬٢ِ‫هغ ػ‬ٞٓ -
٢ُ٥‫َحف ح‬ُٜ‫٘ش ح‬٤ً‫ ٓخ‬-
‫هض‬ُٞ‫ ٓ٘خًٍش ح‬-
َ‫ه‬٥‫ػش ٖٓ حُطَف ح‬ٞ‫ ٌٓخُٔش ٓيك‬-
‫ٗش‬ٞ‫و‬٣‫ أ‬- ٍِٓ -
ٍ‫ح‬ٞ‫ – ٗوخٍ – ؿ‬١ِٞ‫ٍ – ه‬ٞٔ‫ ٓل‬-
‫ذ‬ٜ٘٣ - ‫ؼزض‬٣ – ‫طذ‬ٜ٣ -

A translator should be aware of not only the culture of his language and
the target language, but international courtesies as well. In other words,
he ought to be informed about euphemism and politically correct
words. The underneath list helps clarify this idea:

The word The politically correct word

Pregnant Expecting
Negro Black
Handicapped Physically challenged
Birth control Family planning
Liar Economical with the truth
Fat Overweight
Prostitute Sex care provider
Snore To saw logs

Some words seem culture- bound but they are not. When you
examine them carefully, you find out that they have counterparts in
English:

35
 Lattice ‫ش‬٤‫َٓ٘ر‬
Herbalist ٍ‫ػطخ‬
Anklet ٍ‫هِوخ‬
Occidentlist ‫حؿخ‬ٞ‫ ػويس حُو‬ٙ‫ػ٘ي‬
Eastover ‫حُ٘لوش‬
Yearling ٢ُٞ‫ك‬
Water wheel ٚ٤‫ٓخه‬
Title by occupancy ‫ي‬٤ُ‫غ ح‬ٟٝ
Wade )ّ‫م حَُأ‬ٞ‫غ ك‬ٟٞ‫ش ( ط‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ك‬
Hymeneal alter ‫ٗش‬ٌُٞ‫ح‬

Read the following research paper by Dr. Adel Anany on

Cultural terms:

Arabic words, broadly speaking, can be said to fall into two categories:
(a) Words expressing universal concepts, i.e. ideas which are more or
less available in other languages like ‫ؿخء‬,َٜٔٓ,‫ٗـَس‬,‫ ًظخد‬, and (b)
Words expressing culture specific concepts, i.e. ideas which are more
or less peculiar to the Arabic language.

The latter category includes such words as:

,١‫ حُِٔٓخٍ حُزِي‬,ْ٤ُٔ٘‫ ْٗ ح‬,‫ُي‬ُٞٔ‫ٓش ح‬َٝ‫ ػ‬,ٚ٤ٔ‫ؼ‬١ٝ ٍٞ‫ ك‬,‫ش‬٤‫ر‬٬‫ ؿ‬,‫ حًُِخس‬,‫هخف‬ٝ٫‫ُحٍس ح‬ٝ
‫ش‬٤ٓ‫ حُؤخ‬,‫ش‬٤‫خء حُ٘ؼز‬٤‫ك‬٧‫ ح‬,‫َس‬٠ُ‫ح‬

The distinction between culture-specific terms and words with

concepts which the Source Language (SL) and the Target
Language(TL) have in common is of concern to the translator, because
cultural terms are not as easy to translate as non-cultural words. Arabic
cultural terms express concepts which distinguish native speakers of
Arabic from speakers of other languages. They refer to distinctive
social and political institutions, eating and clothing customs, historical
events, geographical features, wildlife, etc. Such terms rarely have
readily available equivalents in English, simply because they are not
part of the English culture. Special translation techniques are therefore
necessary to deal with such terms. Such techniques are shown below.

36
 (1) Transliteration:
This is the substitution of TL letters for the SL letters of the
word in question, as you do when you write your name in English. Here
are a few examples:

Ministry of Waqfs ‫هخف‬ٝ٧‫ُحٍس ح‬ٝ

Zakat ‫حًُِخس‬
galabia ‫ش‬٤‫ر‬٬‫ؿ‬
Fuul and falafel َ‫ك‬٬‫ك‬ٝ ٍٞ‫ك‬
Shura Council, Majlis al Shura ٍُٟٞ٘‫ٓـِْ ح‬
Khamasin ٖ٤ٓ‫حُؤخ‬
Sham el Nessim ْ٤ُٔ٘‫ْٗ ح‬

Of the above transliterated forms, Ministry of Waqfs and Shura

Council are party transliterated (Waqfs and Shura) and partly translated
(Ministry and Council). In both of them, there is a word which helps to
get the message across to the English-speaking reader. The words
"ministry and council" are, after all, part of the English lexicon, or the
vocabulary of English. The name , ٖ٤ٓ‫ حُؤخ‬, the Arabic word of a
particular sandstorm has found its way into the English language. Other
Arabic words with an established transliterated form in English include:

Caliph ‫لش‬٤ِ‫ه‬
Mufti ٢‫ٓلظ‬
Mosque ‫ٓٔـي‬
Mecca ‫ٌٓش‬
Emir َ٤ٓ‫أ‬
Hajj ‫كؾ‬
Mujahedeen ٖ٣‫ي‬ٛ‫ٓـخ‬
Fedayeen ٖ٤٤‫كيحث‬
Intifada ‫ش‬ٟ‫حٗظلخ‬
Lute ‫ى‬ٞ‫ػ‬
Jerboa ‫ع‬ٞ‫ؿَر‬
Henna ‫ك٘ش‬
Algebra َ‫ؿز‬
Alcohol ٍٞ‫ًل‬

37
 (2) Explanation:
An explanation consists of an elaborate definition of a given
Arabic cultural term. Here are a few examples from Hans Wehr's
a Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic:

Consultative / advisory house of parliament ٍُٟٞ٘‫ٓـِْ ح‬

Official expounder of Islamic law ٢‫حُٔلظ‬

Ritual ablution before prayer ‫ء‬ُٟٞٞ‫ح‬

Abstention from food , drink and the like

ُّٜٞ‫ح‬
from dawn to sunset
A long length of cloth wound round a man's
‫ػٔخٓش‬
head
A fiddle – like instrument with one to three
‫ٍرخد‬
‫س‬
strings
A ceremony held on the fortieth day after
ٖ٤‫ٍرؼ‬٧‫) ح‬١ًًَ(
someone's death
A sweet made from sesame – seed meal and
‫ش‬٤٘٤‫ل‬١ ‫س‬ٝ٬‫ك‬
sugar
The morning of the day after someone's
‫ش‬٤‫زخك‬ُٜ‫ح‬
wedding
Egyptian popular holding on the Monday
following the Greek Coptic Easter in March, ْ٤ُٔ٘‫ْٗ ح‬
April, or May

(3) Transliteration, together with explanation:

A term distinctive of Arabic culture may be transliterated and
then followed by an explanation. The explanation may also precede the
transliteration. Look at the following examples:

38
 Majlis Al Shura' ( consultative council ) Majlis
ٍُٟٞ٘‫ٓـِْ ح‬
Al Shura', an advisory house of parliament

Mufti , official expounder of Islamic Law ٢‫حُٔلظ‬

Jerboa, a type of small jumping desert rat found

‫ع‬ٞ‫حُـَر‬
in some Arab countries

Intifada ( Palestinian popular uprising) ‫ش‬ٟ‫حٗظلخ‬

Rebaba, a fiddle- like instrument with one to

‫حَُرخرش‬
three strings

Imama, a long length of cloth wound round a

‫حُؼٔخٓش‬
man's head

The morning of the day after someone's wedding ‫ش‬٤‫زخك‬ُٜ‫ح‬

known as 'sabahia'
‫هخف‬ٝ٧‫ُحٍس ح‬ٝ
Ministry of waqfs (Islamic endowment )

(4) The nearest English equivalent:

A more transparent way of translating Arabic cultural terms
than transliteration and more concise than explanation may be needed
for one purpose or another. In such case, we look for the nearest
English equivalent, i.e. a concept already in existence in English. There
is a choice, however, between (A) an English equivalent which
maintains the 'flavor' of the original and (B) an English equivalent
which does away with the cultural distinctiveness of the Arabic term.

(A) An English equivalent with the cultural ' flavor' of

the Arabic term

.‫يس‬٣‫ش حُـي‬٤ٗ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص حُؼَٔح‬ٝ َ٤ٔ‫حُظؼ‬ٝ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬٩‫ُحٍس ح‬ٝ )1(

Ministry of Housing, Reconstruction and New Urban Communities.
.١َ‫حُ٘وَ حُزل‬ٝ ‫ص‬٬ٛ‫ح‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬ٝ َ‫ُحٍس حُ٘و‬ٝ )2(
Ministry of Transport, Telecommunications and Maritime Transport.

39
 .٢٘١ُٞ‫ٖ ػخّ حُلِد ح‬٤ٓ‫أ‬ٝ ٢ٟ‫ٍح‬٧‫ف ح‬٬ٜ‫حٓظ‬ٝ ‫َ حٍُِحػش‬٣ُٝٝ ‫ٍُحء‬ُٞ‫ْ ح‬٤‫) ٗخثذ ٍث‬3(
Deputy Premier, Minister of Agricultural and Land Reclamation, and
Secretary- General of the National Democratic Party.
‫ش‬٤‫) ٓلخكظش حَُ٘ه‬4(
Governorate of Sharkia
٢ٔ‫) ر٘ض ػ‬5(
The daughter of my father's brother.
My father's brother's daughter.
‫ِش حُيهِش‬٤ُ )6(
The night of consummation
‫حُل٘خىم‬ٝ ‫خكش‬٤ُٔ ٢ُ‫ي حُؼخ‬ٜ‫) حُٔؼ‬7(
Higher Institute for Tourism and Hotels
ْ٤ُٔ٘‫) ْٗ ح‬8(
The smelling of the breeze
‫خ‬ٜ‫َط‬ٟ )9(
Her husband's other wicked wife
ٕٞ٤‫) كيحث‬10(
Suicidal fighters
You will agree that the translation given for the ten terms in (A)
above sound more Arabic than English - in spite of the fact that the
individual words used are all genuine English words. This is so because
an English translation which preserves the cultural character of an
Arabic term is by definition, a literal translation.
(B) An English equivalent without the cultural flavor of
the Arabic term:
Alms ‫) حًُِخس‬1(
sugar doll ‫ُي‬ُٞٔ‫ٓش ح‬َٝ‫) ػ‬2(
deprived district, slums ‫ش‬٤‫خء حُ٘ؼز‬٤‫ك‬٧‫) ح‬3(
prince َ٤ٓ‫) أ‬4(
pilgrimage ‫) حُلؾ‬5(
guerillas ٖ٤٤‫) كيحث‬6(
fast, fasting ُّٜٞ‫) ح‬7(
‫يس‬٣‫ش حُـي‬٤ٗ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص حُؼَٔح‬ٝ َ٤ٔ‫حُظؼ‬ٝ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬٩‫ُحٍس ح‬ٝ )8(
Ministry of Housing
her bigamist husband's other wife ‫خ‬ٜ‫َط‬ٟ )9(
province of Sharkia ‫ش‬٤‫) ٓلخكظش حَُ٘ه‬10(
saints ‫خء‬٤ُٝ٧‫) ح‬11 (
my cousin ٢ٔ‫) ر٘ض ػ‬12(
wedding night ‫ِش حُيهِش‬٤ُ )13(

40
 Translate the following cultural terms:

‫حُ٘زٌش‬ ‫ش‬٤ُٔٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ػٔيس‬

ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ٕ٢ٍٗ‫ًَِٓ حُزي‬ ‫خٍس‬ٜ‫ر‬
‫ٗق‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫هزِش‬ ‫خهش‬٤ٗ
٢‫حٓط‬ ‫حُؼٔيس‬

Write an explanatory translation for the following

cultural terms:

ٍ‫ِش حُوي‬٤ُ َ‫ن حُول‬٤ٗ

‫ٍى‬ُٞٔ‫س ح‬ٝ٬‫ك‬ ‫ش‬٤‫ه‬ُِٞٔ‫ح‬
ٚ‫ؿ‬ُٞٔ‫ٗظٔخد ح‬٫‫ح‬ ّ‫ٓخ‬٩‫ح‬
‫ٓش‬َٝ‫ُكش حُؼ‬ ١‫حُِٔٓخٍ حُزِي‬
‫حُِٔلش‬
ِ ٌٍُٝ٘‫ح‬

Translate the following cultural terms in such away as to

preserve their Arabic distinctiveness:
٢ٓٞ‫ي ٓظ‬ٜ‫ٓؼ‬
َ‫ي حُلط‬٤‫ػ‬
٢ِ٣‫ػي‬
٢‫ل‬ٟ٫‫ي ح‬٤‫ػ‬
‫ع‬ٞ‫حُٔز‬
ٍ‫ي ػخ‬ٜ‫ٓؼ‬
‫ِش حُل٘ش‬٤ُ
َُٜٔ‫ح‬
Translate the following cultural terms without
maintaining their Arabic 'flavor':
َٟ‫َس حٌُز‬ٛ‫َ حُوخ‬٤ٔ‫طـ‬ٝ ‫جش ٗظخكش‬٤ٛ
ْ٤ِ‫ُحٍس حُظؼ‬ٝ
٢‫ حرظيحث‬١َُٛ‫ي أ‬ٜ‫ٓؼ‬
٢ُ‫ْ حُؼخ‬٤ِ‫ُحٍس حُظؼ‬ٝ
‫ش‬٤‫ؿظٔخػ‬٫‫ٕ ح‬ٞ‫ُحٍس حُ٘ج‬ٝ
ٍ‫حرٖ حُوخ‬
٢‫حؽ ػَك‬ُٝ
َّٝ‫خُ حُؼ‬ٜ‫ؿ‬

41
 2- Structure:
Structural features in a language do not correspond to those of
another language. You can not force a pattern to accept a filling if this
filling is not matching the criteria of the pattern. Arabic is a Semitic
language whereas English is an Indo-European Germanic language.
Each has different syntactic patterns and grammatical constructions.
Here are some of these differences:

Pattern Arabic English

Position of After the noun as in Before the noun as in "
adjectives َ٣ٞ١ َ‫ ٍؿ‬a tall man "

Plural in Arabic Plural in English beings

Plural beings with (three) with (two)
‫ؿٔغ‬-٢٘‫ٓؼ‬-‫ٓلَى‬ ‫ؿٔغ‬-‫ٓلَى‬

Not as decisive as
Punctuation Crucial
they are in English
٢‫ش كو‬٤ٔٓ٫‫حُـِٔش ح‬
َ‫ طزيأ حُـِٔش رخُلؼ‬٫
٫‫ش ا‬٣ِ٤ِ‫ٗـ‬٩‫ حُِـش ح‬٢‫ٓطِوًخ ك‬
Kind of ‫حُـِٔش‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ٔٓ٫‫حُـِٔش ح‬ ‫ش حُٔؼزظش‬٣َٓ٧‫ حُـِٔش ح‬٢‫ك‬
sentences ‫ش‬٤ِ‫حُلؼ‬ ٢‫ ك‬٢‫كظ‬ٝ study hard ‫ُي‬ٞ‫ًو‬
ٞٛ َ‫ حُلخُش كبٕ حُلخػ‬ٌٙٛ
‫ ؿٔغ‬ٝ‫ ٓلَى أ‬you َ٤ٔ٠ُ‫ح‬
ً
.‫حُح‬ٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫ف‬ِٝ‫ ٓل‬ٞٛٝ

42
 Few examples that show the need to manipulate some
grammatical patterns in translation:

Definite and Books are informative ............ ‫حٌُظذ‬

indefinite nouns Education is important …….. ْ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬

A sentence in Arabic can

do without this
verb as in.ٍّ‫أكٔي ٓي‬ An essential
Verb " To Be" Another example is " constituent of the
there is" which can be sentence.
assimilated in Arabic by
the word ‫٘خى‬ٛ

Achieved an astonishing
‫ٍ حُٔطِن‬ٞ‫حُٔلؼ‬ ٬ٌٛٓ ‫خٍح‬ٜ‫َ حٗظ‬ٜ‫حٗظ‬
victory

‫ اٌزشعّخ‬ٟ‫ثبد اٌخبطخ ف‬ٛ‫رط ًٌطؼ‬ّٛٔ

:ٍٜٞ‫ ُِٔـ‬٢٘‫حُٔز‬

ٞ‫ٍ ٗل‬ٜٞ‫ ُِٔـ‬٢٘‫ـش حُٔز‬٤ٛ ٢‫َ حُٔولْ ك‬٤‫ حُظؼز‬ٝ‫ " أ‬forced passive " ‫ؼَف رخُـ‬٣ ‫طـ٘ذ ٓخ‬
:‫ُي‬ٞ‫ه‬

) ٢١َُ٘‫حٓطش ح‬ٞ‫ ر‬ٝ‫ أ‬٢١َُ٘‫ ٖٓ هِزََ ح‬ُِٚ‫( هُظَِ ح‬

The thief was killed by the policeman

ْ‫ظَؿ‬٣ ٕ‫َ أ‬٠‫ل‬٣ َ‫ٍ ر‬ٜٞ‫ ُِٔـ‬٢٘‫ـش حُٔز‬٤ٜ‫غ حُلؼَ ر‬ُٟٞ ‫ٍس‬َٟٝ ٬‫ٓخ ً ك‬ِٞ‫اً ٓخىحّ حُلخػَ ٓؼ‬
٢٘‫ـش حُٔز‬٤ٛ ٢ِ‫روخء ػ‬٩‫َ ح‬٠‫ل‬٣ ‫غ‬٤‫ص ٗخىٍس ك‬٫‫ كخ‬٢‫ ك‬٫‫ّ ا‬ِٞ‫ـش حُٔؼ‬٤ٜ‫ش ر‬٤‫ حُؼَر‬٢ُ‫ا‬
‫ٓخّ كخُظَؿٔش‬٧‫ٌح ح‬ٛ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ٝ ,٢٘‫ حُٔؼ‬ٝ‫ذ أ‬٤ًَ‫ حُظ‬٢‫ٍطزخًخص هي طليع ك‬٫ ً ‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ٍ طلخ‬ٜٞ‫ُِٔـ‬
." ُِٚ‫ ح‬٢١َُ٘‫ " هظَ ح‬-:٢ٛ ٙ٬‫ٍس أػ‬ًٌُٞٔ‫لش ٌُِِٔش ح‬٤‫ل‬ُٜ‫ح‬

٢‫ف ك‬َٝ‫َ ٓؼ‬٤‫ ؿ‬ٜٞ‫ش ك‬٤‫ٍر‬ٝ٧‫ حُِـخ ص ح‬٢‫ٍ ٓغ ًًَ حُلخػَ أَٓ ٓؼظخى ك‬ٜٞ‫ٓغ إٔ حُز٘خء ُِٔـ‬ٝ
‫ كًَش‬١‫خّ ٗ٘خ‬٣‫خٕ أ‬٣َُٔ‫ٕ ح‬ٞٔ‫ ُـظ٘خ حُٔظَؿ‬٢‫ذ ك‬٤ًَ‫ٌح حُظ‬ٛ َ‫ٍ ٖٓ حىه‬ٝ‫أ‬ٝ ,‫لش‬٤ٜ‫ش حُل‬٤‫حُؼَر‬
.ٍٝ٧‫ ح‬٢ٓ‫َ حُؼزخ‬ٜ‫ حُؼ‬٢‫حُظَؿٔش ك‬

43
 :‫ش‬٤ٟ‫ػظَح‬٫‫حُـِٔش ح‬
:ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬
Most Americans, if not all of them, like to travel.

parenthetical sentences ‫خ‬١‫ت اٌّزجؼخ ٌزشعّخ اٌغًّ االػزشاػ‬١ٌ‫اؽذ األعب‬

:ٞٛ
.٫ٝ‫ش أ‬٤ٟ‫ػظَح‬٫‫ٕ حُـِٔش ح‬ٝ‫إٔ طظَؿْ حُـِٔش ري‬
.‫خ‬ٛ‫ش رٔلَى‬٤ٟ‫ػظَح‬٫‫ػْ طظَؿْ حُـِٔش ح‬
٢‫حر‬َُٝ‫ٖ رخٓظويحّ حكي ح‬٤‫ٖ حُـِٔظ‬٤‫ ر‬٢‫ػْ طَر‬
َ‫ٕ حُٔل‬ٞ‫لز‬٣ ٖ٤٤ٌ٣َٓ٧‫ؿِش ح‬-
ًِْٜ َ‫رَ ه‬-
َ‫لذ حُٔل‬٣ ْٜ‫ؼ‬٤ٔ‫ٖ رَ ؿ‬٤٤ٌ٣َٓ٧‫ؿِش ح‬-

ٍ‫حع ًخُزي‬ٞٗ٧‫ ح‬٢ٔ‫ ٓغ أر‬٢‫كٌخٍ كظ‬٧‫ ح‬٢‫ ك‬٬ٜ‫ٔزذ ك‬٣ ‫غ‬٤‫د ك‬ِٞٓ٧‫ٌح ح‬ٛ َ٘‫هي ػزض ك‬ٝ
appositive sentence
.َٜ‫ حُل‬٢‫ٓظ‬٬‫خ ٓليىس رؼ‬ٜٗ‫أ‬ٝ ‫ش‬ٛ‫خم حُـِٔش هخ‬٤ٓ ‫خ ٓغ‬ٜ‫َ طَؿٔظ‬٠‫ل‬٣ٝ
-Wilfred Owen, one of the most famous poets of the Great War, was
killed in action in 1918.
‫َ ٗؼَحء‬ٜٗ‫حكيح ٖٓ أ‬ٝ 1918 ّ‫ ػخ‬٠‫ؿ‬ُٞ‫ ٓخكش ح‬٢‫ ك‬ٚ‫َػ‬ٜٓ ٢‫ ُو‬١ٌُ‫ح‬ٝ ٖ٣ٝ‫ُلَى أ‬ٝ ‫ؼي‬٣ -
.٢ٔ‫حُلَد حُؼظ‬
In the process of translation, mistakes are evident, but a translator
should endeavor to keep them at a minimum. Many translators and
even authors ask grammarians to go through their work for
rectification. A translator should be familiar with the grammatical
constructions of both languages. Take for example the issue of numbers
when translated from English to Arabic. If you are not acquainted with
this rule in Arabic, you are likely to mess up somewhere.

Assignment (9)
Translate the following sentences paying a special attention
to numbers:

- I wrote one hundred and fifty- two letters

- The apartment cost three thousand and four hundred pounds.

44
 ‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫حُؼيى‪٣ -:‬ؤط‪ ٢‬حُؼيى ػِ‪ٍٞٛ ٢‬س ٓظؼيىس‪ ,‬ك‪-:ٌٕٞ٤‬‬
‫‪ٓ -1‬لَىحً ٖٓ حُ‪ٞ‬حكي اُ‪ ٢‬حُؼَ٘س‪.‬‬
‫‪ًَٓ -2‬زخ ً ٓغ حُؼَ٘س ٖٓ ( ‪. ) 19 -11‬‬
‫‪ٓ -3‬ؼط‪ٞ‬كخً‪ٓٝ‬ؼط‪ٞ‬كخ ً ػِ‪ٓ ) 99- 21( ٖٓ ٚ٤‬خ ػيح أُلخظ حُؼو‪ٞ‬ى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬أُلخظ حُؼو‪ٞ‬ى ‪90 ......50 ,40 ,30 ,20 ٢ٛٝ‬‬
‫‪ُ -5‬لظظ‪ٓ ٢‬خثش ‪ٝ‬أُق ‪٠ٓٝ‬خػلخط‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫طًٌ‪ َ٤‬حُؼيى ‪ٝ‬طؤٗ‪٤‬ؼ‪-:ٚ‬‬

‫‪ -1‬حُؼيىحٕ ( ‪ٞ٣ ) 2 ,1‬حكوخٕ حُٔؼي‪ٝ‬ى ىحثٔخ ً ك‪ ٢‬كخُش ح‪٩‬كَحى ٓؼَ‪ :‬طليع ك‪ ٢‬حُللَ ‪ٝ‬حكي‪ ,‬طليع‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬حُللَ حػ٘خٕ ‪ًٌُٝ‬ي ك‪ ٢‬كخُش حُظًَ‪٤‬ذ ٓؼَ " اٗ‪ٍ ٢‬أ‪٣‬ض أكي ػَ٘ ً‪ًٞ‬زخ ً "‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ح‪٧‬ػيحى ٖٓ ػ‪٬‬ػش حُ‪ ٢‬طٔؼش طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬ػٌْ حُٔؼي‪ٝ‬ى ك‪ ٢‬حُظًٌ‪ٝ ٍ٢‬حُظؤٗ‪٤‬غ‪.‬‬
‫ٓؼَ ‪ٓ " -:‬وَ‪ٛ‬خ ػِ‪ٓ ْٜ٤‬زغ ُ‪٤‬خٍ ‪ٝ‬ػٔخٗ‪٤‬ش أ‪٣‬خّ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬حُؼيى "‪٣ "10‬ؤط‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ ٢‬ه‪٬‬ف حُٔؼي‪ٝ‬ى اًح ًخٕ ٓلَىح‪ً.‬‬
‫ٓؼَ‪ -:‬حػظٌق حَُٔ‪ ٞ٣‬ػَ٘س أ‪٣‬خّ ‪ٝ‬ػَ٘ ُ‪٤‬خٍ ‪.‬‬
‫* أٓخ اًح ًخٗض حُؼَ٘س ًَٓزش ٓغ ؿ‪َٛ٤‬خ أطض ػِ‪ٝ ٢‬كن حُٔؼي‪ٝ‬ى‪ ٌٙٛ .‬حُظٔؼ‪٤ِ٤‬ش ػ‪٬‬ع ػَ٘س‬
‫كِوش‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬أُلخظ حُؼو‪ ٞ‬ى ٖٓ ( ‪ٝ ) 90 – 20‬حُٔخثش ‪ٝ‬ح‪ُ٧‬ق ‪٠ٓٝ‬خػلخط‪ٜ‬خ ‪٣ ٫‬ظـ‪ُ َ٤‬لظ‪ٜ‬خ ٓغ حًٌَُٔ‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُٔئٗغ ٓ‪ٞ‬حء أًخٗض ٓلَىس أّ ًَٓزش أّ ٓؼط‪ٞ‬كش‪.‬‬
‫ٓؼَ‪ٝٝ -:‬حػيٗخ ٓ‪ ٢ٓٞ‬ػ‪٬‬ػ‪ِ٤ُ ٖ٤‬ش ‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُلي‪٣‬وش أُق ٗـَس‪.‬‬

‫اػَحد حُؼيى‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ح‪٧‬ػيحى‪ :‬أكي ػَ٘‪ ,‬ػ‪٬‬ع ػَ٘ اُ‪ ٢‬طٔؼش ػَ٘ ٓز٘‪٤‬ش ػِ‪ ٢‬كظق حُـِأ‪.ٖ٣‬‬
‫ٓؼَ‪ -:‬كَ‪٣‬ن ًَس حُويّ أك َي ػ٘ ََ ‪٫‬ػزخ ً‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬حُؼيىحٕ " حػ٘خ ‪ٝ ,‬حػ٘ظخ " ‪٣‬ؼَد حُـِء ح‪ٜٔ٘ٓ ٍٝ٧‬خ اػَحد حُٔؼ٘‪ٍ ٢‬كؼخ ً رخ‪ُ٫‬ق ‪ٜٗٝ‬زخ ً ‪ٝ‬ؿَحً‬
‫رخُ‪٤‬خء ‪٣ٝ‬ز٘‪ ٢‬حُـِء حُؼخٗ‪ٜٔ٘ٓ ٢‬خ ػِ‪ ٢‬حُلظق ‪ٓ .‬ؼَ‪ -:‬حُٔ٘ش أػ٘خ ػ٘ ََ ٗ‪َٜ‬حً‪.‬‬
‫إ ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ٘ش حػ٘ظ‪ ٢‬ػ٘ ََ ٗ‪َٜ‬حً‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ح‪٧‬ػيحى ؿ‪ٓ َ٤‬خ طويّ ٓؼَرش ٓ‪ٞ‬حء أًخٗض ٓلَىس أّ ٓؼط‪ٞ‬كش أّ ًخٗض ٖٓ أُلخظ حُؼو‪ٞ‬ى‪.‬‬
‫ٓؼَ‪ " -:‬ح‪ ٕ٥‬هلق هللا ػٌْ٘ ‪ٝ‬ػِْ إٔ ك‪ٟ ٌْ٤‬ؼلخ‪ ,‬كبٕ ‪ٓ ٌْ٘ٓ ٌٖ٣‬خثشٌ ‪ٛ‬خرَس ‪٣‬ـِز‪ٞ‬ح ٓخثظ‪ٝ ٖ٤‬إ‬
‫‪ ٌْ٘ٓ ٌٖ٣‬أُق ‪٣‬ـِز‪ٞ‬ح أُل‪ ٖ٤‬ربًٕ هللا ‪ٝ‬هللا ٓغ حُ‪ٜ‬خرَ‪." ٖ٣‬‬

‫‪45‬‬
 3- Vocabulary:
When we translate, we are pre-occupied with vocabulary.
Culture and structure are important but vocabulary is always in quest
and question. Arabic vocabulary is bulky and sometimes needs some
consultation. Arabic has three levels of expression: Classical or
traditional Arabic that only linguists understand, modern Arabic that is
used in contemporary writings and spoken corrupted Arabic. The
following example helps draw and shape up the three levels.

Classical Arabic Modern Arabic Spoken Arabic

‫ُش‬ٝ‫خ‬١ ‫يس‬٠٘ٓ ‫ِس‬٤‫طَحر‬

Assignment (10 )
Think of two more examples, showing this variation among the
three levels.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Also one Arabic word might stand versus several English

equivalents. For example the word ‫ ٌٓظزش‬may refer to:
- A bookshelf at home
- A public library
- A stationary

Hereafter are some more examples:

Writer ‫ًخطذ‬
Author
Letter ‫ٍٓخُش‬
Message
Thesis

46
 Drought ‫ؿلخف‬
Dehydration

Set free ‫ِن‬١‫أ‬

Launch

Earth ٍٝ‫أ‬
Soil
Ground
Territory
Terrain

System ُ‫خ‬ٜ‫ؿ‬
Authority
Apparatus
Device

System ّ‫ٗظخ‬
Order

Office ‫ٌٓظذ‬
Desk
Bureau

Decision ٍ‫هَح‬
Resolution
Decree

Statement ‫ق‬٣َٜ‫ط‬
Permission

Advertisement ٕ٬‫اػ‬
Announcement
Declaration

Course ‫ٍس‬ٝ‫ى‬
Rotation
Session

Monuments ٍ‫آػخ‬

47
 Footprints
Effects

Assignment (11)
Think of two other examples and discuss them with your classmates.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The problem here is not with Arabic as much it is with English.
English is loaded with meaning. A word in English can refer to
different unrelated things as in the following examples:

-Land along the side of the riverَُٜ٘‫لش ح‬ٟ

-A row, especially of keys on a keyboard ‫ق‬ٛ
Bank -A place in which money is kept ‫ر٘ي‬

- A place where water comes naturally from the ground

‫ع ٓخء‬ٞ‫٘ز‬٣
Spring - The season between winter and summer ‫غ‬٤‫َ حَُر‬ٜ‫ك‬
- A length of metal wound around, which tends to push,
pull , or twist against a force and return to its original
shape )‫ٓظش‬ٞٓ( ‫ُٗزَى‬

- A piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs ‫ُش‬ٝ‫خ‬١

- Collection of figures arranged in columns and
Table rows ٍٝ‫ؿي‬

48
 Assignment (12)
Think of two other examples, showing the different shades of
meaning.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Synonyms:
- In translation, the use of 3rd person pronouns (it-he-she) should not be
often used in order not lose track of the target word.

- Similarly, try to use different synonyms. If you keep using the same
word, you will sound redundant. Avoid using the same non-key
words over and over again in neighboring sentences. The occurrence
or recurrence of the same word should be limited.

- Synonyms are not wholly synonyms. There are no two words in

English, Arabic or in any other language, which are identical. A
word is coined because there is a need for it to convey an aspect,
which other synonyms can not do. It is true that synonyms are
important to enrich the language and break the monotony of it, but
this does not abolish the differences that exist among the same family
members. Some words fit in some context, but others simply do not.
This is usually called "usage". Let's go through an example from our
mother tongue. In Arabic, the word ‫لَحء‬ٛ is the generic word, which
refers to a sandy and desolate area of land. Synonyms for this item
are ‫س‬٬‫ ك‬-‫يحء‬٤‫ ر‬-‫ ٓلخُس‬. It is called ‫يحء‬٤‫ ر‬because many people who lose
track in it simply meet their end. It is called ‫ ٓلخُس‬because those who
get out of it safely are winners. Thus, in one context, it seems
lexically correct, but semantically incorrect to say ‫ حُٔلخُس‬٢‫ِي ك‬ٛ and in
another example , it is equally shocking to say ‫يحء‬٤‫ ػزَ حُز‬.

- Similarly in English, you can find a lot of words referring to the same
idea, but with slight technical uses. We can not say that (blast – gust -
gale - twister- whirlwind- storm- tempest- blizzard- tornado-

49
 hurricane- typhoon- cyclone ) are identical , otherwise how can we
name the various types of the wind activity.

Assignment (13)
Look up the following words in your dictionary. Pay attention
that although they share one scope ْ‫لط‬٣ / ‫وَد‬٣ / َٓ‫ي‬٣ , they have
different focuses. Some, as you will see allude to complete destruction,
others to partial destruction. Implied also are horizontal or vertical
destruction, natural or deliberate destruction, materialistic or otherwise
. . . . etc.
annihilate / torpedo / tear down / smash / subvert / shatter /
sabotage/ dynamite / ruin / ravage / raze / obliterate / extirpate / destroy
/ demolish / devastate / wipe out / vandalize / damage / wreck /
bulldoze

Quite often in translation we feel torn out between two words.

Some people indicate that they choose by sense. Sense is all right, but it
is also misleading. Study for example the couple "evidence-proof".
They seem synonyms-yes- but only in a multiple-choice test -َ٤ُ‫ى‬
‫ كـش‬-‫٘ش‬٤‫ ر‬-ٕ‫خ‬َٛ‫ر‬. Evidence is something you obtain and help finally to
form a proof. Here are some other examples:

Alter: ٢‫َ ؿِث‬٣‫ؼيٍ طؼي‬٣ Change :ٍ‫زي‬٣-َ٤‫ـ‬٣

Allow:ِ٤‫ـ‬٣ -‫ٔٔق‬٣
Answer: ٍ‫ ٓئح‬٢ِ‫اؿخرش ػ‬
Ancient :) ‫غ‬٣‫ن (ػٌْ كي‬٤‫ ػظ‬-ْ٣‫هي‬
Abstain :) ‫ٔظ٘غ ػٖ (ٗت‬٣
Admit: َ‫وز‬٣
Ample :)‫ ٓـَى‬٢٘‫َ (ٓؼ‬٤‫ ًؼ‬-َ‫حك‬ٝ
Amusement:‫ش‬٤ِٔ‫ط‬
Accept:٢َٟ٣ -َ‫وز‬٣
Permit : ‫ش‬َٛ‫ق حُل‬٤‫ظ‬٣
Reply :ّ‫خ‬ٜ‫ حط‬ٝ‫ هطخد أ‬٢ِ‫ٍى ؿ‬
Old :)َ٤‫ـ‬ٛ ٌْ‫ٖٓ (ػ‬ ‫َ ح‬٤‫ ًز‬-ْ٣‫هي‬
Refrain :)َ‫ٔظ٘غ ػٖ(كؼ‬٣
Confess:َ‫و‬٣ - ‫ؼظَف‬٣
Plenty :) ٢ٔ‫ ك‬٢٘‫َ (ٓؼ‬٤‫ ًؼ‬-َ‫حك‬ٝ
Recreation :ّ‫حٓظـٔخ‬
Acknowledge :َ‫و‬٣ -‫ؼظَف‬٣

Assignment (14)
50
 Think of some other examples, showing the difference in
usage.

Collocation: ‫خ‬١‫اٌزغّؼبد اٌٍفظ‬

This is another important aspect for the translator. Why do we
say "pay attention" and not "give attention"? Because words usually
tend to choose and favor one another until they form what is known as
clichés. The case is applicable to Arabic. Here are some Arabic
collocations:

‫ٔش ٌَٗحء‬٣َ‫ؿ‬
ً ‫أكَُ طويٓخ‬
‫ن‬٤ٔ‫ٓزخص ػ‬
‫خثـش‬ٛ ٍ‫رلخ‬
‫ؿزش ىٓٔش‬ٝ
َٙٗ ٖ‫ٓيه‬
َ٣ِ‫ٓطَ ؿ‬

Assignment (15)
Think of ten other examples of Arabic and English
collocations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

51
 It doesn't sound right

Assignment (16)
Some English words are difficult to grasp and
translate. Try to translate the words in the following table:

Access
Facilities
Implications
Maximize
Option
Secular
Potential
Stamina
Inter-operability
Vulnerability
Typical
Approach (n)
Feasibility
Junk food
Cyberspace

Assignment (17)
Scan the following passage from Dr. Mohamed
Anany's Art of Translation ( Longman-Lebanon, 1988) and
be all set to discuss it with your instructor.

‫ُلخظ‬٧‫ح‬
‫ حُٔـَىحص حُؼخٓش‬-1
‫ص‬٫٫‫ف ى‬٬‫ حهظ‬٢٘‫ رٔؼ‬,١ٍ‫خ‬٠‫ حُل‬ٝ‫ أ‬٢‫ف حُؼوخك‬٬‫هظ‬٫‫ ػوزش ح‬٢ٛ ٢ُٝ٧‫حُؼوزش ح‬
٢‫ كخُٔظَؿْ ىحثٔخ ً ك‬.‫ش‬٣ِ٤ِ‫ٗـ‬٩‫ن رخ‬١‫ حُؼخُْ حُ٘خ‬٢‫٘خى ك‬ٛ ‫خ‬ٜ٘‫ ػ‬,٢‫ٖ حُؼَر‬١ُٞ‫ ح‬٢‫ ك‬,‫٘خ‬ٛ ‫خء‬٤ٗ٧‫ح‬

52
 ‫كخؿش اُ‪ ٢‬حُظوَ‪٣‬ذ ر‪ٓ ٖ٤‬ؼخٗ‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬حٌُِٔخص ‪ٝ‬طِي‪ٝ ,‬أك‪٤‬خٗخ ً ٓخ ‪٘٣‬ـق ‪ًٝ‬ؼ‪َ٤‬حً ٓخ ‪٣‬لَ٘‪ .‬كل‪٢‬‬
‫ٓ‪ٞ‬حؿ‪ٜ‬ش حُٔـَىحص ط‪ٞ‬حؿ‪ٌِ٘ٓ ٜٚ‬ش "حُؼخىس" أ‪" ٝ‬ح‪٫‬طلخم"‪ ,‬اً أٗ٘خ‪ٗ -‬لٖ حُ٘خ‪١‬و‪ ٖ٤‬رخُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ٗ -‬ظؼِْ‬
‫ؿخٗزخ ًز‪َ٤‬ح ٖٓ حٗـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ظ٘خ ‪ ٝ‬كَٗٔ‪٤‬ظ٘خ ػٖ ‪٣َ١‬ن حُظَؿٔش اُ‪ ٢‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ٌٛٝ ,‬ح ‪١‬ز‪٤‬ؼ‪٘ٗ٧ ٢‬خ ٗل‪َ٤‬‬
‫حُٔؼخٗ‪ ٢‬اُ‪ٓ ٢‬خ ٗؼَك‪ٝ .ٚ‬ػ٘يٓخ ً٘خ ‪ٛ‬ـخٍح ًخٕ ‪ُٞ٣‬ع ػِ‪٘٤‬خ ًظخد ُِـش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش ( ‪(Reader‬‬
‫‪ِٓٝ‬لن ( ‪٣ )Arabic Companion‬ظ‪ ٖٔ٠‬طَؿٔش ػَر‪٤‬ش ‪ ْٛ٧‬حٌُِٔخص أ‪ٌُِِٔ ٝ‬خص حُـي‪٣‬يس‬
‫حُ‪ٞ‬حٍىس ك‪ ٌٙٛٝ .ٚ٤‬طٔؼَ أ‪ٌِ٘ٓ ٍٝ‬ش‪ ,‬حً ‪٘٘٣‬ؤ حُطخُذ (كظ‪ ٠‬ى‪ًُ ٕٝ‬ي حُِٔلن ) ‪ٝ‬هي حٓظوَ ك‪٢‬‬
‫ً‪ ٚ٘ٛ‬حُظوخرَ ر‪ًِٔ ٖ٤‬خص رؼ‪ٜ٘٤‬خ‪ ,‬رل‪٤‬غ ‪ ٌٖٔ٣ ٫‬حُل‪ َٜ‬ر‪ٜ٘٤‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حٍطزخ‪ٜ١‬خ ح‪٧‬ري‪ ,١‬اً ‪٣‬ـي ك‪٢‬‬
‫حُوخٓ‪ ّٞ‬حُ‪ٜ‬ـ‪ َ٤‬إٔ ًِٔش ‪٘ٓ pleasure‬ظوش ٖٓ ‪ to please َٔ٣‬ك‪٘٘٤‬ؤ ػِ‪ٍ ٢‬رط‪ٜ‬خ رٌِٔش‬
‫(حُلز‪ٝ , ٍٞ‬حُـزطش ‪ٝ ,‬ح‪ٍ٫‬ط‪٤‬خف ‪ ,‬حُن ) ‪ًِٔٝ‬ش ‪ delight‬ط‪ٞ‬حؿ‪ٜٜ‬خ ًِٔش ر‪ٜ‬ـش ‪َٓ joy ٝ ,‬ف ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ِْٛٝ‬ؿَح ‪ ٞٛٝ .‬رؼي ًُي ُٖ ‪٣‬ـ‪ٜ‬ي ٗلٔ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ٓ ٢‬لخ‪ُٝ‬ش ا‪٣‬ـخى ريحثَ ٌُِِٔخص حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬ىٍؽ‬
‫ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ طَؿٔش ُ‪ ٌٜٙ‬حُٔـَىحص‪ ,‬رَ ٓ‪٤‬و٘غ ر‪ٜ‬خ‪ٍٝ ,‬رٔخ أ‪ٟ‬ل‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حٌُِٔش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش حُٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬حٌُ‪١‬‬
‫ط‪ٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬ر‪ ٚ‬حٌُِٔش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬ه‪َٜٛ‬خ ػِ‪ًٔ .ٚ٤‬خ كيع ‪٧‬كي أ‪ٛ‬يهخث‪ ٖٔٓ ٢‬طوَؿ‪ٞ‬ح ك‪ ٢‬هْٔ حُِـش‬
‫ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش‪ ,‬ػ٘يٓخ ‪ٝ‬ؿي إٔ ًِٔش ‪ٝ pleasure‬هؼض ك‪٤ٓ ٢‬خم ؿي‪٣‬ي ‪٫‬ري إٔ طؼ٘‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ‪٤ٗ ٚ‬جخ ًآهَ‬
‫ؿ‪ َ٤‬حَُٔ‪ ٍٝ‬أ‪ ٞٛٝ ٫‬حُٔظؼش ( ح‪ٓ٫‬ظٔظخع ) أ‪ ٝ‬حٌُِس‪ ,‬كخٕ ً‪َٜ٘٣ ُْ ٚ٘ٛ‬ف اُ‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُٔؼ٘‪٢‬‬
‫ح‪٥‬هَ ه‪ ,٢‬رَ أٓو‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ٘‪ ٢‬حَُٔ‪ ٍٝ‬ػِ‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُٔظؼش أ‪ ٝ‬حٌُِس كطٔٔ‪ٚ‬؛ ‪ ٚٗ٧‬كزْ حٌُِٔش ك‪٢‬‬
‫ا‪٣‬ؼخٍ حُٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬حٌُ‪ ١‬طَ٘ر‪ٛ ٚ‬ـ‪َ٤‬ح ػٖ ‪٣َ١‬ن حُظَؿٔش‪٣ ٫ٞٛٝ .‬ظ‪ ٍٜٞ‬إٔ ًِٔش ‪ٌٖٔ٣ delight‬‬
‫‪ ٢ٛ‬ح‪٫‬هَ‪ ١‬إٔ طيٍ ػِ‪ ٢‬حَُٔ‪ٝ ٍٝ‬حُلز‪ ٍٞ‬؛ رَ ‪ٝ‬ػِ‪ٞٗ ٢‬ع ٖٓ أٗ‪ٞ‬حع حُٔظؼش‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬إٔ ًِٔش ‪joy‬‬
‫حُظ‪ ٢‬ىٍؽ ػِ‪ ٢‬حػظزخٍ‪ٛ‬خ ٓو‪ٍٜٞ‬س ػِ‪ ٢‬حُلَف ‪ ٝ‬حَُٔف طظ‪ ٢ٛ ٖٔ٠‬ح‪٫‬هَ‪ ١‬ؿخٗزخ ٖٓ ‪ٌٛ‬ح‬
‫‪ًٝ‬حى ‪ ٫ٝ .‬أٍ‪٣‬ي ح‪٩‬كخ‪ٟ‬ش ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬حُلَ‪ٝ‬م ح‪ ,ٕ٥‬رَ ‪ٌ٣‬ل‪ ٢‬إٔ أإًي كو‪٤‬وش رخُـش ح‪٤ٔٛ٧‬ش‪ ٢ٛٝ ,‬إٔ‬
‫حُطخُذ رؼي حُظوَؽ ‪ٝ‬ػ٘ي ٓٔخٍٓظ‪ُِ ٚ‬ظَؿٔش ‪٣‬ظَ ٓظٌٔٔخ ً رخُٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬ح‪ ٍٝ٧‬حٌُ‪ ١‬حًظٔزظ‪ ٚ‬حٌُِٔش‬
‫ك‪ٛ ًٚ٘ٛ ٢‬ـ‪َ٤‬حً‪ٌُُ ٞٛٝ ,‬ي ‪٘٣ ٫‬ـَ ٗلٔ‪ ٚ‬رخٌُ٘ق ػٖ ٓؼ٘خ‪ٛ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬أ‪ ١‬هخٓ‪ ّٞ‬آهَ؛ ‪٣ ٚٗ٫‬ؼظوي‬
‫أٗ‪٣ ٚ‬ؼَك‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٌُٜٝ‬ح ًؼ‪َ٤‬ح ٓخ ‪٣‬وطؤ ك‪ ٢‬اهَحؽ حُٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُٔليى ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪٤‬خم ٌُِِٔش حُٔـَىس‪ٓٝ .‬ؼ٘‪٢‬‬
‫ػوزش ح‪٫‬هظ‪٬‬ف حُؼوخك‪ ٢‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُل‪٠‬خٍ‪ ١‬ك‪ٔ٤‬خ ‪٣‬وظ‪ ٚ‬رخُٔـَىحص ‪ ٞٛ‬إٔ حٌُِٔخص حُظ‪ٔٗ ٢‬ظويٓ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫ُظيٍ ػِ‪ٓ ٢‬لخ‪ ْ٤ٛ‬ػخٓش ‪ٝ‬أٓخٓ‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬أٗٔخ‪ ١‬طلٌ‪َٗ٤‬خ – ٓٔظٔيس ٖٓ طخٍ‪٣‬ن ٓليى ‪َ٣‬طز‪ ٢‬رظط‪ٍٞ‬‬
‫( أ‪ ٝ‬ؿٔ‪ٞ‬ى ) كٌَ‪ٓ ١‬ليى ‪ .‬كخُٔـَىحص حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٍٝ‬حء‪ٛ‬خ ك‪ٓ٬‬لش حُؼَد‪ًٝ ,‬ظخر‪ٗٝ ْٜ‬ؼَحث‪ْٜ‬‬
‫حٌُ‪ٔ٣ ٖ٣‬ظي طخٍ‪٣‬و‪ ْٜ‬حُ‪ ٢‬أًؼَ ٖٓ هٔٔش ػَ٘ هَٕ‪ ْٛٝ ,‬حٌُ‪ ٖ٣‬أٍٓ‪ٞ‬ح حُٔلخ‪ ْ٤ٛ‬حُظ‪ٓ ٢‬خُُ٘خ ٗيٍؽ‬
‫ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ‪ٔٗ ٫ٝ ,‬ظط‪٤‬غ إٔ ٌَٗٔ ‪ٞ١‬ه‪ٜ‬خ؛ ‪ٜٗ٧‬خ ؿِء ٖٓ طٌ‪٘٘٣ٞ‬خ حُؼوخك‪ٍ ٢ٛٝ ,٢‬حٓوش ك‪ٝ ٢‬ؿيحٗ٘خ‬
‫‪ ٫‬ك‪ ٢‬ػو‪ُ٘ٞ‬خ كلٔذ‪.‬‬
‫كآرخإٗخ ُْ ‪٣‬ـي‪ٝ‬ح َٓحىكخ ً ُلٖ حٌُ‪٤ٓٞ‬ي‪٣‬خ حُـَر‪ ٢‬كظَؿٔ‪ ٙٞ‬رخُ‪ٜ‬ـخء‪ٝ ,‬رؼ‪ ْٜ٠‬طَؿْ‬
‫حُظَحؿ‪٤‬ي‪٣‬خ رخَُػخء‪ٗٝ ,‬لٖ ك‪ ٢‬حُؼ‪ َٜ‬حُلي‪٣‬غ هي ٗٔظويّ حٌُِٔخص ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش حُٔؼَرش‪ٝ ,‬هي ٗٔظويّ‬
‫"َٓحىكخص " ؿي‪٣‬يس ُ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٢ٛ‬حُِٔ‪ٜ‬خس ( ٖٓ حُِ‪ٝ ) ٜٞ‬حُٔؤٓخس ( ٖٓ ح‪ُٔٝ ) ٢ٓ٧‬ظخ رَٔحىك‪ ٖ٤‬ىه‪٤‬و‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫حٗظوخهخً‪ٌُٜٔ٘ٝ ,‬خ ٓ‪ٜ‬طِلخٕ ػِ‪ ٢‬أ‪ ١‬كخٍ‪ ,‬أ‪ ١‬أٗ‪ٜٔ‬خ ‪٣‬لٔ‪ٓ ٕ٬‬ؼ٘‪ ٢‬حٌُِٔظ‪ ٖ٤‬ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ظ‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫ح‪ٛ‬ط‪٬‬كخً‪ ٖٓٝ ,‬ػْ ك‪ٜٔ‬خ ٗخكؼظ‪ ٖ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬كي‪ٝ‬ى حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِق حُ٘وي‪ ١‬كلٔذ‪ِٜ٣ ٫ٝ ,‬لخٕ هخٍؿ‪.ٚ‬‬
‫‪ٓٝ‬ؼِٔخ ‪ٝ‬ؿيٗخ حُؼ٘ض ك‪ ٢‬طَؿٔش ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِق ‪ًٝ‬حى‪ٗ ,‬ـي ٖٓ حُ‪ٜ‬ؼذ ػِ‪٘٤‬خ طَؿٔش ٓؼ٘‪ ٢‬كٖ‬
‫حُٔوَ‪٣‬ش ح‪٧‬ىر‪ٍٝ ( satire ٢‬رٔخ ًخٕ أهَد اُ‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٜ‬ـخء‪ ,‬أ‪ ١‬ح‪ٗ٫‬ظوخى حُٔخهَ‪ ٖٓ ,‬حٌُ‪٤ٓٞ‬ي‪٣‬خ ) أ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪cynicism‬‬ ‫طَؿٔش ح‪٤ٗ٧‬خء حُؼٔ‪َ٤‬س حُظ‪ ٢‬طللَ ر‪ٜ‬خ حُِـش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش حُٔؼخ‪َٛ‬س ٓؼَ‪:‬‬
‫أ‪paradox ٝ‬أ‪ . irony ٝ‬كبًح ً٘خ حهظَٗخ ًِٔش ٖٓ حُظَحع حُؼَر‪ُٔ ٢‬ؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُٔوَ‪٣‬ش ( أ‪١‬‬
‫ح‪ٓ٫‬ظولخف ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٓ٫‬ظ‪ِٜ‬حء ‪ٝ )to mock, ridicule, or make fun of‬ػزظ٘خ‪ٛ‬خ ػِ‪ ٢‬ؿْ٘ أىر‪٢‬‬
‫رؼ‪٣ ٚ٘٤‬ـ‪ ُٞ‬إٔ ‪٣‬ظ‪ ٖٔ٠‬حُظ‪ )sarcasm ( ٌْٜ‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٜ‬ـ‪ ّٞ‬حُٔزخَٗ ( ‪ )lambasting‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُل‪٠‬ق‬
‫حُٔوٌع ( ‪ )pillorying‬أ‪ ٌٙٛ ًَ ٝ‬ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼخً‪ ,‬كٌ‪٤‬ق ٗظَؿْ ًِٔش ‪ irony‬حُظ‪ ٢‬طـٔغ ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُظ‪٣ٍٞ‬ش‬

‫‪53‬‬
 ‫‪ٝ‬حُٔوَ‪٣‬ش ‪ٝ‬حُٔلخٍهش ؟ اٗي اًح هِض ‪ٔٗٝ irony‬زظ‪ٜ‬خ ُِويٍ أ‪ُ٘ ٝ‬ج‪ ٕٞ‬حُل‪٤‬خس ًو‪ُٞ‬ي ‪irony of‬‬
‫‪ fate‬أ‪ ٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُظؼز‪ َ٤‬حُ٘خثغ ‪ً٘ it is ironical that‬ض طو‪ٜ‬ي حُٔلخٍهش ‪ٝ‬حُٔوَ‪٣‬ش ٓؼخً‪ ,‬كخُٔلخٍهش‬
‫ًخٓ٘ش ك‪ " ٢‬حكظَحم " ٓخ ‪ٝ‬هغ ػٔخ ه‪ٜ‬يص اُ‪ٝ ,ٚ٤‬حُٔوَ‪٣‬ش ًخٓ٘ش ك‪ ٢‬حُٔل‪ ّٜٞ‬حُوي‪ٝ" ْ٣‬طويٍ‪ٕٝ‬‬
‫كظ‪٠‬لي ح‪٧‬هيحٍ ! " ‪ٝ‬حُظ‪٣ٍٞ‬ش ًخٓ٘ش ك‪ ٢‬ط‪ٞ‬حٍ‪ٓ ١‬ؼ٘‪ ٢‬أ‪ ٝ‬ط‪ٞ‬حٍ‪ ١‬كيع ػ٘ي ‪ٝ‬أٗض طلظوي‪,ٙ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حٓظويٓخط‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حَُٔٔف أ‪ ٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬حَُ‪ٝ‬ح‪٣‬ش أ‪ ٝ‬حُو‪ٜ‬ش أ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘ؼَ طظ‪ٓ ٖٔ٠‬ؼ٘‪ ٢‬طوخرَ حُٔؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُظخ‪َٛ‬‬
‫ر٘ت آهَ هزت هي طؼَك‪ٝ ٚ‬هي ‪ ٫‬طؼَك‪ ٚ‬أٗظَ ًظخر‪ varieties of irony :٢‬حُ‪ٜ‬خىٍ ػٖ حُ‪٤ٜ‬جش‬
‫حُٔ‪٣َٜ‬ش حُؼخٓش ٌُِظخد‪ٌُُٝ )1986 ,‬ي طَؿٔظ‪ٜ‬خ رخُٔلخٍهش أ‪ ٝ‬رخُٔوَ‪٣‬ش‪ٍٝ ,‬رٔخ ‪٣‬ظَؿٔ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫‪ٝ‬اًح أهظخٍ حٌُخطذ طَؿٔش ‪ irony‬رخُٔلخٍهش كٌ‪٤‬ق ‪٣‬ظَؿْ‬ ‫آهَ‪ ٕٝ‬رخُٔلخٍهش حُٔخهَس‪.‬‬
‫‪ paradox‬؟ ‪٣ َٛ‬ليى ٓؼ٘خ‪ٛ‬خ رخُٔلخٍهش حُِلظ‪٤‬ش كلٔذ‪ ,‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حػظزخٍ أٗ‪ٜ‬خ طظ‪ ٖٔ٠‬ط٘خه‪٠‬خ ً‬
‫ظخ‪٣َٛ‬خ ً هي ‪٣‬ؼزض أٗ‪ ٚ‬ؿ‪ٞٓ َ٤‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ى ػ٘ي آؼخٕ حُ٘ظَ ك‪ ٢‬حُؼزخٍس ؟ ‪ٝ‬اًح حهظَٗخ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُظلي‪٣‬ي كٌ‪٤‬ق‬
‫ٗظَؿٔ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪٤ٓ ٢‬خم حُ٘ؼَ ‪ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ىد ك‪٤‬غ هي طؼ٘‪ ٢‬ح‪٩‬كٔخّ رٔ‪ٞ‬هق ‪٣‬وظِق ( ‪ ٖٓٝ‬ػْ حُٔلخٍهش )‬
‫ػٖ ‪ٝ‬حهؼ‪ ٚ‬؟ أ‪ ٝ‬طؼخ‪ ٖ٣‬ح‪ٟ٧‬يحى ك‪٤ٛ ٢‬ـش ىٍحٓ‪٤‬ش ؿ‪ُ َ٤‬ـ‪٣ٞ‬ش ؟‬
‫‪ٝ‬أٓخ حٌُِٔش حُؼخُؼش حُظ‪ ٢‬ط٘ظَى ك‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُٔوَ‪٣‬ش ٓغ ‪ satire‬كخػظَف أٗ٘‪ ُْ ٢‬أؿي‬
‫‪cynicism‬‬ ‫ُ‪ٜ‬خ طَؿٔش ٓوز‪ُٞ‬ش أٍ‪ ٢ٟ‬ػ٘‪ٜ‬خ ٍؿْ ح‪ٛ‬ظٔخٓ‪ ٢‬ر‪ٜ‬خ ٓ٘‪ٞ‬حص ‪ِ٣ٞ١‬ش‪ ,‬اً إٔ ًِٔش‬
‫طظ‪ٗ ٫ٝ ٖٔ٠‬ي هيٍحً ٖٓ ٓؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُٔوَ‪٣‬ش‪ٌُٜ٘ٝ ,‬خ ٓوَ‪٣‬ش هخثٔش ػِ‪ٍ ٢‬ك‪ ٞ‬حُو‪ٝ ْ٤‬حُٔؼَ رٔؼ٘‪٢‬‬
‫اٌٗخٍ ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ى‪ٛ‬خ‪ٝ ,‬ط‪ِٝٗ ٍٜٞ‬ع حُزَ٘ اُ‪ ٢‬ح‪ٗ٫‬لطخ‪ٝ ١‬حكظَح‪ ٝ‬ؿِزش حُِٔ‪ٞ‬ى حُوخثْ ػِ‪ ٢‬ح‪ٗ٧‬خٗ‪٤‬ش‪,‬‬
‫كٌ‪٤‬ق رخُ‪ٗ ٚ‬و‪ٓ " ٍٞ‬وَ‪٣‬ش " ‪ٝ‬كٔذ ‪ٗٝ‬لٖ ٓطٔج٘‪ ٕٞ‬اُ‪ ٢‬ط‪ٞ‬حُ‪ ١‬حٌُِٔظ‪ ٖ٤‬؟‬

‫‪ -2‬المجردات الحدٌثة‪:‬‬
‫أما المجردات الحدٌثة فً العربٌة فهً ترتبط بمجردات حدٌثة فً معظم لغات العالم‬
‫وهً ال تتمت بنفس العمق التارٌخً الذي ٌهبها ذلك الثراء فً المعنً الذي أشرت إلٌه‪ ،‬وهذا‬
‫هو ما ٌجعل التتابل بٌنها ٌسٌراًا‪ .‬وأحٌانا ما لجؤ المترجمون من جٌل آبابنا العباقرة إلً‬
‫استحداث كلمات لها‪ ،‬إما نحتا ًا أو تولٌداًا أو تعرٌباًا‪ ،‬وأضفوا إلً المتابالت العربٌة المعنً‬
‫األجنبً المحدد‪ ،‬بحٌث ثبت هذا المعنً ولم ٌعد علٌه خالف‪ .‬وأحٌانا ًا ما لجؤنا نحن‪ ،‬كل فً‬
‫مجاله‪ ،‬إلً استحداث كلمات عربٌة لها أضفٌنا علٌها نفس المعانً األجنبٌة‪ ،‬فؤثبتناها وأرحنا‬
‫أنفسنا ومن ٌؤتً بعدنا من المترجمٌن‪ .‬فتد تناول آباإنا االصطالحات السٌاسٌة الحدٌثة‬
‫وعربوها أوالًا‪ ،‬ثم ولدوا لها كلمات جدٌدة؛ فؤحمد لطفً السٌد بدأ بترجمة ‪communism‬‬
‫بالكومٌونٌة‪ ،‬ثم تحولت بسرعة إلً الشٌوعٌة؛ ولوٌس عوض ٌشٌر إلً من ترجم الـ‬
‫‪ socialism‬بالسوسٌالٌزم (والسوسٌالٌست) فً كتابة " أوراق العمر "‪ ،‬ولكنها تحولت‬
‫بسرعة هً أٌضا ًا إلً االشتراكٌة‪ .‬وقد وجدت أقدم استعمال لها فً رواٌة " زٌنب " للدكتور‬
‫محمد حسٌن هٌكل ( وهما مصدران صناعٌان مثل معظم الكلمات المستخدمة لوصف‬
‫المذاهب الفنٌة والسٌاسٌة‪ ،‬الخ‪ ).‬واختلف الناس فً ترجمة ‪ bureaucracy‬فكتبها البعض‬
‫كما هً ( البٌروقراطٌة ) وفضّل البعض الدٌوانٌة‪ ،‬وإن كان التعرٌب فً هذه الحالة هو الذي‬
‫‪ democracy‬والسرٌالٌة ‪surrealism‬‬ ‫ساد وانتشر‪ ،‬مثل‪ :‬كلمة الدٌموقراطٌة‬
‫والبرجوازي‪ . bourgeoisie‬وعلً عكس كلمات أخري ساد فٌها المُول ّد ‪ ،‬مثل ‪ :‬السلوك ‪،‬‬
‫وهً كلمة فصحً لم تكن تعنً إال الطرٌق أو الذهاب فً الطرٌق أو الدخول فٌه ( لسان‬

‫‪54‬‬
 ‫العرب والتاموس المحٌط ‪ )...‬ثم أصبحت مرادفة لكلمة ‪ behavior‬اإلنجلٌزٌة ‪ ،‬ثم قرر‬
‫المجم موازنته ا باالصطالح المستخدم فً علم النفس ‪ ،‬ومن ثم أصبحت السلوكٌة هً‬
‫‪( behaviorism‬المعجم الوسٌط ) ‪ .‬ومثل الرأسمالٌة ‪ ،capitalism‬والثتافة ‪،culture‬‬
‫رغم ما نشب وٌنشب حول هذه الكلمة من خالفات فهً من الكلمات التً " أفشاها " سالمة‬
‫‪ ،)1926‬ترجمة لكلمة ‪kultur‬‬ ‫موسً‪ ،‬كما ٌتول هو نفسه فً مجلة المتتطف (ابرٌل‬
‫معان ابعد ما تكون عن معانٌها عند السلف؛‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫األلمانٌة‪ ،‬ومن ثم فتد أصبحت للثتافة فً عصرنا‬
‫فهً حالٌاًا‪ ،‬بصفة عامة‪ ،‬كٌفٌة استجابة اإلنسان للطبٌعة والبٌبة كما تتبدي فً أسلوب حٌاته؛‬
‫وبصفة خاصة‪ ،‬مظاهر سلوكه المتحضر كما تعكسها وتجسدها الفنون واآلداب‪ .‬فما ابعد ذلك‬
‫عن‪ :‬ثتّف الرمح‪ ،‬أي قوّ م اعوجاجه وسواه؛ أو‪ :‬ثتّف الناس‪ ،‬أي أدركهم‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬المجسدات ‪:‬‬
‫أما فً مواجهة المجسدات فالصعوبة حضارٌة أو ثتافٌة صرفة‪ ،‬ولكنها أقل تعتٌداًا‬
‫من المجردات؛ إذ أنها تتمثل فً " االتفاق " علً أن كلمة ما فً العربٌة الفصحى ( التدٌمة‬
‫أو المعاصرة ) توازي كلمة ما باللغة األوربٌة الحدٌثة‪ ،‬وكلما كان الترادف دقٌتا ًا بمعنً إشارة‬
‫– كان المترجم واثق‬ ‫الكلمتٌن فً اللغتٌن دون لبس أو غموض إلً نفس الشا المجسد‬
‫الخطوة فً ترجمته‪ .‬فكلمة ‪ dog‬بمعنً كلب ال خالف علٌها ‘ ولكننا إذا ابتعدنا عن اسم‬
‫‪ cur‬أٌضا ًا‬ ‫الجنس إلً أنواع الكالب وسالالتها برزت لنا مشكلة االختالف الثتافً‪ :‬فكلمة‬
‫تعنً كلب‪ ،‬ولكنها عادة تتضمن معنً الحطة والدناءة؛ وكلمة ‪ hound‬تعنً كلب الصٌد‪،‬‬
‫وكلمة ‪collie‬كلب الراعً‪ .‬وكل ساللة من سالالت الكالب فً اإلنجلٌزٌة لها اسم ٌشٌر إلً‬
‫نوعها‪ ،‬سواء كانت أصٌلة ‪ pedigree‬أو مهجنة ‪ ، mongrel‬وعادة ما ٌنسب اسمها إلً‬
‫‪ dalmatian‬األبٌض المنتط باألسود‪ ،‬و‬ ‫مكان استنباط الساللة أو شٌوع وجودها‪ ،‬مثل‬
‫‪ spaniel‬التصٌر ذي الفراء الناعم و‬ ‫‪ alsatian‬الذي تستخدمه الشرطة‪ ،‬والـ‬
‫ًا‬
‫‪ dachshund‬التصٌر الصغٌر‪ ،‬والـ ‪ pekinese‬الصغٌر جدا‪ ،‬والـ ‪ labrador‬الضخم‬
‫وال ‪ terrier‬الصغٌر النشٌط المدرب لصٌد‬ ‫السمٌك‪ ،‬والـ ‪ great Dane‬أضخمها وأعالها‪ ،‬ـ‬
‫حٌوانات الجحور‪ ،‬وهلم جرا‪.‬والمترجم عادة ٌحار فً أسلوب تعامله م هذه التفاصٌل‪،‬‬
‫فالعربٌة ال تسعفه بكلمات دقٌتة محددة لكل هذه األنواع‪ ،‬وهو مضطر إلً إضافة صفات فً‬
‫كل حالة بغٌة التخصٌص؛ ولكن الصفة نادراًا ما تنتل صورة " الشا " بدقة‪ ( ،‬أو الحٌوان فً‬
‫‪ ،pekinese‬وال صفة‬ ‫هذه الحالة ) فال صفة الصغر وضآلة الحجم بمغنٌة عن شكل الـ‬
‫الضخامة بمغنٌة عن شكل الـ ‪ great Dane‬؛ بل وال اقتباس نفس الكلمة وتعرٌبها‪ ،‬فكلمة‬
‫البٌكٌنٌز لن تعنً الكثٌر للتارئ العربً‪ ،‬وال حتً الترجمة الحرفٌة ( البٌكٌنً فً هذه الحالة‬
‫أو الدنمركً الكبٌر فً حالة الـ ‪ ..) great Dane‬وخصوصا ًا إذا كان أسم الكلب ذا‬
‫إٌحاءات خاصة مثل الـ ‪( bulldog‬الكلب الثور )‪ .‬وال ٌعرف مدي المعاناة التً ٌعانٌها‬
‫المترجم فً هذه الحالة مثل من اكتوت أصابعه بنار النصوص التً تسرف فً التفرقة بٌن‬
‫هذه األنواع‪ ،‬أو تسرف فً اإلشارة إلٌها‪ ،‬تارة بصٌغة المفرد وتارة بصٌغة الجم ‪ ،‬وتارة‬
‫بصٌغة المإنث وتارة بصٌغة المثنً‪.‬‬
‫وما ٌنطبق علً الكالب ٌنطبق علً الزهور والطٌور واأللوان واألشجار والسحب‬
‫والمٌاه‪ ،‬وما إلً ذلك مما تحفل به العربٌة وال نعرفه‪ ،‬أو مما لم ٌعرفه العرب فاحتاج منا إلً‬

‫‪55‬‬
 ‫‪ ornithology‬أن‬ ‫تعرٌب أو تعرٌف أو ترجمة‪ .‬فتد أثبت أحد الباحثٌن فً مجال الطٌور‬
‫لدٌنا فً العربٌة أسماء لشتً طٌور األرض وان كان معظمنا ال ٌعرفها‪ ،‬وإن عرف بعضها‬
‫تعذر علٌه استخدامه االستخدام الصحٌح‪ ،‬إما لشٌوع الخطؤ ( مثل ترجمة ‪ eagle‬بالنسر وهو‬
‫فً الحتٌتة عُتاب‪ ،‬أما النسر فهو ‪ ) vulture‬أو لعدم وثوقه من فهم السام له‪ ،‬فمن ذا الذي‬
‫ٌفهمك إذا قلت "الحسون " ترجمة لكلمة‪ ، finch :‬م ورودها فً أحدي األغانً للمطربة‬
‫فٌروز ؟ أو إذا أشرت إلً "الشحرور" بالشامٌة ‪ ، blackbird‬م شٌوعه لن ٌفهمك إال‬
‫التلٌل؛ ألننا فً مصر ال نؤلف هذه الطٌور‪ .‬ورحم هللا مسٌو باكو معلم اللغة الفرنسٌة فً‬
‫الجامعة ‪ ،‬إذ سؤل الطلبة عن معنً ‪ alouette‬بالفرنسٌة ‪ ،‬وهو التُبرة ‪ ، lark‬فؤجاب الطلبة‬
‫‪" :‬عصفور" فصاح غاضبا ًا ‪ " :‬كل هاجة أسفور أسفور ! " ( بلكنة عربٌة أجنبٌة )‬
‫والحق أننا سندرك المعانً الصحٌحة إن كانت تت فً نطاق تجربتنا الشخصٌة‪ ،‬فإذا‬
‫خرجت عنها أصبحنا فً حٌص بٌص‪ .‬فتد رأي بعضنا الحدأة ‪ ،kite‬وٌعرف بعضنا الصتر؛‬
‫ولكن كم منا ٌستطٌ التفرقة بٌن ‪ hawk‬و ‪ flacon‬؟ وأذكر أننً كنت ذات مرة فً أبرٌل‬
‫‪ 1968‬فً زٌارة ألستاذتً فً جامعة لندن بعد االنتهاء من الماجستٌر‪ ،‬فوجدتها فً حالة‬
‫انفعال شدٌد ‪ ٝ‬كَف ‪١‬خؽ‪ ,‬اً أٗخٍص ٖٓ ٗخكٌس ؿَكظ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ ٠‬حٌُِ‪٤‬ش ( ‪ً ٝ‬خٗض حٌُِ‪٤‬ش ‪Bedford‬‬
‫‪College‬طوغ ‪ ٢ٓٝ‬كي‪٣‬وش ‪ Regent's Park‬ك‪ ٠‬هِذ ُ٘يٕ) اُ‪ٗ ٠‬ـَس رؼ‪٤‬يس ر٘‪ ٠‬ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ٓخُي‬
‫حُلِ‪١ ٞٛ ٝ ( heron ٖ٣‬خثَ هـ‪٘٣ ٍٞ‬يٍ إٔ ‪٣‬وظَد ٖٓ حُزَ٘) ػ٘خ ًّ ‪٧‬كَحه‪ ٝ .ٚ‬ظَِِ٘خ ٗظؤَٓ‬
‫أٗؼ‪ ٠‬حُطخثَ ٓخػش أ‪ ٝ‬رؼ‪ٓ ٞ‬خػش ‪ ٢ٛ ٝ ,‬طل٘‪ ٞ‬ػِ‪ٛ ٠‬ـخٍ‪ٛ‬خ‪ ,‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ك‪ً ٖ٤‬خٕ حًٌَُ ‪٣‬ؼ‪ٞ‬ى ٖٓ‬
‫‪ٝ‬هض اُ‪ ٠‬آهَ ُ‪٤‬طٔجٖ ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪٣ٝ‬طؼْ حُلَحم ‪ .‬طَ‪ٔٓ َٛ ٟ‬غ أكي رٔخُي حُلِ‪ ٫ ٝ , ٖ٣‬أه‪ٍ ٍٞ‬آ‪,ٙ‬‬
‫هخٍؽ ًِ‪ِ٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬ىٓ٘ش ‪٫‬رٖ حُٔولغ ؟ ‪ُ ٝ‬ي‪٘٣‬خ ك‪ َٜٓ ٠‬أٓٔخء ؿَ‪٣‬زش ُِط‪ ٍٞ٤‬حُظ‪ٗ ٠‬ؼَك‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬هللا حػِْ‬
‫رؤ‪ُٜٞٛ‬خ‪ ٢ٛ َٛ ,‬كَػ‪٤ٗٞ‬ش أّ أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش ؟ كٔخ أ‪ًِٔ َٛ‬ش ٓؼَ ىؿ٘خٕ ‪ shrike‬أ‪ ٝ‬هَٗخ‪great ٙ‬‬
‫‪ٔٛ ٝ grey shrike‬خ ٖٓ حُط‪ ٍٞ٤‬حُظ‪ ٠‬طِ‪ َٜٓ ٍٝ‬ك‪ٓ ٠‬زظٔزَ؟ ‪ٓ ٝ‬خ ٓزذ طٔٔ‪٤‬ش حُــ‬
‫‪ warbler‬رؤّ ؿٔؼش؟ ‪ kingfisher ٝ‬رــ ػْ ػِ‪ ٠‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬خى‪ ٝ ,‬حُــ ‪ wryneck‬رخَُّ٘‪ٞ‬حٗ‪٤‬ش ؟ ‪ ٝ‬حُــ‬
‫‪ cuckoo‬رخَُّٔؤخم (حُ‪ٞ‬ه‪ٞ‬حم) ‪ ٝ‬حُــ ‪ flamingo‬رخُزَ٘‪ٕٝ‬؟ ‪ ٝ‬حُــ ‪ teal‬رخُ ََّ٘ٗ‪ ٝ َ٤‬حُــ‬
‫‪ mallard‬رخُزِز‪ٍٞ‬؟ اُ‪ ٠‬آهَ حُوخثٔش حُظ‪ ٫ ٠‬طٌخى ط٘ظ‪. ٠ٜ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬أًًَ َٓس ًّ٘خ ٗظَؿْ ٓ‪ٟٞٞ‬ػخ ً ػٖ ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خى‪ ,‬ك‪ٞ‬ؿيص طٔ‪ِ٤٤‬حً ر‪ ٖ٤‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خى حُـ‬
‫‪ٝ demersal‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خى حُـ ‪ٝ pelagic‬ح‪ ٠ُٝ٧‬طؼ٘‪ ٠‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خى حُظ‪ ٠‬طؼ‪ ٖ٤‬هَد حُوخع‪ٝ ,‬حُؼخٗ‪٤‬ش‬
‫طؼ٘‪ ٠‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خى حُظ‪ ٠‬طؼ‪ ٖ٤‬هَد حُٔطق‪ًٝ .‬خٕ حُؼَف هي ؿَ‪ ٟ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬طَؿٔش ح‪ ٠ُٝ٧‬رؤٓٔخى‬
‫حُوخع ‪ٝ‬حُؼخٗ‪٤‬ش رخ‪ٔٓ٧‬خى حُٔزّخكش‪ ٖٓٝ ,‬ػْ حػظَ‪ ٝ‬حُزؼ‪ ٞ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُظٔٔ‪٤‬ش ح‪٧‬ه‪َ٤‬س حٗط‪٬‬هخ ً ٖٓ إٔ‬
‫ؿٔ‪٤‬غ ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خى َٓزّخكش‪ ٖٓٝ ,‬ػْ ُػيُِّض اُ‪( ٠‬أٓٔخى حُٔطق) ٍؿْ حكظوخى حُظَّؼز‪ َ٤‬اُ‪ ٠‬حُيِّهش‬
‫حٌُخِٓش‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص ‪ٓٝ‬خ اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ‪:‬‬

‫‪٫‬ري‪ ,‬هزَ ح‪ٗ٫‬ظوخٍ اُ‪ ٠‬حُزخد حُظخُ‪ٛ ًًَ ٖٓ ,٢‬ؼ‪ٞ‬رش ك‪ ٢‬حُُِـخص ح‪ٍٝٝ٧‬ر‪٤‬ش حُل‪َّ٤‬ش ‪٫‬‬
‫ٗظ‪ُٜ َ٤‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ ٠ٛٝ ,‬حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص ‪ٝ abbreviations‬حُظٔٔ‪٤‬خص ح‪ٝ٧‬حثِ‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬أ‪ ١‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء‬
‫حُوخثٔش ػِ‪ ٠‬حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص ‪ٝ ,acronyms‬حٌُِٔخص حُٔ٘ظوَّش ٖٓ أٓٔخء أٗوخ‪ ٙ‬رؼ‪ْٜ٘٤‬‬
‫طؼز‪ٓ َ٤‬خ‪ٝ ,‬ػخىس ٓخ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫‪ . eponyms‬أٓخ حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص ك‪ ٢ٜ‬ح‪٧‬كَف ح‪ ٖٓ ٠ُٝ٧‬حْٓ َُٓ ًَّذ أ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪ٍٞ٣‬ى‪ ٙ‬حٌُخطذ ً٘‪ٞ‬ع ٖٓ ح‪٫‬هظِحٍ ط‪ٞ‬ك‪َ٤‬حً ُ‪ٞ‬هض حُوخٍة‪٣ٝ .‬ظٔظَّغ حُٔظَؿْ ٖٓ ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش اُ‪٠‬‬
‫حُلَٗٔ‪٤‬ش أ‪ ٝ‬اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ ٖٓ ١‬حُِـخص ح‪ٍٝٝ٧‬ر‪٤‬ش ح‪٧‬هَ‪ ٟ‬رلَ‪٣‬ش ا‪٣‬ـخى ٓؼ‪ ِٚ٤‬ك‪ُ ٢‬ـظ‪ ,ٚ‬أ‪ ٝ‬رب‪َ٣‬حى‪ًٔ ٙ‬خ‬
‫‪ ٞٛ‬ى‪ ٕٝ‬طؼي‪ ,َ٣‬كظ‪ ٠‬ى‪ ٕٝ‬إٔ ‪٣‬ؼَف ٓيُ‪ ُٚٞ‬حٌُخَٓ؛ رَ إ رؼ‪ ٌٙٛ ٞ‬حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص هي ‪ٌٕٞ٣‬‬

‫‪56‬‬
 ‫هخثٔخ ً ػِ‪ ٠‬ػزخٍس أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش‪ُٔ٣ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ,‬ظويّ ًٔخ ‪ ٞٛ‬ى‪ ٕٝ‬طـ‪ َ٤٤‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش‪ٓ ,‬ؼَ‪, R.S.V.P :‬‬
‫أ‪ ١‬أؿذ ٖٓ ك‪ِ٠‬ي ‪ٌُٜ٘ٝ répondez s'il vous plait‬خ ػخىس ٓخ طؼ٘‪ ٠‬إٔ حُيحػ‪٣ ٢‬طِذ حََُّى‬
‫رخ‪٣٩‬ـخد أ‪ ٝ‬حَُِّٔذ ػِ‪ ٠‬حُ َّيػ‪ٞ‬س حُظ‪ٝ ٢‬ؿ‪ٜٜ‬خ‪ٝ .‬حُ‪َّٜ‬ل‪٤‬لشُ حُظ‪ ٢‬أٓخٓ‪ ٢‬طِهَ ر٘ظّ‪ ٠‬أٗ‪ٞ‬حع‬
‫حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص‪ٝ ,‬هي ‪ٝ‬ؿيص أٗ‪ٜ‬خ طظَح‪ٝ‬ف ر‪ ٖ٤‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء حُٔؤُ‪ٞ‬كش ُِ ُّي‪ٝ ٍٝ‬حُٔ٘ظَّٔخص‪ٝ ,‬ر‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫‪( U.S.A‬حُ‪٣٫ٞ‬خص حُٔظليس‬ ‫حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص حُٔظو‪ِّٜٜ‬ش؛ كخُ٘خّثؼش طظ‪ َّٖٔ ٠‬ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬ز‪ َ٤‬حُٔؼخٍ‬
‫ح‪٤ٌ٣َٓ٧‬ش) ‪( U.K. ٝ‬حٌُِٔٔش حُٔظَّليس) ‪( U.N. ٝ‬ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظَّليس) ‪ٝ‬أٓٔخء ‪ًٝ‬خ‪٫‬ص ح‪ٗ٧‬زخء ٓؼَ‬
‫‪( A.P.‬أٓ‪٘٤ٗٞ‬ي پٍ‪ٗٞ٣(UPI ٝ )ْ٣‬خ‪٣‬ظي پٍ‪ ْ٣‬اٗظَٗخٗ‪ٗٞ٤‬خٍ) ‪ًٝ( AFP ٝ‬خُش ح‪ٗ٧‬زخء‬
‫حُلَٗٔ‪٤‬ش) ‪ٓٝ‬خ اُ‪ًُ ٠‬ي‪ٝ .‬طظ‪ ٖٔ٠‬حُٔوظ‪َٜ‬حص حُٔظو‪ٜٜ‬ش‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٜ‬ل‪٤‬لش ٗلٔ‪ٜ‬خ‪ٍُٞٓ ,‬حً‬
‫ُٔ‪ٜ‬طِلخص هخ‪ٛ‬ش ٓؼَ ‪ DNA‬أ‪ ٞٛٝ deoxyribonucleic acid ١‬كخٓ‪ ٞ‬حُوِِّ‪٤‬ش حُلخٓ َُ‬
‫ُِ‪ِّٜ‬لخص حُ‪ٍ ٞ‬حػ‪ ٢‬س ‪ CFC ٝ ,‬أ‪ٓ ١‬خىس حُـ ‪ chlorofluorocarbon‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ىس ك‪ ٢‬أٗخر‪٤‬ذ‬
‫ح‪ ٍَٞٓٝ٣٩‬حُظ‪ ٢‬طؼَٔ رخُـخُ حُٔ‪٠‬ـ‪ٝ ,١ٞ‬حُظ‪ُ٣ ٢‬ؼِ‪ ٟ‬اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ حُظآًَ ك‪١ ٢‬زوش ؿخُ ح‪ُٕٝٝ٧‬‬
‫حُٔل‪٤‬طش رخ‪ ERM ٝ ,ٍٝ٧‬أ‪ٓٝ exchange rate mechanism١‬ؼ٘خ‪ٛ‬خ آُ‪٤‬ش ‪ٟ‬ز‪ٓ ٢‬ؼَ‬
‫حُ‪َٜ‬ف ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬م ح‪ٍٝٝ٧‬ر‪٤‬ش حُٔ٘ظًَش ‪ ٠ٛٝ‬طي ُّهَ حُز٘ي حًَُِٔ‪ ١‬ك‪ ٢‬آ‪٣‬ش ى‪ُٝ‬ش ٖٓ حُي‪ٍٝ‬‬
‫‪European Economic ( EEC‬‬ ‫ح‪٧‬ػ‪٠‬خء ك‪ ٢‬حُٔـٔ‪ٞ‬ػش ح‪٫‬هظ‪ٜ‬خى‪٣‬ش ح‪ٍٝٝ٧‬ر‪٤‬ش‬
‫ٓؼَ حُ‪َٜ‬ف ُؼِٔش ٖٓ حُؼٔ‪٬‬ص‪ ,‬اًح حٍطلغ ػٖ ٓخثَ ػٔ‪٬‬ص‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪ُ )Community‬ظؼز‪٤‬ض‬
‫حُٔـٔ‪ٞ‬ػش رٔخ ‪٣ِ٣‬ي ػٖ ‪ %6‬؛ ‪ٓٝ‬خ اُ‪ًُ ٠‬ي‪.‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬اًح ًخٕ حُٔظَؿْ ٓطخُزخ ً رظَؿٔش ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِلخص اُ‪ ٠‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬كؼِ‪ ٚ٤‬أ‪ ً٫ٝ‬إٔ‬
‫‪٣‬يٍى ٓخ صَ ََ ػ٘‪ٝ ,٠‬ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬ػخٗ‪٤‬خ ً إٔ ‪٣‬ؼَف ٓخ حطَّلن ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حُٔـظٔغ حُي‪ُِٔ ٢ُٝ‬ظَؿٔ‪ – ٖ٤‬إ ‪ٛ‬ق‬
‫‪ٌٛ‬ح حُظَّؼز‪ – َ٤‬حُٔظٔؼَ ك‪ ٢‬هزَحء حُظََّؿٔش رخ‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظليس ‪٘ٓٝ‬ظٔخط‪ٜ‬خ‪ .‬كٔؼَكشُ ٓخ حطُّلن ػِ‪ٌّْ ِٜ ٓ ٚ٤‬‬
‫‪ٛ‬لل‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬أ‪١‬‬ ‫‪ ,١ٍَٟٝٝ‬ك‪ٓ ْٜ٣ ٬‬ؼ‪ ً٬‬اًح ًخٕ حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِق ػخٓخ ًّ إٔ ‪٣‬ظَؿٔ‪ ٚ‬حُٔظَؿْ طَؿٔشً َ‬
‫طَؿٔش (ط‪َّ٤ِ٤ٛٞ‬ش) ‪ٛ‬يكُ‪ٜ‬خ ط‪ َ٤ٛٞ‬حُٔؼ٘‪ٝ ٠‬كْٔذ اُ‪ ٠‬حُوخٍة؛ كظَؿٔشُ ‪ FBI‬أ‪Federal ١‬‬
‫‪ Bureau of Investigations‬رٌٔظذ حُظَّلو‪٤‬وخص حُل‪٤‬يٍحُ‪ ,٢‬أ‪ ٝ‬حٌُٔظذ حُل‪٤‬يٍحُ‪( ٢‬أ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ح‪٩‬طلخى‪ُِ )ٟ‬ظَّلو‪٤‬وخص (ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪٣٫ٞ‬خص حُٔظليس) ُٖ طٌ‪َ ٟٞٓ ٕٞ‬غ ه‪٬‬ف ًز‪١ َ٤‬خُٔخ ‪ َٛٝ‬حُٔؼ٘‪٠‬‬
‫اُ‪ ٠‬حُوخٍة‪ًٌُٝ ,‬ي طَؿٔش ‪( IFB‬أ‪٠٣‬خ ك‪ ٢‬أَٓ‪ٌ٣‬خ) رخُٔ٘خه‪ٜ‬ش أ‪ ٝ‬حُ َّيػ‪ٞ‬س ُظوي‪ ْ٣‬حُٔ٘خه‪ٜ‬خص‬
‫‪ Invitation for Bids‬أ‪ ٝ‬كظ‪ ٠‬حُيػ‪ٞ‬س ُظوي‪ ْ٣‬حُٔؼطخءحص‪ًٌُٝ .‬ي طَؿٔشُ‪ٝ (RSPCA) :‬حُظ‪٢‬‬
‫طيٍ ػِ‪Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals :٠‬رخُـٔؼ‪٤‬ش‬
‫حٌُِٔ‪٤‬ش ُٔ٘غ حُؤ‪ٞ‬س ػِ‪ ٠‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٕ‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬رـٔؼ‪٤‬ش حََُّكن رخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٕ ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش‪ ٌُٖٝ .‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُٔظَؿْ‬
‫إٔ ‪٣‬ؼَف ٓخ حطَّلن ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حُٔظَؿْ إٔ ‪٣‬ؼَف ٓخ حطَّلن ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حُٔظَؿٔ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظليس ر٘ؤٕ‬
‫ٓ‪ٜ‬طِق ٓؼَ ‪ ,ICCPR‬أ‪International Covenant on Civil and Political ١‬‬
‫‪ Rights‬أ‪ ١‬حُٔؼ‪ٜ‬ي حُي‪ ٢ُٝ‬حُوخ‪ ٙ‬رخُلو‪ٞ‬م حُٔيٗ‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حُٔ‪َّ٤‬خٓش؛ اً أ‪ٛ‬زق ‪ٌٛ‬ح ٖٓ أٓٔخء ح‪٧‬ػ‪ّ٬‬‬
‫‪٣ ٫ٝ‬ـ‪ُ٘ ُٞ‬خ طؼي‪ ِٚ٣‬كظ‪ ُٞٝ ٠‬حهظِل٘خ ٓغ حُٔظَؿْ ح‪ٝ ,ُٚ ٢ِٛ٧‬ا‪ً ٫‬خٕ ُ٘خ إٔ ٗؼ‪٤‬ي طَؿٔشَ‬
‫‪ USA‬رخُ ُّي‪ ٍٝ‬ح‪٤ٌ٣َٓ٧‬ش حُٔظليس؛ كِوي طَُ ِؿٔض ‪ State‬ر‪ٍ ٣٫ٞ‬ش أ‪٣‬خ َّ حُلٌْ حُؼؼٔخٗ‪ًُٝ ,٢‬ي ه‪٤‬خٓخ ً‬
‫ػِ‪٣٫ٝ ٠‬خص حُ َّي‪ُٝ‬ش حُؼؼٔخٗ‪٤‬ش حٌُؼ‪َ٤‬س ‪ٜ٘ٓٝ‬خ ٓ‪.َٜ‬‬
‫ن إٔ ٓظَؿٔ‪ ٢‬ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظليس ‪٣‬ظؼََّ‪ُ٘ ٕٟٞ‬ظ‪ ٠‬حُ‪ ُّ٠‬ـ‪ِ ١ٞ‬ك‪٤‬خٍ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء حُظ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪ٝ‬حُل ُّ‬
‫‪ٜ‬ؼ‪ٞ‬رخص حُظ‪٢‬‬ ‫ُّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ؿَص ٓـَ‪ ٟ‬ح‪٧‬ػ‪٣ٝ ,ّ٬‬زٌُ‪ ٕٞ‬ؿ‪ٜٞ‬ىح ؿزّخٍس ؿي‪َ٣‬س رخُؼ٘خء ك‪ ٢‬حُظـِذ ػِ‪ ٠‬حُ ُّ‬
‫ط‪ٞ‬حؿ‪ْٜٜ‬؛ اً طـي ٓؼ‪٤ٛ ً٬‬جظَ‪ ْٖ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظليس ٓوظ‪َّٜ‬ظ‪ ٖ٤‬رلو‪ٞ‬م ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ‪ٜٔ٘ٓ ًَٝ ,‬خ ُـ٘ش؛‬
‫ح‪ٝ The UN Committee on Human Rights :٢ٛ ٠ُٝ٧‬حُؼَّخٗ‪٤‬ش ‪The UN :٢ٛ‬‬
‫‪ Human Rights Commission‬كخ‪ ٠ُٝ٧‬طظَؿْ رِـ٘ش كو‪ٞ‬م ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ‪ٝ ,‬حُؼخٗ‪٤‬ش حَُِّـ٘ش‬
‫حُٔؼ٘‪َّ٤‬ش رلو‪ٞ‬م ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ‪ ٫ٝ‬ىحػ‪ٓ٬ُ ٢‬ظطَحى ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُزخد‪.‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
 Scientific Terminology
Every language has its own shortcomings. English for example
does not differentiate between the brother of the father and the brother
of the mother. One aspect which shows these drawbacks is the idea of
colors in Arabic. It is true that Arabia where Arabic was born is not
colorful enough, but the language was carried to other places like Egypt
and Tunisia. We still, however have a problem with some colors,
particularly those generated by computers. Why do we use words like
ٕٞٔ٤ٓ – ُ‫ح‬ًَٞ‫ٓظخؽ – ط‬ٞ‫ – ر‬٢ٗٞ‫ف – ك‬ٞٓ …..etc?
Likewise, Arabic seems to have a problem in coining words to
refer to technological devices simply because we no longer contribute
much to this field.
‫خ‬ٍٛ‫أهزخ‬ٝ ‫خ‬ِٜٓٞ‫ػ‬ٝ ‫ٓش‬٧‫ي ُـش ح‬٤‫ل‬٣ ‫اٗٔخ‬
ْٜ‫كَحؿ‬ٝ ‫خ‬ِٜٛ‫ أ‬١‫ٗ٘خ‬ٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ُظ‬ٝ‫س ى‬ٞ‫ه‬
ْٛٝ‫ْ ػي‬ٜ٤ِ‫ؿِذ ػ‬ٝ ْٜ‫ُظ‬ٝ‫أٓخ ٖٓ طِلض ى‬ٝ
ْٜ‫هيٓش أػيحث‬ٝ ٌٍُ‫ح‬ٝ ‫حُلخؿش‬ٝ ‫ف‬ٞ‫ح رخُو‬ِٞ‫حٗظـ‬ٝ
َ١‫ح‬ٞ‫ص حُو‬ٞٓ ْٜ٘ٓ ٕٞٔ٠ٔ‫ك‬
ِْٜٓٞ‫ى ػ‬ٞ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٍْٛ‫خٕ أهزخ‬٤ٔٗٝ ْٜ‫خد ُـظ‬ٌُٛ ‫ٍرٔخ ًخٕ ًُي ٓززخ‬ٝ
‫يس‬ٛ‫ى رخُٔ٘خ‬ٞ‫ؿ‬ٞٓ ‫ٌح‬ٛ
‫ٍس‬َٝ٠ُ‫ّ ُِؼوَ رخ‬ِٞ‫ٓؼ‬ٝ
" ّ‫كٌخ‬٧‫ٍ ح‬ٞٛ‫ أ‬٢‫كٌخّ ك‬٩‫حرٖ كِّ " ح‬

If you compare a list of the English words loaned from Arabic

with the list of English words used in Arabic, you will discover that the
former includes mainly words of clothes, music instruments, herbs and
flowers while the latter contains a large group of scientific denotations.

It goes without saying that when you import a device, you

import its name unless you have flexible tools in your language to find
a suitable counterpart. In the past, linguists succeeded in absorbing
words like :

-Iron ‫حس‬ٌٞٓ
-Heater ٕ‫ٓوخ‬
-Washing machine ‫ؿٔخُش‬
-Refrigerator ‫ؿش‬٬‫ػ‬

58
 But do not forget that such devices are less complicated if
compared to the sophisticated inventions of today. Linguists did not
quite prosper in the translation of some inventions like:
-Television ُ‫طِلخ‬
-Video ١‫َٓآ‬
-Radio ‫خع‬٣ٌٓ
‫ٌـــــخ‬٢‫أعــــــُ ا‬
‫ي‬ٜ‫ رو‬,١‫ حُٔظؼي‬ٝ‫ُّ أ‬٬ُ‫َف ح‬ٜ‫ حُٔظ‬٢‫ػ‬٬‫ ُِلؼَ حُؼ‬٢ِٛ٧‫يٍ ح‬ُٜٔ‫ُش ٖٓ ح‬٥‫خؽ حْٓ ح‬ٜ٣ -1
,‫ ٓزَى‬:ٞ‫ ٗل‬ُُٚٞ‫ن ٓي‬٤‫طلو‬ٝ ٍ‫ي‬ُٜٔ‫ ًُي ح‬٢٘‫ـخى ٓؼ‬٣‫ ا‬٢‫ طٔظويّ ك‬٢‫ىحس حُظ‬٧‫ ح‬٢ِ‫ُش ػ‬٫‫حُي‬
.ٍ‫ٓ٘٘خ‬

-َُ‫ ٓو‬ٞ‫ ٗل‬:َ‫ ٓلؼ‬:ٕ‫ُح‬ٝ‫ أ‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬١‫ حُٔـَى حُٔظؼي‬٢‫ػ‬٬‫ُش ٖٓ حُلؼَ حُؼ‬٥‫خؽ حْٓ ح‬ٜ٣ -2
- ٍِ‫ ٓج‬:ٍَِ‫ اط‬:ٞ‫ حُٔـَى ٗل‬٢‫ػ‬٬‫َ حُؼ‬٤‫خؽ ٖٓ ؿ‬ٜ٣ - ‫ ِٓطَهش‬:‫ ٓلظخف – ِٓلؼِش‬:ٍ‫َِ ٓلؼخ‬
.‫ ٓلَحى‬:‫كَّى‬
.‫ ٓلزَس‬:‫ٓٔخء حُـخٓيس‬٧‫خؽ ٖٓ ح‬ٜ٣ ‫هي‬
) ‫ ٓلؼِش‬-ٍ‫ ٓلؼخ‬-َ‫ػش (ٓلؼ‬٬‫ُحٕ حُؼ‬ٝ٧‫حػظزَ حُويٓخء ًَ ٓخ حٗظن ٖٓ حُلؼَ هخٍؿخ ً ػٖ ح‬ٝ
َ ُٝ َ‫ ُٓ٘ ُو‬:ٞ‫ٗخًحً ٗل‬
.‫ٌٓلِش‬
‫ُش‬٫‫ ُِي‬ٚ‫ٓزخُـظ‬ٝ َ‫ُٕ (كؼخُش ) ًبْٓ حُلخػ‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ٓ‫خ‬٤‫َس هٍَ ه‬ٛ‫ حُوخ‬٢‫ش ك‬٤‫ٓـٔغ حُِـش حُؼَر‬ٝ
.ّٝ‫ٍ – هي‬ٞ١‫ ؿَّحكش – ٓخ‬:ٞ‫ُش ٗل‬٥‫ حْٓ ح‬٢ِ‫ػ‬

Whereas people use the first category of words, they do not

seem to like the latter. The issue has turned to a joke. What might the
Academy translate an invention like "mp3"? Will it be the same
ridiculous story of translating the word "sandwich" ‫خ‬ٜ٘٤‫ر‬ٝ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ط‬ٝ َ١‫ٗخ‬
‫خُؽ‬١ although this particular word can be translated as ‫َس‬٤‫ ٗط‬like ‫َس‬٤‫?كط‬
Hafez Ibrahem in his famous poem on Arabic argued that this
language can absorb any name. The problem lies in the linguists, not
the language.

‫ػظخص‬ٝ ٚ‫ ر‬١‫وض ػٖ آ‬ٟ ‫ٓخ‬ٝ ‫ش‬٣‫ؿخ‬ٝ ً ‫ّ هللا ُلظخ‬٬ً ‫ٓؼض‬ٝ

‫ن أٓٔخء ُٔوظَػخص ؟‬٤ٔ٘‫ط‬ٝ ‫ق آُش‬ٛٝ ٖ‫ّ ػ‬ٞ٤ُ‫ن ح‬٤ٟ‫ق أ‬٤ٌ‫ك‬
‫؟‬٢‫يكخط‬ٛ ٖ‫ ػ‬ٙ‫ح‬ٞ‫ح حُـ‬ُٞ‫َ ٓؤ‬ٜ‫ حُيٍ ًخٖٓ ك‬ٚ‫ أك٘خث‬٢‫ك‬ٝ َ‫أٗخ حُزل‬

59
 ‫)‪Assignment (18‬‬
‫‪Read the following passage by Mohamed Anany and‬‬
‫?‪write your comment. Do you agree or disagree and why‬‬
‫هي‪ٔ٣‬خ ً ًخٗ‪ٞ‬ح ‪٣‬ؤهٌ‪ ٕٝ‬حُِلظش ٖٓ ُـظ‪ٜ‬خ ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش ًٔخ ‪ ٢ٛ‬ك‪٤‬يٍؿ‪ٜٗٞ‬خ ك‪٤ٓ ٢‬خم حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪,‬‬
‫‪ٓٝ‬خ حُزِزَ ‪ٝ‬حُؼ٘يُ‪٢‬د ا‪ ٫‬أػـٔ‪٤‬خٕ طؼَرخ ً كؤ‪ٛ‬زلخ ؿِءحً ٖٓ ُـظ٘خ‪ٝ .‬هْ ػِ‪ًُ ٢‬ي آ‪٫‬ف حٌُِٔخص‬
‫حُظ‪ ٢‬ىهِض حُؼَر‪٤‬ش هزَ ح‪ٝ ّ٬ٓ٩‬رؼي‪ ٖٓ ,ٙ‬حُوِْ ( حَُٔ‪٣‬خٗ‪٤‬ش حُ‪ ٢‬حٌُ‪ٝ ُٞ‬حُطٔض ‪ٝ‬ح‪٩‬رَ‪٣‬ن‬
‫(حُلخٍٓ‪٤‬ش ) اُ‪ ٢‬حُظ٘زِش ‪ٝ‬حُظ٘خرَ (حُظًَ‪٤‬ش) ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٓ٩‬طَ‪٫‬د ‪ٝ‬حُــَحك‪٤‬خ (حُ‪ٗٞ٤‬خٗ‪٤‬ش ) ‪ٓٝ‬خ اُ‪ًُ ٢‬ي‪.‬‬
‫كخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ًحص هيٍس كخثوش ػِ‪ ٢‬طط‪٣ٞ‬غ حُـَ‪٣‬ذ ‪ٝ‬هز‪ٝ ُٚٞ‬اك‪ٓ ُٚ٬‬ل‪ ً٬‬ػَر‪٤‬خ ً ‪ٗ ٫‬ي ك‪. ٚ٤‬‬
‫‪ٌ٣ٝ‬ل‪ ٢‬إٔ ٗ٘ظَ اُ‪ ٢‬حٌُِٔخص حُلخٍٓ‪٤‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬حٓظويٓ‪ٜ‬خ حُوَإٓ حٌَُ‪ٗ ْ٣‬لٔ‪ٓ ,ٚ‬ؼَ ح‪ٓ٫‬ظزَم‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُ٘ٔخٍم ‪ٓٝ‬خ اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ‪ .‬إ ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ى ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حٌُِٔخص‪ ,‬ط‪٣َٜ‬ق ٍرخٗ‪ُ٘ ٢‬خ رظؼَ‪٣‬ذ حٌُِٔخص حُظ‪ٗ ٢‬لظخؽ‬
‫اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ك‪ُ ٢‬ـظ٘خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ ,‬حَُه‪ٜ‬ش حُظ‪٘٣ ٫ ٢‬زـ‪ ٢‬إٔ ‪٣‬ـخىٍ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ أكي ‪ًٝ .‬ؼ‪َ٤‬حً ٓخ ‪٣‬لَ حُٔؼـٔ‪٢‬‬
‫ٖٓ ًِٔش" حُٔ‪٤‬يحٕ" رخػظزخٍ‪ٛ‬خ كخٍٓ‪٤‬ش ح‪ٓ َٛ٧‬ل‪ ً٬٠‬ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ ًِٔش " حُلوَ"‪ ,‬ػِ‪ ٢‬ك‪ٌ٣ ٖ٤‬ظذ‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬آهَ ًظخر‪" ٚ‬ك‪َٜٓ‬خ ً" ‪ ٢ٛٝ‬أ‪٠٣‬خ ً كخٍٓ‪٤‬ش ح‪.َٛ٧‬‬
‫إ حُٔظَؿْ حُٔؼـٔ‪ ٢‬حٌُِ‪ َٜ٣ ١‬ػِ‪ ٢‬ا‪٣‬ـخى حُٔوخرَ ٌَُ ُلظش ط‪ٜ‬ق حُٔـٔي ٓ‪ٞ‬ف‬
‫‪ٓٞ٣ َٜ٣‬خ ً اُ‪ ٢‬ؿخ‪٣‬ظ‪ٔٓ , ٚ‬ظؼ‪٘٤‬خ ً رـ‪ٜٞ‬ى ٓـخٓغ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬رخُو‪ٞ‬حٓ‪ ْ٤‬حُظ‪ٓ ٢‬خ طلظؤ ط٘‪َ٤‬‬
‫حُٔز‪ َ٤‬ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُزخد ‪ .‬ك٘لٖ َٗطي‪٬ٓ ١‬رْ ّٓ٘‪ٞ‬ػش ك‪ ٢‬ػخُٔ٘خ حُلي‪٣‬غ طوظِق ػٖ ٓ‪٬‬رْ‬
‫أٓ‪٬‬ك٘خ ‪ ٌٖٔٗٝ ,‬ك‪ٔٓ ٢‬خًٖ طوظِق ًؼ‪َ٤‬حً ػٖ ٓٔخًٖ أؿيحىٗخ ‪ًَٗٝ ,‬ذ ٓ‪٤‬خٍحص (‪ٝ‬حُٔ‪٤‬خٍس‬
‫ًخٗض طؼ٘‪ ٢‬حُوخكِش هي‪ٔ٣‬خ ً ) ( هخٍ طؼخُ‪ ٢‬ك‪ٍٞٓ ٢‬س ‪ٓٞ٣‬ق ‪ٝ " :‬ؿخءص ٓ‪٤‬خٍس ‪ ,‬كؤٍِٓ‪ٞ‬ح ‪ٝ‬حٍى‪, ْٛ‬‬
‫كؤىُ‪ ٢‬ىُ‪ . ٙٞ‬هخٍ ‪٣‬خ رَ٘‪ٌٛ ١‬ح ؿ‪ٝ , ّ٬‬أَٓ‪ ٙٝ‬ر‪٠‬خػش " ‪ٔٗٝ ) .‬ظويّ ى‪ٝ‬ح‪ ٖ٣ٝ‬حُلٌ‪ٓٞ‬ش ‪ٓٝ‬خ‬
‫اُ‪ًُ ٢‬ي ‪ًٔ – ًِٚٝ‬خ هخٍ حرٖ هِي‪ – ٕٝ‬حٕ طط‪ ٍٞ‬حُؼَٔحٕ ‪٣‬وظ‪ ٢٠‬طـي‪٣‬ي حُِـش ‪ٝ‬طط‪َٛ٣ٞ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٍٝ‬رٔخ حٓظطؼ٘خ رٔ‪٠‬خػلش حُـ‪ٜ‬ي إٔ ٗ‪ َٜ‬اُ‪ ٢‬طؼَ‪٣‬ذ ًَ ٗ‪٢‬ء ى‪ ٕٝ‬ه‪ٞ‬ف ٖٓ طوزَ ًِٔش أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش‬
‫ك‪ُ ٢‬ـظ٘خ – ‪ٝ‬أه‪ٜ‬ي ًِٔخص حُل‪٠‬خٍس – ‪ٝ‬هي ٓزو٘خ ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُٔ‪ٔ٠‬خٍ ًزخٍ حُٔ‪ُٞ‬ي‪ ٖ٣‬حٌُ‪ِٓ ٖ٣‬ج‪ٞ‬ح‬
‫حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش رخ‪ُ٧‬لخظ حُظ‪ٗ ٢‬خػض حُ‪ٝ ,ّٞ٤‬ػِ‪ٍ ٢‬أٓ‪ٍ ْٜ‬كخػش حُط‪ٜ‬طخ‪ٝ ١ٝ‬أكٔي كخٍّ‬
‫حُ٘ي‪٣‬خم‪.‬‬

‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------‬‬

‫كٖ حُظَؿٔش‪ُٗٞ ,‬ـٔخٕ ُز٘خٕ‪)178( ٙ 2004 ,‬‬

‫‪60‬‬
 But let's be practical. Arabicization has not achieved much
success so far. The issue becomes more sophisticated when the bridges
of cooperation between the Academies in Cairo and Damascus are
broken. The result is a chaotic state of translated words. Try to answer
the following quiz which clarifies this idea.

Translation Quiz

Number (1) is done as an example for you:

1- Which of the flowing in your point of view is the best translation of
helicopter? Justify your choice.
a- ‫حٓش‬ٞ‫حُل‬
b- ‫حكش‬ٞ‫حُط‬
c- َ‫رظ‬ٌٞ٤ُِٜ‫ح‬
d- ‫ش‬٣‫ى‬ٞٔ‫حُطخثَس حُؼ‬
e- ‫ش‬٤‫ك‬َُٝٔ‫حُطخثَس ح‬
In giving reasons for your selection, you can mention something
like "I believe choice (d and e) are the best answer because they refer to
a functional part of this craft. Choice (a and b) are applicable to other
aircraft as well. Choice © is the most widely used word, but it is a
transliteration of the English word.

Comment:
- ‫لش‬٤‫ظ‬ُٞ‫ٕ – ح‬ٞٔ٠ُٔ‫– ح‬ ٌَُ٘‫ (ح‬٠ُ‫ٔظ٘ي ا‬٣ ‫ي حٌُِٔخص هي‬٤ُٞ‫ط‬ٝ ‫ّ إٔ ٗلض‬ِٞ‫ٓؼ‬
ٖ‫ٍ " ؿز‬ٞ‫ ػ٘يٓخ ٗو‬ٝ ٌَُ٘‫ ح‬٠ُ‫ً " ؿزٖ ٓؼِؼخص " ك٘لٖ ٗٔظ٘ي ا‬٬‫ٍ ٓؼ‬ٞ‫) ػ٘يٓخ ٗو‬ٚ‫خث‬ٜ‫حُو‬
ٕٞٔ٠ُٔ‫ ح‬٠ُ‫ٕ حُـزٖ " ك٘لٖ ٗٔظ٘ي ا‬ٞ‫ ٓؼـ‬ٝ‫هش أ‬ٞ‫ٓطز‬
2- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of " Globalization ? Justify your choice.
a- ‫ُٔش‬ٞ‫حُؼ‬
b- ‫ش‬٤‫ًز‬ٌُٞ‫ح‬
c- ‫ش‬٤ٌُٗٞ‫ح‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

61
 3- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of computer? Justify your choice.
a- ٢ُ٥‫حُلخٓذ ح‬
b- ٢ٜ‫حُلخٓذ حُ٘و‬
c- ‫د‬ٞٓ‫حُلخ‬
d- َ‫ط‬ٞ٤‫حٌُٔز‬
e- ٢َٗٝ‫ٌُظ‬٫‫حُؼوَ ح‬
f- ‫حُ٘ظخٓش‬
g- ‫حَُطخرش‬
h- ٍ‫حٌُزظخ‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of CD drive? Justify your choice.
a- ‫ـطش‬٠ُ٘ٔ‫ ح‬ٙ‫هَح‬٧‫ٓ٘ـَ ح‬
b- ‫ حُٔيٓؾس‬ٙ‫هَح‬٧‫ٓلَى ح‬
c- ‫خص‬ٛ‫ي‬٤ُٔ‫كيس ح‬ٝ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation

of scroll bars? Justify your choice.
a- ‫لق‬ٜ‫زخٕ حُظ‬٠‫ه‬
b- َ٣َٔ‫ش حُظ‬١َٗ‫أ‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

62
 6- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of telephone? Justify your choice.
a- ‫خطق‬ُٜ‫ح‬
b- ‫حَُٔٔس‬
c- ٕٞ‫ل‬٤ِ‫حُظ‬
d- ٍٞ‫ٓو‬
e- ِ٣ٍُ‫أ‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of bus? Justify your choice.
a- ْ٤‫ر‬ٞ‫أط‬
b- ٙ‫رخ‬
c- ‫كخكِش‬
d- ٢‫د ؿٔخػ‬ًٍٞ ‫ػَرش‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation

of chicken? Justify your choice.
a- ‫ؽ‬َٝ‫ك‬
b- ‫ىؿخؽ‬
c- ‫كَحم‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

63
 9- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of chewing gum? Justify your choice.
a- ‫ػٌِش‬
b- ‫ٗيحؿش‬
c- ‫ٗيحهش‬
d- ٕ‫ُزخ‬
e- ‫ٌش‬٤‫ٓٔظ‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

10- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of air conditioner? Justify your choice.
a- ‫ق‬٤ٌٓ
b- ‫ق‬٤٤ٌ‫ط‬
c- ‫حء‬ٞٛ ‫ٓزَى‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11- Which of the following in your point of the best translation of
logistics? Justify your choice.
a- ‫ش‬٣ٍ‫ٕ اىح‬ٞ‫ٗج‬
b- ‫آيحى‬
c- ‫ش‬٤‫ٔظ‬٤‫ؿ‬ُٞ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Academy in Cairo has done very well in some aspects, but
failed in others. Try to determine if the following endeavors listed in
the table below succeeded or failed.

64
 ‫رخء‬ ‫‪ٛ‬خىف‬ ‫ٓؼخٍ‬
‫ٓوظَف حُظَؿٔش‬ ‫حُوَحٍ‬
‫رخُلَ٘‬ ‫حُ٘ـخف‬
‫ًٔخ ك‪٢‬‬
‫‪Metalloid‬‬ ‫طظَؿْ حُ‪٬‬كوش ‪ oid‬رٌِٔش‬
‫( ٗز‪ ٚ‬كِِ )‬
‫ٗز‪ٚ‬‬

‫ًٔخ ك‪Salable ٢‬‬ ‫طظَؿْ حُ‪٬‬كن ‪ able‬ك‪٢‬‬

‫( هخرَ ُِز‪٤‬غ ‪/‬‬
‫ٗ‪ٜ‬خ‪٣‬ش حُ‪ٜ‬لش " هخرَ ٍ ‪/‬‬
‫‪ ٌٖٔ٣‬ر‪٤‬ؼ‪)ٚ‬‬
‫‪"... ٌٖٔ٣‬‬
‫( ػخُ‪ُ / ٢‬حثي‬ ‫ًٔخ ك‪٢‬‬ ‫طظَؿْ حُزخى‪٣‬ش ‪ Hyper‬رـ‬
‫حُ٘٘خ‪) ١‬‬ ‫‪hyperactive‬‬ ‫(كَ‪)١‬‬

‫‪The Issue of the Arabicization of Medicine:‬‬

‫‪Read the following extract from a letter sent by Mr. Saeid‬‬
‫‪Bauomy to the President of the Republic, advocating the issue of‬‬
‫‪medicine- arabicization:‬‬

‫‪ ْ٤ُٝ‬ػٔش أٓش ٓظل‪َ٠‬س ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخُْ‪٤ٓ ,‬ي‪ ١‬حَُث‪ ,ْ٤‬طٔٔق رظؼِ‪ ْ٤‬أر٘خث‪ٜ‬خ رِـش ؿ‪َ٤‬‬
‫ُـظ‪ ,ْٜ‬رَ طؼي ًُي هطَحً ‪ٜ٣‬يى ً‪٤‬خٗ‪ٜ‬خ حُل‪٠‬خٍ‪.١‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬كظ‪ ٌٕٞٗ ٢‬أًؼَ طلي‪٣‬يحً‪٤ٓ ,‬ي‪ ١‬حَُث‪َ٠ٗ ,ْ٤‬د ٓؼخ‪ُِ ٫‬ـخص حُظ‪٣ ٢‬ظْ ر‪ٜ‬خ حُظؼِ‪ ْ٤‬ك‪٢‬‬
‫ًِ‪٤‬خص حُطذ ك‪ ٢‬رِيحٕ حُؼخُْ‪:‬كخُ‪٣٫ٞ‬خص حُٔظليس‪٤ٓ ,‬ي‪ ١‬حَُث‪ ,ْ٤‬ر‪ٜ‬خ ( ‪٤ًِ )142‬ش ‪١‬ذ‪ُ ,‬ـش‬
‫حُظؼِ‪ ْ٤‬ك‪ٜ٘ٓ )141 ( ٢‬خ ‪ ٢ٛ‬حُِـش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش‪ ,‬أٓخ حٌُِ‪٤‬ش ح‪٧‬ه‪َ٤‬س‪ ٢ٛٝ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬ؿِ‪َ٣‬س ر‪ٍٞ‬ط‪ٌٞ٣ٍٞ‬‬
‫حُظخرؼش ُِ‪٣٫ٞ‬خص حُٔظليس ٓ‪٤‬خٓ‪٤‬خً‪ ,‬كوي طٔٔي أ‪ِٜٛ‬خ – ‪ٌٛٝ‬ح ٓ‪ٞ‬هق ‪ٔ٣‬ظلن ح‪ٗ٩‬خىس – رؤٕ ‪٣‬يٍّ‬
‫حُطخُذ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ رِـظ‪ ْٜ‬ح‪٤ِٛ٧‬ش‪ ٢ٛٝ ,‬ح‪ٓ٧‬زخٗ‪٤‬ش‪ٝ .‬ك‪ ٢‬كَٗٔخ ( ‪٤ًِ )37‬ش ‪١‬ذ‪ُ ,‬ـش حُظؼِ‪ ْ٤‬ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪٢ٛ‬‬
‫حُلَٗٔ‪٤‬ش‪ٝ ,‬ك‪٤ٍٓٝ ٢‬خ‪٤ًِ )87 ( ,‬ش ‪١‬ذ‪ ,‬طيٍّ ًِ‪ٜ‬خ رخُِـش حَُ‪٤ٓٝ‬ش (‪ُٜٝ‬ـخط‪ٜ‬خ حُٔلِ‪٤‬ش )‪ٝ ,‬ك‪٢‬‬
‫اٗـِظَح ( ‪٤ًِ ) 29‬ش ‪١‬ذ‪ ,‬طيٍّ ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼ‪ٜ‬خ رخُِـش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬أُٔخٗ‪٤‬خ ( ‪٤ًِ )38‬ش ‪١‬ذ طيٍّ‬
‫ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼ‪ٜ‬خ رخُِـش ح‪ُٔ٧‬خٗ‪٤‬ش‪ٝ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪٤‬خرخٕ ( ‪٤ًِ )80‬ش ‪١‬ذ طيٍّ ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼ‪ٜ‬خ رخُِـش حُ‪٤‬خرخٗ‪٤‬ش‪ٝ ,‬ك‪٢‬‬
‫ا‪٣‬طخُ‪٤‬خ ( ‪٤ًِ )31‬ش ‪١‬ذ طيٍّ ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼ‪ٜ‬خ رخُِـش ح‪٣٩‬طخُ‪٤‬ش‪ًٌُٝ .‬ي حُلخٍ ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٝ ,ٖ٤ٜ‬حُٔ‪٣ٞ‬ي‪,‬‬
‫‪ُ٘ٞٛٝ‬يح‪ٝ ,‬حُيحَٗٔى‪ٝ ,‬أٓزخٗ‪٤‬خ‪ٝ ,‬طًَ‪٤‬خ‪ٝ ,‬أٓظَحُ‪٤‬خ‪ٝ ,‬حُ‪ٗٞ٤‬خٕ‪ٝ ,‬ا‪َ٣‬حٕ‪ ......‬حُن‪ ,‬كٌَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُي‪,ٍٝ‬‬
‫طيٍّ حُطذ رِـظ‪ٜ‬خ حُو‪٤ٓٞ‬ش‪ ,‬كظ‪ ٢‬آَحث‪٤ٓ ,َ٤‬ي‪ ١‬حَُث‪ ,ْ٤‬ر‪ٜ‬خ أٍرغ ًِ‪٤‬خص طيٍّ حُطذ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ‬
‫ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼخ ً رخُِـش حُؼزَ‪٣‬ش‪ًٔٝ .‬خ طَ‪٤ٓ ١‬ي‪ ١‬حَُث‪ ٫ ,ْ٤‬طٌ٘ ى‪ُٝ‬ش ٓظل‪َ٠‬س ‪ٝ‬حكيس ػٖ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُوخػيس‪:‬‬
‫طؼِ‪ ْ٤‬أر٘خء ح‪ٓ٧‬ش رِـش ح‪ٓ٧‬ش ‪ُٔٝ‬خٗ‪ٜ‬خ‪ ,‬ك‪ ٌٜٙ‬ح‪ ُْ ْٓ٧‬طظويّ ا‪ٜٗ٧ ٫‬خ حػظِص ‪ٝٝ‬ػوض ك‪ُ ٢‬ـخط‪ٜ‬خ‪,‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حطوٌط‪ٜ‬خ ُٔخٗخ ُ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ٔ٠ٓ ٢‬خٍ حُؼِْ‪ٔ٤ُٝ .‬ض ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُِـخص رؤك‪ ٖٓ ٫ ,َ٠‬ك‪٤‬غ حُو‪ٜ‬خث‪ٚ‬‬

‫‪65‬‬
 ٌُٜٙ ّ‫ رٔؼخرش أ‬٢ٛ ٢‫ حُظ‬,‫ش‬٤‫ ٖٓ حُِـش حُؼَر‬,ِّٞ‫ كَٔ حُؼ‬٢ِ‫غ حُويٍس ػ‬٤‫ ٖٓ ك‬٫ٝ ,‫حُٔٔخص‬ٝ
.ً ‫ؼخ‬٤ٔ‫ حُِـخص ؿ‬ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ١‫خ أ‬ٜ‫ٍٗض ر‬ٞ‫ش رؤهَ ًلخءس اًح ٓخ ه‬٤‫ٔض حُِـش حُؼَر‬٤ُٝ ,ً‫ؼخ‬٤ٔ‫حُِـخص ؿ‬

Now skim the following sheet from the Lexicon of Anatomy

Terminology developed by the Academy of the Arabic Language and
gives us your feedback. Visit the Academy website at
http://www.arabicacademy.org.eg or the WATA site (World Arabic
Translators Association) for further problematic issues in translation:

‫ق‬٣َ٘‫ ػِْ حُظ‬٢‫طِلخص ك‬ٜٓ

Abdominal inguinal ring ‫ش‬٤٘‫ش حُزط‬٤‫ٍر‬٧‫حُلظلش ح‬

Abdominal part of sympathetic ١ٝ‫ ٖٓ حُٔٔزظخ‬٢٘‫حُـِء حُزط‬
Acoustic area ‫ؼش‬٤ُٔٔ‫حُزخكش ح‬
Adductor tubercle of femur ٌ‫زش ٓوَرش ػظْ حُلو‬٣‫كي‬
Aggregated lymph glands ‫ش حُٔظٌيٓش‬٤‫حُـيى حُِٔل‬
Alveolar arch ‫ش‬٣ٍ‫ّ حُيٍى‬ٞ‫حُو‬
Alveolar ducts of lungs ‫ش‬٣ٞ‫ش حَُث‬٤‫حُٔٔخُي حُٔ٘ل‬
Alveolar glands ‫ش‬٤‫حُـيى حُٔ٘ل‬
Alveolar index ١ٍ‫َ حُيٍى‬٤ُ‫حُي‬
Alveolar process ‫ش‬٣ٍ‫ش حُيٍى‬ٜ‫حُ٘خه‬
Alveoli of glands ‫أٓ٘خم حُـيى‬
Alveoli of jaws ٖ٤ٌ‫أٓ٘خم حُل‬
Alveoli of the teeth ٕ‫ٓ٘خ‬٧‫أٓ٘خم ح‬
Amitosis ٢ِ٤‫هظ‬٬ُ‫ٗؤخّ ح‬٫‫ح‬
Amnion ٢ُِٔ‫ح‬
Amniotic fluid ٢‫حُ٘و‬
‫ش‬٤‫ طَؿٔض رخُِـش حُؼَر‬٢‫ش حُظ‬٤‫حُطز‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ِٔ‫طِلخص حُؼ‬ُٜٔ‫ي ٖٓ ح‬٣‫ ًُي حُؼي‬٢ِ‫هْ ػ‬ٝ
.‫ حُن‬......."ٍٞٔ‫ل‬٤ُ‫ ح‬- ٖ٤‫ر‬ِٞ‫ؿ‬ٞٔ٤ُٜ‫ " ح‬:َ‫ ٓؼ‬,‫خ‬ٜ‫ؼخر‬٤‫ؼذ حٓظ‬ُٜ‫كـخءص رؤُلخظ كظش ٖٓ ح‬

We have dwelt much on the topic of scientific terms because

they are important and unavoidable on many occasions. The last
activity we will embark on in this connection is the following extract
from a research paper written by Ahmed Amin on the need to develop
our language. Read the paper and sum up the main ideas.

66
 ‫رلغ ُ‪ٓ٨‬ظخً أكٔي أٓ‪ ٖ٤‬ري‬
‫(ٓـِش ٓـٔغ كئحى ح‪ُِ ٍٝ٧‬ـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ -‬حُـِء حُٔخىّ – ‪)1951‬‬

‫حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ُـظ٘خ ك‪٤‬ـذ إٔ طو‪٠‬غ ُل‪٤‬خط٘خ ط٘ٔ‪ٓ ٞ‬غ ُٓ٘٘خ ‪٣ ٖٓ ُٖٓٝ‬ؤط‪ ٢‬رؼيٗخ ‪ ٫‬إٔ‬
‫طو‪٠‬غ ك‪٤‬خط٘خ ُ‪ٜ‬خ‪٣ٝ ,‬ـذ إٔ طٔخ‪َٗ٣‬خ ك‪ ٢‬طويٓ٘خ ‪ٝ‬طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬أىحس ‪١‬ز‪٤‬ؼ‪٤‬ش ُظط‪ٍٗٞ‬خ ‪ ٫‬إٔ طؤَٗخ ػِ‪٢‬‬
‫إٔ َٗؿغ اُ‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٍٞ‬حء ‪ٗٝ‬ؼ‪ ٖ٤‬ػ‪٘٤‬ش حُوَ‪ ٕٝ‬حُ‪ٓٞ‬ط‪ُٝ .٢‬ـش ًَ أٓش ػ٘‪ ٖٓ َٜ‬أه‪٬‬ه‪ٜ‬خ‪ٍٝ ,‬ه‪ٜ٤‬خ‬
‫أ‪ ٝ‬حٗلطخ‪ٜ١‬خ ‪ُٜ ,‬خ أرِؾ ح‪٧‬ػَ ك‪ ٢‬طٌ‪ ٖ٣ٞ‬حُِ٘ػخص ‪ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ه‪٬‬م‪ ,‬كبٕ حُِـش ٖٓ ح‪٧‬ىد‪ٝ ,‬ح‪٧‬ىد ؿٌحء‬
‫حُؼو‪ٝ ٍٞ‬ح‪ٍٝ٧‬حف‪ٝ ,‬حُطخرغ حٌُ‪٣ ١‬طزغ ح‪ٓ٧‬ش رطخرغ حُٔٔ‪ ٞ‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪٠‬ؼش‪ٝ ,‬حُؼِس أ‪ ٝ‬حٌُُش‪ٗٝ.‬ظَس‬
‫‪ٝ‬حكيس اُ‪ ٢‬طخٍ‪٣‬ن حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش طز‪ُ٘ ٖ٤‬خ ٓي‪ ١‬حُوطَ حٌُ‪٣ ١‬ل‪ ٢٤‬ر٘خ‪٣ ٞٛٝ .‬ظِو‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬إٔ ؿٔخػش‬
‫ٖٓ حُؼِٔخء ك‪ٛ ٢‬يٍ حُي‪ُٝ‬ش حُؼزخٓ‪٤‬ش ٓخك‪ٞ‬ح ر‪ ٖ٤‬هزخثَ حُؼَد ‪٣‬ؤهٌ‪ٓ ْٜ٘ٓ ٕٝ‬لَىحص حُِـش‪,‬‬
‫‪ًٝ‬خٕ رَٗخٓـ‪ ْٜ‬أ‪٣ ٫‬ؤهٌ‪ٝ‬ح ػٖ ك‪ ١َ٠‬ه‪ ٖٔٓ ٫ٝ ٢‬هخُ‪ ٢‬حُل‪ ٖٓ َ٠‬أ‪ َٛ‬حُظو‪ًِٔٝ ,ّٞ‬خ‬
‫أٓؼ٘ض حُوز‪ِ٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬حُزيح‪ٝ‬س ًخٗض أ‪ ٢ُٝ‬رخُ٘وَ ػ٘‪ٜ‬خ ًو‪ٝ ْ٤‬طٔ‪ٝ ْ٤‬أٓي ػْ ‪ٝ َ٣ٌٛ‬رؼ‪ً٘ ٞ‬خٗش‬
‫‪ٝ‬رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُطخث‪ٝ .ٖ٤٤‬أ‪ٝ‬ىػ‪ٞ‬ح ًَ ًُي ك‪ً ٢‬ظز‪ ْٜ‬حُظ‪ً ٢‬خٗض ٗ‪ٞ‬حس ُٔؼخؿْ حُِـش‪ ٖٓ ْٛٝ .‬ؿ‪ٗ َ٤‬ي‬
‫‪ ًَ ٌَٕٝ٘٣‬حٌَُ٘ ػِ‪ٓ ٢‬خ رٌُ‪ٞ‬ح ٖٓ ؿ‪ٜ‬ي ‪ًٝ‬خري‪ٝ‬ح ٖٓ ػ٘خء ‪ٟٞٓ ٌُٖٝ‬غ حُوطؤ ك‪ ْٜ٤‬أٗ‪ْٜ‬‬
‫هٍَ‪ٝ‬ح إٔ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ُ‪ٔ٤‬ض ا‪ٌٛ ٫‬ح حٌُ‪ ١‬ؿٔؼ‪ًٝ .ٙٞ‬خٗض حُ٘ظ‪٤‬ـش حُطز‪٤‬ؼ‪٤‬ش ُ‪ ٌٜٙ‬حُ٘ظَس أٗ‪ْٜ‬‬
‫‪٣َ٣‬ي‪ ٕٝ‬أ‪ٔ٣ ٫‬ظؼَٔ حُ٘خّ أ‪٣‬خّ حُي‪ُٝ‬ش حُؼزخٓ‪٤‬ش حُزخُـش ٓزِـخ ً ػظ‪ٔ٤‬خ ً ٖٓ حُل‪٠‬خٍس ا‪ٓ ٫‬خ ًخٕ‬
‫‪ٔ٣‬ظؼِٔ‪ٛ ٚ‬ئ‪٫‬ء حُزي‪٣ٝ‬ش ‪ٌُٜ ,‬ح ٍأ‪٘٣‬خ حُِـش ؿ٘‪٤‬ش ؿ٘‪ٓ ٢‬لَ‪١‬خ ً ك‪ ٢‬أى‪ٝ‬حص حُزي‪ٓٝ ٝ‬ؼ‪٘٤‬ش حُزي‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬كو‪َ٤‬س ؿيحً ك‪ ٢‬كخؿخص حُٔيٗ‪٤‬ش ‪ٌُٜٝ‬ح ح‪ٟ‬طَ‪ٝ‬ح ‪ ْٛ‬أ‪ ٝ‬ؿ‪ َْٛ٤‬رـخٗذ ػِٔ‪ٌٛ ْٜ‬ح اُ‪ ٢‬حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ‬
‫رؼي إٔ أػَ‪ٟٞ‬ح ػ٘‪ ً٫ِٝٗ ,ٚ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬كٌْ حُطز‪٤‬ؼش ‪ٝ‬طط‪ ٍٞ‬حُؼَٔحٕ ‪ٝ‬هِط‪ٞ‬ح ٓخ أهٌ‪ ٙٝ‬ػٖ حُوزخثَ‬
‫رٔخ ػَر‪ ٖٓ ٙٞ‬ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔٔيٗش‪ ,‬كؤ‪ٟ‬خػ‪ٞ‬ح رٌُي حُوخػيس ح‪ ٢ُٝ٧‬حُظ‪ٍٛٞٔٓ ٢‬خ ‪ٗ٧‬لٔ‪ ٢ٛٝ ْٜ‬ح‪٧‬هٌ‬
‫ػٖ حُؼَد حُوِ‪ ٚ‬كو‪ً ُٞٝ .٢‬خٗ‪ٞ‬ح أىًٍ‪ٞ‬ح ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُ٘ظ‪٤‬ـش ُٔٔل‪ٞ‬ح ‪ٗ٧‬لٔ‪ ٖٓ ْٜ‬أ‪ ٍٝ‬ح‪ َٓ٧‬رخ‪٧‬هٌ‬
‫ػٖ حُوزخثَ حُظ‪ ٢‬حهظِطض رخُؼـْ ك‪ ْٜ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬ح‪٧‬هَ أ‪ ٖٓ ٢ُٝ‬حُؼـْ حُ‪َٜ‬ف حٌُ‪ ٖ٣‬ػَر‪ٞ‬ح‬
‫ػ٘‪ .ْٜ‬ػِ‪ ًَ ٢‬كخٍ هي آٓ٘‪ٞ‬ح أ‪ ٝ‬آٖٓ حُ٘خّ إٔ ٓظٖ حُِـش حُزي‪ٌ٣ ٫ ١ٝ‬ل‪ُِ ٢‬ل‪٤‬خس حُل‪٣َ٠‬ش اً ًحى‬
‫كؤًِٔ‪ ٙٞ‬رخُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ ‪ٝ‬رظ‪٤ٓٞ‬غ ح‪ٗ٫‬ظوخم ‪ٝ‬رخُو‪٤‬خّ ‪ٓٝ‬خ‪َ٣‬ص كًَش ح‪٫‬ؿظ‪ٜ‬خى ك‪ ٢‬حُِـش كًَش‬
‫ح‪٫‬ؿظ‪ٜ‬خى ك‪ ٢‬حُظَ٘‪٣‬غ‪ ,‬ػْ أ‪٤ٛ‬ذ حُؼَد رخُ‪َ٠‬رش حُ٘٘‪٤‬ؼش ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ٓ ٖ٣َٓ٧‬ؼخ ً ‪ ٞٛٝ‬اهلخٍ رخد‬
‫ح‪٫‬ؿظ‪ٜ‬خى ك‪ ٢‬حُظَ٘‪٣‬غ ‪ٝ‬رخد ح‪٫‬ؿظ‪ٜ‬خى ك‪ ٢‬حُِـش‪ ٞٛٝ ,‬كٌْ هخّ ‪ ٌٖٔ٣ ٫‬ط٘ل‪ ٌٙ٤‬ك‪ٜٔ٤‬خ ا‪ٓ ٫‬خطض‬
‫ح‪ٓ٧‬ش ‪ٓٝ‬خطض حُِـش ( ‪ ٫‬هيٍ هللا)‪ٔٗ .‬ض حُِـش حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ػِ‪ ٢‬كٔخد حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ٝ ,‬حٓظؼَٔ حُ٘خّ‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬كَك‪٘ٛٝ ْٜ‬خػخط‪ٝ ْٜ‬ك‪٤‬خط‪ ْٜ‬حُ‪٤ٓٞ٤‬ش حٌُِٔخص حُظ‪ َٕٝ٣ ٢‬أٗلٔ‪ ْٜ‬ك‪ ٢‬كخؿش اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪ ُٞٝ‬أهٌح ٖٓ‬
‫حُِـخص ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش ٓلَكش؛ ‪ ُْٝ‬طزن حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُل‪٤ٜ‬لش ا‪ ٫‬ك‪ ٢‬طؼِ‪ ْ٤‬حُظ‪٣ٍ ٌ٤ٓ٬‬ؼٔخ ‪٣‬ئى‪ٕٝ‬‬
‫ح‪ٓ٫‬ظلخٕ‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬أه‪ ّ٬‬حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش حٌُ‪٣ ٫ ٖ٣‬لٔ‪ٜ‬خ أًؼَ‪ٝ ‘ ْٛ‬حٌُ‪٣ ٖ٣‬لَ‪ ٕٝ‬ػ٘ي ًظخرخط‪ٖٓ ْٜ‬‬
‫‪ٛٝ‬ق حُل‪٤‬خس حُ‪ٞ‬حهؼ‪٤‬ش ٖٓ ؿِٓش ‪َ١ٝ‬ر‪ٝ ٕٞ‬ؿخًظ‪ ٚ‬اُ‪ًِٔ ٢‬خص هي‪ٔ٣‬ش كٌحء ‪ٝ‬هِ٘ٔ‪ٞ‬س ‪ُٝ‬زخّ‬
‫‪ٗٝ‬ل‪ًُ ٞ‬ي ٓٔخ طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٚ٤‬حُلو‪٤‬وش ك‪ٝ ٢‬حى ‪ٝ‬حٌُ‪ ّ٬‬ك‪ ٢‬ك‪ٝ ٢‬حى‪ ُٞٝ .‬حٓظٍَٔٗخ ػِ‪ًُ ٢‬ي ٌُخٗض‬
‫ٗظ‪٤‬ـش حُِـش ٗظ‪٤‬ـش حُظَ٘‪٣‬غ ‪ ٫ ٝ .‬ػ‪٬‬ؽ ُ‪ٌٜ‬ح ا‪ ٫‬كضف حُزخد ُ‪٬‬ؿظ‪ٜ‬خى ‪ ٕ٧‬اهلخُ‪ً ٚ‬خٕ ‪ ٞٛ‬حُيحء‪.‬‬

‫‪٧ٝ‬طويّ ح‪ ٕ٥‬رخهظَحكخص ‪ٛ‬ـ‪َ٤‬س ٓزيث‪٤‬ش أطزؼ‪ٜ‬خ رـ‪َٛ٤‬خ اًح ٓٔلظْ‪ٗ :‬ظَس ‪ٝ‬حكيس اُ‪٢‬‬
‫حُِؾس حُؼَر‪٤‬ش طَ‪٘٣‬خ أٗ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٝ‬حٓؼش ٓؼش ػظ‪ٔ٤‬ش أًؼَ ٖٓ حُ‪ ُّ٬‬ك‪ٞٓ ٢‬ح‪ٟ‬غ ‪٤ٟ‬وش ‪٤ٟ‬وخ ً ٗي‪٣‬يحً أًؼَ‬
‫ٖٓ حُ‪ ُّ٬‬ك‪ٞٓ ٢‬ح‪ٟ‬غ أهَ‪ً ١‬خُؼ‪ٞ‬د ‪٣‬ط‪ ٍٞ‬أكي ًٔ‪ ٚ٤‬أٓظخٍحً ‪٣ٝ‬و‪ ًٚٔ َٜ‬ح‪٥‬هَ ك‪ ٌٕٞ٣ ٬‬ا‪٫‬‬
‫ٗزَح‪ٝ.‬حُٔزذ ك‪ًُ ٢‬ي ‪ٓ ٞٛ‬خ ًًَص ‪ .‬طـي ك‪ٔ٤‬خ ‪٣‬وظ‪ ٚ‬رخ‪٩‬رَ ‪ٝ‬ك‪٤‬خط‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٛٝ‬لخط‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٍٝ٧‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬أٗ‪ٞ‬حػ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٝ‬حُو‪٤‬خّ ‪ٓٝ‬خ اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ؿ٘‪ٓ ٢‬لَ‪١‬خ ً ‪٣‬يٍ ػِ‪ًً ٢‬خء حُؼَد ‪ٓٝ‬ويٍط‪ٝ ْٜ‬ىهش ٓ‪٬‬كظخط‪,ْٜ‬‬

‫‪67‬‬
 ‫كظ‪٣ ُْ ٢‬ظًَ‪ٞ‬ح ٗ‪٤‬جخ ً ٖٓ ٓ‪٬‬رٔخص ك‪٤‬خط‪ ْٜ‬ا‪ُ ٫‬لظ‪ٟٝٝ ٙٞ‬ؼ‪ٞ‬ح ُ‪ ٚ‬حٓٔخ ً ‪ًٝ‬خٗض ًَ هز‪ِ٤‬ش طلؼَ‬
‫ًُي‪ ,‬كِٔخ ؿٔغ حُؼِٔخء ٖٓ هزخثَ ٓوظِلش ط٘‪ٞ‬ػض ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء حُٔظؼيىس ٌُُي ‪ٝ‬ؿي رؼ‪ٓ ٞ‬خ ٗٔٔ‪ٚ٤‬‬
‫رخُٔظَحىكخص – ‪ٓٝ‬خ ًخٕ ٓ٘‪ٜ‬خ ‪٣‬ظ‪ َٜ‬رل‪٤‬خس حُل‪ً َ٠‬خُٔ‪٬‬رْ حُل‪٣َ٠‬ش ‪ٝ‬ح‪١٧‬ؼٔش حُل‪ ١َ٠‬س‬
‫كوِ‪ٝ ,َ٤‬أًؼَ‪ ٙ‬ؿخء ٖٓ حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ ك‪ ٢‬حُؼ‪ َٜ‬حُؼزخٓ‪ ,٢‬كبًح أط‪٘٤‬خ اُ‪ُ٘٘ٓ ٢‬خ ‪ٍٝ‬أ‪٘٣‬خ حُل‪٠‬خٍس‬
‫حُـَر‪٤‬ش ‪٘ٓٝ‬ظـخط‪ٜ‬خ ٍأ‪٘٣‬خ ٖٓ حُطز‪٤‬ؼ‪ ٢‬ه‪ٍٜٞ‬حً ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٟ‬لخ ً كبًح هخٍٗخ حُ٘خهش ‪ٝ‬أٗ‪ٞ‬حػ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٝ‬أؿِحء‪ٛ‬خ‪,‬‬
‫ص حُ‪٤‬ي‪٣ٝ‬ش رخُ‪ٜ٘‬خػش حُل‪٣َ٠‬ش حُن‪....‬‬ ‫‪ٝ‬حُؼوخه‪ َ٤‬حُ‪٤‬ي‪٣ٝ‬ش رخُؼوخه‪ َ٤‬حُل‪٣َ٠‬ش‪ٝ ,‬حُ‪ٜ٘‬خػخ‬
‫‪ٌٌٛٝٝ‬ححُـ٘‪ ٢‬حُٔلَ‪ ١‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ٝ ٢ُٝ٧‬حُلوَ حُٔيهغ ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخٗ‪٤‬ش ‪ٌٌٛٝ .‬ح ‪ٝ .‬ػ‪٬‬ؽ ًُي ك‪ٗ ٢‬ظَ‪١‬‬
‫أٓ‪:ٍٞ‬‬

‫(‪ )1‬حُظولق ٖٓ ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حَُٔحىكخص حُظ‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔؼخؿْ‪ .‬كِٔ٘خ ك‪ ٢‬كخؿش اُ‪ ٢‬حُؼٔخٗ‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫أُق ٓخىس حُظ‪ٍٝ ٢‬ىص ك‪ُٔ ٢‬خٕ حُؼَد ًٔخ ‪٣‬و‪٫ٝ ُٕٞٞ‬ري ٖٓ ‪َ١‬ف رؼ‪ ٞ‬ح‪ُ٧‬لخظ ‪ٝ‬آخطظ‪ٜ‬خ ا‪٫‬‬
‫‪ُ ١ٍَٟٝ‬لٔق ٓـخ‪ٌُِِٔ ً٫‬خص حُـي‪٣‬يس ك‪ ٢‬حُٔٔٔ‪٤‬خص حُظ‪ٗ ٢‬لٖ‬
‫ح‬ ‫إٔ طٌ‪ً ٕٞ‬ظزخ ً ٓئٍهش ُِـش‪ًُ .‬ي‬
‫ً‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬كخؿش اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ‪ ُٞٝ .‬أرو‪٘٤‬خ حُوي‪ًٔ ْ٣‬خ ‪ٝ ٞٛ‬أ‪ٟ‬ل٘خ اُ‪ ٚ٤‬حُـي‪٣‬ي ُظ‪٠‬وْ ٓظٖ حُِـش ط‪٠‬ؤخ ‪٣‬ؼـِ أ‪١‬‬
‫ٓظؼِْ ػٖ آظ‪٤‬ؼخر‪ٝ .ٚ‬أ‪ ٢ُٝ‬حٌُِٔخص رخ‪٩‬ػيحّ ‪:٢ٛ‬‬

‫(ح) حٌُِٔخص حُل‪٤ٗٞ‬ش حُظ‪ٌَٜٛ٣ ٢‬خ حٌُ‪ٝ‬م ‪ٝ‬حُٔٔغ‪ٝ ,‬حُظ‪ ٢‬ػزَ ػ٘‪ٜ‬خ ح‪ٛ‬يم طؼز‪َ٤‬‬
‫حُ‪ٜ‬ل‪ ٢‬حُلِ‪ ٢‬ك‪٤‬غ ‪٣‬و‪:ٍٞ‬‬

‫‪ٝ‬حُؼِطذ‪ْ٣‬‬
‫ـ‬ ‫ــــهخم‬ ‫‪ٝ‬حُطوخ ‪ٝ‬حُٖ‬ ‫حُل‪ِ٤‬د‪ٝ ٕٝ‬حُيٍىر‪٢‬ــــّ‬
‫ـ‬ ‫اٗٔخ‬
‫ــــك‪ّٞ‬‬ ‫ك‪ ٖ٤‬طَُ‪ٝ ١ٝ‬ط٘ٔجِ حُٖ‬ ‫ُـش ط٘لَ حُْ ــــــٓخٓغ ٖٓــــ‪ٛ‬خ‬
‫ـٍى حُٔؤٗ‪ّٞ‬‬ ‫حُ‪ٞ‬ك٘‪ٜ٘ٓ ٢‬خ ‪٣ٝ‬ض‬ ‫ــــــــٍ‬
‫‪ٝ‬هز‪٤‬ق إٔ ‪ٌ٣‬ىـــــٍ حُ٘خف‬
‫ــــــٍ ـمىّ ـــ‪ ّٝ‬؟‬ ‫‪ٓٝ‬وخُ‪ ٢‬ػو٘ن‬ ‫أ‪ ٖ٣‬ه‪ٌٛ ٢ُٞ‬ح ًج‪٤‬ذ هيــــــ‪ْ٣‬‬
‫ـــ‪ ٙ‬حَُ‪ٝ‬إّ‬ ‫ك‪٘ٗ ٢‬خف طوق ٖٓ‬ ‫كَ ُ‪ٔٛ٨‬ؼ‪ ٢‬ؿ‪ٞ‬د حُل‪٤‬خك‪٢‬‬
‫ــــــــــحظ ٓـ٘خ‪٢١‬ـــّ‬ ‫‪ ٌ٣ٌُٝ‬ح‪ُ٧‬ق‬ ‫اٗٔخ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُوَـــ‪ٝ‬د فـــــى‪١‬ــــى‬

‫كٍِِ٘٘ ػِ‪ ٢‬كٌْ حُ‪ٜ‬ل‪ ٢‬حُلِ‪ُٔ٘ٝ ٢‬ظزؼي ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ُ٧‬لخظ ‪ٝ‬أٓؼخُ‪ٜ‬خ‪ًٔٝ ,‬خ ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬ػِٔ٘خ ك‪٢‬‬
‫حُٔؼخؿْ حُظلظ‪ ٖ٤‬ػٔخ ‪ِٜ٣‬ق ‪ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ٣‬ػِٔ٘خ أ‪٠٣‬خ ً حُظلظ‪ ٖ٤‬ػٔخ ‪ِٜ٣ ٫‬ق ‪ٝ‬طوَ‪ َ٣‬حٓظزؼخى‪ٝ ٙ‬ػيّ‬
‫اىهخُ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔؼخؿْ حُـي‪٣‬يس‪.‬‬
‫(د) ًٌُي حٓظزؼخى ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُٔظَحىكخص حُظ‪ ٫ ٢‬كخؿش اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ‪.‬كٔخ كخؿظ٘خ اُ‪ ٢‬إٔ ‪ٌٕٞ٣‬‬
‫ُِؼَٔ ػٔخٗ‪ ٕٞ‬حٓٔخ ‪٤ُِٔٝ‬ق ٗ‪٤‬ق ‪ٝ‬هٔٔ‪ُِٝ ٕٞ‬ـ٘ش ٗل‪ٓ ٞ‬خثظ‪٤ُِٜٔٝ ٖ٤‬زش ٗل‪ ٞ‬أٍرؼٔخثش ك‪٢‬‬
‫ك‪ ٖ٤‬إٔ أ‪ًُ ٖٓ ْٛ‬ي ًِ‪ ُٚ ْ٤ُ ٚ‬أْٓ ‪ٝ‬حكي ؟ ُوي ٓ‪ ٢٠‬حُِٖٓ حٌُ‪ً٘ ١‬خ ٗؼي ك‪ً ٚ٤‬ؼَس حُْ ‪ٝ‬حى‬
‫ٓلوَس ُِـش ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٟ‬طَط٘خ ًؼَس ٓوِ‪ٞ‬هخص حُٔيٗ‪٤‬ش إٔ ٗلٔي هللا ػِ‪ ٢‬إٔ ‪ٓ ٌَُ ٌٕٞ٣‬خىس ك‪ ٢‬حُل‪٤‬خس‬
‫حْٓ ‪ٝ‬حكي ‪ٜ٣‬طِق حُ٘خّ ػِ‪٣ٝ ٚ٤‬ظلخ‪ ٕٞٔٛ‬ر‪ٗ .ٚ‬ؼْ إ رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُٔظَحىكخص ُ‪ٓ ْ٤‬ظَحىكخ ً ُي‪ُ٫‬ظ‪ٚ‬‬
‫ػِ‪ٛٝ ٢‬ق أ‪ٗ ٝ‬ل‪ًُ ٞ‬ي‪ ٌُٖٝ ,‬حٌُؼ‪ٜ٘ٓ َ٤‬خ ‪٣ ٫‬يٍ ػِ‪ٗ ٢‬ت ؿ‪ َ٤‬حٌُ‪٣ ١‬يٍ ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حُِلع ح‪٥‬هَ‬
‫ك‪ ٬‬كخؿش اُ‪ٗٝ – ٚ٤‬ؼْ إ ًؼَس حَُٔحىكخص ‪ُِ٘ ١ٍَٟٝ‬ؼَ حُؼَر‪ ٢‬حٌُ‪ ١‬طِظِّ ك‪ ٚ٤‬حُو‪٤ٜ‬يس‬
‫‪ٝ‬كيس حُوخك‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حَُ‪ٌٛ ٌُٖٝ ,١ٝ‬ح ك‪ٗ ٢‬ظَ‪ ١‬ػ‪٤‬ذ آهَ ‪٠٣‬خف اُ‪ ٢‬ػ‪ٞ٤‬د حُٔظَحىكخص‪ .‬ك‪ٞ‬كيس‬
‫حُوخك‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حَُ‪ ١ٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُو‪٤ٜ‬يس حُط‪ِ٣ٞ‬ش أ‪ٟ‬ؼلض ٖٓ حُ٘ؼَ ا‪ ٫‬ػِ‪٣ ٢‬ي حُٔ‪َٜ‬س‪ٝ ,‬ؿؼِظ‪٘٣ ْٜ‬ي‪ٕٝ‬‬
‫ػِ‪ ٢‬حُٔؼخٗ‪ٗ ٢‬يحً ُ‪٤‬ؼؼَ‪ٝ‬ح ػِ‪ ٢‬حُوخك‪٤‬ش‪ ٫ ,‬إٔ ‪٣‬ؤط‪ٞ‬ح رخُوخك‪٤‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬ط‪٬‬ثْ حُٔؼ٘‪٢‬؛ ‪ٓٝ‬خ ػِ‪٘٤‬خ ُ‪ٞ‬‬
‫طؼيىص حُو‪ٞ‬حك‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُو‪٤ٜ‬يس حُ‪ٞ‬حكيس ؟ ًُي أٍ‪ٝ‬ف ُِٔٔغ ‪ٝ‬أكٔق ٓـخ‪ُِ٘ ً٫‬خػَ‪.‬‬

‫‪68‬‬
69
 Critical Translation

70
71
 In this section on critical translation, we will deal with three
types: poetry, idioms and proverbs. These three share one aspect known
as the metaphoric language. Every word has a denotation (direct
meaning) and a connotation (indirect and unexpressed meaning).
Figurative language is teeming with connotation. A good translator had
better be familiar with the denotation and connotation of words. Blood,
for example, can be used in a text to refer to kinship in addition to
killing. The following table highlights this idea:

The word denotation connotation

Relaxation
Chair
Crippled

Energy
Sun Life
Light

Assignment (19)
Give the connotation of the following words:

The word The connotations

Earth
Hand
Snow

We have to understand that idioms, proverbs and poetry are just

examples of critical translation, but the scope is really bigger. Even an
abbreviation or an acronym could be a critical aspect to the translator.
They are thousands in every technical field. If you face some
abbreviations and you do not know what they stand for, you are in deep
trouble because an abbreviation can refer to more than one entity
depending on the text. AAA can read "American automobile

72
 Association" and "Anti aircraft Artillery ". How would you translate an
abbreviation as DVD? Even the translation of a simple affix in a word
might be critical.

Assignment (20)
Try to translate the following words:

Prefix Meaning Illustration Translation

Anti Against Antithetical
Pseudo False Pseudo-personality
Inter- Between, Interrelation
Hypo- Below, beneath Hypodermic
Macro- Large Macroeconomics
Here are some more critical English / Arabic words.

Assignment (21)
Try your hand at the non-translated items in the following
lists:
Few ‫غ‬٠‫ر‬
A few ٞ‫رؼ‬
Clergy ‫ٓش‬ٝ‫هٔخ‬
Chorus ‫هش‬ٞ‫ؿ‬
Cast
ٍَ ٍَ ٍَStaff
Kleptomania
Autarky
Littoral deposits
Zoolatry
‫ٓ٘ظخٍ حُٔؼيس‬
‫ى‬٬٤ُٔ‫خّ ح‬٤ٛ
َ‫ش حُ٘ل‬٤‫طَر‬
ٖ٤‫ـ‬ٜ‫ط‬
َٔ‫ٓلخم حُو‬

73
 Fish
Anchovy ٚ‫ؿ‬ٞ٘ٗ‫ح‬
Eel ٖ٘‫ك‬
Bass ٍٙٝ‫هخ‬
Whitebait ‫ش‬٣ٍ‫رٔخ‬
Bonito ٚ‫ط‬٤ٓ٬‫ر‬
٢‫رِط‬
Gilt-head ْ٤ٗ‫ى‬
Herring ٚ‫ٍٗـ‬
Mackerel َ٣ًَ‫ٓخ‬
Whiting ٝ‫خ‬٤‫ر‬
Sea perch ٍ‫هخ‬ٝ
ٍٟٞ‫ر‬
Bream ٕ‫َٓؿخ‬
Nile perch ٢٤ٓ‫هَح‬
Skate ‫ٓلَحص‬
Sprat ٍُ‫ٓـخ‬
Sole ٠ٓٞٓ
Tuna ‫ٗخ‬ٞ‫ط‬
Squid ٢٤‫ٓز‬
Date shell َ‫رِق حُزل‬
Oyster ٍ‫ٓلخ‬
ٍِٞ‫أّ حُو‬
Lobster ‫ُح‬ًٞ‫حٓظخ‬
Clam ٠ِ‫ك‬ٝ‫ؿ٘ي‬
Crab ‫خ‬٣ٍٞ‫ًخر‬
Shrimp َٟ‫ؿٔز‬
Snail ‫حهغ‬ٞ‫ه‬
Animals
Reindeer َ‫ػ‬ُٞ‫ح‬
Mule َ‫حُزـ‬
Mare
Jackal ٟٝ‫حرٖ آ‬
Ichneumon ُْٔ٘‫ح‬
Hyena ‫زغ‬٠ُ‫ح‬
Hippopotamus ‫ي ه٘طش‬٤ُٔ‫ح‬

74
 Calf-heifer َ‫حُؼـ‬
Hedge hog
Skunk ٕ‫حُظَرخ‬
Squirrel ‫حُٔ٘ـخد‬
Weasel
Goat ِ‫حُٔخػ‬
Insects
Ant ‫ِٗٔش‬
Butterfly ‫كَحٗش‬
Beetle ‫ه٘لٔش‬
Bee ‫ٗلِش‬
‫رن‬
Cockroach ٍَٞٛٛ
Cricket
Caterpillar ٕ‫ىس حُلَح‬ٝ‫ى‬
Cocoon ‫َٗٗوش‬
Centipede
Dragoon-fly ٚٔ‫ حُو‬ٞ‫حر‬
Fly ‫ًرخرش‬
‫ع‬ٞ‫رَؿ‬
Grasshopper ٢٤‫ حُ٘ط‬ٞ‫حر‬
Gnats ٕٞٓ‫خ‬ٛ
Gecko َٙ‫ر‬
Mantis ٠‫كَّ حُ٘ز‬
Mosquito ٟٚٞ‫رؼ‬
Moth ‫ػظش‬
Mite ‫ٓش‬ٞٓ
Spider ‫ص‬ٞ‫ػٌ٘ز‬
Wasp ٍٞ‫ىر‬
Worm ‫ىس‬ٝ‫ى‬
Maggot ‫َهش‬٣
Fruits
Apple ‫طلخف‬
Apricot
Bananas ُٞٓ
Mulberry ‫ص‬ٞ‫ط‬
Cherry ِ٣ًَ

75
 Coconut ‫٘ي‬ٛ ُٞ‫ؿ‬
Dates ‫رِق‬
ٖ٤‫ط‬
Grapes ‫ػ٘ذ‬
Guava ‫حكش‬ٞ‫ؿ‬
Mango ٞ‫ٓخٗـ‬
Melon ّ‫ٗٔخ‬
Orange ٍ‫رَطوخ‬
Pear َٟ‫ًٔؼ‬
Plum
Pomegranate ٕ‫ٍٓخ‬
‫م‬ٞ‫ه‬
Pine apple ّ‫أٗخٗخ‬
Pumpkin َٔ‫هَع ػ‬
Strawberry ‫ُش‬ٝ‫كَح‬
Tangerine / mandarin ٠‫ٓل‬ٞ٣
Water melon ‫ن‬٤‫رط‬
Seasonings
Anise ٕٞٔ٘٣
Cinnamon
Cardamom ٕ‫خ‬ٜ‫كز‬
Cloves َ‫هَٗل‬
Coriander ‫ًِرَس‬
Cumin ًٕٞٔ
Curry ٍ‫خ‬ٜ‫ر‬
Hot/red pepper ٚ‫ٗط‬
َ‫كِل‬
Cereals
Beans ٍٞ‫ك‬
Black-eyed beans
Chick – peas ٚٔ‫ك‬
Corn-maize ‫ًٍس‬
Kidney beans ‫خء‬٠٤‫خ ر‬٤ُٞٛ‫كخ‬
Lentil
Lupine َْٓ‫ط‬
Rice ٍُ‫أ‬
Seeds-kernel ‫ُذ‬

76
 Sesame ْٔٔٓ
Soy beans ‫خ‬٣ُٜٞ‫ٍ ح‬ٞ‫ك‬

Hereafter is an alphabetical list of miscellaneous items that

may be hard to find or critical to translate:

Alum ‫ٗزش‬
Aloes َ‫ز‬ٛ
Almond ُُٞ
Ambergris َ‫ػ٘ز‬
Artichoke ‫ف‬َٞٗ‫ه‬
Eggplant ٕ‫رخًٗـخ‬
Barley َ٤‫ٗؼ‬
Beetroot َ‫ر٘ـ‬
Black cumin/fennel flower ‫كزش حُزًَش‬
Cabbage ‫ًَٗذ‬
Carnation َ‫هَٗل‬
Castor ‫ع‬َٝ‫حُو‬
Cauliflower ٢٤‫هَٗز‬
Celery ْ‫ًَك‬
Chard ‫ِٓن‬
Chicory ْ٣َٓ
Clover ْ٤َٓ‫ر‬
Taro ّ‫هِوخ‬
Fennel َٔٗ
Date compressed ‫س‬ٞ‫ػـ‬
Dill ‫ٗزض‬
Galangal ِ٣ِ‫كذ حُؼ‬
Egyptian privet ٚ٘‫طَٔ ك‬
Fenugreek ‫كِزش‬
Flax ٕ‫ًظخ‬
Frankincense ًَ‫ُزخٕ ى‬
Thyme َ‫ُػظ‬
Ginger َ٤‫ُٗـز‬
Hibiscus ٚ٣‫ًًَي‬
Indigo ِٚ٤ٗ
Ivy ‫د‬٬‫ُز‬

77
 Jujube ‫ٗزن‬
Leeks/scallion ‫ًَحص‬
Lettuce ْ‫ه‬
Linseed ٕ‫رٌٍ حٌُظخ‬
Licorice ّٞٓ ‫ػَم‬
Mallow ‫ش‬٤‫ه‬ِٞٓ
Marrow/squash ًٚٓٞ
Mastic ٌٚ٤‫ٓٔظ‬
Millet ‫ًٍس كَٔحء‬
Mint ‫ٗؼ٘خع‬
Molasses ‫ى‬ٞٓ‫ػَٔ ح‬
mushroom ‫ٖ حُـَحد‬٤‫ػ‬
Mustard ٍ‫حُوَى‬
Nutmeg ‫زش‬٤‫ُ حُط‬ٞ‫ؿ‬
Oats ٕ‫كخ‬ٞٗ
Okra/lady's fingers ‫ش‬٤ٓ‫رخ‬
Parsley ْٗٝ‫روي‬
Pennyroyal/basil ٕ‫لخ‬٣ٍ
Prune ‫خ‬٤َٛ‫ه‬
Quince َ‫ٓلَؿ‬
Radish َ‫كـ‬
Rocket َ٤‫ؿَؿ‬
Rose moss ِٚ‫ٍؿ‬
saffron ٕ‫ُػلَح‬
Semolina ٢٤ٔٓ ‫ن‬٤‫ىه‬
Seville ‫ٍٗؾ‬٫
Snake cucumber ٚ‫هظ‬
Sycamore ِ٤ٔ‫ؿ‬
Tamarind ٟ‫٘ي‬ٛ َٔ‫ط‬
Turnip ‫ُلض‬
Walnut َٔ‫ٖ ؿ‬٤‫ػ‬
Worm wood ‫ق‬٤ٗ

Translating phrases is sometimes also critical. Is it reasonable

that the following phrases are all translated as ---------- ‫?َٓد‬
Give your opinion.

78
 Assignment (22)
 a flock of birds --------------------------------------------------------
 a awarm of bees ----------------------------------------------------
 a school of fish ------------------------------------------------------
 a plague of locusts --------------------------------------------------

Assignment (23)
Translate the following phrases related to sounds:
 hissing of steam -----------------------------------------------------
 a buzz of a telephone -----------------------------------------------
 a creak of a hinge --------------------------------------------------
 howling of wind -----------------------------------------------------
 jingle of coins --------------------------------------------------------

Assignment (24)
Translate the following small quantities:
 a puff of air --------------------- a whiff of air ----------------------
 a touch of color ---------------- a tint of color ---------------------
 a sip of water ----------------- a drop of water -------------------
 a crumb of bread----------------a crust of bread--------------------

79
 1-Idioms:
Idioms are a colorful and fascinating aspect of a language. They
are a group of words that take on a specialized meaning distinct from
the meanings of the individual words considered separately. "To hit the
sack "is an American English idiom which means "to go to bed", but if
it were translated literally into another language, it would be
understood to mean "to strike a cloth bag in one's hand". One of the
problems we have with idioms is that we cannot guess the meaning
from the words they contain. "To burn the boats" is not translated as
‫حٍد‬ٞ‫لَم حُو‬٣but as " ‫ حَُؿؼش‬٢‫وطغ ه‬٣"Also" To smell a rat " is not
translated as ‫ْ٘ كؤٍح‬٣ but as ‫ حُ٘ي‬ٍٙٝ‫ٔخ‬٣
Look at the following English idioms and their endeavored translation:
1) Bread and butter………………...................…‫ِٓق‬ٝ ٖ٤‫ػ‬
2) Bury the hatchet……………………………٢ٟ‫ حُٔخ‬٢ٔ٘ٗ
3) Face the music ……......................................‫ػيى‬ٝ ٢‫حٓظِو‬
4) It is raining cats and dogs. …………...……. ‫طٔطَ رـِحٍس‬
5) Pigs might fly………………...……………...٢‫حهطغ ًٍحػ‬

You may have noticed that most of these examples are cultural
–oriented and the only way to know how to
translate them is through context and by being
familiar with these common expressions. In
number one, the word ‫ ُري‬is replaced by ‫ِٓق‬
because this is how it is expressed in Arabic.
Number two and four have entirely different
lexical counterparts. Number three and five
came colloquial. There is nothing wrong with
that if the meaning is completely conveyed, but some translators do not
feel comfortable with slang.

80
 Idiomaticity:
Arabic is as idiomatic as English. In some cases, the similarity
between many English and Egyptian-Arabic idioms is stronger than it
could have been produced by accident. No linguist could examine the
idioms given below without believing them to have sprung from some
common source. To account for such similarity, you can just say that
human beings have the same brain mechanisms that can produce the
same utterances.

English Egyptian Arabic

As cheap as dirt
‫ حُظَحد‬ٚ‫رَه‬
Settle accounts with someone
ٕ٬‫ ٓغ ك‬ٚ‫ كٔخر‬ٟٞٓ
A little bird told me
٢ُ ‫ٍس هخُض‬ٞ‫ل‬ٜ‫حُؼ‬
Make someone's blood boil
ٕ٬‫ٍ ىّ ك‬ٞ‫ك‬
As like as two peas in a pod
ٖ٤ٜٗ ‫ حٗؤٔض‬ٝ ُٚٞ‫ك‬
Clip someone's wings
ٕ٬‫ٖ ك‬٣ٍ ٚ‫و‬ٜ‫ه‬
With one's nose in the air
‫ حُٔٔخ‬٢‫ ك‬َٙ٤‫ٓ٘خه‬
You have to wait donkey's years
ٍ‫خ كٔخ‬٣ ‫ص‬ٞٓ
To buy the Brooklyn Bridge ١‫ حُظَٓخ‬١َ‫٘ظ‬٣

Assignment (25)
Read the following passage from Dr. M.Anany's book ٕ‫ٗـٔخ‬ُٞ
,‫ كٖ حُظَؿٔش‬114 ٙ,2004 ٕ‫ ُز٘خ‬And comment on it.
‫ح‬ٟ‫ت االططالؽ‬١‫اٌزشاو‬
ٞٛ ٝ ‫ش‬٤‫ حُؼَر‬٠ُ‫ش ا‬٣ِ٤ِ‫ٗـ‬٩‫حٗذ حُظَؿٔش ٖٓ ح‬ٞ‫ ؿخٗذ آهَ ٖٓ ؿ‬٠ُ‫ٕ ا‬٥‫ ُ٘٘ظوَ ح‬ٝ
ٞٛ ٝ .ٍٝ٧‫ ػٖ ٓخثَ ُـخص ح‬ٚ‫خ ً ط٘لَى ر‬ٛ‫طِلخ ً هخ‬ٜٓ ‫طِق؛ اً إ ٌَُ ُـش‬ُٜٔ‫ؿخٗذ ح‬
.‫ كيس‬٠ِ‫ ًَ ػ‬,‫خ‬ٜ‫ش ٓلَىحط‬٤ِ‫ طيٍ ػ‬٫ ٠٘‫ ٓؼ‬٠ِ‫خ ػ‬ٜ‫ػ‬ٞٔ‫ ٓـ‬٢‫ طيٍ ك‬٢‫ػش حٌُِٔخص حُظ‬ٞٔ‫ٓـ‬

81
 ‫‪ٜ٣ٝ‬ؼذ ػِ‪٘٤‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش اىٍحى طَحً‪٤‬ز‪ٚ‬؛ ‪ ٕ٧‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ُـش ٓ٘طن ‪ ٝ‬ػزخص‪٘٣ ٝ ,‬يٍ إٔ‬
‫‪ٞ٣‬ؿي ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ٓؼَ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُ٘‪ٞ‬ع ح‪ ٖٓ ٍٝ٧‬حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِق‪ٌُُ ٝ .‬ي كبٕ حُٔظَؿْ حُٔزظية حٌُِ‪٣ ُْ ١‬ؼظي رؼي‬
‫‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُظَحً‪٤‬ذ حُؼخرظش حُظ‪ ٫ ٢‬طظـِأ ‪ ٫ ٝ‬طظلظض ‪٣‬لخٍ ك‪ ٢‬طَؿٔظ‪ ٝ .ٚ‬أهَد ح‪ٓ٧‬ؼِش ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬ك‪٢‬‬
‫ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش طؼز‪٣ " to blow the gaff َ٤‬ل٘‪ ٠‬حَُٔ " كبٕ حُلؼَ ‪٣ blow‬ؼ٘‪ ٠‬ك‪٘٣ ( ٢‬لن )‬
‫‪٣ gaffٝ‬ؼ٘‪ ٠‬حُؼٔ‪ٞ‬ى حُو٘ز‪ً ٢‬ح حُٖٔ حُلي‪٣‬ي‪٣‬ش ‪ ,‬حٌُ‪٣ ١‬وَؽ ر‪ ٚ‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬خى حٌُٔٔش رؼي حهظ٘خ‪ٜٛ‬خ‬
‫رخُ٘زٌش ‪ ٞٛ ٝ .‬طؼز‪٣ ٫ َ٤‬ؼظٔي ك‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ٘خ‪ ٙ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُٔؼخٗ‪ ٢‬حُٔؼـٔ‪٤‬ش ُٔلَىحط‪٘٣ ٝ ,ٚ‬زـ‪ ٢‬إٔ ‪٣‬ؼخُؾ‬
‫ٓؼخُـش ًِ‪٤‬ش ‪ ٫‬ؿِث‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ٓٝ‬خىٓ٘خ ك‪ٓ ٢‬ـخٍ اك٘خء حَُٔ‪ -‬إٔ طو‪ٓ ٝ to spill the beans ٍٞ‬ؼ٘خ‪٘٣ ٙ‬ؼَ كزخص‬
‫حُل‪ ٍٞ‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُلخ‪٤ُٞٛ‬خ ػِ‪ ٠‬ح‪ ,ٍٝ٧‬أ‪ ٝ‬إٔ طو‪ٓ ٝ ,to let the cat out of the bag ٍٞ‬ؼ٘خ‪ٙ‬‬
‫‪ ( to kick the bucket‬كَك‪٤‬خ ً ‪ًََ٣‬‬ ‫كَك‪٤‬خ ً إٔ طوَؽ حُوطش ٖٓ حٌُ‪ًٌُ ٝ .ْ٤‬ي طؼز‪َ٤‬‬
‫‪to‬‬ ‫حُيُ‪٣ ٞٛٝ )ٞ‬ؼ٘‪ ٠‬إٔ ‪ٞٔ٣‬ص حَُٔء‪ ْ٤ُ ٝ ,‬ػٔش ػ‪٬‬هش ر‪ ًٍَ ٖ٤‬حُيُ‪ ٝ ٞ‬حُ‪ٞ‬كخس‪ .‬أ‪ ٝ‬طؼز‪َ٤‬‬
‫‪ have a narrow shave‬إٔ ‪٘٣‬ؾ رؤػـ‪ٞ‬رش‪ٓ ٝ .‬ؼ٘خ‪ ٙ‬حُلَك‪ ٢‬إٔ ‪ٌ٣‬خى ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ‪ ْٔ٣‬حُوطَ‪.‬‬
‫‪ًِٔٝ‬ش ‪ shave‬هي طؼ٘‪٣ ( ٠‬لِن حُِل‪٤‬ش ) أ‪ ٝ‬إٔ ‪٣‬وطغ هطؼخ ً ٍه‪٤‬وش ‪ ,‬أ‪ٌ٘٣ ٝ‬د طٌ٘‪٣‬زخ ً ٍه‪٤‬وخ ً ‪.‬‬
‫‪to have a‬‬ ‫‪ٝ‬هْ ػِ‪ًُ ٠‬ي طؼز‪َ٤‬حص ٗخػض ك‪ُ ٢‬ـش حُ‪ٜ‬لخكش ك‪ ٢‬أ‪٣‬خٓ٘خ ‪ٓ ٌٙٛ‬ؼَ‬
‫‪ٓٝ finger in every pie‬ؼ٘خ‪ ٙ‬حُلَك‪ ٢‬إٔ طٌ‪ ُٚ ٕٞ‬ا‪ٛ‬زغ ك‪ ًَ ٢‬كط‪َ٤‬س – أ‪ ١‬إٔ ‪٘٣‬ظَى ك‪٢‬‬
‫هزِ ًَ كط‪َ٤‬س – ‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬ح‪ٛ٫‬ط‪٬‬ك‪ٝ ٢‬ح‪ٟ‬ق ‪ ٞٛ ٝ ,‬آخ إٔ ‪َُِٔ ٌٕٞ٣‬ء ح‪ٛ‬ظٔخّ أ‪ِٜٓ ٝ‬لش‬
‫ك‪ٓ ًَ ٢‬خ ‪٣‬ليع ‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬إٔ ‪٘٣‬ظَى ك‪ٓ ًَ ٢‬خ ‪٣‬ـَ‪ٓ ٝ . ٟ‬خ ىٓ٘خ هي ًًَٗخ حُوزِ ‪ ٝ‬حُلط‪َ٤‬س كًٌَِ٘‬
‫إٔ ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪ٔ٣ ِ٤‬ظويٓ‪ًِٔ ٕٞ‬ش ‪ pie‬ك‪ ٢‬طؼز‪َ٤‬حص أهَ‪ٓ ٟ‬ؼَ ‪ , a pie in the sky:‬رٔؼ٘‪٠‬‬
‫حُ‪ٞ‬ػي حٌُِ‪٣ ٫ ١‬ظلون أريحً‪ً ,‬و‪ُٞ‬ي رخُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُٔ‪٣َٜ‬ش (ك‪ ٢‬حُٖٔ٘ٔ )أ‪( ٝ‬حرن هخرِ٘‪ًٌُ ٝ)٢‬ي‬
‫‪ٔ٣‬ظويٓ‪ ٕٞ‬ح‪ٛ٩‬زغ ‪ finger‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ٛ‬ط‪٬‬كخص ُـ‪٣ٞ‬ش ًؼ‪َ٤‬س ‪ ٝ‬رخُٔ٘طن ٗلٔ‪ٞ٣ ٚ‬حؿ‪ ٚ‬حُٔظَؿْ‬
‫طؼز‪َ٤‬حً ٗ‪َ٤ٜ‬حً ‪٣‬طِن ػِ‪ ٖٓ ٠‬ر‪ ٚ‬ؿ٘‪ٓ ٝ He has bats in the belfry : ٚ‬ؼ٘خ‪ ٙ‬حُلَك‪ُ( ٢‬ي‪ٚ٣‬‬
‫هلخك‪ ٖ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬رَؽ حٌُ٘‪ٔ٤‬ش ) ‪ٓ ٝ‬ؼ٘خ‪ ٙ‬حُٔوخرَ (ططٖ ك‪ٍ ٢‬أٓ‪ ٚ‬حُط‪٘٤٘١ ٍٞ٤‬خ ً) ‪ ٝ‬أٓخ حُزي‪ َ٣‬ك‪( ٜٞ‬إ‬
‫ك‪ٍ ٢‬أٓ‪ ٚ‬أه‪١٬‬خ ً ‪ ٝ‬أٓ٘خؿخ ً) ‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬حُؼخّ ك‪ُ( ٜٞ‬وي حهظَ ػوِ‪)ٚ‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُظؼز‪ َ٤‬حُؼخٓ‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪١َٜ‬‬
‫(أٓ‪َٟ ًٚ٬‬رض)‬

‫)‪Assignment (26‬‬
‫‪Study the following tables and try to translate the idioms in them:‬‬

‫‪idiom‬‬ ‫‪meaning‬‬ ‫‪example‬‬

‫‪do something to make‬‬ ‫‪The teacher has sugared the too much‬‬
‫‪To sugar‬‬
‫‪something unpleasant‬‬ ‫‪homework pill by offering extra‬‬
‫‪the pill‬‬
‫‪more acceptable.‬‬ ‫‪marks.‬‬
‫‪To have want to travel or move‬‬ ‫‪I can't stay in one place for more than‬‬
‫‪itchy feet on‬‬ ‫‪a year without having itchy feet.‬‬
‫‪Under‬‬
‫‪Jim has been feeling under the‬‬
‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪not very well‬‬
‫‪weather for weeks.‬‬
‫‪weather‬‬

‫‪82‬‬
 Idiom Meaning

Drive someone up a wall Annoy someone greatly

String someone along Lead someone on dishonesty

Sell someone down the river Betray someone

Leave someone high and dry Abandon someone

Sell someone short Underestimate someone

Feed someone a lion Deceive someone

Shoot the breeze Chat informally

Bite the dust Go down in defeat

Bend over backwards Try very hard

Hit the hay Go to bed

Cough up Give unwillingly

Jump the gun To be hasty

Scratch someone’s back Return a favor

Hit the ceiling Become very angry

Turn someone off Disgust someone

Go fly a kite Go away

Raise a stink Protest strongly

83
 Get in someone’s hair Bother someone

Shoot off one’s mouth Express one’s opinion loudly

Jump down someone’s throat Become angry with someone

Pay through the nose Pay too high a price

Tongue and cheek Not serious
Play it by ear Improvise as one goes along
Stick out one’s neck Take a risk
All thumbs Clumsy
Not have a leg to stand on To have no good defense for one’s
opinions or actions

Get off someone’s back Stop bothering someone

Go to the dogs Become run down

Take the bull by the horns Take decisive actions in a difficult

situation
Horse of a different color Quite a different matter

Let the cat out of the bag Inform before hand

For the birds Uninteresting and meaningless

Straight from the horse’s From a reliable source

mouth

Cat got your tongue Can’t talk

Check the Annex of this book for a collection of more

idioms arranged topic-wise.

84
 2- Proverbs:

Proverbs are elliptical statements labeled with national identity.

Unlike idioms, proverbs render complete meaning and can stand alone.
Although some may seem foolish, the majority reflects the accumulated
wisdom of a specific culture. That is mainly why they are appreciated
by many people. Because proverbs are typical human thoughts, you
can find Arabic equivalents to the English proverbs. In the following
list think of the Arabic context rather than of the English individual
words.

Assignment (27)
 Go through the list and mark off any disputed translation in your
point of view.
 Propose other translations to disputed ones.

A crow is never the whiter for ١‫ـي‬٣ ‫ ٓخًح‬ٝ (َٛ‫ حُي‬ٙ‫ِق حُؼطخٍ ٓخ أكٔي‬ٜ٣ ٫
washing itself often. ْ٤ٓ‫ حُي‬ٚ‫ؿ‬ُٞ‫ ح‬٢‫َ ك‬٤ٔ‫حُظـ‬

Add pence to pence for ‫ حُؼَحء‬٢‫ؤط‬٣ ْ٤ِٓ ٠ِ‫ْ ػ‬٤ِٓ .‫حس‬ُٞ٘‫ٍ حُ٘ـَس ح‬ٝ‫أ‬
wealth. ْ٤‫حُؼظ‬

After death the doctor. ,ٕ‫ح‬ٝ٧‫حص ح‬ٞ‫ رؼي ك‬,‫ص‬ُٞٔ‫ٍ رؼي ح‬ٞ‫ي حُيًظ‬٤‫ل‬٣ ٫
‫رؼي هَحد ٓخُطش‬
Age and wedlock tames man ُِٖٓ‫ ح‬٠‫ٗؼْ حَُٔر‬
and beast.

Be always in time, too late is ‫وخُق‬٣ ٖٓ َ‫ آه‬ٝ ٠‫ِز‬٣ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫ًٖ أ‬

crime.

Better an egg today than a hen َ‫َ حُز‬٤‫َ ٖٓ ىؿخؿش حُـي(ه‬٤‫ّ ه‬ٞ٤ُ‫ش ح‬٠٤‫ر‬
tomorrow. )َ‫ إ ه‬ٝ ِٚ‫ػخؿ‬

Better an old hat than a bare ٍ‫َ ٖٓ ٍأّ ػخ‬٤‫ٔش ه‬٣‫هزؼش هي‬
head.

Call the bear "uncle" till you ٟ‫ي‬٤ٓ‫خ‬٣ ُٚ َ‫ كو‬,ٚ‫إ ًخٕ ُي ػ٘ي حٌُِذ كخؿ‬
85
 are safe across the bridge.
Care is no cure. ٫( ٕ‫ ُِـخُع حػ٘ظخ‬ٝ ‫حكيس‬ٝ َ‫خر‬ُِٜ ‫زش‬٤ُٜٔ‫ح‬
)ْ‫ؽ حُـ‬٬‫ ػ‬٢‫ْ ك‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ٟ‫ـي‬٣
Claw me and I'll claw you. ِٚ‫أىكغ حَُ٘ رٔؼ‬

Conscience was hanged long ٕ‫ٔخثَ ٖٓ ُٓخ‬٠ُ‫ ٓخطض ح‬,َ‫ٔخث‬٠ُ‫ٍكْ هللا ح‬

ago.

Cut your coat according to ‫ي‬٤ِ‫ هي ُلخكي ٓي ٍؿ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬

your cloth.

Deeds are fruits; words are ‫ٍحم‬ٝ‫ حٌُِٔخص أ‬,َٔ‫ ػ‬٬‫ ػَٔ ٗـَس ر‬٬‫ّ ر‬٬ً
but leaves. ‫خ‬ٍٛ‫ػٔخٍ ػٔخ‬٧‫ ح‬ٝ

Destroy the nests and the ‫خٍص‬١ ٍ‫ًخ‬ٝ٧‫يٓض ح‬ٛ ‫ض حُيحء ( اًح‬٣‫ي دد‬٤ِ‫ػ‬
birds will fly away. )َ٤‫خك‬ٜ‫حُؼ‬

Do not burn your house to get ‫ طلَم ُِٓ٘ي‬٫ ,ٞ‫ٕ ٖٓ رؼ‬ٞٛ‫ حَُ٘ أ‬ٞ‫رؼ‬
rid of mice. ٕ‫ ٖٓ حُـًَح‬ِٚ‫ُظظو‬

Don't cross bridge until you ‫ذ‬٤‫ ػِْ حُـ‬٢‫ ٗت ٓخُحٍ ك‬٠ِ‫ٖ ٗلٔي ػ‬١ٞ‫ ط‬٫
come to it.

Fretting cares make grey

hairs. َ‫ؿ‬٧‫َ ح‬ٜ‫ْ طو‬ُٜ‫ًؼَس ح‬

Handsome is that handsome

does. .َ‫ حُلؼ‬ٝ ‫ف‬َُٝ‫اٗٔخ حُـٔخٍ ؿٔخٍ ح‬

Hard work breaks no bones. ‫ؿٔخى‬٧‫زيى ح‬٣ ٫ ‫حُؼَٔ حُـخى‬

Hasty climbers have sudden

falls. .‫هغ‬ٝ ٍ‫خ‬١ ‫ ًٔخ‬٩‫ ح‬..‫ حٍطلغ‬ٝ َ٤١ ٍ‫خ‬١ ‫ٓخ‬

He that will steal a pin will

‫َٔم‬٣ ٖٓ( ٖ٤ُٔٔ‫َٔم ح‬٣ ‫َٔم حُـغ‬٣ ٖٓ
steal a greater thing.
.)‫َٔم حُيؿخؿش‬٣ ‫ش‬٠٤‫حُز‬
He that hunts two hares will
catch neither. .ٚ‫ك‬ٞ‫ ؿ‬٢‫ٖ ك‬٤‫ٓخ ؿؼَ هللا َُؿَ ٖٓ هِز‬

86
 He that would eat the fruit
٠٘‫ (ٖٓ أٍحى ؿ‬٠ُ٦ُ‫ِذ ح‬١ ٖٓ َ‫ حُزل‬ٙٞ‫ـ‬٣
must climb the tree.
.)ٍ‫ٗـخ‬٧‫ظِٔن ح‬٣ ٕ‫ أ‬ٚ٤ِ‫حُؼٔخٍ كؼ‬
He who commences many
ٍٞٓ‫ ػيس أ‬٢‫َ (ٖٓ َٗع ك‬٤ُ ‫ذ‬١‫حٌُٔؼخٍ ًلخ‬
things finishes but few.
.)ٚ٤‫هخد ٓؼ‬
He who comes uncalled sits
٬‫خ ر‬ٜ٘ٓ ‫ هَؽ‬,‫س‬ٞ‫ ىػ‬٬‫ٔش ر‬٤ُُٞ‫َ ح‬٠‫ٖٓ ك‬
unserved.
.‫ؿزش‬ٝ
٢‫ٍ ك‬ٞ‫ؼ‬٣ ٫ ٖٓ ..‫خ‬ٛ‫حكي‬ٝٝ ‫خ‬٤ٗ‫اٗٔخ ٍؿَ حُي‬
He who depends on another
.َ‫ ٍؿ‬٠ِ‫خ ػ‬٤ٗ‫حُي‬
dines ill and sups worse.
.)‫ ػ٘خء‬٬‫ ٗخّ ر‬ٍٙ‫ ؿخ‬٠ِ‫(ٖٓ حطٌَ ػ‬
In a calm sea, every one a
‫خىثخ‬ٛ َ‫حّ (اًح ًخٕ حُزل‬ٞ‫ حُزَ ػ‬٠ِ‫ًَ ٖٓ ػ‬
pilot.
.)ٕ‫كخٌَُ هزطخ‬
It is in vain to cast your net
‫ طِن‬٫ ( ‫خ حُ٘وَ؟‬ٜ‫ ٓ٘خرظ‬٠‫ ك‬٫‫َ طـَّ ا‬ٛ ٝ
where there is no fish.
.)‫ؿي أٓٔخى‬ٞ‫ ط‬٫ ‫غ‬٤‫حُ٘زخى ك‬
Let bygones be bygones. ‫ ُي حُٔخػش‬ٝ ‫ذ‬٤‫ حُٔئَٓ ػ‬ٝ ‫ كخص‬٠٠ٓ ‫ٓخ‬
‫خ‬ٜ٤‫ أٗض ك‬٢‫حُظ‬
Light gains make heavy َ٤ِ‫ حَُرق حُو‬٢‫َ ك‬٤‫َ حٌُؼ‬٤‫حُو‬
purses.

Little and often fills the َ٤‫ـٔغ حٌُؼ‬٣ َ٤ِ‫ٖٓ حُو‬

purses.

Live and let live. ‫ي ٓخ طلذ ُ٘لٔي‬٤‫ه‬٧ ‫كذ‬

Lost time is never found. ‫ى‬ٞ‫ؼ‬٣ ٫ ٠ُٞ٣ ١ٌُ‫هض ح‬ُٞ‫ح‬

Many drops makes shower. ‫غ هطَس‬٤‫ٍ حُـ‬ٝ‫ كؤ‬,َ٤ِ‫ٖ رخُو‬ٜ‫ طٔظ‬٫

Many kiss the hand they wish ‫خ‬َٛ‫ٕ رظ‬ٞ٘ٔ‫ظ‬٣ ٢‫ي حُظ‬٤ُ‫ٕ ح‬َٝ٤‫وزَ حٌُؼ‬٣
cut off.

Much coin, much care. ِٚ‫ ًؼَص ٓ٘خؿ‬ُٚ‫ح‬ٞٓ‫ٖٓ ًؼَص أ‬

87
 One eyewitness is better than ‫ حُـخثذ‬َٟ٣ ٫ ‫ي ٓخ‬ٛ‫ حُ٘خ‬َٟ٣
two hear-so's.

Patience is bitter but bears ِٞ‫ ك‬َٙ‫ آه‬ٝ َّ‫زَ ٓــ‬ُٜ‫ٍ ح‬ٝ‫أ‬
sweet fruit.

Plough deep and you will get ‫ؿي‬ٝ ‫ٖٓ ؿي‬

plenty of corn.

Rome was not built in a day. ‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ ٖٓ أَٓ ( ُْ طوِن حُي‬ٙٞ‫زَ طزخع ٓخ طَؿ‬ُٜ‫رخ‬
) ّٞ٣ ٢‫ك‬
Silence is the best ornament ‫٘ش َُِٔآس‬٣ُ ٢ٜ‫ص أر‬ٌُٞٔ‫ح‬
of a woman.

Spend and God will send. ‫ذ‬٤‫ حُـ‬٢‫ي ٓخك‬٤‫ؤط‬٣ ‫ذ‬٤‫ حُـ‬٢‫َف ٓخ ك‬ٛ‫أ‬

Talk much and err much.

ٚ‫ ًؼَ ٓوط‬,ٚٓ٬ً َ‫ٖٓ ًؼ‬
The shortest answer is doing.
ٍ‫ ى‬ٝ َ‫ّ ٓخ ه‬٬ٌُ‫َ ح‬٤‫ه‬
The more light a torch gives,
the shorter it lasts. ِٚ‫َ أؿ‬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚٔ‫ي ٗل‬ٜ‫ٖٓ أؿ‬

The absent party is not so

faulty. ) ِّٞ‫ أٗض ط‬ٝ ‫ ػٌٍح‬ُٚ َ‫ ( ُؼ‬ٚ‫ٓغ حُـخثذ كـظ‬

The joy of the heart makes the

face merry. َ‫ حرظْٔ حُؼـ‬,‫ؾ حُوِذ‬ٜ‫اًح حرظ‬

The kettle calls the pot black. ً‫َح‬٤‫ح ه‬ٌٞٗٞ٣ ٕ‫ أ‬٠ٔ‫ّ ػ‬ٞ‫ّ ٖٓ ه‬ٞ‫ٔوَ ه‬٣ ٫
)‫ٔوَ ٖٓ أػَؽ‬٣ ‫ْ ( أكيد‬ٜ٘ٓ
The proof of the pudding is in
‫ٌَّ حَُٔء‬٣ ٕ‫ٓظلخ‬٫‫ٖ حُـطخّ ( ػ٘ي ح‬٤‫ز‬٣ ‫حُٔخء‬
the eating.
)ٕ‫خ‬ٜ٣ ٝ‫أ‬
The devil dances in an empty
‫ذ‬٤‫ ؿ‬٢‫طخٕ ك‬٤ُ٘‫ ح‬ٚ‫َه‬٣ ( ‫ِش‬٣ًَُ‫حُلوَ ٓلظخف ح‬
pocket.
) ِْ‫حُٔل‬
There is no accounting for
‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٕ ٌٓح‬ٞ‫ؼ٘و‬٣ ‫ٓخ‬١
‫ حُ٘خّ ف‬ٝ
tastes.

88
 The sooner the better, delay is
a fetter. ِٚ‫َ حُزَ ػخؿ‬٤‫ه‬

The time that bears no fruit
deserves no name.
The tongue wounds more than
a lance.
ً ‫ ُْ حٓظلي ػِٔخ‬ٝ ...ً‫يح‬٣ ٌ‫ ُْ أطو‬ٝ ّٞ٣ ٢‫اًح َٓ ر‬
١َٔ‫كٔخ ًحى ٖٓ ػ‬
ٕ‫ؼٖ حُٔ٘خ‬١ ٖٓ ‫َد حُِٔخٕ أٗي‬ٟ

The cross on the breast and

٠ِ‫ػ‬- ٖ٤١‫خ‬٤ُ٘‫ أكؼخٍ ح‬ٝ ٕ‫زخ‬َُٛ‫َٓٔف ح‬
the devil in the heart.
ٕ‫طخ‬٤ٗ ‫د‬ِٞ‫ حُو‬٢‫ ك‬ٝ ٕ‫ِزخ‬ٛ ٍٝ‫ي‬ُٜ‫ح‬
Throw him into the Nile and ً
‫خ ٓخُٔخ‬ٜ٘ٓ ‫وَؽ‬٣ ٝ ٫‫خ ا‬ٜ٤‫ ك‬ٚ‫زش طوٌك‬٤ٛ ّ ٖٓ ‫ٓخ‬
he will come up with a fish in
‫ؿخٗٔخ‬
his mouth.

To will is to can.
َ٤‫ق حُٔز‬ٟٝ ِّ‫يم حُؼ‬ٛ ‫اًح‬
To err is human, to forgive
divine. ٖٔ‫ ٖٓ حَُك‬ٞ‫ حُؼل‬ٝ ٕ‫ٗٔخ‬٩‫حُوطؤ ٖٓ ح‬

Too many cooks spoil the

‫٘ش ( اًح طؼيى‬٤‫اًح طؼيى حَُإٓخء ؿَهض حُٔل‬
broth.
)‫ح حُلٔخء‬ٝ‫خس أكٔي‬ٜ‫حُط‬
Too much bed makes a dull
head. ‫ىس‬٬‫ حُز‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ئى‬٣ ُّٞ٘‫ ح‬٢‫ ك‬١‫كَح‬٩‫ح‬

Who chatters to you, will

chatter of you. ْٜ٣‫ حؿظخري ُي‬,‫ي‬٣‫ٖٓ أؿظخد حُ٘خّ ُي‬

You must stoop if you have a ‫ٗل٘خء‬٫‫ ٓلَ ُي ٖٓ ح‬٬‫َحً ك‬٤ٜ‫اًح ًخٕ رخري ه‬
low door. )‫ هيٍ كخُي‬٠ِ‫(ػٖ ػ‬

Assignment (28)
Hereafter are some more proverbs:
 Comment on their frequency.
 Cluster the proverbs that have theme-like connections.
 List some proverbs that contradict one another in meaning.

89
 A bargain is a bargain. )ٍٞٗ ١َُ٘‫حُؼوي ِِّٓ ( ح‬

A clean hand wants no washing. َٔ‫ طلظخؽ إٔ طـ‬٫ ‫لش‬٤‫ي حُ٘ظ‬٤ُ‫ح‬

A foul morning may turn to a fair َٔ٣ َٔ‫إ رؼي حُؼ‬

day.

A fox is not taken twice in the same ٖ٤‫ِيؽ ٓئٖٓ ٖٓ ؿلَ َٓط‬٣ ٫
snare.

A friend to all is a friend to none. ‫كي‬٧ ‫ن‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ْ٤ُ ‫غ‬٤ٔ‫ن حُـ‬٣‫ي‬ٛ

A friend's frown is better than foe's ٝ ‫ِس‬٣ِ‫ ػ‬٠ِ‫ إ ؿخٍص ػ‬ٝ ١‫ى‬٬‫ر‬
smile. ّ‫ ًَح‬٠ِ‫ح ػ‬ٟٞ٘ ٕ‫ ا‬ٝ ٢ٓٞ‫ه‬

A good Jack makes a good Jill. ِٚ٤ِ‫ٖ ه‬٣‫ ى‬٠ِ‫حَُٔء ػ‬

A little body often harbors a great ٢‫ّ ػظخٓخ ً طؼزض ك‬ٞ‫اًح ًخٗض حُ٘ل‬
soul. .ّ‫ؿٔخ‬٧‫خ ح‬ٛ‫َٓحى‬

A man can die but once. ‫حكيس‬ٝ ‫ص َٓس‬ٞٔ٣ ٕ‫ٗٔخ‬٩‫ح‬

A man of words and not of deeds is َ‫ٕ ًٔؼ‬ِٞ‫لؼ‬٣٫ ‫ٕ ٓخ‬ُٞٞ‫و‬٣ ٖ٣ٌُ‫إ ح‬

like a garden full of weeds. ‫خٍس‬٠ُ‫ػ٘خد ح‬٧‫ رخ‬ٚ‫وش طـ‬٣‫كي‬

A silent fool is counted wise. ٚٗ‫ء هِق ُٔخ‬ٞ‫حَُٔء ٓوز‬

A small leak will sink a great ship. ٍ‫ـَ حَُ٘ح‬ٜ‫ٓؼظْ حُ٘خٍ ٖٓ ٓٔظ‬

A wise man changes his mind, ‫كٔن‬٧‫ ح‬ٝ ‫ظَحؿغ ػٖ حُوطؤ‬٣ ٖٓ ْ٤ٌ‫حُل‬
a fool never will. ٚ‫ظٔٔي ر‬٣ ٖٓ

All lay load on the willing horse. َّ‫ظز‬٣٫ ٖٓ ٢ِ‫ظلخَٓ ػ‬٣ ٌَُ‫ح‬

An empty vessel gives a greater ‫َ ٖٓ ٓ٘خرَ حُؤق حُلخٍؿش‬٣‫ظٔخ‬٣ ‫اٗٔخ‬

sound than a full barrel. )َ‫ـخ أًز‬٤‫ـ‬ٟ ‫َ حُلخٍؿش طليع‬٤ٓ‫(حُزَح‬

Bad news has wings. ٍ‫ٗظ٘خ‬٩‫ؼش ح‬٣َٓ ‫جش‬٤ُٔ‫هزخٍ ح‬٧‫ح‬

90
 Beggars cannot be choosers. ٍ‫خ‬٤‫هظ‬٩‫ٕ ح‬ٌِٞٔ٣ ٫ ‫حُلوَحء‬

Believe not all that you see nor half ‫ق ٓخ‬ٜٗ ٫ٝ ١ٍ ‫يم ًَ ٓخ ص‬ٜ‫ ط‬٫
what you hear. ‫طٔٔغ‬

Better be born lucky than rich. ٢٘‫َ ٖٓ حُـ‬٠‫حُلع أك‬

Better be the head of a dog than the ٌٕٞ‫َ ٖٓ إٔ ط‬٤‫َ ه‬٤ِ‫ٕ هخثيحً ُو‬ٌٞ‫إٔ ط‬
tail of a lion. ْ٤‫طخرؼخ ً ُؼظ‬

Better deny at once than promise ‫ِش‬١‫َ ٖٓ حُٔٔخ‬٤‫حَُى حُوخطْ ه‬

long.

Better die standing than live kneeling. ‫ش‬٣‫ى‬ٞ‫خس حُؼز‬٤‫َ ٖٓ ك‬٤‫ص رَ٘ف ه‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬

Better early than late. ٌٍٞ‫حُزًَش ٖٓ حُز‬

Better go to bed supperless than َ‫َ ٖٓ إٔ طؼو‬٤‫ حُزطٖ ه‬١ٝ‫ض هخ‬٤‫ٕ طز‬٧
rise in dept. ٖ٣َ‫رخُي‬

Better late than never. ‫َ ٖٓ حُٔظوِق‬٤‫حُٔظؤهَ ه‬

Better the devil you know than ٕٞ‫ ٓخ طؼَك‬٠ُِ‫ أكٖٔ ٖٓ ح‬ٚ‫ طؼَك‬٠ُِ‫ح‬
devil you don't.

Better the foot slip than the tongue. ٕ‫ٍِ حُِٔخ‬٣ ٕ‫ٍِ حُويّ ٖٓ أ‬٣ ٕ‫َ أ‬٤‫ه‬

Charity begins at home. ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ ح‬٢‫خثَ ك‬٠‫زيأ طؼِْ حُل‬٣ ‫اٗٔخ‬

Confession is the first step to

repentance. ‫رش‬ٞ‫حص حُظ‬ٞ‫ هط‬٠ُٝ‫حُ٘يّ أ‬

Death pays all debts. ٕٞ٣‫ٔيى ًَ حُي‬٣ ‫ص‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬

Don't trouble trouble until trouble ‫ي‬٤ُ‫ ا‬٢ٛ ٠‫ طٔؼ‬٠‫خثذ كظ‬ُِٜٔ ٠‫ طٔؼ‬٫
troubles you.

Draw not your bow till your arrow ‫ٔي‬ٜٓ ‫ؼزض‬٣ ٠‫ٓي كظ‬ٞ‫ ط٘ي ه‬٫
is fixed.

91
 Each bird loves to hear himself ٚٔ‫لذ ٓٔخع ٗل‬٣ ًَ
sing.

Easier said than done. ٢ُِ‫ؼذ حُؼَٔ(ح‬ٛ‫أ‬ٝ ٍٞ‫َ حُو‬ٜٓ‫ٓخ أ‬

)ّ‫ح‬ٞ‫ ػ‬٢ُ٘‫ ح‬٢ِ‫ػ‬
Every mother thinks her own ٍ‫ ؿِح‬ٚٓ‫ٖ أ‬٤‫ ػ‬٢‫حُوَى ك‬
gosling a swan.

Every why has a wherefore. َ٤ٔ‫ٌَُ ٗت طل‬

Everything comes to him who ‫ُ رٌَ ٗت‬ٞ‫ل‬٣ ‫غ‬٣َ‫حُٔظ‬

waits.

Everything is good in its season. )ٕ‫ أىح‬ُٚ ٝ ‫هض‬ٝ ًَ( ٕ‫ح‬ٝ‫ أ‬ُٚٝ ‫ًَ ٗت‬

Give a fool rope enough and he will ٚٔ‫٘٘ن ٗل‬٣ ٫ ٢ً ٫‫كٔن كزخ‬٨ُ ٢‫ طؼ‬٫
hang himself.

Give him an inch and he'll take ٠٘ٔ‫ذ ُظ‬ًٛ ٖٓ ٕ‫خ‬٣‫حى‬ٝ ّ‫رٖ آى‬٫ ٕ‫ ًخ‬ُٞ
a mile. ‫ػخُغ‬

Good clothes open all doors. ‫حد‬ٞ‫ر‬٧‫لظق ًَ ح‬٣ ٖٔ‫َ حُل‬ٜ‫حُٔظ‬

Greedy folks have long arms. ‫ٍ ًٍحػخ‬ٞ١‫حُطٔخع أ‬

He that fears you present will hate ً ‫ي ؿخثزخ‬٠‫زـ‬٣ ً‫َح‬ٟ‫وخكي كخ‬٣ ٖٓ

you absent.

He that will eat the kernel must َ‫ي ٖٓ حرَ حُ٘ل‬ُٜ٘‫ٕ ح‬ٝ‫ري ى‬٫
crack the nut.

He who hesitates is lost. ‫خع‬٤ٟ ‫حُظَىى‬

He who likes borrowing dislikes ‫ حُٔيحى‬َٙٓ ٖ٣‫ٖٓ أىٖٓ حُي‬

paying.

He who makes no mistakes makes ً ‫جخ‬٤ٗ َ‫لؼ‬٣ ٫ ‫وطت‬٣ ٫ ٖٓ

nothing.

Health is not valued till sickness ‫لخء‬ٛ٧‫ّ ح‬ٝ‫م ٍإ‬ٞ‫لش طخؽ ك‬ُٜ‫ح‬
comes.

92
 Honesty is the better policy. ‫ن‬٤‫َ ٍك‬٤‫ٓخٗش ه‬٧‫ح‬

Hunger is the best sauce. ً ‫ حُطؼخّ ٌٓحهخ‬٠‫ؼط‬٣ ‫ع‬ٞ‫حُـ‬

Idleness rusts the mind. ‫يثخ‬ٛ َ‫ـؼَ حُؼو‬٣ ٌَُٔ‫ح‬

Assignment (29)
The meaning of the following proverbs has been indicated.
Try to find the Arabic equivalents:

Arabic
Expression Example
Equivalents
Beauty is not only in the
Beauty is only skin
face, but also in manners
deep
and behavior
Handsome is as The beauty of a man is only
handsome does. in his behavior
Life is not a bed of
Life is hard, so work for it
roses
Make hay while the Work for your day and
sun shines never postpone it
If you are miserable, you
will find relief in
Misery loves company
accompanying other
miserable people.
Oil and water don't People of different tempers
mix contradict.
Strike while the iron is
Take the chance
hot
You can't tell a book
Don't judge by appearance.
by its cover.

Assignment (30)
Try to find an Arabic equivalent translation to the following
proverbs and wise sayings:

93
  April showers bring may flowers
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 The best doctors are Dr. Diet, Dr. Quite and Dr. Merry man
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Fish and guests stink after three days
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 What can't be cured must be endured

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 A liar ought to have a good memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Little leaks sink a ship
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Men make houses, women make homes
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Love me, love my dog
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 He who pays the piper calls the tune
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 One swallow does not make a summer
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Three may keep a secret, if two of them are dead
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Check the Annex of this book for a collection of more

proverbs.

94
 3- Poetry:
Is poetry translatable?
Translating poetry is very critical and irksome mainly because
of its metaphoric and emotional aspect. It is true that blank verse is
easier to translate than rhymed and rhythmic verse, but both need
special treatment. The poetic language is a different and sophisticated
level of expression. Look at the following pun by the American
poetess, Sylvia Plath, writing to her mother
There is nothing between us

Did she mean, "Our relations are over, or nothing can block the
flow of good feelings between us?" Try to translate this line. Another
example is from Salah Abdel Sabour. Read the line, analyze it and
translate it:
‫٘زا اٌضؽبَ ال أؽذ‬

Poetic language is loaded with associations. Although the

translator is encouraged to use the footnotes, he should not fill the page
with explanations of what he fails to translate. This digression is
a burden on the reader since it breaks his train of thoughts.

Assignment (31)
Read the following translation and comment on it:

"َ‫خص ُؼِؤش حُلل‬٤‫" أر‬

:٢‫ حُؼَر‬ُٚ٘‫ح‬
‫ة‬ٟ‫ؽج‬
‫اء إٌظــــاء ـ‬ٚ‫ش ثأد‬١‫ثظ‬ ٞٓٔ‫فأ‬
‫ ثبٌٕغبء ـ‬ٌٟٔٛ‫فبْ رظـــــأ‬
‫ــــة‬ٟ‫دٖ ــْ ٔظ‬ٚ ِٓ ٌٗ ‫ظ‬١ٍ‫ف‬ ٖ‫ِبي‬
‫ لً ـ‬ٚ‫ئرا شبة سأط اٌّشء أ‬
‫ت‬١‫ششؿ اٌشجبة ػٕذ٘ٓ ػغ‬ٚ ٖ‫ــــس ػٍّٓـــ‬ٟ‫شدْ صشاء اٌُ ـاي ؽ‬٠

Of women do you ask me ? I can spy

Their ailments with a shrewd physician eye
The man whose head is grey or small his herds
No favor wins of them but mocking words
Are riches known, to riches they aspire?
And youthful bloom is still their heart's desire

95
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment (32)
Read the following translation and comment on it:

All the world's a stage

And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His act being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arm,
And then whining school-boy, with his satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like a snail, unwillingly to school
…………………… (From: As You Like It, by Shakespeare)

‫ إ ػخُٔ٘خ َٓٔف‬٫‫أ‬
‫ُش‬ٞٛ ٍٜٞ٣ ًَ ٝ
ٌَ٣ ‫ٌح‬ٜ‫ك‬
َ‫ل‬٣ ‫ ًُي‬ٝ
ًَٝ ٍ‫ كَح‬٫‫ ٓخ حُؼَٔ ا‬ٝ
‫ ٓزؼش‬٠‫ ػَٔ حُلظ‬١‫ح‬ٞٗ‫ أ‬ٝ
َ‫ل‬١ َٔ‫ٍ حُؼ‬ٝ‫طخُؼ٘خ أ‬٣
‫ ًَ ٗت‬ٚ‫ك‬ٞ‫ِلع ٖٓ ؿ‬٣ ٝ ِّٝ٣
‫٘ش‬ٟ‫ كـَ كخ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬
ٌٞ٘٣ ‫خُذ حُؼِْ هي رخص‬١ ٚ‫وِل‬٣ ٝ
‫ كخكظش حٌُظذ‬٢‫طؤر‬
‫زخف‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ٚ‫ؿ‬ًٞ ‫ق‬٤‫ز‬ٛ ٚ‫ؿ‬ٞ‫ر‬
ٞ٠ٓ ٠ِ‫ حُيٍّ ُكلخ ً ػ‬٠ُ‫ف ا‬َٝ٣
........ ‫ش‬٤‫ًٔخ طِكق حُل‬
)‫بي‬٠‫ صاخش غجش‬/‫ د‬:‫(رشعّخ‬

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
96
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment (33)
Read the following translations and comment on them:
‫ُش‬ٝ‫أٗخ حُي‬
‫خ‬ٜ٤‫ أٗخ ٖٓ ك‬-‫خ‬ٜ٤‫أٗخ ٓخ ك‬
‫ض حُلٌٔش‬٤‫ ر‬ٝ ٍ‫ض حُؼي‬٤‫ ر‬ٝ ٍ‫ض حُٔخ‬٤‫أٗخ ر‬
٠‫ حُٔ٘ل‬ٝ ‫ حُٔيٍٓش‬ٝ ‫ حُٔٔـي‬٠ٗ‫رَ أ‬
ْ‫ أٗظ‬٠ٗ‫رَ أ‬
‫ ُحثِش‬ٝ‫ أػَح‬٫‫ٓخ أٗظْ ا‬
٢ِٛ٧‫خ ح‬َٛٛٞ‫ أٗخ ؿ‬ٝ
)‫د اٌٍّه‬ّٛ٠ ْ‫ ثؼذ أ‬/‫س‬ٛ‫(طالػ ػجذ اٌظج‬

Je suis l' etat

I am all of it
I am all in it
I am the money, justice and wisdom
I am the mosque, school and hospital
I am you
You are just vanishing shadows
Whereas I'm the core
‫خس‬٤‫ ُِل‬٢‫ أكذ حُ٘ؼَ كز‬٠ٗ‫ا‬
ٍ‫ حُوَح‬ٙ‫ي‬٣ ٢‫ْ ك‬٤ُ ‫ق‬٤ٓ َ‫ حُ٘ؼ‬ٝ
‫ي حُِٔي‬٣ٍ‫ أٗخ أ‬ٝ
ٕ‫ حُِٔطخ‬ٝ ‫ق‬٤ُٔ‫ي ح‬٣ٍ‫ أ‬٢ٗ‫ا‬
َ‫خص حُ٘ؼ‬٣‫َٓ أًزَ ٖٓ كٌخ‬٧‫كخ‬
ٕ‫َ حُِٔخ‬٣ٝ‫أًزَ ٖٓ أهخ‬
)‫ش اٌؼبشك‬٠‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬/‫ذح‬٠ٛ‫ق ع‬ٚ‫(فبس‬
Poetry is as dear as life
Yet, it is an indecisive sword
I aspire power
Seeking sword and sovereignty
It is more than tales
Far beyond sayings
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

97
 ‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------‬‬

‫)‪Assignment (34‬‬
‫‪Translate the following excerpts:‬‬

‫حُٔلذ طًَ‪ ٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُل‪٠‬خء حَُكذ ًٍ‪ ٞ‬حُوخثل‪ٖ٤‬‬

‫‪ ٝ‬حُْ٘ٔ طزي‪ ٝ‬هِل‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٛ‬لَحء ػخ‪ٛ‬زش حُـز‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬حُزلَ ٓخؿ‪ٓ ٠‬خؿي ك‪ ٚ٤‬ه٘‪ٞ‬ع حُِح‪ٛ‬ي‪ٖ٣‬‬
‫م حُزؼ‪٤‬ي‬
‫ٌُ٘ٔخ ػ‪٘٤‬خى ًح‪ٛ‬زظخٕ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٧‬ف‬
‫ٓــــــــِٔ‪ .... ٠‬رٔــــــــخًح طلٌَ‪٣‬ــٖ ؟‬
‫ٓـــــــــِٔ‪.... ٠‬رٔــــــخًح طلِٔــــ‪ ٖ٤‬؟‬

‫ئ‪١ٍ٠‬ب أث‪ِ ٟ‬بػ‪ٟ‬‬

‫عٍــّ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫طؼخءد حُٔٔــــخء ‪ ٝ‬حُـ‪٤‬ـــ‪ٓ ّٞ‬خ طــِحٍ‬

‫طٔــق ٓخ طٔــــق ٖٓ ىٓ‪ٞ‬ػـــ‪ٜ‬خ حُؼوــخٍ‬
‫ًؤٕ ‪١‬ل‪ ً٬‬كِ‪٘٣‬خ ً رخص ‪ ٌٟٜ٣‬هزَ إٔ ‪٘٣‬خّ‬
‫رؤٕ أٓ‪ ٚ‬حُظ‪ ٢‬أكخم ٌٓ٘ ػخّ كِْ ‪٣‬ــــي‪ٛ‬خ‬
‫ػــْ ك‪٤‬ـــٖ ُؾ ك‪ ٢‬حُٔــــــــــئحٍ‬
‫هخُ‪ٞ‬ح ُ‪ ٚ‬ؿيحً طؼــ‪ٞ‬ى ‪٫ ..‬رــي إٔ طـــؼ‪ٞ‬ى‬
‫‪ٝ‬إ ط‪ٜ‬ـــخْٓ حَُكــخم اٗ‪ٜ‬ــخ ‪٘ٛ‬ــــــخى‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬ؿــــخٗـذ حُظــَ ط٘خّ ٗ‪ ّٞ‬حُِلـــ‪ٞ‬ى‬
‫طٔــــق ٖٓ طَحر‪ٜ‬ـــخ ‪ٝ‬طَ٘د حُٔطـــَ‬

‫ًؤٕ ‪٤ٛ‬ـــخىحًَُ كِ‪٘٣‬ــــخ ً ‪٣‬ـٔغ حُ٘زــــخى‬

‫‪٣ٝ‬ـِــؼــٖ حُٔ‪٤‬ـــــــــــــــخ‪ٝ ٙ‬حُوــــــــــيٍ‬
‫ريٍ ٗخًَ حُٔ‪٤‬خد‬
‫حُٔطَ‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫‪98‬‬
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

‫يهخء‬ٛ‫خ أ‬٣ ‫ حُِوخء‬٢ُ‫ا‬

‫ن‬٣َ‫ش حُط‬٣‫خ‬ٜٗ ١ٖ‫ُ٘ي ٓخ حه‬
‫ش حُٔٔخء‬٤‫ طل‬١ٖ‫ٗي ٓخ أه‬ٝ
َ٤‫ح رو‬ٞ‫زل‬ٛ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ حُِوخء‬٢ُ‫ٔش ا‬٤ُ‫أ‬
‫ىحع َٓس‬ُٞ‫ًَ أُلخظ ح‬ٝ
َٓ ‫ص‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬ٝ
ٕ‫ٗٔخٕ ٖٓ اٗٔخ‬٩‫َٔم ح‬٣ ‫ء‬٢ٗ ًَٝ
١ُ‫ كـخ‬٢‫أكٔي ػزي حُٔؼط‬

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Whose woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village, though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer

To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.

He gives his harness bells a shake

To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.

The woods are lovely, dark and deep

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.

99
 Robert Frost
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

100
101
 Texts for Studying, Comparing
and Analyzing

102
103
 A large portion of the following translations were done by
students. Mistakes do exist, but they are maintained for analysis. Again
a perfect translation does not exist.

1. One Translation:

A-From Arabic to English:

Some people believe that translating from English into Arabic is

easier than translating from Arabic into English. There might be some
truth in this statement. That is mainly why the following 100 Arabic
sentences and their translation into English have been added.

Assignment (35)
Study the following 100 sentences and try to classify the
hardships in them into: vocabulary / structure / culture.

.‫ؽ‬ٞ٠ُ٘‫ َٓكِش ح‬٢‫ ك‬٢ٔ‫ع هَِ ٗل‬ٝ‫ كي‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ئى‬٣ ٍ‫لخ‬١٨ُ ٌَ‫ ُوي ػزض إٔ حُلطخّ حُٔز‬.1
It has been proved that early ablactation (weaning off) might lead to
psychological disorder in maturity stage.

.ٍٞ‫ حُز‬٢‫ ٖٓ حكظزخّ ك‬٠ٗ‫ؼخ‬٣ ٕ‫غ ًخٕ ًخ‬٤‫ ك‬ٞ‫ حُظ‬٢‫ش حًَُِٔس ك‬٣‫ ؿَكش حُؼ٘خ‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٞ٣َُٔ‫ ٗوَ ح‬. 2
Immediately the patient was taken to the intensive care unit as he was
suffering from urine retention.

ٖٓ ‫خرطش‬ٛ ٢ٗ‫أؿخ‬ٝ ‫ ٓخهطش‬َٝٝ‫ ػ‬٫‫ ا‬ٞٛ‫خص ٓخ‬٤‫خث‬٠‫ي ٖٓ حُل‬٣‫ حُؼي‬٢‫ّ ك‬ٞ٤ُ‫ ح‬ٙ‫ي‬ٛ‫ٓخ ٗ٘خ‬ٝ .3
.َ٤ٔ‫ص حُل‬ُٜٞ ‫حص‬ٞٛ٧‫ إ أٌَٗ ح‬..‫ ٗخًِش‬٠ِ‫ػ‬
What we watch nowadays on several satellite channels is nothing but
floor shows and nasty songs performed by shower singers.

٠‫أػط‬ٝ ‫هض‬ٝ ‫ أهَد‬٢‫خ ك‬ٜ‫ٍهظ‬ٝ ‫خ‬ِٜٜ‫ إٔ ط‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬َٙ‫ك‬ٝ ‫ػش‬٬‫ رخُؼ‬ٚ‫ؿظ‬ُٝ َ‫ِن حَُؿ‬١ٝ .4
.ٚ‫خط‬٤‫ حُلظَس حُوخطٔش ٖٓ ك‬ٌُٜٙ َٜٙ‫ظ‬
The wife got an absolute(irrevocable) divorce by her husband who
made sure that she received her bill of divorce as soon as possible. He
turned his back to this gloomy period of his life.

104
 ‫حص ٍؿْ كيحػش كِد‬ٞٛ٧‫ ػيى ح‬٢‫ٍ ؿٔؼش ك‬ٞ‫ حُيًظ‬٠ِ‫ٖٔ ػ‬٣‫ أ‬/‫م ى‬ٞ‫ظل‬٣ ٕ‫ذ أ‬٣َ‫ٖٓ حُـ‬ٝ .5
.‫ن‬٣َ‫كي حُؼ‬ُٞ‫ٍٕ رلِد ح‬ٞ‫حُـي اًح ٓخ ه‬
It was strange that Dr Aayman out voted Dr Goma despite the recency
of Gad Party compared to Al Wafd.

.ٍٜٞ‫ ٌٓخٕ ٓـ‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٚ‫َد ٓغ حر٘ظ‬ٛ ٢ُ‫ّ حُظخ‬ٞ٤ُ‫ ح‬٠‫ك‬ٝ ٙ‫ هلخ‬٠ِ‫٘ش ػ‬٤‫زن حُٔؼِْ ه‬٣ُِ‫ ُٔغ أكٔي ح‬. 6
Ahmed El Zibak slammed El maalem Kisha on his nape. On the
following day he eloped with his daughter to an unknown place.

ٖ‫ ىك‬٠ِ‫زش ػ‬٣َٟ ٕٞ‫يكؼ‬٣ ‫ح‬ٞٗ‫ْ ًخ‬ٜٗ‫ أ‬٠‫َحثذ كظ‬٠ُ‫ رخ‬١َُٜٔ‫ٓخٕ حُ٘ؼذ ح‬َُٝ‫ن ح‬ٍٛ‫أ‬ٝ .7
.ْٜ٤ٟ‫ أٍح‬٢‫ْ ك‬ٛ‫طخ‬ٞٓ
The Egyptians were overtaxed by the Romans to the extent that they
had to pay taxes for the burial of their dead in their land.

.‫خص‬٤‫ك‬٬ٛ٩‫ْ ح‬ٜ‫ حًظظض ر‬٠‫َس كظ‬٤‫ن حُلو‬١‫ حُٔ٘خ‬٢‫كيحع ك‬٧‫ٌؼَ ح‬٣ٝ .8

There are many young Juvenile offenders in the slums and you can see
many of them nowadays in reformatories.

.‫ ٓخ ٗخء هللا‬٠ُ‫حؿي ا‬ٞ‫خ ٓظظ‬ٜٗ‫ أ‬ٝ‫زي‬٣ٝ ٕ‫كخ‬ٞ‫ هزَ حُط‬ٍٝ٧‫ ح‬٠ِ‫ػخٗض حُلجَحٕ ػ‬ٝ .9
Rats are ante- diluvium and they seem to exist to the infinity.

.‫ق‬ٌُٜ‫ٍس ح‬ٞٓ ‫ هَحءس‬٢‫حَٗع ك‬ٝ ١‫و٘ؼَ ؿٔي‬٣ ٍٞ‫ٗذٕ حُوز‬ٝ ‫ؽ‬ٞ‫ٓؤؿ‬ٝ ‫ؽ‬ٞ‫ؤؿ‬٣ ‫ ًِٔخ طًٌَص‬.10
Whenever I remember "Gog"and "Magog" and the exhumation, my
blood creeps and I start reciting Sorat El Kahf.

‫ حُ٘ظخكش‬٢‫ٕ ك‬ٞ٘‫ٔؼ‬٣ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ء ح‬٫‫ئ‬ٛ ٠ِ‫ٓؼِش ػ‬٧‫َ ح‬ٜٗ‫خد ٖٓ أ‬ُٛٞ‫وخٍ ٓلٔي ػزي ح‬٤ُٓٞٔ‫ًخٕ ح‬ٝ .11
.َُٝٔ‫ ٖٓ ح‬١َٜ‫حّ ه‬ٞٓٝ ْٜ٣‫ٕ ُي‬٧
The composer, Mohamed Abd El Wahab, was one of the most famous
examples of hypochondriac people.

٢‫ٓطَ ػْ ريأص ك‬ٝ َ‫ ٓط‬٠ِ‫حٌُظخرش ػ‬ٝ ٖ‫خ حُزؼي ػٖ حُـ‬ٌٛ٤ٓ٬‫ِزض حُٔيٍٓش ٖٓ ط‬١ٝ .12
.‫ء‬٬ٓ٩‫ح‬
Before the dictation, the teacher asked her pupils to avoid cheating and
to write on every other line.

‫ رؼي‬َٙ‫ هز‬٢‫هض ك‬ُٞ‫ٌح ح‬ٛ ًَ ‫ٌٔغ‬٤ٓ ٚٗ‫ق ح‬٤ً ‫ِش‬٣ٞ١ ‫ ُلظَس‬ٚ‫ٗـِظ‬ٝ ‫ُغ رخٌُظذ‬ٝ ٙ‫ًخٕ ػ٘ي‬ٝ .13
.‫ٕ هَحءس‬ٝ‫ص ري‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬
He was preoccupied for a long time ...... how he would spend all that
time in his grave without reading.

105
 ‫خ رخطض‬ٜٗ‫ق رؤ‬ٛٞ‫ٌٖٔ إٔ ط‬٣ٝ ‫ش ٖٓ ٓ٘خًَ ؿٔش‬٤٘٤‫َ حُلِٔط‬٣َ‫ ٓ٘ظٔش حُظل‬٠ٗ‫طؼخ‬ٝ ‫ٌح‬ٛ .14
.‫خ‬ٜٔ‫ ٗل‬٠ِ‫ٓ٘ؤٔش ػ‬
Palestine Liberation Organization suffers from many problems , and it
could be described as divided against itself.

ّ‫ رخٓظويح‬ًٚٗ‫ أ‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٙ‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ٍ ح‬ٞ‫ظـ٘ذ ىه‬٣ ٕ‫ أ‬٢‫ٓط‬ُٞ‫ًٕ ح‬٧‫خرخص ح‬ٜ‫ ٖٓ حُظ‬٠ٗ‫ؼخ‬٣ ُٖٔ ٢‫٘زـ‬٣ٝ .15
.ًٕ٧‫ٓيحىحص ح‬
Whoever suffers from chronic otitis media must use ear plugs whenever
exposed to water.

‫ليع‬٣ ١ٌُ‫َ ح‬٤‫ حٌُز‬١ٌَُٝ‫َؿخٕ ح‬ُٜٔ‫ ح‬ٞٛٝ ُْ‫ ًؤّ حُؼخ‬2006 ٞ٤ٗٞ٣ ٢‫خ ك‬٤ٗ‫خكض أُٔخ‬٠‫ حٓظ‬.16
.‫حص‬ٞ٘ٓ ‫ًَ أٍرغ‬
In June 2006, Germany hosted the World Cup, a big quaternion soccer
event.

.ٍٞ‫ػ‬٧‫َحٕ ح‬ُٜٔ‫ ح‬٢‫ؿغ ك‬ٞ‫ٖ ر‬٤٘ٔ‫خ ٌَُِٗش أكٔض أّ ك‬ٜٓ‫خ‬ٜ‫ رؼي حُظ‬.17
After devouring tripe, Om Hasanin felt pain in her blind gut.

ْ‫ؼزؤ ٓؼظ‬٣ ٫ ‫٘ٔخ‬٤‫أٓٔخى حُِٔحٍع ر‬ٝ ‫ٖ أٓٔخى حُٔخُق‬٤‫ٕ رَٔػش حُلَم ر‬ٞ‫ؼَك‬٣ ٕٞ٤ِ‫حُٔخك‬ٝ .18
.ًِٚٗٞ‫ؤ‬٣ ١ٌُ‫ع حُٔٔي ح‬ٞٗ ٠‫ٖ رٔؼَكش كظ‬٤٣َٛ‫حُوخ‬
Coast residents can easily tell the difference between sea fish and
hatchery fish while most of the Cairoians don't care to know the kind of
fish they eat.

َ‫ذ ٍؿ‬٤‫ ؿ‬٢‫خ ك‬ٜ‫ؼ‬ٟٝ ٚٗ‫ حًظ٘ق أ‬ٌُٚ٘ ‫َ كوٍَ اػخىس حُٔللظش‬٤ٔ٠ُ‫هِ ح‬ٞ‫ أكْ حُ٘٘خٍ ر‬.19
.‫ن حُوطؤ‬٣َ١ ٖ‫آهَ ػ‬
The pickpocket felt prick of conscience so he decided to return the
wallet, but he put it into someone else's pocket.

.ّ‫ ٖٓ آػخ‬ٚ‫ ػٔخ حهظَك‬ٚ٣َ‫ؼظ‬٣ ّ‫حُ٘ي‬ٝ ‫ٍ حٌُؼزش‬ٞ‫خف حُظخثذ ك‬١ ‫ء‬ُٟٞٞ‫ رؼي ح‬.20
After ablution, the repentant circumambulated Kaaba, swept with
remorse for the sins he committed.

‫ٖ كوخٓض ِٓطخص‬٤٤ِ٤‫َٓحث‬٩‫ح‬ٝ ٖ٤٤٘٤‫ٖ حُلِٔط‬٤‫ ر‬٠ٌ‫ حُٔز‬٢‫ٍ كخث‬ٞ‫ْٓ ك‬٧‫ٗخص رخ‬ٝ‫هؼض ٓ٘خ‬ٝ .21
.‫هغ‬ُٞٔ‫ٍ رـِن ح‬٬‫كظ‬٫‫ح‬
Skirmishes took place yesterday at the Wailing Wall between the
Palestinians and the Israeli; accordingly the occupation authority sealed
off the site.

106
 ٖٓ ‫يس‬٣‫للش ؿي‬ٛ ‫ٗزيأ‬ٝ ‫ىٗخ‬٬‫ ر‬٢‫ٗظوخرخص ك‬٫‫ػذ رخ‬٬‫َ ٖٓ حُظ‬٣ٞ١ ‫ن‬٣ٍ‫ طخ‬٢ٜ‫٘ظ‬٣ َٛ .22
.‫خص‬٤ِ‫ حُٔل‬٠‫ طَ٘ٔ كظ‬٢‫حُظ‬ٝ ‫ش‬ٜ٣ُِ٘‫ٗظوخرخص ح‬٫‫ح‬
Would a long history of election rigging in our country be over so that
we can turn over a new leaf of honest election down to the
municipalities?
‫ رخُلظ٘ش‬٠ٔٔ٣ ‫ ٓخ كـَ ٓخ‬ٞٛ ٢٘٣‫ذ حُي‬ٜ‫ِ رخُظؼ‬٤ٔ‫ طظ‬٢‫حُظ‬ٝ ‫ى حُـٔخػخص حُٔظطَكش‬ٞ‫ؿ‬ٝ ٕ‫ أ‬.23
.‫ش‬٤‫حُطخثل‬
The religious extremists have triggered off what is known as sectarian
sedition.
.٢‫رخث‬ُٞ‫ّ حٌُزي ح‬َٝ٤‫خد رل‬ٜٓ ٚٗ‫ حًظ٘ق أ‬ٌُٚ٘ ‫ش‬٤‫ـ‬٤ِ‫ُش ه‬ٝ‫ ى‬٠ُ‫ؼخٍ ا‬٣ ٕ‫ًخٕ كِْ ؿٔخٍ أ‬ٝ .24
Gamal had always dreamed of being seconded to a Gulf state, but he
discovered that he is inflicted with hepatitis.

.١ٞ٤ٓ‫َ ػوخكش أ‬ٜ‫ّ رو‬ٞ٤ُ‫ طوخّ ح‬٢‫س حُظ‬ٝ‫حٕ حُ٘ي‬ٞ٘‫ ػ‬ٞٛ "‫ش‬٣‫ " حُؼؤٍ أّ حُي‬.25
"Retaliation or blood money" is the title of a symposium which will be
held today at Asyout Cultural Palace.

‫هخُض‬ٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫غ هِل‬ٛ٬ُ‫ٍ ح‬ُٜٞٔ‫ ح‬٠ُ‫ؼزش ا‬ُٜ‫ٍحص ح‬ٞ‫ٗظ‬ٌُٞ‫ح‬ٝ ْ٣ٍ‫خ‬٠‫ ٗظَص حُٔٔؼِش ًحص حُظ‬.26
"‫جش‬٤‫"ٗخّ ر‬
The curvaceous actress looked at the huffy-buffy paparazzo and said"
rubbishy".

.ً‫خ َٓرلش ؿيح‬ٜٗ‫ًَ كب‬٧‫ي رؼَرخص ح‬٤ِ‫َ كؼ‬ٜٓ ٢‫ؼخ ً ك‬٣َٓ َٟ‫ اًح أٍىص إٔ طؼ‬.27
If you want to get rich quickly in Egypt, get a food cart. It is a cash
cow.

‫ُش‬ٝ‫ ٓلخ‬٫‫ ا‬ٞٛ ‫خ كٔخ‬ٜ‫ُظ‬ٝ‫ش أٓخ اػخىس ؿي‬٣‫خى‬ٜ‫هظ‬٫‫ٖ حُلخُش ح‬٤ٔ‫ طل‬٢‫ْ ك‬ٛ‫ٔخ‬٣ ٕٞ٣‫ حُي‬١‫ آوخ‬.28
.ّ‫ٗلخ‬٧‫ ح‬١‫ُظوخ‬٫
Debt-dropping contributes to enhancing the economy while
rescheduling is not but a temporary relief.

َ‫ر‬٩‫ؼخُؾ رخ‬٣ َٙٔ‫َس ٖٓ ػ‬٤‫ ظَ ُلظَس ًز‬٠‫َ كظ‬٤‫ػذ رٌَ٘ ًز‬٬ُ‫ ح‬٠ِ‫َ ػ‬٤‫أػَص حُؼوخه‬ٝ .29
.‫ش‬٤٘٤ُٜ‫ح‬
Drugs had greatly affected the player; he remained for along time
receiving treatment with acupuncture.

.‫ش‬٤‫ز‬٤ُِٜ‫د ح‬َٝ‫ ػٖ حُل‬ٍٙ‫ويّ حػظٌح‬٣ٝ ١ٞ‫ـظٔغ حُٔـٔغ حُزخر‬٣ َٛ .30

Would Vatican Papal Conclave apologize for the Crusades?

107
 ً٬ِ‫ؼٌْ ه‬٣ ١ٌُ‫َٓ ح‬٧‫َس ح‬٤‫ه‬٧‫ٗش ح‬ٝ٥‫ ح‬٢‫َ ك‬ٜٓ ٢‫لخٍ حُِوطخء ك‬١٧‫َس ح‬ٛ‫ ُوي حٗظَ٘ص ظخ‬.31
.‫خ‬٤‫حؿظٔخػ‬
The foundling phenomenon has recently mushroomed out in Egypt, a
matter which reflects a social disorder.

.‫حؽ‬ُِٝ‫ْٓ ح‬ٞٓ ٢‫ش ك‬٤‫ذ َٗحًخ ً هيحػ‬ٜ٘‫حٗخص ط‬ٞ٤‫َ ٖٓ حُل‬٤‫ًؼ‬ٝ .32

Lots of animals set booby traps during the mating season.

٠ٜ٘‫ ٓظ‬٢‫ش حُظ‬٣َ‫ حٌُِٔش حُٔل‬ٚٗ‫ًؤ‬ٝ َٜٓ ٢‫ حَُٔطوذ ك‬١ٍ‫ُح‬ُٞ‫َ ح‬٣‫ظليع حُ٘خّ ػٖ حُظؼي‬٣ .33
.‫ًَ ٓ٘خًِ٘خ‬
Every body talks about the anticipated cabinet reshuffle in Egypt as if it
were a magic word that would end all our problems.

‫ٓخ‬ٝ َٜٓ ٍٝ٧‫ٍ ح‬ٞ‫ٖ ٌُٖ ىه‬٣‫ٍ حُي‬ٞٗ ٙ‫ي‬٤ُٔ ‫ء‬٫ُٞ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ٖ حُطخػش‬٤ٔ٣ ٖ٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ ْٔ‫أه‬ٝ .34
.‫ٍ حُ٘وخم‬ٌٝ‫غ ر‬ٟٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ ر‬ٚ٘ٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬
Saladin swore an oath of obedience to his master Nor El Dine, however
the former's deeds in Egypt sowed the seeds of dispute with the latter.

.‫ىٗخ‬٬‫ ر‬٢‫ حُِٔطش ك‬ًٟٝ ًٞ‫ ُ٘ل‬َٝ‫ؼ‬٣ ١ٌُ‫ي ح‬٣‫حٕ حَُِٔٔٔ حُـي‬ٞ٘‫ ػ‬ٞٛ "َ٤‫ "ػٖ حُيرخر‬.35
"Vispiary" is the title of a new TV trailer which tackles men in grey
suits who pull strings in our country.

.‫ حُٔلخم‬٢‫ظؼٌَ ًِٔخ ىهَ حُؤَ ك‬٣ ٢‫ِٓحؿ‬ٝ َ‫ط‬ٞ‫ طظ‬٢‫خر‬ٜ‫ حًظ٘لض إٔ أػ‬٢ٌُ٘٘ ٍٟ‫ أى‬٫ .36
I do not know but I have found out that I get nervous and moody
whenever the moon turns to wane.

٠ُ‫ذ ا‬٣َ‫ٍ ؿ‬ٞ‫ طط‬٢‫ض ك‬ٜ‫خ َٓػخٕ ٓخ حطـ‬ٌُٜ٘ َ٤ٔ‫ ؿ‬٢٘٣‫ي ى‬٤٘٘‫خ ر‬ٍٛ‫ح‬ٞ٘ٓ ‫ش‬٤٘‫ ريأص حُٔـ‬.37
.‫ش‬٤ٔ٘‫ٔخءحص حُـ‬٣٩‫ ح‬٢ٗ‫أؿخ‬
The young singer ushered her career with a lovely oratorio but soon and
strangely enough she turned to songs containing sexual connotations.

‫ي‬٤‫ؼ‬ٜ‫ٗخع ر‬٩‫َس هظخٕ ح‬ٛ‫ش ػٖ ظخ‬٤ٗ‫طخ‬٣َ‫ًحػش حُز‬٩‫جش ح‬٤ٛ ٚ‫ رؼظ‬١ٌُ‫ ح‬٢ِ٤‫ِْ حُظٔـ‬٤‫ٌح حُل‬ٛٝ .38
.ً ‫ؼخ‬٤ٔ‫٘خ ؿ‬٤ُ‫َ أٓخء ا‬ٜٓ
The documentary on circumcision in Upper Egypt broadcast by the
BBC has offended us.

‫زلغ‬٣ ‫ٍحف‬ٝ ‫ش‬٣‫ي‬٤ً ٌُٟٞ٘‫حػظزَ ح‬ٝ ً ‫ٗخ‬ٞٔ٠ٓٝ ً٬ٌٗ ‫ع‬ُٟٞٞٔ‫ ح‬٢‫ن ك‬٤‫َ حُظلو‬٣‫ حُٔي‬ٞ‫ٍك‬ٝ .39
.ٟٝ‫م حٌُ٘خ‬ٝ‫٘ي‬ٛ ٢‫غ ك‬ٟٞ٣ ‫ي ٓخ‬٤٤‫َ ُظو‬٤‫ػٖ طيحر‬

108
 The manger refused to investigate the matter core and crux. He
considered the complaint vexatious and intended to restrict the grief
box.

.ٕ‫ح‬ُٞ٧‫ ح‬٠ٔ‫خد رؼ‬ٜٓ ٢٘ٗ‫ري أ‬٫ ّ٬‫ حُظ‬٢‫ ك‬٢‫ظ‬٣ُِ‫ى ٖٓ ح‬ٞٓ٧‫ٖ ح‬٤‫ِ ر‬٤ٓ‫ أ‬٫ .40
I can not tell black from oily in the dark so it must be color blindness.

‫ٔش‬٣‫وَأ حٌُظذ حُوي‬٣ٝ ‫رْ حُٔٔظؼِٔش‬٬ُٔ‫ِزْ ٖٓ طخؿَ ح‬٣ ً٬ٔ‫ ٓٔظؼ‬ٚ‫خط‬٤‫ ك‬٢‫ ًخٕ ًَ ٗت ك‬.41
– ‫حؽ‬ُِٝ‫ ٖٓ ح‬٢‫ٖ كو‬٣َٜٗ ‫خ رؼي‬ٜ‫ؿ‬ُٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ِو‬١ ,‫ ًخٗض ٓطِوش‬ٚ‫ؿظ‬ُٝ ٠‫ٍ ًذ ػَرش ٓٔظؼِٔش كظ‬١ٝ
!‫ذ‬٤‫ز‬١ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬
Everything in his life was bought second hand: clothes, books and car.
Even his wife was divorced after a couple of months.

.ّ‫َ ٗئ‬٣ٌٗ َٚٗٝ‫ؼظز‬٣ٝ َٜٓ ٢‫ٕ ك‬َٝ٤‫ حٌُؼ‬ٚ‫لز‬٣ ٫ٝ ً٬٤ُ ٫‫ ا‬١ٖ٘٣ ٫ ٠ُٞ‫خثَ حك‬١ ّٞ‫حُز‬ٝ .43
An owl is an acronychal bird disliked by Egyptians who consider it a
bad omen.

‫ؼش‬٤‫ش رطز‬ٛ‫ش هخ‬٤‫ك‬ٍٝ ‫حٗذ‬ٞ‫ ؿ‬ُٚ ٍٝ٧‫خىكش كخ‬ُٜٔ‫ ح‬٠٘‫ؼ‬٣ ٫ َ١‫ح‬ٞ‫حُو‬ٝ ٍ‫كٌخ‬٧‫حٍى ح‬ٞ‫ط‬ٝ .42
.‫ذ‬٤‫حُٔٔظـ‬ٝ ََُٓٔ‫ ح‬ٚ‫حُ٘و‬
Telepathy does not mean coincidence. It has a spiritual aspect related to
the nature of the sender and the recipient.

٠ِ‫ص ػ‬ٞٔ٣ ٞٛ ‫خ‬ٛٝ ‫حهق‬ُٞٔ‫ ح‬ٞ‫ رؼ‬٢‫ ًخٕ ٓ٘يكؼخ ً ك‬ٌُٚ٘ ١‫ػَُف هخُي رَؿخكش حَُأ‬ٝ . 44
.‫ٖ حُـز٘خء‬٤‫ ٗخٓض أػ‬٬‫ش ٍٓق ك‬٤ٍٓ ٝ‫ق أ‬٤ٓ ‫َرش‬ٟ ٚ‫ر‬ٝ ٫‫غ ا‬ٟٞٓ ٙ‫ ؿٔي‬٢‫ْ ك‬٤ُٝ ٚٗ‫كَح‬
Khaled was known for his weighty opinions, but he was rush in some
situations. Almost all his body was marked by sword and spear scars
and yet he died on his bed. "Damn cowards!"

ٖ٤‫ ر‬ِٙ‫زظ‬٣ ‫َ ٓخرَف‬٤‫ه‬٧‫ى ٌُٖ ح‬ِٞ‫ؼ‬ُٜ‫ٌح ح‬ُٜ َُٔ‫ ىكغ أؿَس ًظْ ح‬ٚٗ‫َ أ‬٤ٗٞ٤ُِٔ‫حػظوي ح‬ٝ .45
.َ‫ه‬٥‫ح‬ٝ ٖ٤‫حُل‬
The millionaire thought that he paid the vagabond hush-money, but the
later frequently blackmailed him.

‫خص‬٤ِٔ‫ٕ رؼ‬ٞٓٞ‫و‬٣ ٖ٣ٌُ‫زخء ح‬١٧‫ي ح‬ٟ ‫زخء حطوخً اؿَحءحص كخٓٔش‬١٧‫ ٗوخرش ح‬٠ِ‫ٖ ػ‬٤‫ظؼ‬٣ٝ .46
.‫غ ؿ٘خء حُزٌخٍس‬٤‫طَه‬
Doctors' syndicate must take drastic measures against doctors who
perform hyman grafting.

109
 ُٞ‫ـ‬٣ ٙ‫لؤ ى‬ُٜ‫حى ح‬ُٞ‫ ح‬٠‫ظش رو‬ٞ‫خ حد ٕ حُٔلظ‬٣ " :ٍ‫هخ‬ٝ ٚ‫ـخٍط‬٤ٓ ٖٓ ً ‫ي ىُ٘ـَ ٗلؼخ‬٤ُٔ‫ أهٌ ح‬.47
ًَٚ‫ طل‬ٚ‫ ٗو‬ٜٞ‫يس ك‬٣‫س ىُ٘ـَ حُـي‬ِٝٗ ٚ٤‫حك‬ٞ‫ًخٗض حُـ‬ٝ "ٟ‫ ى‬ٚ٤‫حك‬ٞ‫ هِذ حُـ‬ُٟ ٢ُِ‫حُزض ح‬
.‫حء‬ٞٛ٧‫ح‬
Mr. Delnger, a whimy person, took a whiff at his cig and said "what a
lucky man! Would this half-wit marry that girl who is as white as
snow?" She became Mr. Delnger's new whim.

.ٚ‫ؿظ‬ُٝ ‫غ‬٣َ‫ِْٔ ٖٓ طو‬٣ ِْ‫ق ك‬٤ُٜٔ‫َ ٗلوش ح‬٤‫َٓس طير‬٧‫ٔظطغ ػخثَ ح‬٣ ُْٝ .48
The bread winner could not afford the summer resort expenses. Thus,
his wife tongue-lashed him.

.‫ش‬٣‫ى‬ٝ‫خد حُِحثيس حُي‬ٜ‫ى حُظ‬ٞ‫ؿ‬ٝ ٠ُ‫ ٍِٓػش حُيّ أٗخٍ ا‬٢‫خء ك‬٠٤‫خىس ػيى ًَحص حُيّ حُز‬٣ُ ٕ‫ ا‬.49
The increasing of white blood cells in the blood culture showed marks
of appendicitis.

.ٙ‫ح‬ٞ‫ هخٍص ه‬٠‫ّ ى كظ‬ٝ‫ؤًَ حُٖٔ حُٔي‬٣ٝ َُٛ٧‫ٖ ح‬٤١‫ٖ أٓخ‬٤‫٘ظوَ ر‬٣ ٠‫ظَ حُلظ‬ٝ .50
The boy kept on receiving knowledge from one sheik to another at Al-
Azhar and eating wormy whey until he became extremely feeble.

‫َ ًخَُٔأس‬٤ُ٘‫لخف ح‬ٟ ٠ِ‫خ ػ‬ٍٛٞ‫َ ر٘ؼ‬٤ٔ‫ٖ ط‬٤‫خف ك‬ٜ‫ل‬ُٜ‫ٕ ٗـَس ح‬ٞ٣َُٜٔ‫ ًْ أكذ ح‬.51
!.‫يحء‬٤‫حُـ‬
How much have the Egyptians loved the willow tree when its branches
lean on the Nile banks as a delicate woman!

‫ف‬٬ٜ‫ئٖٓ رؤٕ حٓظ‬٣ ٢‫ٓظخً حُـخٓؼ‬٧‫ٌح ح‬ٛ َ‫خص ظ‬٤‫ك‬ُٞ‫للش ح‬ٛ ٢‫ ك‬ٚ٤‫ هَأٗخ ٗؼ‬٠‫كظ‬ٝ .52
.‫ٍس‬ٞ‫ حُؼ‬ٚ‫ أطض ر‬١ٌُ‫ ح‬٢‫ف حٍُِحػ‬٬ٛ٩‫ْ ٖٓ ح‬ٛ‫ أ‬٢ٟ‫ٍح‬٧‫ح‬
Throughout his life time, this professor believed that land reclamation
is more important than the Agrarian Reform initiated by July 23rd
revolution.

.‫ش‬٤٘٣‫ُ ى‬ٍٞٓ ٖٓ ِٚٔ‫ل‬٣ ‫ًُي ُٔخ‬ٝ ّ‫٘ي‬٣ ٫ ١ٌُ‫ي ح‬٤‫ك‬ُٞ‫ حُؼِْ ح‬ٞٛ ١‫ى‬ٞ‫حُؼِْ حُٔؼ‬ٝ .53
The only flag which is never lowered at a half mast is the Saudi flag
because of its symbolic religious denotations.

ًَ ‫ػش رؼي إٔ كِ٘ض‬٬‫خ حُؼ‬ٛ‫ى‬٫ٝ‫أ‬ٝ ‫ؿش‬ُِِٝ ‫ض ر٘لوش‬٠‫َٓس إٔ ه‬٧‫ كٔخ ًخٕ ٖٓ ٓلٌٔش ح‬.54
.‫ِق‬ُٜ‫ ح‬٠ُ‫ش ا‬٤ٓ‫ى حَُح‬ٜٞ‫حُـ‬
Only when conciliation efforts proved fruitless, the family court passed
a sentence giving a lemony to the wife and her three children.

110
 ‫ش ٓٔخ‬٤ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ٍ ح‬ٝ‫غ حُي‬٤ٔ‫ ؿ‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٍٙٝ‫ي‬ٛٝ ٖ٣‫ ػَٔ هَٔ حُي‬٢‫ٕ ك‬َٝ‫ٕ ٌٓ٘ ه‬ٞ٣ٍُٞٔ‫رَع ح‬ٝ .55
.‫ٍح‬ٞ‫ك‬ٞٓ ً٬‫ْ ىه‬ٜ٤ِ‫ىٍ ػ‬
For centuries, Syrians have been clever in making sheeted apricot. They
have exported it to almost all Islamic countries, in return for heaps of
money.

ٖ‫ش رَحءس حٌُثذ ٖٓ ىّ حر‬٣ٍ‫ٌٓ٘ي‬٩‫ٔش كَم ٌٓظزش ح‬٣َ‫ رَة ٖٓ ؿ‬ٙ‫ رٖ حُؼخ‬َٝٔ‫ػ‬ٝ .56
.‫حٌُظذ‬ٝ ِْ‫لظَّ حُؼ‬٣ ٙ‫ـٔي‬٣ ١ٌُ‫ّ ح‬٬ٓ٩‫ٕ ح‬٧ ‫د‬ٞ‫ؼو‬٣
Amr Ibn Alass had nothing to do with the arson of Bibliotheca
Alexandrina as he represented Islam which venerates books.

ٍِٝٓ َ‫حُ ٓل‬ٞ‫ى رـ‬٬‫ حُٔلَ هخٍؽ حُز‬٠ُ‫ ا‬٠‫ ٓؼ‬ٌُٚ٘ ٚ‫ٖ ٓلخًٔظ‬٤‫ْ رٌلخُش ُل‬ٜ‫هَؽ حُٔظ‬ٝ .57
.‫ ًُي‬٢‫أكِق ك‬ٝ
The accused was bailed out until his trial, but he managed to travel
abroad with a forged passport.

.‫ؽ حُوَف‬٬‫ ػ‬٢‫ي ؿيحً ك‬٤‫ ٓل‬١‫ ُوي ػزض رخُظـَرش إٔ طلَ حُ٘خ‬.58
It has been proved that lees is useful for the treatment of ulcer.

ٌُٚ٘ ٙ‫ٍح‬ٞ‫خىس حُيًظ‬ٜٗ ٚ‫رخ ٓؼ‬ٍٝٝ‫ ػخثيحً ٖٓ أ‬ٚ٘‫ حر‬َٟ٤ُ ‫حص‬ٞ٘ٓ ‫لش هٔٔش‬ِٜ‫د ر‬٧‫ حٗظظَ ح‬.59
‫ي‬٤‫ كي رؼ‬٠ُ‫خص ا‬٤‫ حُلظ‬ٚ‫٘ز‬٣ ِّ‫ ػ‬٬‫طيّ ر٘خد ر‬ٛ‫ح‬

For a complete luster, the father had been waiting for his son's return
from Europe with a Ph. D., but, to his amazement and disappointment,
he found a Miss Nancy.

.ٌّٝ‫ حُطلَ حُٔـ‬ٚ٤ُ٘ٔ‫حكض ح‬ٝ ٠‫ق كظ‬٤‫س حُظٔخر‬٬ٛ ٠ِٜ٣ٝ ‫ٔزق‬٣ ْ٤ٔ‫أْٓ حُو‬ٝ .60
The priest kept on praying and saying his beads until the leportic child
died.

‫رخُٔؼخىس‬ٝ ٚ‫خط‬٤‫خ ػٖ ك‬َُٟ‫أكْ رخ‬ٝ ‫جش هللا‬٤ُ٘ٔ ِْٔ‫ي كخٓظ‬٤ٔ‫َ ك‬٤‫ٍّ ؿ‬ُٞ‫ ػِْ كٖٔ إٔ ح‬.61
.٢ٜ‫ف ط٘ظ‬ٞٓ ٚ‫ٕ ٓؼخٗخط‬٧

Hassan came to know that the tumor is malignant, so he resigned to the

will of God, and felt satisfied about his life and relieved that all his
sufferings would end.

.‫ش‬٤٘٣‫ٍ ى‬ٌٝ‫خ ؿ‬ُٜ "ٍ‫َ حُـخ‬٤ًِ‫ "ا‬ٝ "‫ؼخى‬٤ُٔ‫ ح‬ٍٝ‫ش "ًؤ‬٤ُ‫خص حُلخ‬٤ُٔٔٔ‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤‫ ًؼ‬.62
Many of existing terms such as "Land of Leal" and "laurel" have
religious roots.

111
 ‫ٔظطغ‬٣ ُْٝ ٖ٣‫ي حُٔظَ٘ى‬٣ ٢‫ُش ك‬ٜٞٔ‫هغ ر‬ٝ ‫ٌٖٔ كخٍس ٓي كوي‬٣ ٕ‫ٖ ًخ‬٤ٌُٔٔ‫ظق ح‬ُٞٔ‫ٕ ح‬٧ٝ .63
.‫خٗش‬ٛ٩‫ح‬ٝ ‫َد‬٠ُ‫ ٖٓ ح‬ٚ‫ز‬٤ٜٗ ٌ‫أه‬ٝ ‫َد‬ٜ٣ ٕ‫أ‬
Because the miserable employee lived in a blind lane, so he fell easily
in the hands of lazoroni and received his lot of beating and insult.

٠ٗ‫َح‬٣٫ ‫غ‬٤‫ش ك‬٤‫َس ٗخث‬٣ِ‫ي رـ‬٤‫م رؼ‬ًٞ ٢‫٘خى ك‬ٛ ُ‫ِح‬ٛ ٢ًَٓٝ ‫َ ٓؼِن‬٣َٔ‫ ُطخُٔخ كِٔض ر‬.64
.‫أكي‬
I have always dreamt of a hammock and rocking chair in a hut in
a remote island where no body can see me.
‫ي‬٤ُٔ‫حهق أٗخٍ ح‬ُٞٔ‫ أكي ح‬٠‫ك‬ٝ ّ٬ٓ٩‫ىس هزَ ح‬ٞ‫ؿ‬ٞٓ ‫رش حَُؿْ ًخٗض‬ٞ‫كع إٔ ػو‬٬٣ ‫ٓٔخ‬ٝ .65
"َ‫خ رلـ‬َٜٓ٤ِ‫جش ك‬٤‫ هط‬٬‫ " ٖٓ ًخٕ ٌْٓ٘ ر‬ٚٗ‫ أ‬٠ُ‫ق ا‬٤ُٔٔ‫ح‬
It has been noted that lapidating existed prior to Islam. In one situation
Christ said "He who is without a sin shall cast the first stone"

ٖٓ ٌ٤ٓ٬‫ظٌٖٔ حُظ‬٣ ٠‫ػخ ً كظ‬ٞ‫ش ًخٗض طلظق ٓظؤهَس أٓز‬٤‫ر‬ٞ٤ِ‫ حُو‬٢‫أطًٌَ إٔ حُٔيحٍّ ك‬ٝ .66
.‫ىس‬ٝ‫ش حُي‬٤‫ ط٘و‬٢‫حُٔ٘خًٍش ك‬
I remember that back-to-school in Qalubia was postponed a week so
the pupils could participate in picking up boll weevil.

ْ٤ٓ‫خ هَحٍ حُظؤ‬ٜ٤ِ‫ ػ‬َٟ‫ ًؤٗٔخ ؿ‬ٝ ‫حٍس‬ٝ‫حد حُي‬ٞ‫ر‬٧‫ٍ ًخ‬ٝ‫ كِوش ٓلَؿش طي‬٠ُ‫خ ا‬ٜ‫خط‬٤‫ُض ك‬ٞ‫ طل‬.67
.ٌَُ‫زلض حَٓأس ح‬ٛ‫كؤ‬
Her life turned to a vicious circle like revolving doors as if she had
been nationalized and become a taxi girl.

ْٔ‫خ طظ‬ٌُٜ٘ ‫ي‬٤ُٜ‫ ح‬٢‫كَ ٌٓخٗخ ً آٓ٘خ ُٔلز‬ٞ‫ط‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ِٔ‫ش ػ‬٤ٔٛ‫خ أ‬ُٜ ‫حؽ‬ٞٓ٧‫حؿِ ح‬ٞ‫ ٗي إٔ ك‬٫ٝ .68
.‫َس‬ٛ‫حٍع حُوخ‬ٞٗ ٢‫ش ك‬٤‫ط٘خػ‬ٛ٫‫خ ٗؤٕ حُٔطزخص ح‬ٜٗ‫رخُوزق ٗؤ‬
It goes without saying that break waters have a scientific importance
and they provide a more safe place for fishermen, except that they look
ugly just like speed barriers in the streets of Cairo.

.‫ش‬٤ٗ‫ حُٔؼي‬ٙ‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ؽ رخ‬٬‫ حُؼ‬٠ِ‫وزَ حُ٘خّ ػ‬٣ ‫غ‬٤‫حٕ ك‬ِٞ‫غ ك‬٤‫٘خر‬٣ ٢ُ‫ش ا‬٠٣َُٔ‫ ح‬ٚٓ‫ كَٔ حَُؿَ أ‬.69
The man took his sick mother to the spa of Helwan where people seek
hydrotherapy.

٢‫ ك‬١َ‫٘و‬٣ ‫طخٍس‬ٝ ٢ُ‫لي حُؼخ‬٠ُ‫ ح‬٢‫٘لـَ ك‬٣ ‫ٌح حُ٘خد كَٔس‬ٛ َٓ‫َس ٖٓ أ‬٤‫ حُل‬٢٘‫ طٌِٔظ‬.70
.‫حُزٌخء‬
This young man perplexed me; sometimes he horse-laugh and at other
times he sobs into tears.

112
 ‫َس ظً٘خ‬٣َُ٘‫حف ح‬ٍٝ٧‫ٕ اهَحؽ ح‬ٍٞٓ‫ٔخ‬٣ ٖٓ ٠ُ‫ؽ ا‬ُِٝ‫خ ح‬ٜ‫ذ ر‬ًٛ ٌٍَ‫خ حُٔظ‬ٜٟ‫خ‬ٜ‫ رؼي اؿ‬-71
.‫ٓش‬ٞ‫خ ِٓز‬ٜٗ‫ أ‬ٚ٘ٓ
After her frequent miscarriage, her husband believing that she is
haunted, took her to exorcists.

‫ ىحثٔخ ً ىحٓؼش‬٢ٜ‫ظٔخٓخ ً ك‬ٛ‫خ ح‬َٛ‫ؼ‬٣ ُْ ‫ن‬٤‫َ حُ٘و‬٤‫خ ؿ‬ٛٞ‫خ ٌُٖ أه‬ٜ٤٘٤‫ ػ‬٢‫ طَهَم حُيٓغ ك‬.72
.ٖ٤٘٤‫حُؼ‬
Her eyes brimmed over with tears, but her half brother paid no attention
as she has been always tearful.

‫ ٓزِؾ‬١‫لؼَ ًُي ٓوخرَ أ‬٣ ‫ش‬٤١‫ ًٓش ٓطخ‬ًٝ ٌُٚ٘ ٍ‫ح‬ٞ‫ ٓٔغ حُل‬ٚٗ‫حٍد رؤ‬ٞٗ ٞ‫ى أر‬ٞٔ‫ي ٓل‬ٜٗ .73
.ٍٙٝ‫ أًِش ٓٔي ٖٓ ػ٘ي هي‬٠‫ كظ‬ٝ‫ٖٓ حُٔخٍ أ‬
Mahmoud Abou Shawareb, an ear witness, had elastic conscience. He
has always testified untruthfully for any sum of money or even a
seafood dish at Qadura.

.‫ٔخء‬ُٜ‫ حُـيى ح‬ٚ٤ِ‫ ػ‬٠٠‫ٖ! ٓظو‬٤ٌٔٓ .َ‫٘و‬٣ٝ ُّٞ٘‫ ح‬٢‫ ك‬٢‫ـ‬٣ ‫غ‬٣‫ى‬ُٞ‫ ًخٕ حُ٘خد ح‬.74
The meek young man was snoring. "What a pity!" the ductless glands
would kill him one day.

ٞٔ‫ذ رل‬٤ٛ‫ أ‬ٌُٚ٘ ٢ٔ٘‫ىحء حُـ‬٧‫خ طلٖٔ ح‬ٜٗ‫ رؤ‬ٚ٘ٓ ً ‫خ ظ٘خ‬٣ٍٞ‫ٍ حٌُخر‬ٝ‫ ط٘خ‬٢‫ ك‬٠ُٞ‫ ٓظ‬١َ‫ أك‬.75
.ٍ‫خ‬ٜٓ‫ا‬ٝ
Metwally overate crab, an aphrodisiac food, but he had heart burn and
running stomach.
ًَ‫ رَ طؤ‬٢‫ػ٘خد كو‬٧‫ح‬ٝ ‫ه٘خد‬٧‫ح‬ٝ ّٞ‫حُِل‬ٝ ‫د‬ٞ‫حُلز‬ٝ ّ‫حُؼظخ‬ٝ ‫ى‬ٝ‫ طؤًَ حُي‬٫ ٍٝ‫ح‬ٞ‫حُو‬ٝ .76
.‫ء‬٢ٗ ًَ

Rodents are not only vermivorous, ossivorous, granivorous,

carnivorous, lingnivorous and herbivours but omnivorous as well.

.‫ٗلش‬٧‫د ح‬ٞ٤‫يحع حُـ‬ٛٝ ٢‫ل‬ُٜ٘‫يحع ح‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ٞٛ ‫يحع‬ُٜ‫حع ح‬ٞٗ‫ؼذ أ‬ٛ‫أ‬ٝ .77
The most painful types of headache are migraine and sinus headache.

.ً‫يح‬٣‫كخ ً ٗي‬ٞ‫وخف ٖٓ حُْ٘ٔ ه‬٣ ‫ حُيٓخء‬٢ٛ‫خ‬ُٜٔ ‫ًؽ ر٘غ‬ًٞٔ٘ ٫ٞ٤ً‫ىٍح‬ٝ .78

Dracula, a horrendous example of vampires, had a heliphobia.

ْ‫ل‬٣ ٕ٧‫ح‬ٝ ًَ٥‫ ح‬٢‫ ك‬ٙ‫ء‬٬ُٓ ٠ِ‫ّ ػ‬ٞ٤ُ‫َح ح‬٤‫ ططلَ ًؼ‬.‫ض‬٤‫ٍ حُز‬ٞ٘ٓ ‫ ً٘زش هِق‬٠ِ‫ ؿِْ ػ‬-79
.‫ؼش حُوَف‬٣َٓ ‫خ‬ٜٗ‫ق رؤ‬ٛٞ‫ٌٖٔ إٔ ط‬٣ ٢‫ٔظِي طِي حُٔؼيس حُظ‬٣ ٫ ٚٗ‫ؤ ٍؿْ أ‬٤‫ظو‬٣ ‫ هي‬ٚٗ‫رؤ‬

113
 He sat on the settee behind the lighting shaft. He sponged a lot on his
mates today. Now he feels like vomiting although he is not that
squeamish.

‫ ٓٔظِت‬ٚ٤‫ حرٖ أه‬ٍٙ‫ح‬ٞ‫رـ‬ٝ ٟ‫ؤًَ حُٔلخٗي‬٣ ِْ‫ؿ‬ٝ ‫س‬ٜٞ‫ حُو‬٠ُ‫حٕ ا‬ٞ‫ذ حُٔؼِْ ك‬ًٛ ‫ًخُؼخىس‬ٝ .80
ٍَ‫ ه‬.‫يس حطوطزض‬٤‫ػَف حُٔؼِْ إٔ طل‬ٝ .ٕ‫ى‬ُٞ‫زِش ح‬١ َّ‫ طو‬ٚ‫ حُلظ‬٢‫ ك‬ٚ‫ط‬َٝ‫ص ُؿ‬ٝ‫كـؤس ى‬ٝ ٖ٣‫حُوي‬
.ٍ‫ش ٗخ‬٤ٔ‫خ ر‬ٜٗٝ َٕ٣ ٕ‫أ‬
Maalem Hawash went to the cafe as usual. He sat there eating
mandarin. His cheeky nephew beside him. Suddenly, a trill cry of joy
rang out around. He knew that Tafida got engaged. So, he decided to
disfigure her face with sulphuric acid.

‫ش‬٣ٍ‫ٌٓ٘ي‬٩‫ح‬ٝ ‫َس‬ٛ‫ٖ حُوخ‬٤‫ ر‬ٙ‫َ حُِٔٓغ اٗ٘خإ‬٣ٍُٞٗٞٔ‫ؼظزَ ح‬٣ ‫ش‬٣‫خى‬ٜ‫هظ‬٫‫ش حُ٘ظَ ح‬ٜ‫ؿ‬ٝ ٖٓ .81
.٠ُٝ٧‫ ٖٓ حُيٍؿش ح‬٢ٓ‫هي‬ٝ ‫ع َٓرق‬َٝ٘ٓ ١ٝ‫لَح‬ُٜ‫ن ح‬٣َ‫رٔلخًحس حُط‬
From the economic perspective, the planned monorail between Cairo
and Alexandria along side the desert high way is lucrative and highly
serviceable.

َ‫وـ‬٣ ٫‫ أ‬ٍٟ‫ ٗي‬٫ٝ ّ‫ح ُِ٘ظخ‬ٞ‫ؿ‬َٝ٤ُ ٖ٣ٍٞ‫ حٓظؼٔخٍ ًظَّخد ٓؤؿ‬٠ُ‫ٕ ا‬ٞ٤ٓ‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ِـؤ ح‬٣ ًْٝ .82
.ْٜٔ‫ء ٖٓ أٗل‬٫‫ئ‬ٛ
Quite often, Politicans employ hack writers to propagandize the regime.
Wouldn't they feel ashamed of themselves?

ْ٣‫ ح‬ٙ‫ي‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٚ‫ ٗو‬ٚ٘ٓ ‫َ حهظَد‬٤ٌ‫ حُظل‬٢‫ًخٕ ؿخٍهخ ً ك‬ٝ َ‫ حُزل‬٠ُ‫ظطِغ ا‬٣ ّ‫٘ٔخ ًخٕ حُلخهخ‬٤‫ ر‬.83
.‫ حُٔخء‬٢‫ ك‬ٞٛٝ ٫‫ ا‬ٚٔ‫لْ ر٘ل‬٣ ُْٝ ْ٣ًَ
Whilst the Rabbi, lost in thought, was looking at the sea, someone
holding a cone of ice-cream approached him. Soon, he found himself
in water.

٠ُ‫ٍحُٔلطش ا‬ٞ‫ٍ ٓ٘خك‬ٞ‫ طل‬١َ‫ حُلو‬ٙ‫ى‬ٞٔ‫ٌُٖ رؼي إٔ ًَٔ ػ‬ٝ ٢‫َحٕ حَُ٘حػ‬٤‫لذ حُط‬٣ ٕ‫ ًخ‬.84
..‫ِش‬٤‫خ هظ‬ٛ‫ أٍىح‬٠‫َرخ ً كظ‬ٟ ٚ‫ أهظ‬٠ِ‫خٍ ػ‬ٜٗ‫ٓخ ً كخ‬ٞ٣ ٚ‫خر‬ٜ‫كوي أػ‬ٝ ‫هغ‬ٞ‫ًخثٖ ٓظو‬
The tall man liked gliding but after he broke his backbone, he became
an introvert creature. One day, he lost his temper and beat his sister up
to death.

‫ى‬٫ُٞ‫ح‬ٝ ‫يس‬٣َ‫ حُـ‬ٙ‫ي‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ‫خُش‬ُٜ‫ ح‬٢‫د هخػي ك‬٧‫ح‬ٝ ‫ش حُٔـخى‬٠‫خ ٓ٘ل‬ٛ‫ي‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ‫ٗش‬ٌِٞ‫ حُز‬٢‫خص ك‬٤‫ ػط‬.85
‫٘ش رخثغ ؿٍِ حُز٘خص كخٗيكغ‬٣َٓ ‫ص‬ٝ‫كـؤس ى‬ٝ ‫ِش‬٤ٔ‫ً ؿ‬٫‫ٕ أٌٗخ‬ٞ‫٘ؼ‬ٜ٣ٝ ْٜ‫خرؼ‬ٛ‫ٕ حُلزخٍ رؤ‬ٌٞ‫٘ز‬٣
.‫ حُ٘خٍع‬٠ُ‫ش ا‬٤‫ز‬ُٜ‫ح‬

114
 Atiat was beating the carpet in the balcony, the father was sitting in the
hall, holding the paper and the kids playing cat's cradle. Suddenly, the
cotton candy seller siren blew out and the children rushed to the street.

‫ ىٍؿخص‬٠ِ‫ أػ‬ٚ٤‫ حٓظويٓض ك‬١ٌُ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ حُٔؼِن‬١َ‫ر‬ٌُٞ‫ِش ح‬ٛٝ ‫ْ ٓزخٍى‬٤‫ حكظظق حَُث‬.86

.َ‫ حُوط‬٢‫يحً رزخه‬٤‫خ ؿ‬ٜ‫ طْ ٍرط‬٢‫حُظ‬ٝ ‫٘خء‬٤ٓ ٠ُ‫ػ٘خم ا‬٧‫ٕ طَ٘أد ًَ ح‬٥‫ح‬ٝ .‫خ‬٤‫ؿ‬ٌُٞٞ٘‫حُظ‬
President Mubarak inaugurated the suspension bridge joint which was
built according to the highest degree of technology. Nowadays necks
crane towards Sinai, which has been tied perfectly to the rest of the
country.

َ‫ هخر‬٠‫خ كظ‬ُٜ‫ؤّ حٓظزي‬٤ُ‫ ٖٓ ح‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٚ‫ؿخط‬ُٝ ٟ‫ِض اكي‬ٛٝ ‫ش ٌُُي ًِٔخ‬٣ٌٍُ‫لذ ح‬٣ ّ‫ ػْ آى‬.87
.‫خ‬٤ُٞ‫خد رخُٔ٘خه‬ٜ٣ ٚ‫ ؿؼِظ‬٢‫حُظ‬ٝ ٖ٤‫ز‬٤‫ف" كخٍس حُط‬٬‫َٗرخص "كظخس ؿ‬
Adam is philo-progentive. Whenever any of his wives reaches
menopause, he replaces her until he met Sharbat, the most beautiful girl
in Haret Al-Taybeen who drove him nuts.

٢‫ ك‬٢ٛ ‫ٍ حُظخرؼش‬ٝ‫حُي‬ٝ ٚ‫ظ‬٣َ‫ِٔي ك‬٣٫ ٚٓٞ٣ ‫ص‬ٞ‫ِٔي ه‬٣٫ ٖٓ ٕ‫ رؤ‬ٟٝ‫ن حُ٘ؼَح‬٤ُ٘‫َف ح‬ٛ .88
.‫خ‬ٜ‫ظ‬٣َ‫طِٔي ك‬٫ ٍٝ‫َٓ ى‬٧‫وش ح‬٤‫كو‬
Sheikh Sharawy said that he who earns his bread does not have his
freedom. As a matter of fact, the satellite countries (puppet states) do
not possess their own free will.

ٖ٤٤‫لل‬ُٜ‫ي ح‬ٟ ٍّ‫َس طٔخ‬ٛ‫س هخ‬ٞ‫٘خى ه‬ٛ َ‫خ ُِِٔطش حَُحرؼش ر‬ٜ٤‫ٌٓخٕ ك‬٫ ‫ُش حُٔوخرَحص‬ٝ‫ى‬ٝ .89
.ّ‫ٕ ُِ٘ظخ‬ِٞ‫طز‬٣ ِْٜ‫ُـؼ‬
There is no free press in a police state. Instead, there is a force majeure
abusing journalists.

‫كض‬٫ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ٝ ‫٘ٔخ‬٤ُٔ‫٘خػش ح‬ٛ ٢‫ٕ ك‬ِٞٔ‫ؼ‬٣ ٖٔٓ َٕٝ٤‫ حٌُؼ‬َٙ٠‫خء ك‬٣ُ‫ أ‬َٝ‫ْ أْٓ ػ‬٤‫ أه‬.90
‫خص‬ٛ‫خ‬ٜ‫٘ٔخ ٍحكض ه‬٤‫خ ر‬ُٜ َٕٟٝ‫لن حُلخ‬ٛ ٖٔ‫ىهش حُل‬ٝ ‫خ‬ٜٜ‫ؿ‬ٝ ٢‫ق ك‬٤‫حُلظخس ًحص حُٖ٘ٔ حُول‬
.‫ حُلَف‬١ٞ‫خ ً٘و‬ٜ٤ِ‫طَ ػ‬ٜ‫ٍم ط‬ُٞ‫ح‬
Yesterday a fashion show was held and attended by many people
working in the cinema production. The moment the girl with a dimple
and light freckles showed up, the viewers applauded while confetti kept
falling upon her.

ٚ٤ِ‫ش ػ‬٤‫رظيحث‬٫‫ ٓـَّ كلٌٔض حُٔلٌٔش ح‬٠ِ‫ْ طٔظَ ػ‬ٜ‫ إٔ حُٔظ‬ٟٞ‫ش حُيػ‬٠٣َ‫ ػ‬٢‫ ؿخء ك‬.91
ٖ٤‫خص حُلٌْ إٔ ر‬٤‫ؼ‬٤‫ ك‬٢‫ؿخء ك‬ٝ ٌْ‫ حُل‬ٞ‫أًيص ٓلٌٔش حُ٘و‬ٝ ‫حص‬ٞ٘ٓ ‫ع‬٬‫رخُٔـٖ ُٔيس ػ‬
.ٍٝ‫ٖ حُي‬٤‫ ر‬٢‫ٖ طٔخٓخ ٓؼَ طِي حُظ‬٤َٓ‫ْ حُٔـ‬٤ِٔ‫ش ُظ‬٤ٟ٘ٔ ‫ش‬٤‫ٓش حطلخه‬ٌٞ‫حُل‬ٝ ٖ١‫ح‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬

115
 The bill of indictment stipulated that the accused connived with the
criminal. Hence the court of 1st instance sentenced him for three years
in jail. The court of cassation confirmed the verdict and indicated in
the preamble of judgment that there is an implied extradition treaty
between the government and the citizens just like the one concluded
between countries.

ٚ‫ طْ كل‬ٌُٚ٘ ‫ كخُش ه٘ن‬٢ٔ‫يص ر٘ل‬ٛ‫ ُوي ٗخ‬.َ٤ٛ‫ رٌَ حُظلخ‬٢‫ذ حَُ٘ػ‬٤‫ظْ حُطز‬ٜ٣ٝ .92
٠ًُٞ٘‫حُ٘وخع ح‬ٝ ٖ٤‫ُط‬ُِٞ‫خد ح‬ٜ‫حُظ‬ٝ ًٕ٧‫ؽ ح‬٬ٔٛٝ ٢‫خٕ حُظخؿ‬٣َُ٘‫ح‬
Forensic medicine is concerned with the faintest details. I saw it by
myself a strangulation case and yet examined also for coronary artery,
earwax, tonsillitis, and spinal cord.

‫ذ‬٤ُِٜ‫ ح‬ٚ‫٘ز‬٣ ٚٔٔ‫ ؿ‬.ٙ‫ٍ ؿٌحء‬ٝ‫خ ُظ٘خ‬ًِٜ ‫ش‬٤‫ٔظوي ّ حُٔطزو‬٣ ‫ ػخىس ٓخ‬.َ٤‫ ًَٕ ًز‬ٚ٣‫ ُي‬.93
‫ٍ ٓخ‬ٝ‫ أٓخ أٗخ كيحثٔخ ً ٓخ أط٘خ‬.ُٚ‫خص ٖٓ أؿَ ٓخ‬٤‫ حُلظ‬ُٚ ‫ىى‬ٞ‫طظ‬ٝ ‫رْ حُٔلِهش‬٬ُٔ‫ِزْ ح‬٣ ‫ف‬ٞ‫حُٔؼو‬
.‫ش‬٤‫ حكظٔخٍ كو٘ش َٗؿ‬٠ُ‫طَ ا‬ٟ‫ح‬ٝ ٌٍَ‫ ٓظ‬١ٞ‫خد رخٗٔيحى ٓؼ‬ٛ‫ٍؿْ ًُي أ‬ٝ ٟ‫ى‬ٝ‫ْ أ‬٤‫و‬٣
He has a potbelly. Normally, he uses all dishes when eating. His body
looks like swastika. He wears skin tights, girls always flirt with him for
his money. As for me, I eat my fill and yet I suffer from frequent
intestinal obstruction and have to put up with enema.

‫حٌُٔٗزخص‬ٝ ‫يٗخ حَُ٘حٗن‬ٛ‫ٗخ‬ٝ َ‫ حُلز‬٢ٗٝ ‫ٍٗذ‬٧‫ش ُؼز٘خ ؿلَ ح‬٤ِ‫ حُٔيٍٓش حُيحه‬٢‫ ك‬.94
‫زن‬١ ‫ِش‬٤ٔ‫ٍ حُـ‬ُٜٞ‫ٍم حُ٘لخف َُْٓ ح‬ُٞ‫حٓظويٓ٘خ ح‬ٝ َ‫حُٔ٘خر‬ٝ ‫حُٔليرش‬ٝ ‫خص حُٔوؼَس‬٣‫حَُٔح‬ٝ
.َٛ٧‫ح‬
At the boarding school, we played warren and rope skipping. We
watched cocoons, shooting stars, concave and convex mirrors and
tulips. We used tracing paper to produce replica of pretty images.

.‫ظلون‬٣ ِْ‫ريأ حُل‬ٝ ‫حٍع‬ُٞ٘‫ ح‬٢‫ي ك‬٤‫ٖ حُؼ‬٤ً‫َص ٌٓخ‬ٜ‫ ظ‬٠‫ حُِلٔش كظ‬٠ِ‫كْ ػ‬ٞ‫ظ‬٣ ‫ىس‬ٞٔ‫ ظَ ك‬.95
.‫ىس‬ٞٔ‫ أٓؼخٍ ك‬٠ُ‫٘ظَ ٌٍٗح ا‬٣ٝ ِٚ‫ ٓل‬٠ِ‫ص ػ‬ُٞٔ‫ٓش ح‬٬‫غ ػ‬ٟٝ ٠ُ‫ى حُـِحٍ ا‬ٞ‫ؼ‬٣ ‫ي‬٤‫رؼي حُؼ‬
ٕ ٞ‫ـَه‬٣ ٫ ‫ "ُٔخًح‬: ٚٔ‫ىس ٗل‬ٞٔ‫ ٓؤٍ ك‬.‫خثغ‬٠‫م رخُز‬ُٞٔ‫ٍس اؿَحم ح‬ٞ‫هزخٍ طظليع ػٖ هط‬٧‫أ‬
"‫م رخُِلٔش؟‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬
Hamouda kept craving meat until the Bairam's cutlery appeared in the
streets. His dream is about to come true. After the feast, the butcher
looks daggers to people like Hamouda. There is news stressing the
danger of dumping the market. Hamouda asked himself:" why do not
they dump the market with meat?"

116
 ‫خ‬ٛٞ‫ ٓلخكخ ً ٌُٖ أه‬ٚ٘ٓ ‫ كِٔض‬٢‫ش حُظ‬٤‫ كظل‬٠ِ‫َرخ ً ػ‬ٟ ٍ‫خ‬ٜٗ‫ حُؤَ ٗـخػش ُحثلش كخ‬ٚ‫ أػطظ‬.96
.ٍ‫ٔض حُؼخثِش رخُؼخ‬ٛٝ ٕ‫ش رؼي أ‬٤‫َرض كظل‬ٛٝ َ‫٘ل‬ُٜٔ‫ حُِؿخؽ ح‬ُٟ ٚٗٝ َ‫ٖ ؿؼ‬٤٘ٔ‫ن ك‬٤‫حُ٘و‬
Wine gave him false bravery, so he beat up Fathia who conceived
illegally from him. Her brother, Hassanein beat him black and blue.
Then, Fathia ran away after stigmatizing her family.

‫" ٌُٖ ػ٘يٓخ ٓٔغ‬ٙ‫ّ ى‬٬ٌُ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ض‬٣ٍ‫ حُؼلخ‬٢‫ أٗخ ٓزؼظويٕ ك‬.ٙ‫ٕ ًي‬ٝ ‫ أٗخ‬ٞٛ ‫ٓٔق هللا‬٫" .97
٠٘ٔ٣ ٕ‫حهْٔ أ‬ٝ ‫ق‬٣َُِ ِٚ‫ أِْٓ ٍؿ‬ٚ‫هيحّ ٖٓ هِل‬٧‫هغ ح‬ٝٝ ‫ص‬ُٞٔ‫ كَ٘ؿش ح‬ٚٗ‫ًؤ‬ٝ ٖ٤٘ٔ‫ص ك‬ٞٛ
.ْ٤‫ حُٔٔظو‬١‫َح‬ُٜ‫ ح‬٠ِ‫ػ‬
"God forbid, it is not me. I don't believe in demons and stuff like that."
But when Hassanein heard a voice like death rattle and a tramping of
feet, he ran like hell"

ُٞ‫َ طل‬ٛ‫ طٔظخ‬١‫ حُزض ى‬ٙ‫ ًي‬٢‫هخً هخٍ "رخُؼَر‬٧‫خ ح‬ُٜ‫ؿٔخ‬ٝ ٠ُٝ٧‫لش ح‬٤ُٛٞ‫ي ح‬ٛ‫ رؼي إٔ ٗخ‬.98
."٠٘‫ؼ‬٣ ‫ٔخ‬٤ٓ َ‫ ٗـ‬-‫ هيع‬ًِٚ ٙ‫خ ٓؼَّ ى‬٣" ٍ‫هخ‬ٝ َُِٛ‫ هلخؿش ح‬٠‫ٓط‬٧‫ ح‬َٙ‫أًؼَ ٖٓ حٌُِٔش" ه‬
After, he watched the captivating beauty of the first runner up, he said
"In plain English, this girl certainly deserves to be Miss World" Ousta
Khafaga cogged the dice and said "all that is cinema tricks".

ٝ‫ى حُٔ٘طوش ري‬ٝ‫ كي‬٠ِ‫ٌٖٔ ػ‬٣ٝ ‫ن حَُٓخٍ حُٔظلًَش‬١‫ ٓ٘خ‬٢‫ش ك‬٤‫ك‬ٞ‫ حُـ‬ٙ‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫حؿي ح‬ٞ‫ طظ‬٫ .99
‫ِزخ‬١ ٙ‫ِش ر٘خ‬٤‫ن حُوز‬٤ٗ ٠ُ‫يكغ ا‬٣ ْٜ٘ٓ ‫ؽ حَُٔء‬ِٝ‫ظ‬٣ ٕ‫رؼي أ‬ٝ ‫ٗخص‬ٞ‫و‬٣٧‫ٕ ح‬ٝ‫ؼزي‬٣ ‫ش‬٤‫ حُزيحث‬١‫ي‬٣‫ٗي‬
.ٕ‫ى حُـلَح‬ٌٞٛ ٚ‫٘ز‬٣ ‫ٔخ‬٤‫ ك‬ٚ‫ك‬ٍٝ ٙ٬‫ُو‬
Ground water does not exist in this area of quick sand. There live
primitive nomads. They worship totems. When any of them gets
married, he presents an ewe to the tribe chief seeking salvation in a
similar manner to indulgence papers.

ٚ٤ُ ‫ ٖٓ ػخٍف‬٠٘‫ؼ‬٣ .َ١‫ رخ‬٠ِ‫َ ػ‬١‫ ػخ‬ٚ٠‫ رؼ‬٠ِ‫ ًَ حُلٔخد ػ‬٢١‫ حُزخٌٗخطذ كخ‬. 100
٠ِ‫خ ػ‬ٛ‫رؼي‬ٝ ‫ذ‬٤١ ٚ٤‫ حُز‬١‫ي‬٤ُٔ ‫ش‬٣َٜ‫ْ َُ٘حء ه‬٤ِٓ 2 :‫ حٌُ٘ق‬٢‫ش ك‬٣َ‫ق حُ٘ؼ‬٣ٍ‫خ‬ُٜٔ‫ ح‬٢١‫كخ‬
‫ذ‬٤١ . ‫س‬ِٞ‫لذ حُلخؿش حُل‬٤‫َ ر‬٤‫ـ‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ٚ٤‫َ حُز‬ٛ‫ أ‬,َ٤‫ـ‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ٚ٤‫ حُز‬١‫ي‬٤ُٔ ِٟٞ‫ْ ك‬٤ِٓ 5 ٍٞ١
.‫ظخ‬٤ُٗٞ٘‫ًَ هزَ ح‬٧‫ ح‬٠‫ رو‬َٝٝ‫حُٔل‬
The clerk messed up all accounts. I wonder why he included in the
petty expenses 2 pennies for buying a potty for junior Bey and then 5
pennies for his candy. The Bey has a sweet tooth, well isn't food
supposed to come before chamber pot?

117
 ‫هِ‪ َ٤‬ؿزَحٕ‪:‬‬
‫" ُوي ٓخص حُ‪٤ٜ‬ق حُـٔ‪٤ُ َ٤‬ل‪٤‬خ حُوَ‪٣‬ق حٌُج‪٤‬ذ‪ٝ ,‬ر‪ً ٖ٤‬حى حُٔ‪ٞ‬ص ‪ ٌٙٛٝ‬حُل‪٤‬خس ‪ٝ‬هق حُِٖٓ‬
‫ٓ٘‪َ٤‬حً ر‪ٗ ٚ٘٤ٔ٤‬ل‪ ٞ‬ؿ‪ ٖٜ‬ػَط‪ ٚ‬ح‪٣ٍ٧‬خف ‪ٝ ,‬ه‪ٜ‬لظ‪ ٚ‬حُؼخ‪ٛ‬لش هخث‪ٌٛ " : ٬‬ح ٍِٓ أ‪٣‬خٓي ‪ ,‬أ‪ٜ٣‬خ‬
‫ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ‪ ,‬كظؤِٓ‪ ٚ‬ؿ‪٤‬يحً‪٣ .‬وظش كلَف كلِٕ كِ٘حع ك٘‪ ّٞ‬ػٔ‪٤‬ن "‪.‬أ‪ٌٛ‬ح ٍِٓ ك‪٤‬خط٘خ ؟ ؿ‪ٔٗ ٖٜ‬وش‬
‫ٗ‪ٔ٤‬خٕ رخ‪ُٛ٧‬خٍ ‪ًٔٝ‬خ‪ ٙ‬كِ‪َ٣‬حٕ رخ‪ٍٝ٧‬حم ‪ٝ‬أػوِ‪ ٚ‬آد رخ‪٧‬ػٔخٍ‪ ,‬ػْ ؿخء طَ٘‪ ٖ٣‬كؼَح‪ ٙ‬رخٍ‪٣‬خك‪. ٚ‬‬
‫ػْ َٓص حُؼخ‪ٛ‬لش كو‪ٜ‬لظ‪ ٚ‬رؼِٓ‪ٜ‬خ‪ٝ ,‬أُوظ‪ ٚ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حُل‪٣ ٢ٌُ ٞ٤٠‬زِ‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ َٜٓ ٢‬طلض ‪١‬زوخص‬
‫حُؼِ‪ٞ‬ؽ ! أ‪ٌٛ‬ح ‪ ٍِٓ ٞٛ‬ك‪٤‬خط٘خ أ‪ٜ٣‬خ حُِٖٓ‪.‬؟؟ "‪.‬‬

‫‪Beautiful summer is dead in order that gloomy autumn might live.‬‬

‫‪Between that death and this life , time has stood pointing with his right‬‬
‫‪hand to a branch made bare by the winds and broken by the storm ,‬‬
‫‪saying " this is the symbol of your days, man, consider it well :‬‬
‫‪awakening , then joy , then sadness, then agony, then deep slumber ".‬‬
‫‪Is this the symbol of our life? A branch which April adorned with‬‬
‫‪blossoms, and June clothed with leaves and August loaded with fruit,‬‬
‫‪and which, the winds of October then laid bare and the storm broke‬‬
‫‪with its fury and threw on the ground, in order that it might perish‬‬
‫?‪slowly under layers of snow! Is this the symbol of our life time‬‬

‫أ‪٘ٓ ٍٝ‬خٍ رخ‪ٌ٘ٓ٩‬يٍ‪٣‬ش‪:‬‬

‫ٓٔ‪٤‬ض ح‪ٌ٘ٓ٩‬يٍ‪٣‬ش – حُٔ‪٘٤‬خء ح‪ ٍٝ٧‬رٔ‪ – َٜ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حْٓ ح‪ٌ٘ٓ٫‬يٍ ح‪ً٧‬زَ حٌُ‪ ١‬أٓٔ‪ٜ‬خ‪ .‬رؼي إٔ‬
‫هٍَ إٔ ًُي حٌُٔخٕ ‪ ٞٛ‬ح‪ٔٗ٧‬ذ ‪٩‬هخٓش ٓ‪٘٤‬خء ‪ٓٝ‬ي‪٘٣‬ش ؿ٘‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬أٍَٓ اُ‪ ٢‬ى‪ٞ٘٣‬هَحطْ – حُٔؼٔخٍ‪١‬‬
‫حُٔوي‪ ٢ٗٝ‬حُزخٍُ‪ِ١ٝ -‬ذ ٓ٘‪ ٚ‬ػَٔ حَُٓ‪ ّٞ‬حُ‪ُٓ٬‬ش ُز٘خء ٓي‪٘٣‬ش ك‪ًُ ٢‬ي حُٔ‪ٞ‬هغ‪ ٖٓ .‬ه‪ٌٛ ٍ٬‬ح‬
‫حُؼَٔ حًظٔذ ى‪ٞ٘٣‬هَحطْ ٗ‪َٜ‬س ‪ٝ‬حٓؼش‪ًٝ .‬خٕ ٓ‪ٟٞ‬غ حُل٘خٍ ك‪ًُ ٢‬ي حُ‪ٞ‬هض ٓـَى ؿِ‪َ٣‬س‬
‫‪ٛ‬ـ‪َ٤‬س طٔٔ‪ ٢‬كخٍ‪ ٌُٖٝ , ّٝ‬ى‪ٞ٘٣‬هَحطْ ٍرط‪ٜ‬خ رخ‪ٌ٘ٓ٩‬يٍ‪٣‬ش رـَٔ ‪٘ٛ‬خػ‪ ,٢‬حٓظي ٓٔخكش‬
‫ٓ‪ٝ .َ٤‬هي طٔززض ٓؤٓخس ك‪ ٢‬ر٘خء أ‪ ٍٝ‬ك٘خٍ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ٌ٘ٓ٩‬يٍ‪٣‬ش ‪ .‬كوي ًخٕ ٓ‪ٓٞ‬ظظَحط‪ ٞٛٝ – ّٞ‬أكي‬
‫ط‪ ٌ٤ٓ٬‬ى‪ٞ٘٣‬هَحطْ‪َ٣ -‬ؿذ ك‪ ٢‬حُِ‪ٝ‬حؽ ٖٓ كظخس ؿٔ‪ِ٤‬ش ٖٓ أػ‪٘٤‬خ‪ٝ ,‬ػ٘يٓخ كخٕ ٓ‪ٞ‬ػي حُِكخف‪,‬‬
‫أرلَص حُلظخس ٓغ أر‪ٜ٣ٞ‬خ ُظؼزَ حَُٔٔ حُزلَ‪ ١‬حٌُ‪٣ ١‬ل‪ َٜ‬حُ‪ٗٞ٤‬خٕ ػٖ ٓ‪ٝ .َٜ‬ػ٘يٓخ حهظَر‪ٞ‬ح‬
‫ٖٓ ٓ‪ٛ ,َٜ‬خؽ حُزلَ ر٘يس رؼي إٔ حكظلع ر‪ٜ‬ي‪ٝ‬ث‪ٞ١ ٚ‬حٍ حَُكِش‪ ,‬كلخُض ظِٔش حُِ‪ َ٤‬ى‪ ٕٝ‬إٔ‬
‫‪ ٖٓ ١َ٣‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حُٔل‪٘٤‬ش ‪٣َ١‬و‪ٔ٣ ُْٝ ,ْٜ‬ظطغ ٖٓ ٓٔغ ‪َٛ‬هخط‪ ْٜ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ٘خ‪١‬ت إٔ ‪٣‬لؼَ ٗت‬
‫ُٔٔخػيط‪ٝ .ْٜ‬ػ٘ي حُلـَ‪ ,‬أىٍى ٓ‪ٓٞ‬ظَحط‪ٝ ّٞ‬أهَرخإ‪ ٙ‬إٔ حُؼَ‪ٛ ٖٓ ًَٝ ّٝ‬خكز‪ٜ‬خ هي‬
‫ؿَه‪ٞ‬ح‪ٓ ٕ٧ ,‬ل‪٘٤‬ظ‪ ْٜ‬هي ح‪ٛ‬طيٓض رزؼ‪ ٞ‬حُ‪ٜ‬و‪ ٍٞ‬حُو‪٣ٞ‬ش كظلطٔض‪ .‬حٓظِْٔ ٓ‪ٓٞ‬ظَحط‪ّٞ‬‬
‫‪٧‬كِحٗ‪ٝ ٚ‬طَى ػِٔ‪ٝ ٚ‬ه‪ٝ ٢٠‬هظ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُزٌخء ‪ٝ‬حُؼ‪ًِٔ َ٣ٞ‬خ طًٌَ حُلخىع‪ ٌُٖ .‬ى‪ٞ٘٣‬هَحطْ‬
‫حهظَف ر٘خء رَؽ ػخٍ ط٘يُغ ك‪ ٢‬هٔظ‪ ٚ‬أُٔ٘ش حُِ‪ٜ‬ذ كظ‪ ١َ٣ ٢‬حُوخىٓ‪ ٖٓ ٕٞ‬حُزلَ ح‪ٓ٧‬خًٖ حُ‪٠‬لِش‬
‫حُوطَس ‪ٝ‬حُ‪ٜ‬و‪ ٍٞ‬حُوَ‪٣‬زش ٖٓ حُ٘خ‪١‬ت‪ٝ .‬طْ ر٘خء حُل٘خٍ ػِ‪ ٢‬حُطَف حَُ٘ه‪ُِ ٢‬ـِ‪َ٣‬س هَد‬
‫ٓيهَ حُٔ‪٘٤‬خء ‪.‬‬

‫‪118‬‬
 The First Lighthouse at Alexandria:

Alexandria, the chief seaport of Egypt, is named after Alexander the

Great, who was its founder. Having decided that this place was ideally
situated for a harbor and a wealthy town, he sent for Dinocrates, the
distinguished Macedonian architect and asked him to draw plans for the
building of a town on this site, and through this work Dinocrates won
great fame. Pharos was then a small island separated from main land,
but Dinocrates by erecting an artificial dyke which extended for nearly
a mile, joined it to Alexandria. A tragedy led to the building of the
first lighthouse. Sostratus, one of the best pupils of Dinocrates, desired
to marry a lovely Athenian maiden, and when the time for the wedding
came, the girl together with her parents set out to cross the water
separating Greece from Egypt. As they approached Egypt, the sea,
which was up to then quite calm, became very rough, and the darkness
of night prevented them from seeing ahead, neither could those on land
who heard their cries, help them in any way. When the dawn came,
Sostratus and his relatives found that his bride and all who had
accompanied her had been drowned, for the ship had struck against
some terrible rocks and been broken to pieces. Sostratus was so
overcome with grief that he gave up his work and passed his time
sighing and weeping over the event. Then Dincorastes suggested to
build a high tower on the island from the top of which flames would
show to those on the sea the rocks and dangerous shoals near the coast.
The lighthouse was set up at the eastern end of the isle by the entrance
to the harbor.

:ٖ٤‫ كط‬١َٓ‫أ‬ٝ ٖ٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ

َٓ‫ؼخ‬٣ ٕ‫ أَٓ أ‬,) ٛ 583 / ّ1187 ( ٖ٤‫ كط‬٢‫ٖ ك‬٤٤‫ز‬٤ُِٜ‫ ح‬٢ِ‫ٖ ػ‬٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ ٍ‫خ‬ٜ‫رؼي حٗظ‬
.‫خ‬ٜ٤‫ْ ك‬ُٜ‫ طْ حػظوخ‬٢‫ٓخًٖ حُظ‬٧‫ ح‬٢‫ْ ًَ أٓزخد حَُحكش ك‬ُٜ َ‫ك‬ٞ‫إٔ ط‬ٝ ,‫زش‬٤١ ‫ْ ٓؼخِٓش‬ٜ٘ٓ ١َٓ٧‫ح‬
ٖ٤٤‫ز‬٤ُِٜ‫ ح‬١َٓ٧‫ ػيىحً ٖٓ ًزخٍ ح‬,‫ رؼي حُٔؼًَش‬,ٖ٤‫ كط‬٢‫ ر٘خٗش ك‬٢‫ٖ ك‬٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ َ‫ًٔخ حٓظوز‬
.‫ري‬ُٞ٘‫ح‬ٝ ‫ حٌَُى‬٢ٜ٘‫َ ك‬٤ٓ‫ أ‬١‫أٍٗخ‬ٝ ,ٕ‫ُؿ٘خ‬ُٞ ١‫ ؿخ‬ٚٔٓ‫ح‬ٝ ,٢‫ز‬٤ُِٜ‫ْ حُِٔي ح‬ٜ‫ ٓويٓظ‬٢‫ك‬ٝ
‫ٖ ٓخ كَ رخُِٔي ٖٓ ظٔؤ‬٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ ‫كع‬٫ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ٝ . ‫ر٘خٗش‬ٝ ‫ ُطق‬٢‫ٖ ك‬٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ ْٛ‫خ‬٤‫كل‬
٢ُ‫ حُٔخء ا‬٢‫ ػْ أػط‬١ٞ‫ أٍط‬٢‫َٗد حُِٔي كظ‬ٝ . ‫ حُٔخء حُٔؼِؾ‬ُٚ ّ‫وي‬٣ ٕ‫خم أَٓ أ‬ٍٛ‫ا‬ٝ ‫ف‬ٞ‫ه‬ٝ
٢ِ‫ٖ ػ‬٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ َٝ‫٘خ أػظ‬ٛٝ ٍٙٝ‫ٌح ري‬ٛ ‫ كَ٘د‬, ٚ‫ ؿخٗز‬٢ُ‫ـِْ ا‬٣ ٕ‫ ًخ‬١ٌُ‫ ح‬, ١‫اٍٗخ‬
, "ٕ‫ أٓخ‬٢٘ٓ ُٚ ْ٤ِ‫ اًٗخ ً ك‬ٚ٤‫ ٓو‬٢‫ ك‬٢٘ٓ ٌ‫ؤه‬٣ ُْ " ٚٗ‫هخٍ ُِٔظَؿْ هَ ُِِٔي ا‬ٝ , ‫َف حُِٔي‬ٜ‫ط‬

119
 ‫ٓخ ً ٓخ‬ٞ٣ ٙ‫ي‬٤‫هغ ر‬ٝ ‫ اًح ٓخ‬١‫وظَ أٍٗخ‬٣ ٕ‫حص رؤ‬ٞ٘ٓ ‫٘خ ً هزَ ػيس‬٤ٔ٣ ْٔ‫ٖ ًخٕ هي أه‬٣‫ف حُي‬٬ٛ ٕ‫ًُي أ‬
, ١‫ف إٔ أٍٗخ‬َٝ‫ كٖٔ حُٔؼ‬, ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ ٓخ أهظَف ٖٓ ؿَحثْ رلن حُؼَد‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬ُٚ ‫ًُي ػوخرخ‬ٝ ,
, ٍ‫َح‬ٟ٧‫ْ أكيف ح‬ٜ‫أُلن ر‬ٝ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫حُظـخٍ ح‬ٝ ‫حكَ حُلـخؽ‬ٞ‫ ه‬٢ِ‫ًخٕ هي أؿخٍ أًؼَ ٖٓ َٓس ػ‬
, ‫٘ش‬٣‫حُٔي‬ٝ ‫ ٌٓش‬٢‫ ك‬, ٖ٤‫ل‬٣َُ٘‫ٖ ح‬٤َٓ‫ حُل‬ِٝ‫ٍ أًؼَ ٖٓ َٓس ؿ‬ٝ‫ كخ‬ٚٗ‫هخكش أ‬ُٞ‫ ح‬ٚ‫رَ رِـض ر‬
. ْٜ‫ أػِ ٓويٓخط‬٢‫ٖ ك‬٤ُِٔٔٔ‫َد ح‬٠ُ

Saladin and the Prisoners of Hittite:

Upon the victory of Hittite (1187A.D.) (583 Hijri), Saladin ordered his
men to treat the Crusaders' internees in the most proper way and to
provide them with all means of comfort in their confinement places. In
a special tent after the end of the battle , Saladin received a number of
noticeable internees headed by king Jay Lozgnan and Renault de
Chatteon , prince of El- Shawbak and El-kark forts and greeted them
nicely . When Saladin noticed that the king was thirsty, worried and
fatigued, he ordered him cold water. Unexpectedly, the king passed the
water to Renault. Then and there, Saladin objected to the king's act, and
through the translator he told him that against his will, he gave the
water to Renault. Saladin had previously sworn to kill Renault as a sort
of a punishment for what he had committed against Arabs and
Moslems. It is well known that Renault launched many assaulting raids
on pilgrims' caravans and traders' convoys. He was rude enough to
offend Moslems by trying to invade their sacred mosques in both
Mecca and Medina.

:ٙ‫ رٖ حُؼخ‬َٝٔ‫ ٓغ ػ‬٢‫ أٓزخد ٓؼًَظ‬ٌٙٛ

‫ن‬٣َ١ ٖ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫ؿظ‬ُٝ ٖ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٚ٘٤‫ن ر‬٣َ‫ حُظل‬ٞ‫خ حُزؼ‬ٜ٤‫ِذ ك‬١ ٢‫َس حُظ‬٤‫ه‬٧‫ٍ ػٌخٗش ح‬ٞٗ‫أُٓش أٓخٓش أ‬
..‫ٓخٓش‬٧‫َس‬٤‫ه‬٧‫ح‬ٝ ٢ُٝ٧‫ُٓش ح‬٧‫ٔض ح‬٤ُ..ٚ٤ِ‫س حُلٔزش ػ‬ٞ‫ي ىػ‬٣َ‫خرش حُؼخٓش رظل‬٤ُ٘‫ ح‬ٞ٣َ‫طل‬
‫ن‬٤٠‫ ٓـظٔغ ط‬٢‫ش ٗظَ ك‬ٜ‫ؿ‬ٝٝ ١‫خكذ ٍأ‬ٛ ٌُٚ٘ ,‫خٗغ أُٓخص‬ٛ ْ٤ُ ٚ‫ٔخ حهظِل٘خ ٓؼ‬ٜٓ ‫أٓخٓش‬ٝ
ٌَُ ‫حُوَحٍ رخُٔوخُلش‬ٝ ١‫ش حَُأ‬٣ٍٞ‫ٌظخط‬٣‫ ى‬ٞ‫ ٗل‬ٙ‫٘لَف أكَىح‬٣ٝ ‫ف‬٬‫هظ‬٫‫ّ ٓٔخكش ح‬ٞ٣ ًَ ٚ٤‫ك‬
...... ‫ش ؟‬٣‫َ حُلٌخ‬ٛ‫ أ‬٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬ٝ ....... ‫ ؟‬٢‫ز‬٠ُ‫ ٓخًح كيع رخ‬.٢‫حَُه‬ٝ ٕ‫حُظٔي‬ٝ ٖ٣‫َٗحثغ حُي‬
.‫ٍ ػٌخٗش‬ٞٗ‫خ ػ٘ي أٓخٓش أ‬ٛ‫كي‬ٝ ‫ؿخرخص‬٩‫ح‬ٝ
ٍٝ‫حُظطخ‬ٝ ,٢ٓ٬ٓ٫‫ن ح‬٣ٍ‫ حُظخ‬٢ِ‫ّ ػ‬ٞ‫ـ‬ُٜ‫ٔخ رخ‬ٜ‫ٍ ػٌخٗش ٓظ‬ٞٗ‫زق أٓخٓش أ‬ٛ‫ ٓويٓخص أ‬٬‫ر‬ٝ ‫كـؤس‬
‫ ُٔخًح ؟‬.......ٙ‫ رٖ حُؼخ‬َٝٔ‫ ػ‬٢ِ‫ػ‬
ُٚ ‫ هِض‬.. ‫ش‬٤‫و‬٣ٍ‫ حُيٍحٓخ حُظخ‬٢‫ٖ ػٖ ػيّ ًظخرظ‬٤٤‫لل‬ُٜ‫كي ح‬٧ ٍ‫ أؿزض ػٖ ٓئح‬٢٘ٗ٧ -
‫َس كؤٗض‬٤ٓ ٝ‫ش أ‬٤ٜ‫ كؼ٘يٓخ طٌظذ ىٍحٓخ ػٖ ٗو‬, ‫ثن‬٫ ٌَ٘‫ طٔٔق رٌظخرش ىٍحٓخ ر‬٫ ‫ف‬َٝ‫إٔ حُظ‬
.. ٚ٤‫ طوغ ك‬١ٌُ‫ حُوطؤ ح‬ٞٛ ‫ٌح‬ٛٝ ‫ش ٓزَأس‬٤ٜ‫ طٌظذ ػٖ ٗو‬٫ٝ ٞ‫َحع ػٖ ٗوخث‬ٛ ٖ‫طظليع ػ‬

120
 ٖ‫َ حُٔؼخٍ اًح ًظزض أٗخ ػ‬٤‫ ٓز‬٢ِ‫ػ‬ٝ , ٙ‫ رٖ حُؼخ‬َٝٔ‫ش ٓؼِٔخ كيع ٓغ ػ‬٤ٜ‫ي حُ٘و‬٤‫هطؤ طٔـ‬
. ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ن ح‬٣ٍ‫خص حُظخ‬٤ٜ‫ش ٖٓ أكوَ ٗو‬٤ٜ‫ ٗو‬ٚٗ‫ أ‬ٚ٘‫ٍ ػ‬ٞ‫ف أه‬ٞٔ‫ ك‬, ٙ‫ رٖ حُؼخ‬َٝٔ‫ػ‬

That's Why I Disagree with Amr Ibn Aas:

Osama Anwar Okasha's latest dilemma in which some people
motivated the public prosecution to file a marital separation suit against
him being regarded as an apostate is neither his first nor his last .
Whether we agree or disagree, Osama is not a troublemaker, but a man
of a viewpoint in a society where intellectual diversities are not really
welcomed. In such societies, people incline towards autocratic
opinions, violating religious doctrines and civilized codes. What
exactly happened? And what's the story behind all this? Only Osama
has the answer. All of a sudden, Osama has been accused of attacking
Islam and offending Amr Ibn Alass. Why?

- Because I answered a reporter's question about not writing historical

drama. I told him that the existing circumstances don't allow it to be
written properly because when you write a drama about a character or a
biography, you are talking about conflicts and contradictions not about
an infallible character which is a mistake, the mistake of glorifying a
character as the case with Amr Ibn Alass. For example, if I ever wrote
about this particular person, I would say that he was one of the meanest
characters throughout the Islamic history.

‫ٓش حُلٔ٘خء‬ٞٓ‫ حُـخ‬:ْ٤ِٓ ‫زش‬ٛ

......٢‫ ٓ٘ش كو‬27 ٖ‫خ ػ‬َٛٔ‫ي ػ‬٣ِ٣ ٫ٝ ‫ش ٓؼولش‬٤ًًٝ ‫س‬ِٞ‫ش ًخٗض ٗخرش ك‬٣َٜٓ ‫ٓش‬ٞٓ‫ٍ ؿخ‬ٝ‫أ‬
‫خ‬ٜ‫ظ‬٤ٔٛ‫أ‬ٝ .....ً ‫ُحٍحص ٓخروخ‬ُٞ‫ ح‬١‫ حكي‬٢‫َ ػخّ ك‬٣‫حُي ٓي‬ُٞ‫ٍس حُلخٍ كخ‬ٞٔ٤ٓ ‫ْ ٖٓ أَٓس‬٤ِٓ ‫زش‬ٛٝ
‫ش‬٤ٔ٤‫ٓش ٍث‬ٞٓ‫خ ؿخ‬ٜ‫َ حػظٔيط‬٤‫ إٔ ٓوخرَحص آَحث‬٢‫ٓش كٔ٘خء " ٌُٖ ك‬ٞٓ‫خ " ؿخ‬ًٜٗٞ ٢‫ٔض ك‬٤ُ
‫ كي‬٢ُ‫خ ً ا‬٣َٜٓ ً ‫٘يٓخ‬ٜٓ ‫خ ؿ٘يص‬ٜٗ‫ كي أ‬٢ُ‫ء ا‬٬ٔ‫طـ٘ي ػ‬ٝ ً‫َح‬٤‫خ ً هط‬١‫ٍ ٗ٘خ‬ٝ‫َ طِح‬ٜٓ ٢‫خ ك‬ُٜ
‫َ حُٔوخرَحص‬٣‫خ ٓي‬ُٜ ّ‫ٔخ أهخ‬ٜ٘ٓ ‫ش‬٤ٗ‫ حُؼخ‬٢‫ك‬ٝ ....ٖ٤‫خ َٓط‬ٜ‫س ٖٓ ٓوخرَط‬ٞ‫َ ريػ‬٤‫خ ُحٍص آَحث‬ٜٗ‫أ‬
:ْ٣ٌَ‫ ًِٔش حُظ‬٢‫َ ك‬٣‫خ حُٔي‬ُٜ ٍ‫هخ‬ٝ ٚ١‫زخ‬ٟ ٍ‫ ٖٓ ًزخ‬14 َٙ٠‫ ك‬ٙ‫ْ هخ‬٣ٌَ‫ش كلَ ط‬٤ِ٤‫َٓحث‬٩‫ح‬
"ٚ‫ّ ر‬ٞ‫و‬٣ ٕ‫ – أ‬١‫زخ‬٠ُ‫ ح‬١‫– أ‬ ‫ء حُٔخىس‬٫‫ئ‬ٛ ٖٓ ‫ أكي‬١‫ٔظطغ أ‬٣ ُْ َ٤‫" ُوي هٔض رؼَٔ ًز‬
... .‫َُِٔؼًَش‬ٜٓ ٚ٤‫هض طٔظؼي ك‬ٝ ٢‫خ ًخٗض ك‬ٜٗ٧ٝ ..‫ٍس‬ٞ‫حُوط‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ٔٛ٧‫ش رلن رخُـش ح‬٤٠‫حُو‬ٝ
١ٌُ‫ٕ – ح‬ٞٓ‫ – حى‬٢ِ٤‫َٓحث‬٩‫ حُٔوخرَحص ح‬٢‫خر‬ٟ ٕ‫ش ػ٘يٓخ ٗؼَف أ‬٤٠‫ٍس حُو‬ٞ‫ًٌُي طزَُ هط‬

121
 ٍ‫خ‬ٜٗ‫خ ح‬ٌٜ٣َٗٝ ‫ٓش حُلٔ٘خء‬ٞٓ‫ي حُـخ‬٤٘‫ٍحء طـ‬ٝ ٕ‫ ًخ‬١ٌُ‫ح‬ٝ ْ٣ٍ‫َ رزخ‬٤‫ ٓلخٍس آَحث‬٢‫ؼَٔ ك‬٣
....‫خ‬ٜ‫هظ‬ٝ ‫لق‬ُٜ‫خ ح‬ٜ‫ـش ط٘خهِظ‬ٟ ٢ٓٝ ْ٣ٍ‫ رزخ‬ٌٚ٘ٔٓ ٢‫حٗظلَ ك‬ٝ ‫خ‬ٜ٤ِ‫ ػ‬ٞ‫رؼي حُوز‬
‫ش طزيأ ػ٘يٓخ طوَؿض‬ٜ‫حُو‬ٝ ٢‫خ حُول‬ٜ١‫ْ َٓحًِ ٗ٘خ‬ٛ‫ أ‬٢‫ش ك‬٤ِ٤‫َٓحث‬٩‫لض حُٔوخرَحص ح‬٠‫حٗل‬ٝ
‫َس رـخٓؼش‬٤ٜ‫ ٓ٘لش ه‬٢‫ٓخكَص ك‬ٝ ‫م‬ٞ‫ٔخْٗ رظل‬٤ُِ‫ ح‬٢ِ‫ِض ػ‬ٜ‫ك‬ٝ 1969 ‫ ٓ٘ش‬٢‫زش ك‬ٛ
‫ ًٔخ حُظلوض‬....ٍٞ١‫خ أ‬ٜ‫ ٓ٘لش ٓيط‬٢ِ‫ٍ ػ‬ٜٞ‫خ حٓظطخػض حُل‬ٜ‫رًٌخث‬ٝ ْ٣ٍ‫ رخ‬٢‫ٕ ك‬ٞ‫ٍر‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬
َٓ‫ح‬ٞ‫خ ػ‬ًِٜٝ ‫خ‬ٍَٛ‫طل‬ٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ظ‬٤ٜ‫ٗو‬ٝ ‫خ‬ُٜ‫ ؿٔخ‬٢ُ‫خكش ا‬ٟ٩‫رخ‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤‫ ٌٓظذ حُـخٓؼش حُؼَر‬٢‫رؼَٔ ك‬
٢‫لل‬ُٜ‫طؼَكض رخ‬ٝ ...‫ش‬٤َٔٗ‫ٔش حُل‬ٛ‫ حُؼخ‬٢‫حُؼَد ك‬ٝ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ ٓؼظْ ح‬١‫كش ُي‬َٝ‫خ ٓؼ‬ٜ‫ؿؼِظ‬
‫خ‬ٛ‫ٕ حٓظؼيحى‬ٞٓ‫٘خ حٓظ٘ظؾ حى‬ٛ ٖٓٝ ‫ش‬٤ِ٤‫َٓحث‬٩‫ش ح‬٤٠‫ًخٗض ٓ٘لخُس ُِو‬ٝ ٚ‫َص ٓؼ‬ٜٓٝ " ٕٞٓ‫"حى‬
‫ٓخص ػخٓش‬ِٞ‫خٍ ٓؼ‬٠‫ك‬٩ َٜٓ ٢ُ‫ٕ إٔ طٔخكَ ا‬ٞٓ‫خ حى‬ٜ٘ٓ ‫ِذ‬١ 1971 ‫ق‬٤ٛ ٢‫ك‬ٝ ْٜ‫ُِؼَٔ ٓؼ‬
. ْ٣ٍ‫ رخ‬٢ُ‫ِش ا‬٤ٜ‫َ ػْ ػخىص رل‬ُٜٔ ‫زش‬ٛ ‫ رخُلؼَ ؿخءص‬.٢ٓ‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ح‬ٝ ١ٌَٔ‫هق حُؼ‬ُٞٔ‫ػٖ ح‬
‫ش‬٣َٓ ٢‫٘يّ حُ٘خد ك‬ُٜٔ‫ ح‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬ٞ‫ِش ٖٓ حُٔؼًَش طْ حُوز‬٤ِ‫ٍ ه‬ٜٞٗ َ‫ هز‬١‫ أ‬1973 ٞ٤ٗٞ٣ ٢‫ك‬ٝ
‫يس‬٤ٜٓ ‫خ‬ُٜ ‫ذ‬ٜ٘‫ش حٓظطخػض إٔ ط‬٣َُٜٔ‫زش كخُٔوخرَحص ح‬ُٜ ‫ش رخُ٘ٔزش‬٣‫خ‬ُٜ٘‫ٖٓ ػْ حهظَرض ح‬ٝ ‫طخٓش‬
‫ كٌٔض‬1973 ‫ش‬٤ُٞ‫ ر‬19 ‫ ؿِٔش‬٢‫ك‬ٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ٔظ‬٣َ‫زش رـ‬ٛ ‫حػظَكض‬ٝ ٕ‫هي ًخ‬ٝ ‫َس‬ٛ‫ حُوخ‬٢ُ‫ىس ا‬ٞ‫ُِؼ‬
. 1974 ٞ٣‫ ٓخ‬23 ٢‫ٌ ك‬٤‫طْ حُظ٘ل‬ٝ .ً ‫خ ٗ٘وخ‬ٜٓ‫حُٔلٌٔش ربػيح‬

Heba Selim, the Pretty Spy:

The first Egyptian spy was a beautiful, intelligent and well -educated
young lady and was only 27 years old. Heba Selim belonged to
a family that could be ranked financially as well off. Her father was an
ex-general manager in a ministry. Her importance is not for being the
pretty spy but for the approval of the Israeli Intelligence that she has
become its principal spy in Egypt, working in a dangerous field and
recruiting other agents, and she succeeded in recruiting an Egyptian
engineer. She was invited to Israel twice by its intelligence. During the
second one, the head of the Israel intelligence held her an honor party
that was attended by 14 of the chief officers and he said to her " You
have done a great job no one in this room could have done it ". This
was a very critical issue as Egypt was getting ready for the battle. Also
the importance of this issue is highlighted when we know that Admon,
the Israeli officer who recruited Heba and her partner and worked for
the Israeli embassy in Paris, had a breakdown after she was caught and
committed suicide in his house in Paris in a propaganda that was well
covered by the media . The Israeli intelligence was made foolish in
one of its most important hidden activities.

The story began after Heba's graduation in 1969 . She was granted
a scholarship at Sorbon and for her intelligence she got an extension.
She also got a job at the Arab League office. Her beauty, good

122
 personality and open- mindedness made her a well known person to
most Egyptians and the Arabs who lived in Paris. She met the
journalist Admon and spent the whole night with him emphasizing her
favoritism to the Israeli case, and then he knew she was ready to work
with them. In the summer of 1961 Admon asked her to travel to Egypt
and get general information about the military and the political
situation. And that was what she did successfully.

In June 1973, few months prior to the battle, the young engineer was
secretly arrested ,and Heba's story was coming to an end as the
Egyptian Intelligence set a trap to bring her back to Egypt , and they
did . On 19th July, 1973 Heba received a death sentence and got hanged
on 23rd May, 1974.

B- From English to Arabic:

Animal Farm by George Orwell

CHAPTER 1:

Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-house for the night,
but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of
light from his lantern dancing from side to side. He lurched across the
yard, kicking off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of
beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where
Mrs. Jones was already snoring.

As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a
fluttering all over the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the
day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange
dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the
animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as
soon as Mr.
Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major ( so always called, though
the name under which he had been exhibited was Willington Beauty )
was so highly regarded on that every one was quite ready to lose an
hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say .

123
 At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was
already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung
from a beam. He was twelve years old and lately grown rather stout,
but he was still a majestic-looking big with a wise and benevolent
appearance in spite of the fact that his gushes had never been cut.

َ٣ٍٝٝ‫ٍؽ أ‬ٞ‫حٗخص ٌُِخطذ ؿ‬ٞ٤‫ٍِٓػش حُل‬

‫ ٗخَٓ أرخظش‬/ ‫طَؿٔش ى‬

ٍٝ٧‫َ ح‬ٜ‫حُل‬

ٕ‫ ًخ‬ٚٗ‫ ا‬٫‫ ػ٘ي حُٔٔخء ا‬ٚ‫ ُِل٘خء ًؼخىط‬٢‫ٍ حُزخد حُوخٍؿ‬ٞٗ‫خكذ ٍِٓػش ٓخ‬ٛ ِٗٞ‫أؿِن ٓٔظَ ؿ‬
! ‫حٗخص حٍُِٔػش‬ٞ٤‫غ ك‬٤ٔ‫ـِن حُلظخثَ حُٔوظِلش ُـ‬٣ ٕ‫ أ‬٢ٔٗ ‫ هي‬ٚٗ‫ أ‬٢‫ كظ‬,‫ش‬٣‫ً ُِـخ‬٬ٔ‫ػ‬

‫ ػ٘ي حُزخد‬ٚ‫هٌف رلٌحث‬ٝ , ‫ق حؿظخُ حُل٘خء‬٣َُ‫ ٖٓ أػَ ح‬ٚ‫ظَحه‬٣ ١ٌُ‫ ح‬ٚ‫زخك‬ٜٓ ‫ء‬ٟٞ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ٝ
‫ ػْ أٗٔلذ‬,‫ رخُٔطزن‬ٚٓ‫َٗد ًؤ‬ٝ , ‫َ ٖٓ ؿؼش‬٤َٓ‫ حُز‬٢‫ آهَ ٓخ ك‬ٚٔ‫ٌٓذ ُ٘ل‬ٝ , ٚ‫ظ‬٤‫ ُز‬٢‫حُوِل‬
.‫خ‬ٜٓٞٗ ٢‫ ك‬٢‫ طـ‬ٚ‫ؿظ‬ُٝ ‫غ ًخٗض‬٤‫ ك‬١ِٞ‫ٍ حُؼ‬ٝ‫ رخُي‬ٚٓٞٗ ‫ كـَس‬٢ُ‫ا‬

ِْ‫ ػ‬٢ُ‫َ ا‬ٛٝ ‫ أٗلخء حٍُِٔػش؛ كوي‬٢‫وذ ك‬ٛ ‫ حٗيكغ‬٢‫٘طلت كظ‬٣ ٚ‫ٍ كـَط‬ٞٗ ٕ‫ٓخ ًخ‬ٝ
َٝ‫ ؿخثِس ٓؼ‬٢ِ‫ٍ" حُلخثِ ػ‬ٞ‫ْ "ٓخؿ‬٤ٌ‫َّ حُل‬ُٜ‫َ ح‬٣ِ٘‫خٍ إٔ حُو‬ُٜ٘‫ أػ٘خء ح‬٢‫حٗخص ك‬ٞ٤‫حُل‬
,‫حٗخص حٍُِٔػش‬ٞ٤‫غ ك‬٤ٔ‫ ؿ‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫ؼ‬٣ٌ٣ ٕ‫ أ‬١‫ذ ٍأ‬٣َ‫ِش حُٔخروش كِْ ؿ‬٤ُِ‫ ح‬٢‫ ك‬ٙ‫حطخ‬ٝ ‫ٕ هي‬ٝ‫ِ٘ـي‬٣ٝ
.ِٗٞ‫ّ ٓٔظَ ؿ‬ٞٗ ‫َ رؼي‬٤ُِ‫َس ػ٘ي ح‬٤‫وش حٌُز‬٣‫ حُلي‬٢‫ح ك‬ٞ‫ـظٔؼ‬٣ ٕ‫ أ‬ٚ٤ِ‫ًخٕ ٖٓ حُٔظلن ػ‬ٝ

ٖ٤‫ ك‬ٚ‫ ر‬َٝ‫ ػ‬١ٌُ‫ْٓ ح‬٫‫ًخٕ ح‬ٝ ,‫ حٍُِٔػش‬٢‫هخ ً ك‬َٞٓٓ ً‫َح‬٣ِ٘‫ُ ه‬ٞ‫ٍ " حُؼـ‬ٞ‫ُوي ًخٕ " ٓخؿ‬ٝ
ٕ‫ا‬ٝ ٚ٤ُ‫خ إٔ طٔظٔغ ا‬ٜ‫ؼ‬٤ٔ‫حٗخص ؿ‬ٞ٤‫ٔؼي حُل‬٣ ٕ‫ًخ‬ٝ ! َ٤ٔ‫ٕ حُـ‬ٝ‫ِ٘ـي‬٣ٝ ٢‫ كظ‬ٞٛ ‫كخُ حُـخثِس‬
ٖٓ ‫ٓش‬ًٞ "ٍٞ‫ "ٓخؿ‬٢ِ‫َس حػظ‬٤‫َس حٌُز‬٤‫ش حُلظ‬٣‫خ‬ٜٗ ٢‫ك‬ٝ ‫خ؛‬ٜٓٞٗ ٖٓ ‫َ ًُي رٔخػش‬٤‫ ٓز‬٢‫لض ك‬ٟ
! ‫حُلٌٔش‬ٝ ٍ‫هخ‬ُٞ‫ح‬ٝ ‫خرش‬ُٜٔ‫َ ح‬ٛ‫ٓظخ‬ٝ ‫زش‬٤‫ ٓٔخص حُط‬ٜٚ‫ؿ‬ٝ ‫هي ًٔض‬ٝ ٖ‫حُو‬

.ً ‫ ػَ٘ ػخٓخ‬٢٘‫ػ‬٫‫ ح‬َٙٔ‫ِ ٖٓ ػ‬ٛ‫ِش رؼي إٔ ٗخ‬٣ٞ‫ حُزخٍُس حُط‬ٚ‫خر‬٤ٗ‫ أ‬,٬‫ حُٔٔخص ٗز‬ٌٙٛ ‫هي ُحى‬ٝ

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on Aug. 2nd 1990 created a serious crisis
by all measures. Not only the Arab nations, but also the whole world
was shocked by the outbreak of the crisis. For the second time in a
decade Iraq was involved in two military actions which led the region
to long term strategic results.

124
 The first was its war against Iran which caused the first Gulf
crisis from early to late eighties; and the second when invaded Kuwait
and annexed it by force. That invasion occurred at the time where
faithful Arab efforts were directed towards reconstructing the Arab
structure of solidarity and joint work. What happened in Kuwait turned
all measures and relations upside down and wiped out a lot of
principles and rules.

‫ض‬٣ٌُِٞ ٢‫ حُؼَحه‬ِٝ‫حُـ‬
ٌَ‫َس ر‬٤‫ أُٓش هط‬1990 ّ‫ ٖٓ أؿٔطْ ػخ‬٢ٗ‫ّ حُؼخ‬ٞ٣ ‫ض‬٣ٌُِٞ ٢‫ حُؼَحه‬ِٝ‫ُوي ٌَٗ حُـ‬
,ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ أ‬ٚ‫يّ ر‬ٛ ‫ ٌُٖ حُؼخُْ أؿٔغ‬ٝ ِٝ‫ رؤٗزخء ًُي حُـ‬٢‫ش كو‬٤‫ٍ حُؼَر‬ٝ‫يّ حُي‬ٜ‫ ُْ ط‬ٝ ,ّ٢٣‫حُٔوخ‬
‫ ٗظخثؾ‬٠ُ‫خٕ ا‬٣‫ئى‬٣ ٕ ٢٣ٌَٔ‫ٖ ػ‬٤ِٔ‫ّ حُؼَحم رؼ‬ٞ‫و‬٣ ‫حكي‬ٝ ‫ٕ ػوي‬ٞ٠‫ ؿ‬٢‫ش ك‬٤ٗ‫ٍَُٔس حُؼخ‬ٝ
ً٬ٌ٘ٓ ‫خص‬٤ٗ‫ ٓطِغ حُؼٔخ‬٢‫َحٕ ك‬٣‫ي ا‬ٟ ‫ حُلَد‬٢‫ ك‬١ٍٞ‫ٖ ط‬٤‫ٍ ك‬ٝ٧‫ ح‬,ٟ‫يس حُٔي‬٤‫ش رؼ‬٤‫ـ‬٤‫حٓظَحط‬
.‫ حُؼَحم‬٠ُ‫خ هَٔحً ا‬ٜٟٔ ٝ ‫ض‬٣ٌُٞ‫ ح‬ِٝ‫ٖ هخّ رـ‬٤‫ ك‬٢ٗ‫ حُؼخ‬ٝ ,ٍٝ٧‫ؾ ح‬٤ِ‫أُٓش حُو‬
ٌَ٤ُٜ‫ أػخىس ر٘خء ح‬٠ُ‫ش ا‬ِٜ‫ش حُٔو‬٤‫ى حُؼَر‬ٜٞ‫ حُـ‬ٚ٤‫ض ك‬ٜ‫هض حطـ‬ٝ ٢‫ ك‬٢‫ حُؼَحه‬ِٝ‫ُوي ؿخء حُـ‬ٝ
‫هخص‬٬‫ حُؼ‬ٝ ٖ٣ُ‫ح‬ُٞٔ‫غ ح‬٤ٔ‫غ هِذ ؿ‬٤‫ ك‬,‫ حُؼَٔ حُٔ٘ظَى‬ٝ ٖٓ‫خ‬٠‫ حُظ‬٢‫حك‬ٞٗ ٢‫خ ك‬٤‫ـ‬٣ٍ‫ طي‬٢‫حُؼَر‬
.‫حػي‬ٞ‫ حُو‬ٝ ْ٤‫َ ٖٓ حُو‬٤‫كطْ حٌُؼ‬ٝ

I thought the world was caving in, for the first time ever I lost
somebody I loved; he didn't die; he just went away, but I still measure
all pain by the hurt Renè caused me. It was a very nice childhood, an
adolescence most people would wish to have. We were living in a tiny
village and were a close family, very pleasant, very earthed, and the
table was very important. Our neighbors had a son, and my wonderful
childhood was shared with Renè ; basically, we grew up together, we
spent every day together, went to school together. We did all the things
that children can do. It was a childhood spent in the woods, discovering
the beautiful seasons. There was an abundance of produce that grew in
the wild, and we went mushrooming and frog hunting, and we searched
for cèpes under a full moon in winter, which we would sell because my
parents didn't have much money. The adventure that children go
through in the making of a friendship, building a tree house and
spending a night in the forest-and losing our way back home…..

.َ‫ ٍك‬ٌُٚ٘ ‫ٔض‬٣ ُْ ٞٛ .ٚ‫خ ً أكز‬ٜ‫ٍ َٓس ٗو‬ٝ٧ ٝ ‫ٖ كويص‬٤‫ ك‬٢ُٞ‫خٍ ٖٓ ك‬ٜ٘٣ ُْ‫أكٔٔض إٔ حُؼخ‬
‫وش‬ٛ‫َٓح‬ٝ ‫ُش‬ٞ‫ل‬١ ‫ ًخٗض كظَس‬.ٚ٤٘٣ٍ َ٤‫ ٍك‬٢ُ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ ٓزز‬٢‫ُْ رٌُي حُظ‬٧‫كٔخ ُُض أهخٍٕ ًَ ىٍؿخص ح‬
‫َس طـٔؼ٘خ‬٤‫ـ‬ٛ ‫ش‬٣َ‫ ٓظَحرطش ٌٖٗٔ ه‬ٝ ‫يس‬٤‫طش ٓؼ‬٤ٔ‫ ً٘خ أَٓس ر‬.ّ‫خ ٓؼظْ حُ٘خ‬ٜ٤ُ‫ ا‬َٞٗ٣ ‫ٍحثؼش‬
‫ُٓ٘خ‬٬‫ط‬ٝ ‫ طَػَػ٘خ‬.‫ـش‬ٜ‫ُش ٓز‬ٞ‫ل‬١ ‫ ط٘خًٍ٘خ‬ٝ ‫َحٗ٘خ‬٤‫كي ؿ‬٧ ً ‫ حر٘خ‬ٚ٤٘٣ٍ ٕ‫ ًخ‬.ّ‫ٓخ ً ٓخثيس حُطؼخ‬ٝ‫ى‬

125
 ٝ ‫خى حُـخرخص‬٤‫ حٍط‬٢‫ُظ٘خ ك‬ٞ‫ل‬١ ‫٘خ‬٤٠ٓ‫ أ‬.‫زخ‬ُٜ‫ طوخٓٔ٘خ أُؼخد ح‬ٝ ً ‫خ‬٣ٞٓ ‫ حُٔيٍٓش‬٠ُ‫ز٘خ ا‬ًٛ ٝ ً ‫ٓؼخ‬
ٖ‫ٗـٔغ ػ‬ٝ ‫لخىع‬٠ُ‫ي ح‬٤ٜٗ ‫ ٍك٘خ‬ٝ ‫كَس‬ٞ‫ش ر‬٣َ‫ حُ٘زخطخص حُز‬ٞٔ٘‫غ ط‬٤‫رش ك‬٬‫ٍ حُو‬ٜٞ‫حًظ٘خف حُل‬
.َ٤‫ك‬ُٞ‫ حُٔخٍ ح‬١‫حُي‬ٝ ٟ‫ٌٖ ُي‬٣ ُْ ‫غ‬٤‫يٍ ٍُم ك‬ًٜٔ ٚ‫ؼ‬٤‫ حُ٘ظخء حُٔؤَس ُ٘ز‬٢ُ‫خ‬٤ُ ٢‫حُـَحد ك‬
‫ِِ٘خ‬ٟ ٝ ‫ حُـخرش‬٢‫خٍ ك‬٤ُ ‫٘خ‬٤٠‫ ُطخُٔخ ه‬ٝ ‫م حُ٘ـَس‬ٞ‫ض ك‬٤‫ي ٖٓ حُٔـخَٓحص ًز٘خء ر‬٣‫ًٔخ هٔ٘خ رخُؼي‬
.‫يحهش‬ُِٜ ً ‫ـخ ً ٍحثؼخ‬٤ٔٗ ‫خ إٔ طوِن‬ٜٗ‫خء ٖٓ ٗؤ‬٤ٗ٧‫ ح‬ٌٙٛ ًَ ٝ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ ح‬٠ُ‫ىس ا‬ٞ‫ن حُؼ‬٣َ١

Among the proponents of the divine-origin theory a great interest arose

in the language used by God, Adam, and Eve. Men have not always
been pessimistic about discovering an answer to this question. For
millennia, scientific experiments have reportedly been devised to verify
particular theories of language origin. In the fifth century B.C. the
Greek historian Herodotus reported that the Egyptian Pharaoh
Psammetichus (664-610 B.C.) sought to determine the most primitive
"natural" language by experimental methods. The monarch was said to
have placed two infants in an isolated mountain hut, to be cared for by
a servant who was cautioned not to utter a single word in their presence
on pain of death. The Pharaoh believed that without any linguistic input
the children would develop their own language and would thus reveal
the original tongue of man. Patiently the Egyptian waited for the
children to become old enough to talk. According to the story, the first
word uttered was" bekos". Scholars were consulted, and it was
discovered that bekos was the word for "bread" in Phrygian, the
language spoken in the province of Phrygia (the northwest corner of
modern Turkey).This ancient language. Which has long since died out,
was thought, on the basis of this "experiment," to be the original
language.

ّ‫ أى‬,‫خ هللا‬ٜٓ‫ٔظوي‬٣ ٢‫َ رخُِـش حُظ‬٤‫ظٔخّ ًز‬ٛ‫َ ح‬ٜ‫ٕ ظ‬ٌُٞ‫ش ٗ٘ؤس ح‬٣‫ش ريح‬٣َ‫ٖ ُ٘ظ‬٣‫ي‬٣‫ ظَ حُٔئ‬٢‫ك‬
,ٖ٤ُ٘ٔ‫ف ح‬٫٥ ٝ .ٍ‫ؿخرش ٌُُي حُٔئح‬٩‫ ح‬ٚ‫ حًظ٘خك‬ٞ‫ً ىحثٔخ ً ٗل‬٬‫ٗٔخٕ ٓظلخث‬٩‫ٌٖ ح‬٣ ُْ ٝ .‫حء‬ٞ‫ك‬ٝ
ْٓ‫ حُوَٕ حُوخ‬٢‫ ك‬ٝ .‫ ٗ٘ؤس حُِـش‬٢‫ش ك‬ٜٜ‫خص ٓظو‬٣َ‫ق ٗظ‬٤ٟٞ‫ش ُظ‬٤ِٔ‫حرظٌَ حُ٘خّ حُظـخٍد حُؼ‬
-664 ( ‫ رٔٔظخف‬١َُٜٔ‫ ح‬٢ٗٞ‫ص إٔ حُِٔي حُلَػ‬ٝ‫ى‬َٝ٤ٛ ٢ٗ‫ٗخ‬ٞ٤ُ‫ق حُٔئٍم ح‬ٟٝ‫ أ‬,‫ى‬٬٤ُٔ‫هزَ ح‬
‫ٍ حُطَم‬٬‫ ًُي ٖٓ ه‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤‫ؼ‬٤‫ز‬١ ٝ ‫ش‬٤‫ليى أًؼَ حُِـخص ريحث‬٣ ٕ‫ى) أٍحى أ‬٬٤ُٔ‫َ ح‬٤‫ ه‬610
.‫ش‬٤‫ز‬٣َ‫حُظـ‬
‫ْ أكي‬ٜ‫ظ‬٣‫ّ رَػخ‬ٞ‫و‬٤ُ َ‫ حُـز‬٢‫ٍ ك‬ِٝ‫م ٓؼ‬ًٞ ٢‫ٖ ك‬٣َ٤‫ـ‬ٛ ٖ٤ِ‫ل‬١ ‫غ‬ٟٞ‫ هي ًًَ إٔ حُِٔي هخّ ر‬ٝ
‫ هي أػظوي‬ٝ .‫يى رخُوظَ اًح هخُق ًُي‬ٛ ٝ ‫ ًِٔش‬١‫ْ رؤ‬ٜٓ‫ كٌٍ ٖٓ حُظليع أٓخ‬١ٌُ‫ ح‬ٝ ّ‫حُوي‬
ْ‫ظ‬٤ٓ ‫ٌٌح‬ٛ ٝ ْٜ‫ش ر‬ٛ‫لخٍ روِن ُـش هخ‬١٧‫ّ ح‬ٞ‫و‬٤ٓ ‫ش‬٣ٞ‫ص ُـ‬٬‫ ٓيه‬١‫ٕ أ‬ٝ‫ ري‬ٚٗ‫ٕ رؤ‬ٞ‫حُلَػ‬
.ّ٧‫ٗٔخٕ ح‬٩‫حًظ٘خف ُـش ح‬

126
 ,‫ش‬ٜ‫زوخ ً ُِو‬١ ٝ ّ٬ٌُ‫ْ رخ‬ُٜ ‫ٔٔق‬٣ َٔ‫ ػ‬٢‫لخٍ ك‬١٧‫زق ح‬ٜ٣ ٠‫زَ كظ‬ُٜ‫ُوي حٗظظَ حُِٔي رلخٍؽ ح‬
" ٌّٞ٤‫"ر‬ ٕ‫ح أ‬ٍٝ‫ٖ أٗخ‬٣ٌُِ‫ طْ حٓظ٘خٍس حُؼِٔخء ح‬ٝ ."ٌّٞ٤‫خ ًخٗض "ر‬ٜ‫ٍ ًِٔش ٗطوخ ر‬ٝ‫كبٕ أ‬
٢‫ طوغ ك‬٢‫خ حُظ‬٤‫ـ‬٣َ‫ؼش ك‬١‫ ٓوخ‬٢‫ حُِـش حُٔٔظويٓش ك‬٢ٛ ٝ ٚ‫ـ‬٣َ‫ ُـش حُل‬٢‫ًخٗض طوخرَ ًِٔش هزِ ك‬
٢‫ حُظ‬ٝ ‫ٔش‬٣‫ حُظـَرش إٔ طِي حُِـش حُوي‬ٌٙٛ ٠ِ‫ هي أػظوي ر٘خء ػ‬ٝ .‫ؼش‬٣‫خ حُلي‬٤ًَ‫ٗٔخٍ ؿَد ط‬
.‫ش‬٤ِٛ٧‫ حُِـش ح‬٢ٛ ‫ي‬٤‫ض ٌٓ٘ ُٖٓ رؼ‬َٟ‫حٗو‬

World War I, also called the Great War, erupted in 1914. It is

considered to be the first modern war since many new weapons were
introduced to the arena during its course. It was fought mainly in
trenches that the soldiers had to dig out. The irony is that these soldiers
felt that they were digging their own graves. Because these trenches
were apt to be shelled and gassed, soldiers discovered that they die like
rats or insects. They discovered that they were not prepared for this
kind of fighting, and that they were deceived by the slogans of glory,
sacrifice and heroism. They discovered that they encounter a barbaric
death coming from a far area in a twinkle of an eye without being given
a fair opportunity to defend themselves.

‫ هي‬ٝ .1914 ّ‫ ػخ‬٢‫ ك‬٠ٔ‫خ حُلَد حُؼظ‬ٜ٤ِ‫طِن ػ‬٣ ‫ ٓخ‬ٝ‫ أ‬٠ُٝ٧‫ش ح‬٤ُٔ‫َحٕ حُلَد حُؼخ‬٤ٗ ‫حٗيُؼض‬
ٌٙٛ ٠‫ ىحٍص ٍك‬ٝ .‫يس‬٣‫ِٓلش حُـي‬٧‫ٍ ح‬ٜٞ‫خ ظ‬ٜ‫يص كِزخط‬ٜٗ ‫غ‬٤‫ؼش ك‬٣‫د حُلي‬َٝ‫ حُل‬٠ُٝ‫عىص أ‬ ُ
‫ أٗظخد‬ٚٗ‫هيحٍ ح‬٧‫ش ح‬٣َ‫ٖٓ ٓو‬ٝ .‫خ‬َٛ‫ى كل‬ٞ٘‫ حُـ‬٠ِ‫ٖ ػ‬٤ّ‫ ه٘خىم طؼ‬٢‫ ك‬٢ٔ٤‫حُلَد رٌَ٘ ٍث‬
‫ق‬ٜ‫ش ُِو‬َٟ‫ حُو٘خىم ًخٗض ػ‬ٌٙٛ ٕ٧ٝ .ْٜ٣‫ي‬٣‫ْ رؤ‬ٍٛٞ‫ٕ هز‬َٝ‫لل‬٣ ْٜٗ‫ٍ رؤ‬ٞ‫ى ٗؼ‬ٞ٘‫ء حُـ‬٫‫ئ‬ٛ
َ٤‫ْ ؿ‬ٜٗ‫ح أ‬ٞ‫ حُلَ٘حص ًٔخ حًظ٘ل‬ٝ ٕ ‫ْ ًخُـًَح‬ٜ‫ٕ كظل‬ٞ‫ِو‬٣ ْٜٗ‫ى رؤ‬ٞ٘‫ٖ ُِـ‬٤‫حُـخٍحص كوي طز‬ٝ
.‫ُش‬ٞ‫ حُزط‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤‫ل‬٠‫ حُظ‬ٝ ‫ح ر٘ؼخٍحص حُٔـي‬ٞ‫ْ هي ُهيػ‬ٜٗ‫ا‬ٝ ٍ‫ع ٖٓ حُوظخ‬ُٞ٘‫ٌح ح‬ٛ ٝٞ‫ٖ ُو‬٤‫ج‬٤ٜٓ
ٕ‫ٕ أ‬ٝ‫ي ى‬٤‫خ ً هخىٓخ ً ٖٓ ٌٓخٕ رؼ‬٤‫ٔـ‬ٛ ً ‫طخ‬ٞٓ َٜ‫ ُٔق حُز‬٢‫ٕ ك‬ٜٞ‫حؿ‬ٞ٣ ْٜٗ‫ى أ‬ٞ٘‫ء حُـ‬٫‫ئ‬ُٜ ‫طٌ٘ق‬
.ْٜٔ‫ى ػٖ أٗل‬ٌُِٝ ‫ش‬َٛ‫ْ حُل‬ُٜ ‫طٔ٘ق‬

Down with beauty contests

Young women who participate in beauty contests are helping to keep
alive an outdated view of women: that a woman's most important asset
is how she looks. I'm against beauty contests for this reason.
Women have been working very hard through the years to
change their image. They have been trying to prove that the value of a
woman does not lie solely in her beauty. The world is just beginning to
recognize that women are as intelligent, capable, wise, and strong in
character as men are, and that there are virtues more important than
looks when judging people. When women focus attention on their

127
 bodies by competing for top prizes in beauty contests, they encourage
people to value them for their beauty alone. It is demeaning to say that
beauty alone determines one's worth.
Beauty contests not only encourage spectators to judge women
by their appearance, but they encourage this attitude in the contestants
as well. These young women spend months dieting to become the
"right" size and learning how to dress, wear makeup, and walk just
right so that some judges will call them beautiful . I think it's great for
a woman to feel good about her appearance, but looks shouldn't
become an obsession. There are too many other, more important,
concerns in a young woman's life: learning, developing friendships, and
preparing for a career and perhaps a family.
As long as there are beauty contests, women won't be fully
appreciated as well-rounded, complex human beings. Let's abolish
beauty contests now!

ٍ‫ ٓٔخروخص حُـٔخ‬٢‫كِظٔو‬
‫خ‬َٜٛ‫ طؼظزَ ٓظ‬٢‫ حُظ‬ٝ ‫ٔش َُِٔأس‬٣‫ٍس حُوي‬ُٜٞ‫ ٓٔخروخص حُـٔخٍ ح‬٢‫خص ك‬٤‫ ٓ٘خًٍش حُلظ‬٢٤‫طل‬
,ٖ٤ُ٘ٔ‫ ٓيحٍ ح‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٝ ‫ حُٔٔخروخص‬ٌُٜٙ ٖ٤ٍٟ‫ ٖٓ حُٔؼخ‬٢٘ٗ‫ٌح كب‬ُٜ ٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ٓخط‬ٞ‫ْ ٓو‬ٛ‫ أ‬٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬
‫ ُوي‬.‫خ‬ُٜ‫ ؿٔخ‬٢‫ ك‬٢‫ طٌٖٔ كو‬٫ ‫ٔش حَُٔأس‬٤‫ اػزخص إٔ ه‬٠ُ‫خ ً ا‬٤‫ٍس ٓؼ‬ُٜٞ‫ ح‬ٌٙٛ َ٤٤‫يص حَُٔأس ُظـ‬ٛ‫ؿخ‬
ٖٓ ‫٘خى‬ٛ ٕ‫ أ‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ٜ‫س حُ٘و‬ٞ‫ ه‬ٝ ‫ حُلٌٔش‬ٝ ‫ حًٌُخء‬٢‫خٍع حَُؿَ ك‬٠‫يٍى إٔ حَُٔأس ط‬٣ ُْ‫ريأ حُؼخ‬
‫خ‬ٛ‫ ؿٔي‬٠ِ‫ظٔخّ حَُٔأس ػ‬ٛ‫ذ ح‬ٜ٘٣ ‫ ػ٘يٓخ‬.ّ‫ حُ٘خ‬٠ِ‫ حُلٌْ ػ‬٢‫َ ك‬ٜ‫ْ ٖٓ حُٔظ‬ٛ‫ أ‬ٞٛ ‫خثَ ٓخ‬٠‫حُل‬
‫خ‬ٜٔ٤٤‫ طو‬٠ُ‫ٖ ا‬٣َ‫ه‬٥‫خ طيكغ ح‬ٜٗ‫ ٓٔخروخص حُـٔخٍ كخ‬٢‫حثِ ك‬ٞ‫ حُـ‬٠ِ‫ أػ‬٠ِ‫ن حُٔ٘خكٔش ػ‬٣َ١ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫ش‬٤‫ػ‬ُٞ٘‫ ح‬ٌٙٛ ٕ‫ ا‬.ٕ‫ٗٔخ‬٩‫ٔش ح‬٤‫خٍ ه‬٤‫ ٓؼ‬ٞٛ ٌٙٛ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ٖ أ‬٤ُٜٔ‫ ٖٓ ح‬ٝ ,٢‫ أٓخّ حُـٔخٍ كو‬٠ِ‫ػ‬
ٟ‫ حُلٌَس ُي‬ٌٙٛ ‫خ طَٓن‬ٌُٜ٘ ٝ َٜ‫ْ رخُٔظ‬٤٤‫ حُظو‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬٢‫ٖ كو‬٣‫ي‬ٛ‫ ط٘ـغ حُٔ٘خ‬٫ ‫ٖٓ حُٔٔخروخص‬
‫د‬ِٞ‫ُٕ حُٔط‬ُٞ‫ ح‬٠ُ‫ِٖ ا‬ٜ٣ ٠‫ٖ كظ‬ٜٗ‫ُح‬ٝ‫ أ‬ٙ‫ اٗوخ‬٢‫ٍحً ك‬ٜٞٗ ‫خص‬٤‫ حُلظ‬٢٠‫ طو‬.‫خ‬٠٣‫حُٔظٔخروخص أ‬
‫ُ اػـخد‬ٞ‫ل‬٣ ٞ‫ ٗل‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬٢ُ٘ٔ‫ ح‬ٝ َ٤ٔ‫حص حُظـ‬ٝ‫ حٓظويحّ أى‬ٝ ْ‫ر‬٬ُٔ‫خٍ ح‬٤‫ش حهظ‬٤‫ل‬٤ً ِٖٔ‫ظؼ‬٣ ٝ
٠ُ‫ٍ ًُي ا‬ٞ‫ظل‬٣ ٫‫طش أ‬٣َٗ ‫خ‬َٜٛ‫خ ػٖ ٓظ‬َُٟ‫َٓ ٍحثغ إٔ ط٘ؼَ حَُٔأس رخ‬٧ ٚٗ‫ أػظوي ح‬.ّ‫حُلٌخ‬
ٝ ‫ش‬٤ِٔ‫خس حُؼ‬٤‫ئ ُِل‬٤ٜ‫ حُظ‬ٝ ‫يحهخص‬ٛ ‫اهخٓش‬ٝ ْ٤ِ‫خ ًخُظؼ‬ٜ‫خط‬٤‫ ك‬٢‫ش ك‬٤ٔٛ‫ أًؼَ أ‬ٞٛ ‫٘خى ٓخ‬ٜ‫ ك‬.ّ‫ح‬ٞٓٝ
‫ؾ‬٠ُ٘‫م ٌٓظَٔ ح‬ِٞ‫خ ًٔو‬ٍٛ‫ حَُٔأس هي‬٠‫ك‬ٞ‫ؿي ٓٔخروخص ؿٔخٍ كِٖ ط‬ٞ‫خُٔخ ط‬١ .‫ٖ أَٓس‬٣ٌٞ‫ٍرٔخ ط‬
.ٍ‫ اُـخء ٓٔخروخص حُـٔخ‬٠ِ‫ كِ٘ؼَٔ ػ‬.‫ ٓظٔغ حُظـخٍد‬ٝ

2. More than one Translation:

128
 A-From English to Arabic:
Let's start this part on comparing and analyzing translation with an
exciting experiment carried out by Prof. Adel Anani at the Language
Department, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University. He analyzed the
translation exam answer sheets of the fourth year, 1998. Look over his
analysis and write your feedback:

It was once believed that being overweight is healthy, but nowadays

few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting
the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the
appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical
factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insights into
how to deal with weight problems…..

(1) It was once believed that:

‫ كظَس‬٢‫ؼظوي ك‬٣ ٕ‫ ًخ‬- ‫٘خى حػظوخىح‬ٛ ٕ‫ ًخ‬-

َ٤‫ ًخٕ ٖٓ حُٔظو‬-
ٚ٤ِ‫ ًخٕ حُٔظؼخٍف ػ‬-
ً ‫ ُوي ًخٕ ٗخثؼخ‬-
‫ ٖٓ حُ٘خثغ‬-
ً ‫ٓخ‬ٞ٣ ٚ‫يم ر‬ُٜٔ‫ ًخٕ ٖٓ ح‬-
‫ف‬ُٞ‫ ًخٕ ٖٓ حُٔؤ‬-
ٕٞ٘ٓ‫ئ‬٣ ‫ح‬ٞٗ‫ ًخ‬٢ٟ‫ حُٔخ‬٢‫ ك‬-
‫يهش‬ٜٓ ) ‫ٍس‬ٞ‫ُش (ٓؤػ‬ٞ‫ ٓو‬٢ٟ‫ حُٔخ‬٢‫ًخٗض ك‬-
ٚ‫ ُوي ًخٕ ٖٓ حُِْٔٔ ر‬-
‫ؿي حػظوخىح‬ٞ٣ ٕ‫ ًخ‬-
ٕ‫ػظوخى أ‬٫‫ ًخٕ ح‬-
ً ‫ػظوخى ِٓلخ‬٫‫ ًخٕ ح‬-
ً ‫ػظوخى ٓخُلخ‬٫‫ ًخٕ ح‬-
) ٚ‫ ٓئٖٓ ر‬ٝ‫ ( أ‬ٚ‫ً ر‬ٞ‫ؿي حػظوخىحً ٓؤه‬ٞ٣ ٕ‫ ًخ‬-
‫ػظوخىحص‬٫‫٘خى أكي ح‬ٛ ٕ‫ ا‬-
ٚ٤‫ ُوي ًخٕ ٖٓ حُٔؼظوي ك‬-
َ‫ ُوي ًخٕ ٓؼظويحً ٖٓ هز‬-
‫هخص‬ٝ٧‫هض ٖٓ ح‬ٝ ٢‫ ًخٕ ٓؼظوي ك‬-

(2) Being overweight is healthy:

٢‫ل‬ٛ ‫ؼي‬٣ ُُٕٞ‫ ح‬٢‫يحً ك‬٣‫ٕ حَُٔء ٓظِح‬ًٞ ٕ‫ أ‬-
٢ِ‫ً ػ‬٬٤ُ‫ ُحثيحً ًُي ى‬ُٚٗٝ ‫ٕ حُلَى‬ًٞ ٕ‫ ا‬-
‫لش‬ُٜ‫َ ح‬٤‫ك‬ٝ
ً ‫خ‬٤‫ل‬ٛ ‫ُٕ ُحثي‬ٝ ًٝ ٌٕٞ‫ إٔ ط‬-
٢‫ل‬ٛ َ٤‫ُٕ حُؼو‬ُٞ‫ إٔ حَُٔء ًح ح‬-
٢‫ل‬ٛ ُُٕٞ‫َ ح‬٤‫ٗٔخٕ ًز‬٩‫ إٔ ح‬-
ً ‫ُٗخ‬ٝ ‫ ُحثي‬ٚ‫ٕ حُ٘و‬ٌٞ٣ ٕ‫خ ً أ‬٤‫ل‬ٛ ٚٗ‫ أ‬-
‫ش‬٤‫ل‬ٛ ‫َس‬ٛ‫ ظخ‬ٞٛ ُُٕٞ‫ى ح‬٬‫ إٔ حٓظ‬-
‫لش‬ُٜ‫ُٕ ٖٓ ح‬ُٞ‫خىس ح‬٣ُ ٕ‫ ا‬-
‫ش‬٤‫ل‬ٛ ٌٕٞ‫ُٕ ط‬ُٞ‫خىس ح‬٣ُ ٕ‫ ا‬-
‫ش‬٤‫ل‬ٛ ‫وش‬٣َ١ ُُٕٞ‫خىس ح‬٣ُ ٕ‫ ا‬-
‫ش‬٤‫ل‬ُٜ‫ ح‬٢ٛ ُُٕٞ‫خىس ح‬٣ُ ٕ‫ ا‬-
ً ‫خ‬٤‫ل‬ٛ ‫ٕ ٗت‬ٌٞ٣ ‫ حُظؤش‬ٝ‫ُٕ أ‬ُٞ‫خىس ح‬٣ُ ٕ‫ ا‬-
‫لش‬ُٜ‫ ح‬٫‫ ا‬٢ٛ ‫ُٕ ٓخ‬ُٞ‫خىس ح‬٣ُ ٕ‫ ا‬-
٢‫ل‬ٛ ‫ُٕ حُِحثي‬ُٞ‫ إ ح‬-

129
 ‫‪ -‬إٔ حُٔٔ٘ش ‪ٛ‬لش‬ ‫‪ -‬إ حُ‪ ُٕٞ‬حُِحثي ‪٣‬ؼظزَ ‪ٛ‬ل‪٢‬‬
‫‪-‬إٔ حُٔٔ٘ش ‪ ٢ٛ‬ػخىس ‪ٛ‬ل‪٤‬ش‬ ‫‪ -‬إ حُ‪ ُٕٞ‬حُؼو‪ٛ َ٤‬ل‪٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬إٔ حُٔٔ٘ش ‪ ٢ٛ‬حُيُ‪ َ٤‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٜ‬لش حُـ‪٤‬يس‬ ‫‪ -‬إ ح‪ٍ٫‬طلخع ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٗ ُٕٞ‬ت ‪ٛ‬ل‪٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬إٔ حُظوٖ ‪ٛ‬لش‬ ‫‪ -‬إٔ ً‪ ٕٞ‬حَُٔء ٓٔ‪٘٤‬خ ً ُ‪ ٜٞ‬أَٓ ‪ٛ‬ل‪٢‬‬

‫‪(3) But nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint:‬‬

‫‪ -‬رؼ‪ ٖٓ ٞ‬حُ٘خّ حػظَ‪ٟٞ‬ح ػِ‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حَُأ‪١‬‬ ‫‪ ٌُٖٝ -‬ح‪ ٕ٥‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ طَٗق ‪ٝ ٌٙٛ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش‬
‫حُ٘ظَ‬
‫‪ -‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬ؤٓ٘‪ ٕٞ‬ر‪ ٌٜٙ‬حُ٘ظَ‪٣‬ش‬ ‫‪٣ ٖٓ -‬و‪٠‬غ ُ‪ٌٜ‬ح حَُأ‪ ٖٓ ١‬حُ٘خّ هِ‪ِٕٞ٤‬‬
‫‪ ٌُٖٝ -‬حُزؼ‪ ٞ‬ػخٍ‪ٌٛ ٝ‬ح حَُأ‪١‬‬ ‫‪ ًٖ٫ -‬أهطؤ حُوِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ طـخ‪ٌٛ ٙ‬ح حَُأ‪١‬‬
‫‪ -‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬ظزؼ‪ٞ‬ح ‪ٌٛ‬ح ح‪٫‬ػظوخى‬ ‫‪ ٌُٖٝ -‬ح‪ ٕ٥‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬وظَر‪ٌٛ ٖٓ ٕٞ‬ح‬
‫حَُأ‪١‬‬
‫‪ -‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬ظلو‪ٞ‬ح ٓغ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حَُأ‪١‬‬ ‫‪ ٫ ٌُٖ -‬أكي أ‪ ٝ‬هِش ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ‪ٞ٣‬حكو‪ ٕٞ‬ػِ‪٢‬‬
‫‪ٌٛ‬ح حَُأ‪١‬‬
‫‪ ٌٙٛ -‬ح‪٣٧‬خّ هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪ٞ٣‬حكو‪ٞ‬ح ػِ‪ٝ ٢‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش‬ ‫‪٣ ٌُٖ -‬ؼخٍ‪ ٝ‬حُزؼ‪ ٞ‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ حُ‪ّٞ٤‬‬
‫حُ٘ظَ طِي‬ ‫‪ٌٛ‬ح ح‪٫‬ػظوخى‬
‫‪ -‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬ح‪٣٧‬خّ ‪َ٣‬ك‪ٞ٠‬ح ‪ٌٛ‬ح‬ ‫‪ٌٛ ٌُٖ -‬ح ح‪٫‬ػظوخى ريأ ‪ٜ٣‬خؿْ ٖٓ هزَ رؼ‪ٞ‬‬
‫حَُأ‪١‬‬ ‫ح‪ٗ٧‬وخ‪ٙ‬‬
‫‪ٝ -‬رخَُؿْ ٖٓ ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ى هِش ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ح‪ ٕ٥‬طئ‪٣‬ي‬ ‫‪ ٌُٖ -‬هِش ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ‪ ٌٕٞ٘٣‬ك‪ٛ ٢‬لش ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬
‫‪ٌٛ‬ح حَُأ‪١‬‬ ‫حُٔو‪ُٞ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬ح‪ٗ ٕ٥‬زٌ حُزؼ‪ٝ ٞ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش حُ٘ظَ ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬ ‫‪ ٌُٖ -‬حُوِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬ؼظوي‪ ٕٝ‬حُؼٌْ‬
‫‪ -‬رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُ٘خّ ‪٘٣‬لخُ‪ُٞ ٕٝ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش حُ٘ظَ ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬ ‫‪٫ -‬هض ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش حُ٘ظَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حػظَح‪ ٝ‬هِ‪ٖٓ َ٤‬‬
‫حُ٘خّ‬
‫‪ -‬هِش ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬ظٔخٗ‪ٓ ٕٞ‬غ ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش حُ٘ظَ طِي‬ ‫‪ ٌُٖ -‬حُؼي‪٣‬ي ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ٖٓ ‪٣‬وق ‪ٟ‬ي ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬
‫حُ٘ظَ‪٣‬ش‬
‫‪٣ -‬ئ‪٣‬ي حُوِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُ‪ٞ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش ٖٓ حُ٘ظَ‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪ ٌُٖ -‬كخُ‪٤‬خ هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ حٌُ‪َٗ٣ ٖ٣‬ي‪ ٕٝ‬اُ‪٢‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ش حُ٘ظَ ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬
‫‪ -‬هِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪ ٌٕٞ٘٣‬ك‪ٛ ٢‬لش ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬ ‫‪ ٫ ٌُٖ -‬أكي أ‪ ٝ‬هِش ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ‪ٞ٣‬حكو‪ ٕٞ‬ػِ‪٢‬‬
‫حُٔؼِ‪ٓٞ‬ش‬ ‫‪ٌٛ‬ح حَُأ‪١‬‬

‫‪(4) While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight:‬‬

‫‪ -‬أػ٘خء ٓلخٍرش حُؼي‪٣‬ي ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ُٔؼًَش‬
‫حُظول‪٤‬ق ٖٓ حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬
‫‪ -‬حُؼي‪٣‬ي ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ‪٘٣‬خُػ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔؼًَش‬
‫‪ -‬كل‪ ٢‬ه‪ٓ ٍ٬‬ـخر‪ٜ‬ش رـ‪ ٞ‬حُ٘خّ ُلَد‬
‫اٗوخ‪ ٙ‬حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬
‫‪130‬‬
‫‪ ٌُٖ -‬حٌُؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬لخٍر‪ٗ ٩ ٕٞ‬وخً‬
‫حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬
‫‪ -‬رخَُؿْ ٖٓ إٔ حٌُؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬لخٍر‪ٕٞ‬‬
‫‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُٔؼخٍى ُظوِ‪ُْٜٗٝ َ٤‬‬
‫‪ً -‬ؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬و‪ٓ ٕٟٞٞ‬ؼًَش اٗوخ‪ٙ‬‬
‫حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حُؼٌْ كبٕ ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬و‪ٟٞٞ‬ح‬ ‫‪ -‬حٌُؼ‪٣ ْٜ٘ٓ َ٤‬و‪ٞ‬ى‪ٓ ٕٝ‬ؼًَش ٖٓ أؿَ طوِ‪َ٤‬‬
‫ٓؼخٍى ‪ٗ٩‬وخ‪ ٙ‬حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬ ‫حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬
‫‪ٝ -‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ٘و‪ ٞ٤‬كبٕ حٌُؼ‪٣ ٖ٣َ٤‬و‪ٕٟٞٞ‬‬ ‫‪ٝ -‬ر‪ٔ٘٤‬خ ‪ٜ٣‬خٍع ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ طِي حُٔؼًَش‬
‫طٔخٍ‪٘٣‬خ ً ًخُٔؼخٍى حُ‪٠‬خٍ‪٣‬ش ‪٧‬ؿَ طوِ‪ُْٜٗٝ َ٤‬‬ ‫‪ٟ‬ي ُ‪٣‬خىس ‪ُْٜٗٝ‬‬
‫حُِحثي‬
‫‪ -‬حٌُؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬ظ‪ٜ‬خٍػ‪ٞ‬ح ‪ٗ٩‬وخ‪ ٙ‬حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬ ‫‪ -‬كز‪ٔ٘٤‬خ ‪٘٣‬خ‪ َٟ‬حٌُؼ‪ٗ٩ َ٤‬وخ‪ُْٜٗٝ ٙ‬‬
‫‪ً -‬ؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٣‬ـظخُ‪٣ ( ٕٝ‬وخطِ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪٢‬‬ ‫‪ً -‬ؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪٘٣‬خ‪ ِٕٟٞ‬ك‪ٓ ٢‬ؼًَش‬
‫ٓؼخٍى ) حُٔؼخٍى ‪ٗ٩‬وخ‪ ٙ‬حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬ ‫طول‪ ٞ٤‬حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬
‫‪ٝ -‬هق حُزؼ‪ٟ ٞ‬ي كَد اٗوخ‪ ٙ‬حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ػ٘يٓخ ‪٣‬و‪ ٝٞ‬حُ٘خّ حُٔؼًَش ‪ٟ‬ي طوِ‪َ٤‬‬
‫حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬
‫‪ٝ -‬ك‪ ٢‬أػ٘خء ٌٓخكلش رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُ٘خّ ك‪ٓ ٢‬ؼًَظ‪٣ - ْٜ‬لخٍد حُؼي‪٣‬ي ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ٓؼًَش اٗوخ‪ٙ‬‬
‫حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬ ‫ُظ٘و‪ُْٜٗٝ ٚ٤‬‬
‫‪٣ -‬لخٍد ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ اٗوخ‪ ٙ‬حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ك‪ ٢‬أػ٘خء ٓلخٍرش ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ ‪ٗ٩‬وخ‪ٙ‬‬
‫حُ‪ُٕٞ‬‬

‫‪(5) Studies are being conducted concerning the appetite:‬‬

‫‪ -‬طًَِص حُيٍحٓخص ٓظ‪٘ٔ٠‬ش حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬ ‫‪ -‬أه‪ٔ٤‬ض ىٍحٓخص ٓظ‪ٞ‬ح‪ِٛ‬ش ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬

‫‪ -‬ك‪ ٢‬أػ٘خء حُظ‪ ٢‬طظًَِ ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ ىٍحٓخص‬
‫‪ -‬طظ‪ٞ‬ؿ‪ ٚ‬حٌُؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُيٍحٓخص حُظ‪ ٢‬طي‪ ٍٝ‬ك‪ٍٞ‬‬
‫حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬حؿظٔغ حُ٘ظَ‪٣‬خص ك‪ ٍٞ‬حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬ىٍحٓخص ٓ٘ؼويس ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬كبٕ حُطِزش أ‪ٛ‬زل‪ٞ‬ح ٓ‪ ٖ٤ٜٓٞٔ‬رٔزذ حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬أٗ‪ٜ‬زض حُيٍحٓخص ػِ‪ ٢‬ح‪ٛ٫‬ظٔخّ رخُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬هخٓض ىٍحٓخص ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬طو‪ ّٞ‬ىٍحٓخص أ‪ ٝ‬رخ‪٧‬كَ‪ ١‬ه‪ ٍٞ‬إٔ ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬
‫حُيٍحٓخص طِٔي ك‪ٔ٤‬خ ‪٣‬ظؼِن رخَُ‪٣‬ـ‪ْ٤‬‬
‫‪ٝ -‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ض ىٍحٓخص ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ -‬ػِٔض ىٍحٓخص‬
‫‪ -‬أػيص حُيٍحٓخص‬
‫‪ -‬حُط‪٬‬د ‪٠٣‬ؼ‪ ًَ ٕٞ‬ح‪ٛ‬ظٔخٓ‪ ْٜ‬ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش‬

‫‪(6) And how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors:‬‬

‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق أٗ‪ٜ‬خ طلٌْ رخُؼ‪ٞ‬حَٓ‪.........‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق ‪٣‬ظلٌٔ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ػٖ ‪٣َ١‬ن ‪...‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق ‪ ٌٖٔ٣‬إٔ ط‪٠‬ز‪ ٢‬رخُؼ‪ٞ‬حَٓ ‪...‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق إٔ ػِٔ‪٤‬ش حُٔ‪٤‬طَس ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ‪ ُٕٞ‬طٌ‪ٕٞ‬‬
‫رؼخِٓ‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق إٔ حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش ٓظلٌٔش ٖٓ ه‪ٍ٬‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق إٔ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُ٘‪٤ٜ‬ش ‪٣َ١‬وش ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ػ‪ٞ‬حَٓ‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ل‪٤‬ش ‪ٟ‬زط‪ٜ‬خ رخُؼ‪ٞ‬حَٓ حُ٘ؼ‪٣ٍٞ‬ش‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُزخ‪٤ٔ٤ًٞ٣‬خث‪٤‬ش‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ل‪٤‬ش حُظلٌْ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ر‪ٞ‬حٓطش‪............‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ل‪٤‬ش حُظلٌْ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ٖٓ ه‪... ٖٓ ٬ً ٍ٬‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ل‪٤‬ش اكـخٓ‪ٜ‬خ رخُؼ٘‪ ٖ٣َٜ‬حُؼخ‪١‬ل‪... ٝ ٢‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق أٗ‪ٜ‬خ ‪٣‬ظلٌْ ك‪ٜ٤‬خ رٌ‪ ٬‬حُؼخِٓ‪......ٖ٤‬‬
‫‪٤ًٝ -‬ق أٗ‪ٜ‬خ كٌٔض ػٖ ‪٣َ١‬ن ‪.....‬‬

‫‪131‬‬
 (7) Some of these studies may give insights:

‫ش ىحهِش‬٣‫ ٍإ‬٢‫ هي طؼط‬.....- ‫ اىٍحىح‬٢‫ حُيٍحٓخص هي طؼط‬ٌٙٛ ‫ٗظخثؾ‬.-

‫َس‬٤ٜ‫ٕ حُيٍحٓخص حُز‬ٞٔ٠ٓ ٞ‫ رؼ‬٢‫ طؼط‬- ‫لخص‬٤ِٔ‫ أػطض ط‬....-
‫ حُيٍحٓخص‬ٌٙٛ ‫حطؾ‬ٞٗ ٍ٬‫ ٖٓ ه‬- َ‫ رؼي ٗظ‬٢ُ‫ِض ا‬ٛٞ‫ ط‬....-
٢‫ حُيٍحٓخص طؼط‬ٌُٜٙ ‫ش‬٤‫خث‬ُٜ٘‫ حُ٘ظخثؾ ح‬- ‫ رؼي‬٢‫ هي طؼط‬...... -
‫زخص‬٣ٍ‫طي‬
(8) Into how to deal with weight problems:

ُُٕٞ‫ى ح‬٬‫ش حُظؼخَٓ ٓغ ٓ٘خىٍ حٓظ‬٤‫ل‬٤ً - ‫ش‬٤ُُٗٞ‫ش حُظؼخَٓ ٓغ حُٔ٘خًَ ح‬٤‫ل‬٤ً ٍٞ‫ ك‬-
ُُٕٞ‫ ح‬ٙ‫ِش اٗوخ‬٤ٓٝ ٍٞ‫ ك‬- َ٤‫ُٕ حُؼو‬ُٞ‫ش حُظؼخَٓ ٓغ ٓ٘خًَ ح‬٤‫ل‬٤ٌُ -

Assignment (36)
The following extract from Shakespeare is followed by six translations
done by professional translators. Study them carefully and account for
differences.

From Macbeth:

CAPTAIN: Doubtful it stood?

As two spent swimmers, those do cling together
And choke their art .The merciless Macdonald,
Worthy to be a rebel,
for to that the multiplying villainies of nature
do swarm upon him from the western isles.

132

‫حُـخ‪:ٖ٣ٝ‬‬
‫ُـؾ طؼ‪ ٍٞ‬ػ٘‪٤‬لش ح‪ٕ٧‬ــــــــــ‪ٝ‬حء‬
‫ػزؼخ ‪٣‬لخ‪ ٍٝ‬ىكؼ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُْ ـــــــحء‬
‫ؿؼِظ‪ ٚ‬أ‪ َٛ‬ه‪ٜٓٞ‬ش ‪ٝ‬عـــــىحء‬
‫َٗ حُـَحثْ أػوَ ح‪٧‬ػذــــــــحء‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬حُـَد‪ِٓ ,‬ؿ‪٤‬ش ٌَُ ٍــ‪ٝ‬حء‬
‫ػبِش ثؾ‪١‬ش‪ٜ‬‬
‫حُ٘ي ك‪ٓ ٚ٤‬خ طًَض ًٔخ رقـــ‪١‬‬
‫ًَ ‪٬٣‬ه‪ ٢‬حُو‪ٜٞ٘ٓ ْٜ‬ى حُو‪١ٞ‬‬
‫‪ُٝ‬وــــي طــويّ ٌٓي‪ِٗٝ‬ي رنـــــــــ ‪ٝ‬س‬
‫أُو‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حُي‪ ٖٓ َٛ‬طير‪٤‬ـــــــــَ‪ٙ‬‬
‫كؤٍِٓض ح‪ٓ٩‬يحى ًَ ؿِ‪٣‬ــــــــَس‬

‫عّبي غبص‪ٞ‬‬
‫حُ‪٠‬خر‪: ٢‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬هلض ‪ٝ‬هلش حُلخثَ‪ٓ ,‬ؼَ ٓخرل‪ ٖ٤‬حػ٘‪ ٖ٤‬أٍ‪ٛ‬وخ كظ‪ ٢‬اًح ط‪ٞ‬هلخ ػٖ حُٔزخكش‪ ,‬طٌٔٔخ رزؼ‪ٜٔ٠‬خ‬
‫رؼ‪٠‬خ‪ٝ.‬أٓخ حُِج‪ٌٓ" ْ٤‬ي‪ٗٝ‬خُي " كبٗ‪ ٚ‬ؿي‪ َ٣‬رؤٕ ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬ػخ‪٤ٛ‬خً‪ ,‬كوي أطظ‪ ٚ‬آيحىحص ‪ٝ‬ك٘‪ٞ‬ى ٖٓ‬
‫ح‪ٌٗ٧‬حٍ ٖٓ حُـٍِ حُـَر‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬

‫عجشح ئثشا٘‪ُ١‬‬
‫حُ‪٠‬خر‪ُ :٢‬وي ظِض ر‪ ٖ٤‬ر‪ًٔ :ٖ٤‬زخك‪٣ ٖ٤ٌٜ٘ٓ ٖ٤‬ظ٘زغ ً‪ٔٛ٬‬خ رخ‪٥‬هَ ك‪٤‬و٘وخٕ ك٘‪ٜٔ‬خ‪ٝ .‬حُـخثَ‬
‫ٌٓي‪ٗٝ‬خُي ( ‪ٓٝ‬خ أؿيٍ‪ ٙ‬رخُظَٔى‪ ,‬اً ُظِي حُـخ‪٣‬ش ٍحكض ٌٗح‪٫‬ص حُطز‪٤‬ؼش حُٔظٌخػَس ط٘ـَ ػِ‪ٖٓ ) ٚ٤‬‬
‫ؿٍِ حُـَد‪.‬‬

‫حُلخٍّ‪:‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬طوخطَ حُـ‪٘٤‬خٕ أ‪ ١‬هضـــــــــحٍ‬
‫‪ٝ‬طٌٔٔ‪ٞ‬ح رؼي حُ‪ٜ‬ي‪ ١‬ر‪ٞ‬ـــ‪ٍ٫‬‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ ْ٤‬اً ؿ‪ٜ‬يح حُو‪ ١ٞ‬ريـــ‪ٍ٫‬‬
‫‪٣‬ظ‪ٓٞ‬يحٕ حُؾـــــ‪ً ٍٝ‬خُـ‪ٚ‬ــــحٍ‬
‫ػزؼخ ً أُوز‪ُْٝ ٚ‬ــــــص أؿخٍــــ‪١‬‬
‫ه‪ٚ‬حٍ‬
‫ـ‬ ‫ك‪١ ٢‬زؼ‪ً ٌٓ ٚ‬خٕ َٗ‬
‫رغمــــــحٍ‬
‫‪ ٢َٓ٣‬هلخف ؿ٘‪ٞ‬ى‪ ٙ‬ـ‬
‫ِؾّذ ػفذ‬
‫ًخٗض ٓـخ‪ٌ٘٣ ُْ ً٫‬ق أَٓ‪ ٙ‬ــــــح‬
‫ًخى حُظلْٔ ك‪ ٢‬حُطؼخٕ ‪٣‬ز‪٢‬ـــــى‪ْٛ‬‬
‫ًخػ٘‪ ٖ٤‬هي كٌهخ حُٔزخكش ػ‪ٞ‬ؽــــ‪٫‬‬
‫كظ‪٬‬ه‪٤‬خ كظٔخٓـــٌخ ًخىح ٓغـــــــــــخ ً‬
‫‪ ٙ‬ـــــًح ‪ ٕ٫‬حُٔــــخٍى حُلـــــــع ‪٫ٝ‬‬
‫حهِن ر‪ٓ ٚ‬ظَٔىح هي ٍىــــدــــــــــص‬
‫ك٘ي حُـ‪ ٖٓ ٕٞ٤‬حُـِحثَ ‪ٝ‬حػظي‪١‬‬

‫عجشاْ خٍ‪ً١‬‬
‫حُـخ‪:ٖ٣ٝ‬‬
‫حكظيّ حُوظخٍ ٓـخ‪ ٫‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔؼًَش كٌخٕ حُلَ‪٣‬وخٕ ًٔخرل‪ ٖ٤‬طؼز‪ ٖ٤‬حٌٓٔخ رٌٍحع رؼ‪ٜٔ٠‬خ ُ‪ٞ٤‬هق ًَ‬
‫ٓزخكش ح‪٧‬هَ‪ٓٝ .‬خًي‪ٗٝ‬خُي ًحى حٌُ‪٘٣ ٫ ١‬ظظَ ٖٓ كطَط‪ ٚ‬ؿ‪ َ٤‬حُو‪٤‬خٗش ك٘ي ؿ‪٘٤‬خ ً ٖٓ حُٔ٘خس‬
‫ح‪َُ٘٣٫‬ي‪ٝ ٖ٤٣‬رؼ‪ٗ ٞ‬زخٕ حُـِحثَ حُـَر‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬

‫د‪ /‬أث‪ ٛ‬ؽذ‪٠‬ذ‬

‫حُ‪٠‬خر‪:٢‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬هلض ‪ٝ‬هلش حُظَىى‪ٓ ,‬ؼَ حػ٘‪ ٖ٤‬هخٍص ه‪ٞ‬ح‪ٔٛ‬خ ‪ٔ٣‬زلخٕ‪ .‬كبًح ٓخ طٔخٌٓخ هٔيص ه‪ٞ‬س ًَ ‪ٝ‬ػَهِض‬
‫كًَخط‪ .ٚ‬ػْ ؿخء ح‪ٓ٩‬يحى ٖٓ ؿٍِ حُـَد اُ‪ٌٓ ٢‬ي‪ِٗٝ‬ي‪.‬‬

‫‪133‬‬
 Assignment (37)
The majority of the following translations are done by students.
Mistakes are left uncorrected for the sake of learning. Try to detect
these mistakes and learn from them.

Defeated candidates urge Mubarak to keep his promises

Most of the nine candidates, who lost the country's first multi-candidate
presidential election, have admitted defeat and congratulated President
Hosni Mubarak on his re – election.
In a civilized gesture, the candidates called on the President to start
implementing his election program immediately and make use of the
programs, which they announced during their election campaigns.

:ٙ‫ى‬ٞ‫ػ‬ٞ‫كخء ر‬ُٞ‫ ح‬٢ِ‫ْ ٓزخٍى ػ‬٤‫ٕ حَُث‬ٞ‫لؼ‬٣ َٕٝٓ‫ٕ حُوخ‬ٞ‫حَُٔٗل‬

ْ٤‫ح حَُث‬ٞ‫٘ج‬ٛٝ ْٜ‫ش رؤخٍط‬٣‫ش طؼيى‬٤ٓ‫ٍ حٗظوخرخص ٍثخ‬ٝ‫ح أ‬َٝٔ‫ٖ ه‬٣ٌُ‫ٖ ح‬٤‫حػظَف ٓؼظْ حَُٔٗل‬
.‫يس‬٣‫ ُلظَس ٍثخٓش ؿي‬ٚ‫ اػخىس حٗظوخر‬٢ِ‫ٓزخٍى ػ‬
ٚ‫ٌ رَٗخٓـ‬٤‫ٖ رَٔػش ط٘ل‬٤‫ْ ٓزخٍى ٓطخُز‬٤‫خٍس حَُث‬٣ِ‫ ر‬١ٍ‫خ‬٠‫َ ك‬ٜ‫ ٓظ‬٢‫ٕ ك‬ٞ‫هخّ حَُٔٗل‬
ْٜ‫ط‬٬ٔ‫ٍ ك‬٬‫خ ه‬ٜ٘‫ح ػ‬ٞٛٞٗ ٢‫ حُظ‬َٟ‫ه‬٧‫ش ح‬٤‫ٗظوخر‬٫‫ حُزَحٓؾ ح‬٢ُ‫حُ٘ظَ ا‬ٝ ٍٞ‫ حُل‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬١‫ٗظوخد‬٫‫ح‬
.‫ش‬٤‫ٗظوخر‬٫‫ح‬

:ٙ‫ى‬ٞ‫ػ‬ٝ ٢ِ‫ٕ ٓزخٍى رخُللخظ ػ‬ٞ‫طخُز‬٣ ُِٕٜٞٓٝٔ‫ٕ ح‬ٞ‫حَُٔٗل‬

,٢ُٝ٧‫ش حُٔظؼيىس ح‬٤ٓ‫ٗظوخرخص حَُثخ‬٫‫ٖ ح‬٤‫َس حػظَ ف ٓؼظْ حُظٔؼش َٓٗل‬٠‫ ُٔٔش ٓظل‬٢‫ك‬
‫ْ ٓزخٍى‬٤‫ٕ حَُث‬ٞ‫خُذ حَُٔٗل‬١ ٝ .ٚ‫ اػخىس حٗظوخر‬٢ِ‫ ٓزخٍى ػ‬٢٘ٔ‫ْ ك‬٤‫ح حَُث‬ٞ‫٘ج‬ٛٝ ‫ٔش‬٣ُِٜ‫رخ‬
ْٜ‫ط‬٬ٔ‫ٍ ك‬٬‫خ ٖٓ ه‬ٜ٘‫ح ػ‬ِٞ٘‫ أػ‬٢‫ٓظلخىس ٖٓ حُزَحٓؾ حُظ‬٫‫ح‬ٝ , ٢‫ٗظوخر‬٫‫ ح‬ٚ‫ٌ رَٗخٓـ‬٤‫رظ٘ل‬
.‫ش‬٤‫ٗظوخر‬٫‫ح‬

Why Not Clone people?

Vera Sirotkina from Russia thinks cloning can have benefits but
says we need to be careful. Progress inevitable. Nowadays, cloning,
the latest ultramodern subject in genetic research, is becoming a
controversial issue. Some people are ready to eat cloned fruits and

134
 vegetables, but many people express negative attitudes about cloning
animals. They think it is morally unacceptable. Some scientists,
however, say cloning animals can have a lot of benefits for humans.
Certainly, we don't have to look for to see this; recently, a young bull
was cloned in Texas, the state that produces the best steaks. Cloning
could be very important in this business.

Human cloning is more controversial.

The question of human cloning is even more controversial. Perhaps a
few people-the adventurous types! - - would clone themselves. To me,
this seems very exciting. Sometimes I wish I could have a twin sister
with whom I could share my interests. Why not a clone? But I am not
as excited about cloning as my husband is. He said that he would be
very happy to have two or three girls like me!

‫ ٗٔظ٘ٔن حُزَ٘؟‬٫ ‫ُٔخًح‬

.ٖ٤ٜ٣َ‫ٕ ك‬ٌٞٗ ٕ‫ـذ أ‬٣ ‫ ٌُ٘٘خ‬ٝ ‫حثي‬ٞ‫ٓظ٘ٔخم ك‬٬ُ ٕ‫خ أ‬٤ٍٓٝ ٖٓ ‫٘خ‬٤ٌ‫ط‬َٝ٤ٓ ‫َح‬٤‫طؼظوي ك‬
‫ هي‬,‫ٍحػش‬ُٞ‫ أرلخع ح‬٢‫كيع ك‬٧‫ع ح‬ُٟٞٞٔ‫ ح‬ٞٛ ٝ ‫ٓظ٘ٔخم‬٫‫ إ ح‬.‫ش‬٣َ٘‫ ُِز‬٢ٔ‫زق حُظويّ أَٓ كظ‬ٛ‫أ‬
,‫حص حُٔٔظ٘ٔوش‬َٝ٠‫ حُو‬ٝ ًٚ‫ح‬ٞ‫ٍ حُل‬ٝ‫ٖ ُظ٘خ‬٣‫ حُ٘خّ ٓٔظؼي‬ٞ‫َس ُِـيٍ كزؼ‬٤‫ش ٓؼ‬٤٠‫زق ه‬ٛ‫أ‬
َ٤‫خ ٓٔؤُش ؿ‬ٜٗ‫ٕ أ‬ٝ‫ؼظوي‬٣ ْٜ‫حٗخص ك‬ٞ٤‫ٓظ٘ٔخم حُل‬٫ ٞ‫هق ٍحك‬ٞٓ ّ‫َ ٖٓ حُ٘خ‬٤‫ظوٌ ًؼ‬٣ ٌُٖٝ
.َ٘‫يس ُِز‬٣‫حثي ػي‬ٞ‫حٗخص حُٔٔظ٘ٔوش ك‬ٞ٤‫ حُؼِٔخء رؤٕ ُِل‬ٞ‫ٍ رؼ‬ٞ‫و‬٣ ‫ ٓغ ًُي‬ٝ ً ‫خ‬٤‫ه‬٬‫ُش أه‬ٞ‫ٓوز‬
ّ‫ش طٌٔخ‬٣٫ٝ ٢‫َ ك‬٤‫ـ‬ٛ ٍٞ‫ ًُي كٔئهَحً طْ حٓظ٘ٔخم ػ‬َُٟ٘ ً‫يح‬٤‫٘خ حُ٘ظَ رؼ‬٤ِ‫ـذ ػ‬٣ ٫ ‫ي‬٤ً‫رخُظؤ‬
.َٔ‫ٌح حُؼ‬ُٜ ْٜٓ ‫ٓظ٘ٔخم‬٫‫ٕ ح‬ٌٞ٣ ‫٘خ‬ٛ ٝ ْ‫َ َٗحثق حُِل‬٠‫ش ط٘ظؾ أك‬٣٫ُٞ‫ ح‬ٌٙٛٝ

ٍ‫حٓظ٘ٔخم حُزَ٘ أًؼَ اػخٍس ُِـي‬

٠ِ‫ٕ ػ‬١ َٓ‫َ ٖٓ حُٔـخ‬٤ِ‫ويّ ػيى ه‬٣ ‫ كَرٔخ‬,ٍ‫ أًؼَ اػخٍس ُِـي‬٢ٛ َ٘‫ٗـي إٔ ٓٔؤُش حٓظ٘ٔخم حُز‬
٢ُ ٌٕٞ‫ إٔ ط‬٠٘ٔ‫خٕ أط‬٤‫ك‬٧‫ ح‬ٞ‫ رؼ‬٢‫َحً ؿيحً كل‬٤‫َٓ ٓؼ‬٧‫ ح‬ٝ‫زي‬٤‫ ك‬٢ُ ‫ْ أٓخ رخُ٘ٔزش‬ٜٔ‫حٓظ٘ٔخم أٗل‬
َٓ٧‫ٌح ح‬ُٜ ‫ ُٔض ٓظلٔٔش‬٠ٌُ٘ ٝ ‫ٕ ٓٔظ٘ٔوش ؟‬ٌٞ‫ ط‬٫ ‫ كِٔخًح‬٢‫ظٔخٓخط‬ٛ‫ ح‬٢ًٍ٘‫أّ ط٘خ‬ٞ‫أهض ط‬
.٢ُ ٖ٤ٜ‫ػش ر٘خص ٓ٘خر‬٬‫ ػ‬ٝ‫ٖ أ‬٤‫ حػ٘ظ‬ٚ٣‫ إٔ ُي‬ُٞ ً‫يحً ؿيح‬٤‫ٕ ٓؼ‬ٌٞ٤ٓ ٚٗ‫ٍ رؤ‬ٞ‫و‬٣ ٜٞ‫ ك‬٢‫ؿ‬ًِٝ

‫؟‬ٝٞ‫ َٓك‬ٞٛ ُْ ,َ٘‫حٓظ٘ٔخم حُز‬

‫ـذ‬٣ ٚٗ‫ٍ أ‬ٞ‫خ طو‬ٌُٜ٘ ٝ ‫حثي‬ٞ‫ حُل‬ٞ‫ رؼ‬ُٚ ‫ٓظ٘ٔخم‬٫‫خ طؼظوي إٔ ح‬٤ٍٓٝ ٖٓ ‫٘خ‬٤ٌ‫ط‬َٝ٤ٓ ‫َح‬٤‫ ك‬/ ‫يس‬٤ُٔ‫ح‬
.َّ‫إٔ ٗلظ‬
‫رلخع‬٧‫ ٓـخٍ ح‬٢‫خّ ك‬٣٧‫ ح‬ٌٙٛ ‫ػخص‬ُٟٞٞٔ‫ ٖٓ أكيع ح‬,‫ٓظ٘ٔخم‬٫‫ ح‬.ّ‫ ٓلَ ٖٓ حُظوي‬٫ ٚٗ‫ ٗي أ‬٫
‫حص‬ٝ‫َح‬٠‫ ه‬ٝ ًٚ‫ح‬ٞ‫ٍ ك‬ٝ‫ حٓظؼيحى ُظ٘خ‬٠ِ‫ حُ٘خّ ػ‬ٞ‫ كزؼ‬.ٍ‫َحً ُِـي‬٤‫زق ٓؼ‬ٛ‫ أ‬, ‫ س‬٢‫ ٍحػ‬ُٞ‫ح‬
ٕٝ‫ؼظوي‬٣ ْٜٗ‫ ًُي ا‬.‫حٗخص‬ٞ٤‫ حٓظ٘ٔخم حُل‬ٙ‫ْ طـخ‬ٜ‫خث‬٤‫ٕ ػٖ حٓظ‬َٝ‫ؼز‬٣ ْٜ٘ٓ ‫ي‬٣‫ ٌُٖ حُؼي‬,‫ٓٔظ٘ٔوش‬
.ً ‫خ‬٤‫ه‬٬‫ أه‬ٝٞ‫ أَٓ َٓك‬ٚٗ‫ح‬

135
 ‫ػِ‪ ٠‬أ‪٣‬ش كخٍ‪ ,‬كبٕ رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُؼِٔخء ‪٣‬و‪ ُٕٞٞ‬إٔ حٓظ٘ٔخم حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ‪ ٌٖٔ٣‬إٔ ‪٣‬ؼ‪ٞ‬ى رلخثيس ًز‪َ٤‬س‬
‫ػِ‪ ٠‬حُزَ٘‪ٗ .‬لٖ رخُطزغ ‪ٌ٘٘ٔ٣ ٫‬خ إٔ ٌٗ‪ ٕٞ‬رؼ‪٤‬ي‪ ١‬حُ٘ظَ ‪ًُ َٟٗ ٝ‬ي‪.‬‬
‫كوي طْ ٓئهَحً حٓظ٘ٔخم ػ‪ٍٞ‬حً ‪ٛ‬ـ‪َ٤‬حً ك‪٣٫ٝ ٢‬ش طٌٔخّ‪ ,‬ك‪٤‬غ إ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُ‪٣٫ٞ‬ش ط٘ظؾ أك‪ َ٠‬حُِل‪ّٞ‬‬
‫رخُظخُ‪ ٌٕٞ٤ٓ ٢‬ح‪ٓ٫‬ظ٘ٔخم ٓ‪ٜٔ‬خ ً ؿيحً ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُٔـخٍ‪.‬‬

‫حٓظ٘ٔخم حُزَ٘ أًؼَ اػخٍس ُِـيٍ‪:‬‬

‫ٓـَى حُظٔخإٍ ػٖ حٓظ٘ٔخم حُزَ٘؛ أ‪ٛ‬زق ٓؼ‪َ٤‬حً ُِـيٍ‪ .‬رؼ‪ ٞ‬ح‪ٗ٧‬وخ‪ٍ ,ٙ‬رٔخ حُٔـخَٓ‪ٕٝ‬‬
‫ٓ٘‪ ْٜ‬هي ‪ٔ٣‬ظ٘ٔو‪ٞ‬ح أٗلٔ‪٣ .ْٜ‬زي‪ ٝ‬ح‪ َٓ٧‬رخُ٘ٔزش ُ‪٤ٗ ٢‬وخ ً ؿيح ً‪ .‬كؤٗخ أك‪٤‬خٗخ ً أطٔ٘‪ً ُٞ ٠‬خٗض ُ‪ ٢‬أهظخ ً‬
‫ط‪ٞ‬أٓخ ط٘خًٍ٘‪ ٢‬ح‪ٛ‬ظٔخٓخط‪ .٢‬كِْ ‪ٓ٬ُ ٫‬ظ٘ٔخم ؟!!‪ُٔ ٠ٌُ٘ .‬ض ٓ‪ٜ‬ظٔش اُ‪ٌٛ ٠‬ح حُلي رخ‪ٓ٫‬ظ٘ٔخم‬
‫ٓؼَ ُ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ .٢‬كؤٗ‪٣ ٚ‬و‪ ٢ُ ٍٞ‬اٗ‪ٓ ٌٕٞ٤ٓ ٚ‬ؼ‪٤‬يح ؿيحً‪ ,‬اًح ًخٕ ُي‪٣‬ش ر٘ظ‪ ٖ٤‬أ‪ ٝ‬ػ‪٬‬ػش ‪٘٣‬ز‪.٢ٜ٘ٗٞ‬‬

‫‪Environmentalists renew warning‬‬

‫‪ONCE again, environmentalists bang the drums for immediate action to‬‬
‫‪combat the growing pollution nationwide. The pessimistic ecologists‬‬
‫‪have wisely decided to issue their warning a few weeks ahead of the‬‬
‫‪seasonal black smoke which hangs over Delta provinces and Cairo in‬‬
‫‪October.‬‬
‫‪Despite rice growers having always been under suspicion, they‬‬
‫‪continuously insist that blame should be placed on the shoulders of‬‬
‫‪manufacturers and workshop owners in the infamous capital and its‬‬
‫‪neighboring cities.‬‬

‫ػِٔخء حُز‪٤‬جش ‪ ٌٍَٕٝ٣‬حُظلٌ‪َ٣‬‬

‫‪َٓ ٝ‬س أهَ‪٣ ٟ‬يم ػِٔخء حُز‪٤‬جش ٗخه‪ ّٞ‬حُوطَ كظ‪٣ ٠‬ظْ حطوخً ٓ‪ٞ‬هق ك‪ٌُٔ ١ٍٞ‬خكلش حُظِ‪ٞ‬ع‬
‫حُٔظِح‪٣‬ي ػِ‪ٔٓ ٠‬ظ‪ ٟٞ‬حُز‪٬‬ى ‪ً .‬خٕ ٖٓ حُلٌٔش إٔ ‪٣‬ظوٌ ػِٔخء حُز‪٤‬جش حُٔظ٘خثْ ‪ ٕ١‬هَحٍ ا‪ٛ‬يحٍ‬
‫طلٌ‪ َْٛ٣‬هزَ ر‪٠‬غ أٓخر‪٤‬غ ٖٓ ظ‪ ٍٜٞ‬حُٔلخد س حُٔ‪ٞ‬ىحء حُٔ‪٤ٔٓٞ‬ش‪ ٝ ,‬حُظ‪ ٢‬طـط‪ٔٓ ٠‬خء حُيُظخ‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُوخ‪َٛ‬س ك‪ ٢‬أًظ‪ٞ‬رَ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٕ١‬‬ ‫‪ ٝ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حَُؿْ ٖٓ إٔ ِٓحٍػ‪ ٢‬ح‪ً ٍُ٧‬خٗ‪ٞ‬ح ىحثٔخ ٓ‪ٟٞ‬غ ُِ٘ي‪ ,‬ا‪ ٫‬أٗ‪ً ْٜ‬خٗ‪ٞ‬ح ٓ‪َٜ‬‬
‫رخٓظَٔحٍ ػِ‪ ٠‬اُوخء حُِ‪ ّٞ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ػخطن أ‪ٛ‬لخد حُٔ‪ٜ‬خٗغ ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ ٍٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخ‪ٔٛ‬ش حُٔ٘‪ٍٜٞ‬س‬
‫رخُظِ‪ٞ‬ع ‪ ٝ‬حُٔيٕ حُٔـخ‪ٍٝ‬س ُ‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫ػِٔخء حُز‪٤‬جش ‪٣‬ـيى‪ ٕٝ‬حُظلٌ‪َ٣‬حص‬

‫َٓس ػخٗ‪٤‬ش ‪٣‬ؼخ‪ٝ‬ى ػِٔخء حُز‪٤‬جش طـي‪٣‬ي حُظلٌ‪َ٣‬حص ‪٣ ٝ‬يه‪١ ٕٞ‬ز‪ ٍٞ‬حُوطَ ‪ًُ ٝ‬ي ُِظيهَ حَُٔ‪٣‬غ‬
‫ٌُٔخكلش حٗظ٘خٍ ‪٣ُ ٝ‬خىس ظخ‪َٛ‬س حُظِ‪ٞ‬ع ك‪ ًَ ٢‬حُٔلخكظخص‪.‬‬

‫‪136‬‬
 ْٓٞٓ ٖٓ ‫ِش‬٤ِ‫غ ه‬٤‫َحص هزَ أٓخر‬٣ٌ‫ حُظل‬ٌٙٛ ٍ‫يح‬ٛ‫ٕ ا‬ٞٔ‫جش حُٔظ٘خث‬٤‫كِوي هٍَ رلٌٔش ػِٔخء حُز‬
٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٝ َ‫ر‬ٞ‫َ أًظ‬ٜٗ ٢‫َس ك‬ٛ‫ حُوخ‬ٝ ‫م ٓلخكظخص حُيُظخ‬ٞ‫ حُٔٔخء ك‬٢‫ طلِن ك‬٢‫ىحء حُظ‬ُٞٔ‫حُٔلخرش ح‬
٠ِ‫ ػ‬٠‫ِو‬٣ ٕ‫ـذ أ‬٣ ُِّٞ‫ٌح ح‬ٛ ٕ‫ٕ أ‬ٝ‫ؤًي‬٣ ْٜ‫ٍُ ك‬٧‫ ٍُحع ح‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٚ‫ؿ‬ٞٓ ّ‫خ‬ٜ‫ط‬٫‫حَُؿْ ٖٓ إٔ ىحثَس ح‬
.‫ٍس‬ٝ‫حُٔيٕ حُٔـخ‬ٝ ‫َس‬ٛ‫ حُوخ‬٢‫جش حُٔٔؼش ك‬٤ٓ ‫َس‬٤‫ٍٕ حٌُز‬ُٞ‫لخد ح‬ٛ‫ أ‬ٝ ‫٘خع‬ُٜ‫ػخطن ح‬

‫ي‬٣‫ٕ ٖٓ ؿي‬ٌٍٝ‫ل‬٣ ‫جش‬٤‫خٍ حُز‬ٜٗ‫أ‬

‫ٓش‬٧‫ ح‬ٟٞ‫ ٓٔظ‬٠ِ‫ع ػ‬ِٞ‫ش ُٔلخٍرش حُظ‬٣ٍٞ‫جش ربُلخف ربؿَحءحص ك‬٤‫خٍ حُز‬ٜٗ‫طخُذ أ‬٣ َٟ‫َٓس أه‬
‫ْٓ ٓلذ‬ٞٓ ٖٓ ‫ِش‬٤ِ‫غ ه‬٤‫ْ هزَ أٓخر‬َٛ٣ٌ‫يحٍ طل‬ٛ‫ٖ ح‬٣‫جش حُٔٔظخء‬٤‫ ُوي حهظخٍ ػِٔخء حُز‬ٝ .‫خ‬ًِٜ
.َ‫ر‬ٞ‫ٍ أًظ‬٬‫َس ه‬ٛ‫ حُوخ‬ٝ ‫م ٓلخكظخص حُيُظخ‬ٞ‫ طؼِن ك‬٢‫ى حُظ‬ٞٓ٧‫حُيهخٕ ح‬
ٕ‫ أ‬٠ِ‫ٕ ػ‬ٜٞٔٔٓ ْٜٗ‫ أ‬٫‫ ا‬,َٓ٧‫ٌح ح‬ٛ ٢‫ح ىحثٔخ ٓلَ ٗي ك‬ٞٗ‫ٍُ ًخ‬٧‫ ح‬٢‫رخَُؿْ ٖٓ إٔ ِٓحٍػ‬ٝ
‫خ‬ٜ‫ ٓخءص ٓٔؼظ‬٢‫ٔش حُظ‬ٛ‫ٍٕ رخُؼخ‬ُٞ‫ى ح‬٬ٓ ٝ ‫٘خػش‬ُٜ‫ ػخطن ٍؿخٍ ح‬٠ِ‫وغ ػ‬٣ ٕ‫ـذ أ‬٣ ُِّٞ‫ح‬
.‫خ‬ٜ‫طش ر‬٤‫خ حُٔيٕ حُٔل‬٠٣‫أ‬ٝ

َ٣ٌ‫ٕ حُظل‬ٝ‫ـيى‬٣ ‫جش‬٤‫ػِٔخء حُز‬

‫ع‬ِٞ‫ش ٌُٔخكلش حُظ‬٣ٍٞ‫ؿَحءحص حُل‬٩‫طوخً ح‬٫ ‫ ًُي‬ٝ ٍٞ‫جش حُطز‬٤‫يم ػِٔخء حُز‬٣ ,َٟ‫َٓس أه‬
‫غ‬٤‫ْ هزَ أٓخر‬ٜ‫َحط‬٣ٌ‫يحٍ طل‬ٛ‫ٕ ا‬ٞٔ‫جش حُٔظ٘خث‬٤‫ هي هٍَ ػِٔخء حُز‬ٝ .٢ٓٞ‫ حُ٘طخم حُو‬٠ِ‫ي ػ‬٣‫حُٔظِح‬
.َ‫ر‬ٞ‫َ أًظ‬ٜٗ ٢‫َس ك‬ٛ‫ حُوخ‬ٝ ‫ْ حُيُظخ‬٤ُ‫يى أهخ‬ٜ‫ ط‬٢‫ىحء حُظ‬ُٞٔ‫ٍ حُٔلخرش ح‬ٜٞ‫ْٓ ظ‬ٞٓ ٖٓ ‫ِش‬٤ِ‫ه‬
٠ِ‫ٕ رخٓظَٔحٍ ػ‬َٜٝ٣ ْٜٗ‫ أ‬٫‫ ا‬,‫خص‬ٜ‫ٍُ ىحثٔخ ً طلض حُ٘ز‬٧‫ ح‬٢‫ع ِٓحٍػ‬ٞ‫ه‬ٝ ٖٓ ْ‫ حَُؿ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ٝ
.‫ٍس‬ٝ‫ حُٔيٕ حُٔـخ‬ٝ ‫ٔش‬ٛ‫ حُؼخ‬٢‫ٍٕ ك‬ُٞ‫ ح‬ٝ ‫خٗغ‬ُٜٔ‫لخد ح‬ٛ‫ ػخطن أ‬٠ِ‫وغ ػ‬٣ ٕ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ري‬٫ ُِّٞ‫إٔ ح‬

Ways to Keep Phone Calls Short

The phone rings. It's a friend who wants to tell you about his or her
latest health problem. You hate to be rude and cut your friend off, but
what can you do? Time management consultant Stephanie Winston,
author of Stephanie Winston's Best Organizing Tips, offers
this advice:

1. Don't ask questions like "What's new?" they give the impression that
you have time to chat. After "hello, get right to the heart of the matter.
2. Time your calls intelligently. If you make a call right before lunch or
dinner, or at the end of the workday, people chat less.
3. Set a time limit. Start with, "Hi, I've only got a few minutes, but I
wanted to talk to you about…." Or, "Gee, I'd love to talk more, but I
only have a couple of minutes before I have to run errands."

137
 4. Jump on a pause. Even the most talkative caller has to pause now and
then. Quickly say, "It has been great talking with you." Then end the
conversation.
5. Forget niceties. Some people just don't take a hint. Interrupt your
caller and say, "I'd like to talk to you longer, but I'm pressed for time.
Good-bye." Then hang up. Don't ask for permission to end the
conversation.
6. Find a "partner in crime." If nothing else works, ask someone in your
home to help you. For example, one woman signals her husband, who
yells, "Jane, I think the roast is burning!"
7. Avoid the phone completely.
Use an answering machine to screen calls. If you have an important
message for a chatterbox, leave the message when he or she isn't in.

‫َس‬٤ٜ‫ش ه‬٤‫خطل‬ُٜ‫َم ُـؼَ ٌٓخُٔخطي ح‬١

ٕ‫ أ‬ٌَٙ‫ أٗض ط‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤‫ل‬ُٜ‫طي ح‬٬ٌ٘ٓ َ‫ آه‬٠ِ‫ُطِؼي ػ‬٣ ٕ‫ي أ‬٣َ٣ ‫ن‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ‫خطق كظـي‬ُٜ‫ٖ ح‬٤ٍٗ ‫طٔٔغ‬
‫ ؟؟‬ِٚ‫ٌٔ٘ي كؼ‬٣ ١ٌُ‫وي كٔخ ح‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ‫غ‬١‫ طوخ‬ٝ ً ‫ٕ كظخ‬ٌٞ‫ط‬
‫َ ًظخد‬٠‫ٕ ٓئُلش أك‬ٞ‫ٗٔظ‬ٝ ٠ٗ‫لخ‬٤‫هض ٓظ‬ُٞ‫ْ ح‬٤‫خ ٓٔظ٘خٍس ط٘ظ‬ٜ‫ هيٓظ‬٢‫خثق حُظ‬ُٜ٘‫ ح‬ٞ‫٘خى رؼ‬ٛ
:‫هض‬ُٞ‫ْ ح‬٤‫ٕ ُظ٘ظ‬ٞ‫ٗٔظ‬ٝ ٢ٗ‫لخ‬٤‫اٍٗخىحص ٓظ‬

‫هض‬ُٞ‫ حٗطزخع إٔ ػ٘يى ح‬٠‫ؼط‬٣ ‫هزخٍ ؟" كٌُي‬٧‫ آهَ ح‬٢ٛ ‫ طٔؤٍ أٓجِش ٓؼَ "ٓخ‬٫ -1
.‫ع ٓزخَٗطخ‬ُٟٞٞٔ‫ِذ ح‬ٛ ٢‫ش طليع ك‬٤‫ كزؼي اُوخء حُظل‬.‫غ‬٣‫َحف حُلي‬١‫ُظـخًد أ‬

‫ش‬٣‫خ‬ٜٗ ٢‫ ك‬ٝ‫ حُؼ٘خء أ‬ٝ‫ش هزَ حُـٌحء أ‬٤‫خطل‬ٛ ‫ كبًح هٔض رٌٔخُٔش‬.‫هض حٌُٔخُٔش رًٌخء‬ٝ َ٤‫ طو‬-2
.َ‫ّ ػَٔ ٓظـي إٔ حُ٘خّ طظليع حه‬ٞ٣

‫ي‬٣ٍ‫ ً٘ض أ‬٠ٌُ٘ ٝ ,‫غ ىهخثن‬٠‫ ر‬٢‫ كو‬ٟ‫ إ ُي‬,٬ٛ‫ً "أ‬٬‫ اريأ هخث‬. ‫هض حٌُٔخُٔش‬ُٞ ‫ى‬ٝ‫غ كي‬ٟ -3
‫غ‬٠‫ ر‬٢‫ كو‬١‫ ٌُٖ ُي‬ٝ َ‫ى إٔ أطليع ٓؼي أًؼ‬ٝ‫ أ‬,٠ُٜ‫خ أ‬٣ " ٝ‫ أ‬,".....ٕ‫إٔ أطليع ٓؼي ر٘ؤ‬
".٠ٓ‫ٔخ‬ٜٓ ‫خء‬٠‫ذ ُو‬ًٛ‫ىهخثن هزَ إٔ أ‬

‫هض‬ٝ ٖٓ ‫ حهٌ ٍحكش‬ٚ٤ِ‫ٖ ػ‬٤‫ظؼ‬٣ ً‫ٖ ػَػَس‬٤‫ أًؼَ حُٔظليػ‬٠‫ كلظ‬. ٌِْ‫هلخص حُٔظ‬ٝ ٖٓ ‫ حٓظلي‬-4
.‫ حٌُٔخُٔش‬٠ٜٗ‫ "ػْ أ‬.‫ ػ٘ي إً هَ رَٔػش "ُوي ًخٕ حُظٌِْ ٓؼي ٓظؼش‬.َ‫ه‬٥

ً٬‫غ حُٔظليع هخث‬١‫ حُلخُش هخ‬ٌٙٛ ٢‫ ك‬,‫لخص‬٤ِٔ‫ِلع حُظ‬٣ ٫ ّ‫ حُ٘خ‬ٞ‫ كزؼ‬. ‫ ىػي ٖٓ حُٔـخِٓش‬-5
ٕ‫ٕ أ‬ٝ‫غ حُٔٔخػش ى‬ٟ ْ‫ "ػ‬.‫ حُِوخ ء‬٠ُ‫ ا‬.٢٘ٔٛ‫يح‬٣ ‫هض‬ُٞ‫ ٌُٖ ح‬ٝ َ‫ى إٔ أطليع ٓؼي أًؼ‬ٝ‫" ً٘ض أ‬
.‫خء حُٔلخىػش‬ٜٗ٩ ‫ط٘ظظَ اًٗخ‬

138
 ‫‪ -6‬حرلغ ػٖ " َٗ‪٣‬ي ُي ك‪ ٢‬حُـَ‪ٔ٣‬ش‪ ".‬كبًح ُْ ‪٣‬ـي‪ًُ ًَ ١‬ي كَٔ أ‪ٗ ١‬و‪ ٚ‬ك‪٢‬‬
‫حُز‪٤‬ض إٔ ‪ٔ٣‬خػيى‪ .‬ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬ز‪ َ٤‬حُٔؼخٍ أٗخٍس حَٓأس ُِ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬خ ُ‪٤ٜ٤‬ق هخث‪" ً٬‬ؿ‪ ٖ٤‬أػظوي إٔ حُِلْ‬
‫‪٣‬لظَم!"‬

‫‪ -7‬طـ٘ذ حُ‪ٜ‬خطق طٔخٓخ ً ‪ ٝ .‬حٓظويّ ؿ‪ٜ‬خُ حَُى ح‪ُ ٢ُ٥‬لـذ حٌُٔخُٔخص ‪ ٝ‬اًح ًخٕ ُي‪٣‬ي‬
‫ٍٓخُش ٓ‪ٜٔ‬ش ُؼَػخٍحً كؼِ‪٤‬ي رظًَ‪ٜ‬خ ػ٘يٓخ ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬هخٍؽ حٍُِٔ٘‪.‬‬

‫‪َ١‬م ُـؼَ حٌُٔخُٔخص حُ‪ٜ‬خطل‪٤‬ش أه‪َٜ‬‬

‫‪ َٛ ‬طلذ حُظليع ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٜ‬خطق ؟‬
‫‪ َٛ ‬طؼظوي حٗي طو‪ٝ ٢٠‬هظخ ً أ‪ ٖٓ ٍٞ١‬حُ‪ ُّ٬‬ك‪ ٢‬حُظليع ‪ٛ‬خطل‪٤‬خ ؟‬
‫ً‬
‫‪٣‬ؼِ‪ ٖ٤ٍٗ ٞ‬حُ‪ٜ‬خطق‪ .‬اٗ‪ٛ ٚ‬ي‪٣‬ن‪٣َ٣ ,‬ي إٔ ‪٣‬وزَى ػٖ آهَ ٌٓ٘‪٬‬ط‪ٌُ٘ .ٚ‬ي ‪ ٫‬طَ‪٣‬ي إٔ طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬كظخ ً‬
‫ٓؼ‪ ٝ ٚ‬طوخ‪١‬ؼ‪ٓ ٌُٖ ٝ ,ٚ‬خًح ر‪ٓٞ‬ؼي إٔ طلؼَ ؟‬
‫– ٓظ‪٤‬لخٗ‪ٔ٤ٗٝ ٠‬ظ‪ٓ ,ٕٞ‬ئُلش‬ ‫اُ‪٤‬ي رؼ‪ ٞ‬ح‪ٍٗ٩‬خىحص حُظ‪ ٢‬طويٓ‪ٜ‬خ ٓٔظ٘خٍس ط٘ظ‪ ْ٤‬حُ‪ٞ‬هض‬
‫ًظخد "أك‪ٜٗ َ٠‬خثق ‪َ١‬م ط٘ظ‪ ْ٤‬حُ‪ٞ‬هض"‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ٫ .1‬طٔؤٍ أٓجِش ٓؼَ "ٓخ ‪ ٢ٛ‬آهَ أهزخٍى ؟"‪:‬‬

‫كبٗ‪ٜ‬خ طؼط‪ ٠‬حٗطزخػخ ً إ ُي‪٣‬ي ‪ٝ‬هظخ ً ُظـخًد أ‪َ١‬حف حُلي‪٣‬غ‪ ,‬رؼي حُظل‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬طليع ٓزخَٗس ك‪٢‬‬
‫‪ِٛ‬ذ حُٔ‪ٟٞٞ‬ع‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬طو‪ َ٤‬ط‪ٞ‬ه‪٤‬ض ٌٓخُٔخطي رًٌخء‪:‬‬

‫ٌٓخُٔش هزَ حُـيحء أ‪ ٝ‬حُؼ٘خء‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬ك‪ٜٗ ٢‬خ‪٣‬ش ‪ ّٞ٣‬ػَٔ‪ ,‬كبٕ حٓظؼيحى حُ٘خّ ُِظليع ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬أهَ‪.‬‬

‫‪ٟ .3‬غ كيحً أه‪ٌُِٔ ٠ٜ‬خُٔش‪:‬‬

‫حريأ رــ"َٓكزخ ً"‪ُ ,‬ي‪ ٟ‬ر‪٠‬غ ىهخثن ‪ ٠ٌُ٘,‬أٍ‪٣‬ي إٔ أكيػي ػٖ‪".‬ػل‪ٞ‬حً"‪ً٘ ,‬ض أ‪ٝ‬ى حُظليع أًؼَ‪,‬‬
‫ُي‪ ٟ‬كو‪ ٢‬ىه‪٤‬وظخٕ هزَ حُو‪٤‬خّ رزؼ‪ ٞ‬حُٔ‪ٜ‬خّ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬حؿظْ٘ ُلظش حُ‪ٜٔ‬ض‪:‬‬

‫كظ‪ ٠‬أًؼَ حُ٘خّ ػَػَس ‪٣‬ظ‪ٞ‬هق ٖٓ ك‪ ٖ٤‬اُ‪ ٠‬آهَ ‪ .‬هَ ُ‪٣َٓ ٚ‬ؼخ ً "ًخٕ ٖٓ حُٔٔظغ حُظليع‬
‫اُ‪٤‬ي"‪ .‬ػ٘يثٌ اٗ‪ ٢ٜ‬حٌُٔخُٔش‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ىػي ٖٓ حُٔـخِٓش‪:‬‬

‫كزؼ‪ ٞ‬حُ٘خّ ‪ِ٣ ٫‬لظ‪ٌُ ,ٕٞ‬ح هخ‪١‬غ ٓليػي هخث‪ً٘" :ً٬‬ض أٍؿذ ك‪ ٢‬حُظليع اُ‪٤‬ي أًؼَ‪ٌُٖ ٝ ,‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬هظ‪٣ ٫ ٢‬ظٔغ‪ ,‬اُ‪ ٠‬حُِوخء "‪ .‬ػْ ‪ٟ‬غ حُٔٔخػش ‪ ٫ ٝ‬ططِذ اًٗخ ً ‪ٜٗ٩‬خء حٌُٔخُٔش‪.‬‬

‫‪139‬‬
 :‫ حُٔئحَٓس‬٢‫ي ك‬٣َٗ ٖ‫ حرلغ ػ‬.6

.ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ كَى رخ‬١‫ِذ حُٔٔخػيس ٖٓ أ‬١‫ ح‬,َ‫ ٗت آه‬١‫ أ‬١‫ـي‬٣ ُْ ‫اًح‬

."‫لظَم‬٣ ‫حء‬ُٞ٘‫ حػظوي إٔ ح‬,ٕ‫ "ؿخ‬:‫ق‬٤ٜ٣ ١ٌُ‫ ح‬,‫خ‬ٜ‫ؿ‬ُِٝ ‫َ حَٓأس‬٤٘‫ ط‬:ٍ‫َ حُٔؼخ‬٤‫ ٓز‬٠ِ‫كؼ‬

:ً ‫خطق طٔخٓخ‬ُٜ‫طـ٘ذ ح‬.7

‫ حطَى‬,ٍ‫ ػَػخ‬ٚ‫خٓش ُ٘و‬ٛ ‫ي ٍٓخُش‬٣‫ اًح ًخٗض ُي‬ٝ .‫ ُظـ٘ذ حٌُٔخُٔخص‬٢ُ٥‫خُ حَُى ح‬ٜ‫حٓظويّ ؿ‬
.ً‫ىح‬ٞ‫ؿ‬ٞٓ ٌٕٞ٣ ٫ ‫ حَُٓخُش ػ٘يٓخ‬ُٚ

OLD MAN AT THE BRIDGE

A short story by: Ernst Hemingway

An old man with steel rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by
the side of the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and
carts, trucks, and men, women and children were crossing it. The mule-
drawn carts staggered up the steep bank from the bridge with soldiers
helping push against the spokes of the wheels, the trucks ground up and
away heading out of it all and the peasants plodded along in the ankle
deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. He was too tired
to go any farther.
It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond
and find out to what point the enemy had advanced. I did this and
returned over the bridge. There were not so many carts now and very
few people on foot, but the man was still there.
"Where do you come from?" I asked him.
"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.
That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and
he smiled.
"I was taking care of animals," he explained.
"Oh," I said, not quite understanding.
"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals, I was the last
one to leave the town of San Carlos."
He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his
black dusty clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed
spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"
"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."
I was watching the bridge and the African looking country of the Ebro
Delta and wondering how long now it would be before we would see

140
 the enemy, and listening all the while for the first noises that would
signal that ever mysterious event called contact, and the old man still
sat there.
"What animals were they?" I asked.
"There were three animals altogether," he explained. "There were two
goats and a cat and then there were four pairs of pigeons."
"And you had to leave them?" I asked.
"Yes. Because of the artillery. The captain told me to go because of the
artillery."
"And you have no family?" I asked, watching the far end of the bridge
where a few last carts were hurrying down the slope of the bank.
"No," he said, "only the animals. The cat, of course, will be all right. A
cat can look out for itself, but I cannot think what will become of the
others."
"What politics have you?" I asked.
"I am without politics," he said. I am seventy-six years old. I have come
twelve kilometers now and I think now I can go no further."
"This is not a good place to stop," I said. "If you can make it, there are
trucks up the road where it forks for Tortosa."
"I will wait a while," he said, "and then I will go. Where do the trucks
go?"
"To Barcelona"
"I know no one in that direction, "he said, "but thank you very much.
Thank you very much."
He looked at me very blankly and tiredly, and then said, having to share
his worry with some one, "The cat will be all right, I am sure. There is
no need to be unquiet about the cat. But the others. Now what do you
think about the others?"
"Why they'll probably come through it all right."
"You think so?"
"Why not," I said, watching the far bank where now there were no
carts.
"But what will they do under the artillery. I was told to leave because
of the artillery?"
"Did you leave the dove cage unlocked?" I asked.
"Yes."
"Then they'll fly."
"Yes, certainly they'll fly." But the others. It's better not to think about
the others," he said.
"If you are rested I would go," I urged. "Get up and try to walk now."

141
 ‫‪"Thank you," he said and got to his feet, swayed from side to side and‬‬
‫‪then sat down backwards in the dust.‬‬
‫‪"I was taking care of animals," he said dully, but no longer to me. "I‬‬
‫"‪was only taking care of animals.‬‬
‫‪There was nothing to do about him. It was Easter Sunday and the‬‬
‫‪Fascists were advancing toward the Ebro. It was a gray overcast day‬‬
‫‪with a low ceiling so their planes were not up. That and the fact that‬‬
‫‪cats know how to look after themselves was all the good luck that old‬‬
‫‪man would ever have.‬‬

‫ػـ‪ ُٞ‬ػ٘ي حُـَٔ روِْ حٍٗٔض ‪٘ٔ٤ٛ‬ـ‪ٞ‬ح‪١‬‬

‫ًخٕ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ٍؿَ ػـ‪٣ ُٞ‬ـِْ ػِ‪ ٠‬ؿخٗذ حُطَ‪٣‬ن‪ٍ ,‬ع حُؼ‪٤‬خد ‪َ٣ ٝ‬طي‪ٗ ٟ‬ظخٍس ًحص ا‪١‬خٍ‬
‫ٓؼيٗ‪ً .٢‬خٕ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ؿَٔحً ػخثٔخ أػِ‪ ٠‬حُ٘‪ ,َٜ‬طَٔ ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬ػَرخص ٗوَ ‪ٗ ٝ‬خك٘خص ‪ٍ ٝ‬ؿخٍ ‪ٔٗٝ‬خء‬
‫ٕ حُـَٔ‬ ‫‪ ٝ‬أ‪١‬لخٍ‪ .‬ػَرخص حُ٘وَ حُظ‪ ٢‬طـَ‪ٛ‬خ حُزـخٍ ًخٗض طظٔخ‪ َ٣‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُـخٗذ حُٔ٘ليٍ ّ‬
‫‪٣ٝ‬لخ‪ ٍٝ‬حُـ٘‪ٞ‬ى حُٔٔخػيس ريكغ حُؼَرخص ‪٧‬ػِ‪ً .٠‬خٗض حُ٘خك٘خص طظيحكغ ٓظظخرؼش ُظزِؾ ٗ‪ٜ‬خ‪٣‬ش‬
‫حُـَٔ ‪ ٝ‬حُل‪٬‬ك‪ٓ ٕٞ٠ٔ٣ ٕٞ‬ظؼخهِ‪ ٝ ٖ٤‬حُـزخٍ ‪ َٜ٣‬اُ‪ ٠‬حٌُخكَ‪ .‬ؿِْ حُؼـ‪ٓ ُٞ‬خً٘خ ً‪ً .‬خٕ‬
‫ٓظؼزخ ً ُيٍؿش اٗ‪٣ ٫ ٚ‬و‪ ٟٞ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُٔ‪ ٢٠‬أًؼَ ٖٓ ًُي‪.‬‬
‫ًخٕ ػِٔ‪ ٢‬إٔ أػزَ حُـَٔ ‪٧‬طلوي ٓخ ‪ٍٝ‬حء ٓيهَ حُـَٔ ‪ٓ٧‬ظٌ٘ق ٖٓ أ‪ٗ ١‬وطش ‪٣‬ظويّ ح‪٧‬ػيحء‪.‬‬
‫هٔض رٌُي ‪ٝ‬ػيص ػزَ حُـَٔ‪ .‬ك‪٘٤‬جٌ ُْ ‪٘ٛ ٌٖ٣‬خى ٓ‪ ٟٞ‬رؼ‪ ٞ‬ػَرخص حُ٘وَ ‪ ٝ‬حُوِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُ٘خّ‬
‫ٓظَؿِ‪ ٌُٖ ,ٖ٤‬حُؼـ‪ً ُٞ‬خٕ ‪ِ٣ ٫‬حٍ ‪٘ٛ‬خى‪.‬‬
‫ٓؤُظ‪ ٖٓ" :ٚ‬أ‪ ٖ٣‬أط‪٤‬ض؟"‪ .‬هخٍ ‪٣ ٞٛ ٝ‬زظْٔ" "ٖٓ ٓخٕ ًخٍُ‪ً ."ّٞ‬خٗض ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬خ ‪٣‬زي‪ٔٓ ٢ٛ ٝ‬و‪٢‬‬
‫ٍأٓ‪ٌُٝ ٚ‬ح ٗؼَ رخُٔؼخىس ًٌَُ‪ٛ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬أ‪ٟ‬خف ٓ‪ٟٞ‬لخ ً‪ُ":‬وي ً٘ض أػظ٘‪ ٢‬رخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص"‪.‬‬
‫أؿزظ‪":ٚ‬كوخ ً" ‪ ُْ ٝ‬أك‪ٓ ْٜ‬خ هخُ‪ ٚ‬ؿ‪٤‬يحً‪.‬‬
‫هخٍ‪ٗ" :‬ؼْ؛ ٌٓؼض ‪ٍ٧‬ػ‪ ٠‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص"‪ً٘ .‬ض أهَ ٖٓ ‪٣‬ـخىٍ ٓخٕ ًخٍُ‪.ّٞ‬‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬حُلو‪٤‬وش ُْ ‪٣ ٌٖ٣‬زي‪ ٝ‬ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حٗ‪ٍ ٚ‬حػ‪ ٠‬أؿ٘خّ أ‪ٓ ٝ‬خٗ‪٤‬ش ك٘ظَص اُ‪ ٠‬ػ‪٤‬خر‪ ٚ‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬ىحء حَُػش ‪ٝٝ‬ؿ‪ٜٚ‬‬
‫حُٔظٔن ‪ٗٝ‬ظخٍط‪ً ٚ‬حص ح‪١٩‬خٍ حُٔؼيٗ‪ ٝ ٢‬هِض ُ‪ٓ" :ٚ‬خ ‪ ٢ٛ‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص حُظ‪ً ٢‬خٗض ‪٘ٛ‬خى؟"‪.‬‬
‫هخٍ‪":‬حُؼي‪٣‬ي ٖٓ حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص" ‪ٍ ِٛٝ‬أٓ‪ ٝ ٚ‬أ‪ٟ‬خف هخث‪ُ":ً٬‬وي ح‪ٟ‬طٍَص ُظًَ‪."ْٜ‬‬
‫ً٘ض أٍهذ حُـَٔ ‪ٝ‬أٗخ‪ٛ‬ي هَ‪٣‬ش (ىُظخ حرَ‪ً – )ٝ‬حص حُطخرغ ح‪٩‬كَ‪٣‬و‪ ٝ – ٢‬أطٔخءٍ ًْ طزو‪ٖٓ ٠‬‬
‫حُ‪ٞ‬هض هزَ إٔ َٗ‪ ٟ‬ح‪٧‬ػيحء‪ ,‬ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬ح‪٧‬ػ٘خء ً٘ض حٓظٔغ اُ‪ ٠‬ريح‪٣‬ش حُ‪ٟٞ٠‬خء حُظ‪ ٢‬هي طؼ٘‪٠‬‬
‫ح‪ٗ٩‬خٍس اُ‪ ٠‬ح‪ٗ٫‬ظزخى‪ً ٝ ,‬خٕ حُؼـ‪ِ٣ ٫ ُٞ‬حٍ ‪٘ٛ‬خى‪.‬‬
‫ٓؤُظ‪َٓ ٚ‬س أهَ‪ٓ " :ٟ‬خ ٗ‪ٞ‬ع حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص حُظ‪ً ٢‬خٗض ‪٘ٛ‬خى؟"‪.‬‬
‫هخٍ ُ‪ٟٞٓ ٢‬لخ ً" "ًخٕ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ػ‪٬‬ػش أٗ‪ٞ‬حع ٖٓ حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص"‪ً" ,‬خٗض ‪٘ٛ‬خى ٓؼِطخٕ ‪ٝ‬ه‪ ٝ ٢‬أٍرؼش‬
‫أُ‪ٝ‬حؽ ٖٓ حُلٔخّ"‪.‬‬
‫ٓؤُظ‪ َٛ ٝ ":ٚ‬ح‪ٟ‬طٍَص ُظًَ‪ْٜ‬؟"‪ .‬هخٍ" "ٗؼْ‪ ,‬رٔزذ ٗ‪َ٤‬حٕ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش"‪ .‬أَٓٗ‪ ٢‬حُوخثي رخَُك‪َ٤‬‬
‫رٔزذ ٗ‪َ٤‬حٕ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش"‪.‬‬
‫ٓؤُظ‪" :ٚ‬أُ‪ُ ْ٤‬ي‪٣‬ي ػخثِش؟"‪ً٘ ٝ ,‬ض أٗظَ اُ‪ٜٗ ٠‬خ‪٣‬ش حُـَٔ حُزؼ‪٤‬يس ر‪ٔ٘٤‬خ حُوِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬ػَرخص حُ٘وَ‬
‫‪َٔ٣‬ع أٓلَ حُـخٗذ حُٔ٘ليٍ‪.‬‬

‫‪142‬‬
 ‫أؿخر٘‪ ,٫":٢‬كو‪ ٢‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ًٔخ هِض ُي‪ ٌٕٞ٤ٓ .‬حُو‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬خ ‪َ٣‬حّ‪ٔ٣ .‬ظط‪٤‬غ حُو‪ ٢‬إٔ ‪٣‬ؼظ٘‪٢‬‬
‫ر٘لٔ‪ ٫ ٠ٌُ٘ ,ٚ‬أٓظط‪٤‬غ إٔ أكٌَ ً‪٤‬ق ٓ‪ٜ٤‬زق ح‪٥‬هَ‪."ٖ٣‬‬
‫ػيص أٓخُ‪ٓ" :ٚ‬خ ‪ ٢ٛ‬حطـخ‪ٛ‬خطي حُٔ‪٤‬خٓ‪٤‬ش ؟ "‪.‬‬
‫هخٍ‪ ٢ُ ْ٤ُ" :‬حطـخ‪ٛ‬خص ٓ‪٤‬خٓ‪٤‬ش"‪ .‬كؤٗخ أرِؾ ٖٓ حُؼَٔ حُٔخىٓش ‪ ٝ‬حُٔزؼ‪ ٝ ٕٞ‬هطؼض كظ‪ ٠‬ح‪ٕ٥‬‬
‫أػ٘‪ ٠‬ػَ٘ ً‪ٓ ِٞ٤‬ظَحً ‪ ٝ‬أػظوي حٗ٘‪ ٫ ٠‬أه‪ ٟٞ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُِٔ‪٣‬ي‪.‬‬
‫هِض ُ‪ٔ٤ُ" :ٚ‬ض ‪ٗ ٌٙٛ‬وطش ؿ‪٤‬يس ُِظ‪ٞ‬هق "‪ .‬اًح ً٘ض طٔظط‪٤‬غ؛ ك‪ٜ٘‬خى ٗخك٘خص ػِ‪ ٠‬حُطَ‪٣‬ن طظـ‪ٚ‬‬
‫اُ‪( ٠‬طَط‪ٓٞ‬خ)‪.‬‬
‫هخٍ‪ٓ " :‬ؤٗظظَ رَ‪ٛ‬ش "‪ ٝ ,‬رؼي‪ٛ‬خ أً‪ٛ‬ذ‪" .‬اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ ٖ٣‬طظـ‪ ٌٙٛ ٚ‬حُ٘خك٘خص ؟ "‪.‬‬
‫أهزَط‪ٗ " :ٚ‬خك‪٤‬ش رَِٗ‪ٗٞ‬ش "‪.‬‬
‫هخٍ‪" :‬أٗخ ‪ ٫‬أػَف أكيحً ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح ح‪٫‬طـخ‪ٌَٗ ٌُٖ ٝ " ," ٙ‬حً ؿِ‪ ,ً٬٣‬أٌَٗى ر٘يس"‪.‬‬
‫ٗظَ اُ‪ٗ ٠‬ظَس ٓظؼزش ‪ ٫ ٝ‬طْ٘ ػٖ ٗت‪ ٝ ,‬هخٍ ‪َ٣ ٞٛ ٝ‬ؿ‪ ٞ‬إٔ ‪٘٣‬خًٍ‪ ٚ‬أكيحً ك‪ ٢‬هِو‪ ":ٚ‬حُو‪٢‬‬
‫ٓ‪ ٌٕٞ٤‬رو‪ ,َ٤‬أٗخ ٓ‪ٞ‬هٖ ٖٓ ًُي‪ ٫ .‬ىحػ‪ُِ ٢‬وِن ػِ‪ ٌُٖ .ٚ٤‬ح‪٥‬هَ‪ٓ .ٕٝ‬خًح طؼظوي ر٘ؤٕ‬
‫ح‪٥‬هَ‪ٖ٣‬؟"‪.‬‬
‫‪ٔ١‬ؤٗظ‪ُٔ" :ٚ‬خًح ‪ٌٞٗٞ٣ ٫‬ح رو‪ َ٤‬؟ ٍى"‪ ٫‬أػظوي ًُي ؟"‪.‬‬
‫هِض ُ‪ً٘ ٝ "٫ ُْ" : ٚ‬ض أطخرغ حُـخٗذ حُزؼ‪٤‬ي‪ ,‬ك‪٤‬غ ‪ٞ٣ ٫‬ؿي ح‪ ٕ٥‬أ‪٣‬ش ػَرخص ٗوَ‪.‬‬
‫ػخى ‪٣‬و‪ٓ ٌُٖ " :ٍٞ‬خًح ٓ‪٤‬لؼِ‪ ٕٞ‬طلض ٗ‪َ٤‬حٕ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬أٗخ ًٔخ أهزَطي طًَظ‪ ْٜ‬رٔزذ ًُي؟‬
‫ٓؤُظ‪ َٛ"ٚ‬طًَض هل‪ ٚ‬حُلٔخّ ٓلظ‪ٞ‬كخ ً كوخٍ "ٗؼْ"‪ .‬هِض "اًح ٓ‪٤‬ط‪."َٕٝ٤‬‬
‫هخٍ "ٗؼْ رخُطزغ ٓ‪٤‬ط‪ ٌُٖ .َٕٝ٤‬ح‪٥‬هَ‪ ٖٓ .ٖ٣‬ح‪٧‬ك‪ َ٠‬أ‪ ٫‬أكٌَ رخ‪٥‬هَ‪."ٖ٣‬‬
‫ػيص أُق ػِ‪" :ٚ٤‬اًح ً٘ض هي حٍطلض كٔ‪ٞ‬ف أً‪ٛ‬ذ"‪" .‬أٗ‪ ٝ ,ٜٞ‬كخ‪ ٍٝ‬إٔ طٔ٘‪ ٢‬ح‪."ٕ٥‬‬
‫هخٍ ُ‪ٌَٗ " :٢‬حً ُي " ‪ٝٝ‬هق ػِ‪ ٠‬هيٓ‪ ,ٚ٤‬ػْ طَٗق ‪ ٝ‬ؿِْ َٓس أهَ‪ ٟ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ح‪.ٍٝ٧‬‬
‫ص"‪ًٍَٛٝ .‬خ ى‪ ٕٝ‬إٔ ‪ِ٣‬ظلض اُ‪ً٘" ٠‬ض كو‪ ٢‬أػظ٘‪٢‬‬ ‫هخٍ رٌآرش‪ً٘" :‬ض حػظ٘‪ ٠‬رخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخ‬
‫رخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص"‪.‬‬
‫– ‪ ّٞ٣‬ح‪٧‬كي – ‪ٞ٣‬حكن ػ‪٤‬ي حُل‪ٜ‬ق‬ ‫ُْ ‪٘ٛ ٌٖ٣‬خى ٓخ أٓظط‪٤‬غ إٔ أكؼِ‪ ٖٓ ٚ‬أؿِ‪ً .ٚ‬خٕ حُ‪ّٞ٤‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُلخٗ‪ٓ ٕٞ٤‬ظويٓ‪ٗ ٕٞ‬ل‪( ٞ‬ارَ‪ُ .)ٝ‬وي ًخٕ ‪ٓٞ٣‬خ ً ِٓزيحً رخُـ‪ ٝ ّٞ٤‬حُٔلذ ٓ٘ول‪٠‬ش ‪١ ٝ‬خثَحص‬
‫حُؼي‪ ٫ ٝ‬طٔطغ إٔ طلِن‪ ٝ .‬كو‪٤‬وش إٔ حُوط‪ ٢‬طؼَف ً‪٤‬ق طؼظ٘‪ ٢‬ر٘لٔ‪ٜ‬خ ًخٗض ‪ٓ ًَ ٢ٛ‬خ ‪ٔ٣‬ظط‪٤‬غ‬
‫إٔ ‪٣‬ل‪ َٜ‬ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حُؼـ‪ ٖٓ ُٞ‬كع ٓؼ‪٤‬ي‪.‬‬

‫ػـ‪ ُٞ‬ػ٘ي حُـَٔ روِْ حٍٗٔض ‪٘ٔ٤ٛ‬ـ‪ٞ‬ح‪١‬‬

‫ًخٕ ‪٣‬ـِْ رـخٗذ حُطَ‪٣‬ن‪ٍ ,‬ؿَ ػـ‪ٍ ُٞ‬ع حُؼ‪٤‬خد‪َ٣ ,‬طي‪ٗ ٟ‬ظخٍحص ٓؼيٗ‪٤‬ش ح‪١٩‬خٍ‪ًٝ .‬خٕ‬
‫‪٘ٛ‬خى ؿَٔ كَر‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُ٘‪ َٜ‬طؼزَ‪ ٙ‬ػَرخص ‪ٗٝ‬خك٘خص‪ٍ ,‬ؿخٍ ‪ٔٗٝ‬خء ‪ٝ‬أ‪١‬لخٍ‪ .‬ػَرخص طـَ‪ٛ‬خ‬
‫حُزـخٍ ط‪ٜ‬خٍع ٖٓ أؿَ ‪ٛ‬ؼ‪ٞ‬ى ٓ٘ليٍ حُ‪٠‬لش ٖٓ حُـَٔ ‪ٝ‬حُـ٘‪ٞ‬ى ‪ٔ٣‬خػي‪ ٕٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬ىكؼ‪ٜ‬خ ‪٧‬ػِ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُ٘خك٘خص طزظؼي ٓلَ٘ؿش ‪ٝ‬حُل‪٬‬ك‪ ٕٞ٘ٔ٣ ٕٞ‬رظؼخهَ ك‪ ٢‬ؿزخٍ كظ‪ ٠‬حٌُخكِ‪ .ٖ٤‬ا‪ًُ ٫‬ي حُؼـ‪ُٞ‬‬
‫حٌُ‪ً ١‬خٕ ‪٣‬ـِْ ر‪ ٬‬كَحى‪ ,‬كوي ًخٕ ٓ٘‪ٌٜ‬خ ً ُيٍؿش أٗ‪ٔ٣ ُْ ٚ‬ظطغ حُظويّ أًؼَ ٖٓ ًُي‪.‬‬
‫ًخٗض ٓ‪ٜٔ‬ظ‪ ٢‬إٔ أػزَ حُـَٔ ‪ٝ‬أطلوي ٓخ ‪ٍٝ‬حء ‪ ٢ٌُ ٙ‬حٓظٌ٘ق اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ٓ ١‬ي‪ ٟ‬طويّ حُؼي‪ .ٝ‬هٔض‬
‫رٔ‪ٜٔ‬ظ‪ٝ ٢‬ػيص اُ‪ ٠‬حُـَٔ كِْ أؿي آٌٗحى ٓ‪ ٟٞ‬حُوِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُؼَرخص رخ‪ٟ٩‬خكش اُ‪ ٠‬حُوِ‪ٖٓ َ٤‬‬
‫حُٔظَؿِ‪ً ٌُٖٝ ٖ٤‬خٕ ُْ ‪ ٍِ٣‬حُؼـ‪٘ٛ ُٞ‬خى‪.‬‬
‫‪ٓ -‬ؤُظ‪ ٖٓ" ٚ‬أ‪ ٖ٣‬طؤط‪٠‬؟" كؤؿخر٘‪ ٢‬رخرظٔخٓش "ٖٓ ٓخٕ ًخٍُ‪."ّٞ‬‬
‫ًخٗض طِي ‪ ٚ٘١ٞٓ ٢ٛ‬ح‪ ٢ِٛ٧‬كٔ٘ل‪ًًَٛ ٚ‬خ ٓؼخىس كخرظْٔ‪.‬‬

‫‪143‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬هخٍ ٓلَٔحً " ً٘ض أػظ٘‪ ٢‬رخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص"‬
‫‪" -‬كوخً؟!!" ‪ ُْ ٌُٖٝ‬أػ‪ ٢‬ؿ‪٤‬يحً ٓخ ‪ٙ‬‬
‫‪٣‬و‪. ٍٞ‬‬
‫‪ٗ" -‬ؼْ‪ً٘ ,‬ض هخثٔخ ً ػِ‪ٍ ٠‬ػخ‪٣‬ش حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص‪ً٘ ,‬ض آهَ ٖٓ ؿخىٍ ٓي‪٘٣‬ش "ٓخٕ ًخٍُ‪ُْ" ."ّٞ‬‬
‫‪ٓ ٌٖ٣‬ظ‪ٞ٣ َٜٙ‬ك‪ ٠‬رؤٗ‪ٍ ٚ‬حع‪ ,‬ك٘ظَص اُ‪٬ٓ ٠‬رٔ‪ ٚ‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬ىحء حَُػش ‪ٝٝ‬ؿ‪ ٜٚ‬حَُٓخى‪ ١‬حُِٔطن‬
‫رخُـزخٍ ‪ٗٝ‬ظخٍحط‪ً ٚ‬حص ح‪١٩‬خٍ حُٔؼيٗ‪.٢‬‬
‫‪ٓ -‬ؤُظ‪ٓ" ٚ‬خ ٗ‪ٞ‬ع ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص؟"‬
‫‪ -‬كؤؿخر٘‪ٓ ٢‬لًَخ ً ٍأٓ‪" ٚ‬ك‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ٓظ٘‪ٞ‬ػش‪ ,‬ح‪ٟ‬طٍَص اُ‪ ٠‬طًَ‪"ْٜ‬‬
‫ً٘ض أٍحهذ حُـَٔ ‪ٝ‬هَ‪٣‬ش ًحص ‪١‬خرغ أكَ‪٣‬و‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ىُظخ حرَ‪ٝ‬ـ ‪ٝ‬أطٔخءٍ ًْ ٖٓ حُ‪ٞ‬هض ‪٣‬ظزو‪ ٠‬هزَ‬
‫إٔ َٗ‪ ٟ‬حُؼي‪ٝ ,ٝ‬أٗ‪ٜ‬ض ‪ٞ١‬حٍ حُ‪ٞ‬هض اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ ٍٝ‬أ‪ٞٛ‬حص هي طٌٍ٘ رخهظَحد ًُي حُليع حُـخٓ‪ٞ‬‬
‫حُٔٔ ّٔ‪ ٠‬رخ‪ُ٫‬ظلخّ‪ٝ ,‬حُؼـ‪ِ٣ ٫ ُٞ‬حٍ ‪٘ٛ‬خى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬كٔؤُظ‪َٓ ٚ‬س أهَ‪ٓ" ٟ‬خ ٗ‪ٞ‬ع طِي حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص؟"‬
‫‪ً -‬خٗ‪ٞ‬ح ػ‪٬‬ػش أٗ‪ٞ‬حع أ‪ ً٫ٝ‬ػٖ آهَ‪ ,‬حػ٘خٕ ٖٓ حُٔخػِ ‪ٝ‬هطش ‪ٝ‬أٍرؼش أُ‪ٝ‬حؽ ٖٓ حُلٔخّ"‬
‫‪ٝ" -‬ح‪ٟ‬طٍَص اُ‪ ٠‬طًَ‪ْٜ‬؟"‬
‫‪ٗ" -‬ؼْ رٔزذ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش‪ .‬كِوي ‪ِ١‬ذ ٓ٘‪ ٠‬حُوخثي حَُك‪ َ٤‬رٔزذ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش‪".‬‬
‫‪ٓ -‬ؤُظ‪ٝ ٚ‬أٗخ أٍحهذ حُـ‪ٜ‬ش حُزؼ‪٤‬يس ٖٓ حُـَٔ ك‪٤‬غ ًخٗض ػَرخص أه‪َ٤‬س هِ‪ِ٤‬ش طَٔع أٓلَ ٓ٘ليٍ‬
‫حُ‪٠‬لش‪" ,‬أُ‪ُ ْ٤‬ي‪٣‬ي ػخثِش؟"‬
‫‪ -‬كؤؿخر٘‪ ٫" ٢‬كو‪ٓ ٢‬خ ًًَص ٖٓ ك‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص‪ .‬حُو‪ٞٓ ٢‬ف ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬رخُظؤً‪٤‬ي ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬خ ‪َ٣‬ح ّ‪ ,‬كخُو‪ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‬‬
‫إٔ ‪٣‬ؼظ٘‪ ٢‬ر٘لٔ‪ ٫ ٌُٖٝ ٚ‬أٓظط‪٢‬ع حُظلٌ‪ َ٤‬ك‪ٔ٤‬خ هي ‪٣‬ليع ُ‪٦‬هَ‪".ٖ٣‬‬
‫‪ٓ" -‬خ‪ ٠ٛ‬حُٔ‪٤‬خٓش حُظ‪ ٢‬طظزؼ‪ٜ‬خ؟"‬
‫‪" -‬أٗخ ر‪٤ٓ ٬‬خٓش‪ ,‬كؤٗخ أرِؾ ٖٓ حُؼَٔ ‪ 76‬ػخٓخ ً ‪َٓٝ‬ص ح‪ُٔٔ ٕ٥‬خكش ‪ِٓٞ٤ً 12‬ظَ ‪ ٫ٝ‬أظ٘٘‪٠‬‬
‫أٓظط‪٤‬غ حُظويّ أًؼَ ٖٓ ًُي‪.‬؟‬
‫‪ٌٛ ٌُٖٝ " -‬ح ُ‪ ْ٤‬رٌٔخٕ ٓ‪٬‬ثْ ُِظ‪ٞ‬هق اًح ً٘ض طٔظط‪٤‬غ حُ‪ ٍٞٛٞ‬اُ‪ ٠‬أػِ‪ ٠‬حُطَ‪٣‬ن حُٔظلَع‬
‫اُ‪" ٠‬ط‪ٍٞ‬ط‪ٓٞ‬خ" ك‪ٜ٘‬خى ٗخك٘خص ‪ٌ٘ٔ٣‬ي حٓظو‪ُٜ٬‬خ‪".‬‬
‫‪ -‬كوخٍ‪ٞٓ" ,‬ف حٗظظَ هِ‪ٝ ً٬٤‬رؼي‪ٛ‬خ أٍكَ‪ .‬اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ ٖ٣‬طٌ‪ٛ‬ذ طِي حُ٘خك٘خص؟"‬
‫‪ -‬كؤؿخرظ‪" ٚ‬اُ‪ ٠‬رَِٗ‪ٗٞ‬ش‪".‬‬
‫‪ ٫" -‬أػَف أكيحً ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح ح‪٫‬طـخ‪ٌَٗ ٌُٖٝ ٙ‬ح ؿِ‪َٓ ٬٣‬س أهَ‪".ٟ‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪ٗٝ‬ظَ اُ‪ٗ ٠‬ظَس ٗظَس ٓظؼزش ‪٣ ٫‬ؼظَ‪ ٚ٣‬ح أ‪ّ٣‬ش طؼز‪ٝ َ٤‬هخٍ – ًخٕ ‪٣‬ـذ إٔ ‪٘٣‬خٍى أكيحً ٓوخ‪ٝ‬ك‪– ٚ‬‬
‫"ٓ‪ٞ‬ف ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬حُو‪ ٢‬ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬خ ‪َ٣‬ح ّ‪ ,‬كؤٗخ ٓظؤًي‪ ٫ .‬ؿي‪ ٖٓ ٟ ٝ‬حُوِن ػِ‪ٓ ٌُٖ ٝ ٚ٤‬خًح ػٖ‬
‫ح‪٥‬هَ‪ٕ١‬؟‪ٓ ....‬خًح طظٖ ٓ‪ٞ‬ف ‪٣‬لَ ر‪ ْٜ‬ح‪ٕ٥‬؟!!‬
‫‪ ٖٓ" -‬حُٔلظَٔ إٔ ‪٘٣‬ـ‪ٞ‬ح ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼخ ً رٔ‪"ّ٬‬‬
‫‪ َٛ -‬طؼظوي ًُي؟"‬
‫‪ ٫ ُْٝ" -‬؟" هِظ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٝ‬أٗخ أٍحهذ حُ‪٠‬لش حُزؼ‪٤‬يس ك‪٤‬غ ًخٕ ‪ٞ٣ ٫‬ؽى ‪ٝ‬هظ‪ٜ‬خ حُِٔ‪٣‬ي ٖٓ حُؼَرخص‪".‬‬
‫‪ٓ ٌُٖٝ -‬خًح ٓ‪٤‬لؼِ‪ ٕٞ‬طلض ٗ‪َ٤‬حٕ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حُظ‪ ٢‬ح‪ٟ‬طٍَص أٗخ حَُك‪ َ٤‬رٔزز‪ٜ‬خ‪".‬‬
‫‪ َٛ" -‬طًَض هل‪ ٚ‬حُلٔخّ ٓلظ‪ٞ‬كخ؟"‬
‫‪ٗ" -‬ؼْ‪".‬‬
‫‪ " -‬اًح ٓ‪ٞ‬ف ‪٣‬ط‪".َٕٝ٤‬‬
‫‪ٗ -‬ؼْ‪ ,‬رخُظؤً‪٤‬ي ‪ ٌُٖٝ‬ح‪٥‬هَ‪ ٖٓ ... .ٖ٣‬ح‪٧‬ك‪ َ٠‬أ‪ ٫‬أكٌَ رخ‪٥‬هَ‪".ٖ٣‬‬
‫‪ -‬هِض ك‪ٓ ٢‬لخ‪ُٝ‬ش ُلؼ‪ ٚ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُٔ‪ ٢٠‬هيٓخ ً " اًح ً٘ض هي حٓظَكض ح‪ٞٓ ٕ٥‬ف أٓ‪ .٠٠‬حٗ‪ٜٞ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬كخ‪ ٍٝ‬إٔ طٔ‪".َ٤‬‬
‫‪" -‬أٌَٗى‪ ".‬هخُ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ّْ ٛٝ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬هيٓ‪ ,ٚ٤‬طََٗق‪ ,‬ػْ ػخى اُ‪ ٠‬حُـِ‪ ّٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُـزخٍ‪.‬‬

‫‪144‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬هخٍ رٌآرش ً٘ض هي ػ‪ٜ‬يط‪ٜ‬خ‪ً٘" ,‬ض أٍػ‪ ٠‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ‪ً٘ ...‬ض كو‪ ٢‬أٍػ‪ ٠‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص‪".‬‬
‫ُْ ‪٘ٛ ٌٖ٣‬خى ٓخ ‪ٔ٣‬ي ٕ كؼِ‪ً ُٚ ٚ‬خٕ ‪ٓٞ٣‬خ ً ِٓزيحً رخُـ‪ٔٓ ًٝ ّٞ٤‬خء ٓ٘ول‪٠‬ش كِْ طٌٖ ‪١‬خثَحط‪ْٜ‬‬
‫ٓلِوش‪ٌٛ .‬ح ‪ٝ‬كو‪٤‬وش ً‪ ٕٞ‬حُوط‪ ٢‬طيٍى ً‪٤‬ق طؼظ٘‪ ٢‬رؤٗلٔ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٓ ًَ ٞٛ‬خ ‪ٔ٣‬يٕ إٔ ‪٣‬ل‪ َٜ‬ػِ‪ٌٛ ٚ٤‬ح‬
‫حُؼـ‪ ٖٓ ُٞ‬كع ٓؼ‪٤‬ي‪.‬‬

‫ػـ‪ ُٞ‬ػ٘ي حُـَٔ روِْ حٍٗٔض ‪٘ٔ٤ٛ‬ـ‪ٞ‬ح‪١‬‬

‫ؿِْ ٍؿَ ػِ‪ ٠‬ؿخٗذ حُطَ‪٣‬ن ‪َ٣‬طي‪ٗ ٟ‬ظخٍس ٓؼيٗ‪٤‬ش ً‪ ٝ‬كخكش ٓٔظي‪َ٣‬س ‪٬ٓ ٝ‬رٔ‪ٓ ٚ‬لِٔ‪ٚ‬‬
‫رخ‪٧‬طَرش ‪ ٝ‬حُـزخٍ‪.‬‬
‫ًخٕ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ؿَٔ ػخثْ ػزَ حُ٘‪ ,َٜ‬طؼزَ ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬ػَرخص ٗوَ ‪ٗ ٝ‬خك٘خص ‪ٍ ٝ‬ؿخٍ ‪ٔٗ ٝ‬خء ‪ ٝ‬أ‪١‬لخٍ‬
‫‪ٝ‬ػَرخص حُ٘وَ حُظ‪ ٢‬طـَ‪ٛ‬خ حُزـخٍ طظَٗق اُ‪ ٠‬كخكش حُـَٔ ك‪ٔ٤‬خػي‪ٜٗٝ‬خ حُـ٘‪ٞ‬ى ‪٣ ٝ‬يكؼ‪ٜٗٞ‬خ ك‪٢‬‬
‫ح‪٫‬طـخ‪ ٙ‬حُٔؼخًْ ُِٔلخكظش ػِ‪ ٠‬ط‪ُٞ‬حٕ حُؼـ‪٬‬ص ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘خك٘خص ط‪ٜ‬ؼي اُ‪ ٠‬حُـَٔ ٓظـ‪ٜ‬ش اُ‪٠‬‬
‫آهَ‪.ٙ‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬حُِٔحٍػ‪ ٕٞ‬حٌُ‪ً ٖ٣‬يك‪ٞ‬ح ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪ َ٤‬كظ‪ ٠‬ؿخ‪ٛ‬ض أهيحٓ‪ ْٜ‬اُ‪ ٠‬حٌُخكَ ك‪ ٢‬حُط‪.ٖ٤‬‬
‫ٌُٖ حَُؿَ حُٖٔٔ ‪٣‬ـِْ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ى‪ ٕٝ‬كَحى كِوي ىٗخ ٓ٘‪ ٚ‬ح‪ٍٛ٩‬خم كظ‪ ٠‬أٗ‪ٔ٣ ٫ ٚ‬ظط‪٤‬غ حُظويّ‬
‫هط‪ ٙٞ‬أهَ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫ًخٗض ٓ‪ٜٔ‬ظ‪ ٢ٛ ٢‬إٔ أػزَ حُـَٔ كظ‪ ٠‬حُزيح‪٣‬ش ‪ٓ٫‬ظٌ٘خف ٓخ ‪ٍٝ‬حة‪ُٔ ٝ ٙ‬ؼَكش اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ٗ ١‬وطش هي‬
‫طويّ حُؼي‪ٝ ,ٝ‬رؼي إٔ ٗلٌص حُٔ‪ٜٔ‬ش ٍؿؼض َٓس أهَ‪ ٟ‬ػزَ حُـَٔ‪.‬‬
‫ُْ ‪٣‬ؼي ‪٘ٛ‬خى حٌُؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬ػَرخص حُـَ ح‪ ٝ ٕ٥‬هِ‪ ٖٓ ٬٤‬حُ٘خّ حُٔخثَ‪ ٖ٣‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ح‪٧‬هيحّ‪ٌُٖ ٝ .‬‬
‫حَُؿَ حُٖٔٔ ‪ِ٣ ٫‬حٍ ‪٘ٛ‬خى‪.‬‬
‫ٓؤُض حَُؿَ "ٖٓ أ‪ ٖ٣‬أط‪٤‬ض ؟"‬
‫هخٍ ‪ٓ ٞٛٝ‬زظٔٔخ ً " ٖٓ ٓخٕ ًخٍُ‪" ّٞ‬‬
‫‪ً -‬خٗض ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُزِيس ‪ٔٓ ٢ٛ‬و‪ٍ ٢‬أٓ‪ٌُٜ ٝ ٚ‬ح كوي ٓؼي رًٌَ حٓٔ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬أرظْٔ‪.‬‬
‫ػْ هخٍ ٓلَٔحً "ُوي ً٘ض أٍػ‪ ٠‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص"‬
‫هِض ُ‪ " ٚ‬آ‪ ُْ ٝ " ٙ‬أك‪ ْٜ‬ؿ‪٤‬يحً ٓو‪ٜ‬ي‪.ٙ‬‬
‫هخٍ حَُؿَ " ٗؼْ‪ ,‬رو‪٤‬ض ًٔخ طَ‪ ٢ٌُ ٟ‬أػظ٘‪ ٢‬رخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ً٘ض آهَ ٖٓ طَى رِيس ٓخٕ‬
‫ًخٍُ‪"ّٞ‬‬
‫ٌُ٘‪٣ ٫ ٚ‬زي‪ ٝ‬ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬أٗ‪ٍ ٚ‬حػ‪ ٠‬أؿ٘خّ ‪ٍ ٫ ٝ‬حػ‪ُِٔ ٠‬خٗ‪٤‬ش ‪ٗ ٝ‬ظَص اُ‪٬ٓ ٠‬رٔ‪ ٚ‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬ىحء حُٔلِٔش‬
‫رخ‪٧‬طَرش ‪ٝٝ‬ؿ‪ ًٝ ٜٚ‬حُِ‪ ٕٞ‬حَُٓخى‪ً ٖٓ ١‬ؼَس حُـزخٍ ‪ٗ ٝ‬ظخٍط‪ ٚ‬حُٔؼيٗ‪٤‬ش ً‪ ٝ‬حُلخكش حُٔٔظي‪َ٣‬س‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬هِض ُ‪ٓ " ٚ‬خًح ًخٕ ٗ‪ٞ‬ع ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ؟"‬
‫هخٍ " ك‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ٓوظِلش " ػْ ‪ٍ ِٛ‬أٓ‪ ٚ‬هخث‪ً" ً٬‬خٕ ‪٫‬ري إٔ حطًَ‪ ٝ "ْٜ‬ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬ح‪٧‬ػ٘خء ً٘ض حٍهذ‬
‫حُـَٔ ‪ ٝ‬حُوَ‪ ٕ١١ٝ‬حٌُ‪٘٣ ٖ٣‬ز‪ ٕٜٞ‬ح‪٧‬كخٍهش حُوخىٓ‪ ٖٓ ٕٞ‬ىُظخ ارَ‪٣ ٝ‬ظٔخءُ‪ ًْ ٕٞ‬طزو‪ ٖٓ ٠‬حُ‪ٞ‬هض‬
‫هزَ إٔ َٗ‪ ٟ‬حُؼي‪ ٝ ٝ‬أػ٘خء ًُي ‪ٔ٣‬ظَه‪ ٕٞ‬حُٔٔغ ‪ٟٟٞ ١٧‬خء ٍرٔخ طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬ح‪ٗ٩‬خٍس ُليع‬
‫ؿخٓ‪ ٞٛ ٝ ٞ‬ح‪ٗ٫‬ظزخى‪.‬‬
‫‪ِ٣ ٫ ٝ‬حٍ حَُؿَ حُٖٔٔ ؿخُْ ‪٘ٛ‬خى‪.‬‬
‫ٓؤُض حَُؿَ "ٓخًح ًخٕ ٗ‪ٞ‬ع حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ؟"‬
‫هخٍ ‪َ٘٣ ٞٛ ٝ‬ف " ًخٕ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ػ‪٬‬ػش أٗ‪ٞ‬حع ٖٓ حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ٓؼخ ً " ػْ هخٍ " حػ٘‪ ٖٓ ٖ٤‬حُٔخػِ ‪ ٝ‬ه‪٢‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬أ‪٠٣‬خ ‪٘ٛ‬خى أٍرؼش ‪ ٍٞ٤١‬حُلٔخّ "‬
‫‪ٓ ٝ‬ؤُظ‪ ٝ " ٚ‬هي ًخٕ ‪٫‬ري ‪ ٝ‬إٔ طظًَ‪ ْٜ‬؟"‬

‫‪145‬‬
 ‫هخٍ حَُؿَ " ٗؼْ ‪ً ٝ‬خٕ ‪ٌٛ‬ح رٔزذ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش ُوي حهزَٗ‪ ٢‬حٌُخرظٖ حٗ٘‪٫ ٠‬ري ‪ ٝ‬إٔ حٍكَ رٔزذ‬
‫حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش"‬
‫ػْ ٓؤُظ‪ ٝ ٚ‬أٗخ أٍحهذ ٗ‪ٜ‬خ‪٣‬ش حُـَٔ حُزؼ‪٤‬يس ك‪٤‬غ ‪ِ٣ ٫‬حٍ حُوِ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬ػَرخص حُـَ طَٔع اُ‪ٜٗ ٠‬خ‪٣‬ش‬
‫‪ٟ‬لش حُـَٔ حُٔ٘ليٍس " أُ‪ُ ْ٤‬ي ػخثِش ؟" هخٍ حَُؿَ "‪"٫‬‬
‫ػْ هِض " كو‪ ٢‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص‪ٔٓ ,‬خ ‪ٗ٫‬ي ك‪ ٚ٤‬إٔ حُو‪ ٌٕٞ٤ٓ ٢‬رو‪ َ٤‬كخُو‪ ٢‬ىحثٔخ ً ‪ٔ٣‬ظط‪٤‬غ إٔ ‪َ٣‬هذ‬
‫ٗلٔ‪ ٫ ٠ٌُ٘ ٝ ٚ‬أٓظط‪٤‬غ إٔ أكٌَ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٥‬هَ‪ٓ ٝ ٖ٣‬خًح ٓ‪٤‬ليع ُ‪." ْٜ‬‬
‫ٓؤُض حَُؿَ حُٖٔٔ " اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ ١‬ح‪٫‬طـخ‪ٛ‬خص حُٔ‪٤‬خٓش ط٘ظٔ‪ ٢‬؟"‬
‫ً‬
‫أؿخد حَُؿَ " أٗ٘‪ ٢‬ر‪ ٬‬حطـخ‪ٛ‬خص ٓ‪٤‬خٓ‪٤‬ش‪ .‬كؤٗخ ٍؿَ أرِؾ ٖٓ حُؼَٔ ٓظش ‪ٓ ٝ‬زؼ‪ ٕٞ‬ػخٓخ ‪ ٝ‬هي‬
‫َٓص ُٔٔخكش حػ٘ظخ ػَ٘ ً‪ٓ ِٞ٤‬ظَحً ‪ ٫ ٝ‬أػظوي ح‪ ٕ٥‬أٗ٘‪ ٢‬أٓظط‪٤‬غ حُظويّ أًؼَ ٖٓ ًُي"‬
‫هِض ُ‪ " ٚ‬إ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حٌُٔخٕ ‪ِٜ٣ ٫‬ق ُِظ‪ٞ‬هق كخٕ طـِزض ػِ‪ٌٛ ٠‬ح حُظؼذ ك‪ٜ٘‬خى ٗخك٘خص أػِ‪٠‬‬
‫حُطَ‪٣‬ن ك‪٤‬غ طظ٘ؼذ حُطَم حُٔئى‪٣‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬ط‪ٍٞ‬ط‪ٓٞ‬خ"‪.‬‬
‫هخٍ حَُؿَ " ٓؤٗظظَ هِ‪ ً٬٤‬ػْ أً‪ٛ‬ذ‪ .‬اُ‪ ٠‬أ‪ ٖ٣‬طٌ‪ٛ‬ذ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُ٘خك٘خص ؟" هِض ُ‪" ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬حطـخ‪ٙ‬‬
‫رخٍِٗ‪ٗٞ‬ش"‬
‫هخٍ حَُؿَ "ٌُ٘٘‪ ٫ ٢‬أػَف أكيحً ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح ح‪٫‬طـخ‪ ,ٙ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬أ‪ ١‬كخٍ أٌَٗى ر٘ي‪ ٝ ٙ‬أٌَٗى َٓس‬
‫ػخٗ‪٤‬ش ٌَٗحً ؿِ‪."ً٬٣‬‬
‫ػْ ٗظَ اُ‪ٜ٘ٓ ٞٛ ٝ ,٠‬ي ؿيحً ‪ٓ ٝ‬ظؼذ ػْ هخٍ ‪َ٣ ٞٛ ٝ‬ؿذ ك‪ ٢‬إٔ ‪٘٣‬خًٍ‪ ٚ‬أكيح هِو‪" ٚ‬حُو‪٢‬‬
‫ٓ‪ ٌٕٞ٤‬رو‪ َ٤‬أٗخ ٓظؤًي كِ‪ ٖٓ ْ٤‬حُ‪ ١ٍَٝ٠‬إٔ أهِن ػِ‪ ٠‬حُو‪ ٌُٖ ٝ ٢‬ح‪٥‬هَ‪ٓ .ٖ٣‬خًح طَ‪ ٟ‬ح‪ٕ٥‬‬
‫ر٘ؤٕ ح‪٥‬هَ‪ ٖ٣‬؟"‬
‫هِض " إ ٖٓ حُٔلظَٔ إٔ ‪٣‬ظـِز‪ٞ‬ح ػِ‪ ٠‬حُٔل٘ش ‪ٌٞٗٞ٣ ٝ‬ح رو‪" َ٤‬‬
‫هخٍ حَُؿَ "‪ َٛ‬طؼظوي ًُي ؟" هِض ُ‪ُٔٝ" ٚ‬خ ‪"٫‬‬
‫هِض ًُي ‪ ٝ‬أٗخ أٍهذ ‪ٟ‬لش حُـَٔ حُزؼ‪٤‬يس ك‪٤‬غ ‪ ٫‬ط‪ٞ‬ؿي ح‪ ٕ٥‬ػَرخص حُـَ‪.‬‬
‫ٓؤُ٘‪ ٢‬حَُؿَ " ‪ٓ ٌُٖٝ‬خًح ٓ‪٤‬لؼِ‪ ٕٞ‬طلض ٗ‪َ٤‬حٕ حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش ك‪٤‬غ حٗ٘‪ ٠‬أهزَص رخ‪٩‬ه‪٬‬ء رٔزذ‬
‫حُٔيكؼ‪٤‬ش‬
‫ً‬
‫كٔؤُظ‪ َٛ" ٚ‬طًَض هل‪ ٚ‬حُلٔخّ ٓلظ‪ٞ‬كخ ؟ "‬
‫هخٍ "ٗؼْ هِض اًح ٓ‪٤‬ط‪"َٕٝ٤‬‬
‫أؿخد حَُؿَ " ٖٓ حُٔئًي أٗ‪٤ٓ ْٜ‬ط‪ ٌُٖ ٝ َٕٝ٤‬ح‪٥‬هَ‪ ٖٓ ٖ٣‬ح‪٧‬ك‪ َ٠‬إٔ ‪ ٫‬أكٌَ ك‪٢‬‬
‫ح‪٥‬هَ‪."ٖ٣‬‬
‫ً‬
‫هِض ُ‪ ٝ ٚ‬أٗخ أكؼ‪ ٚ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُ٘‪" ٜٝٞ‬اًح ً٘ض هي أهٌص هٔطخ ٖٓ حَُحكش كؼِ‪ ٠‬إٔ أً‪ٛ‬ذ كخٗ‪ٜٞ‬‬
‫ح‪ ٝ ٕ٥‬كخ‪ ٍٝ‬حُٔ‪َ٤‬‬
‫هخٍ حَُؿَ "ٌَٗحً ُي" ‪ٝ‬كَى هيٓ‪ٔٛ ٝ ٚ٤‬خ ‪٣‬ظَٗلخٕ ٖٓ ؿخٗذ اُ‪ ٠‬ح‪٥‬هَ ‪ ٝ‬رؼي ًُي ؿِْ اُ‪٠‬‬
‫حُوِق (ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٫‬طـخ‪ ٙ‬حُٔؼخًْ) ك‪ ٢‬حُظَحد ػْ هخٍ ‪ُ" ّٜٞٔٓ ٞٛ ٝ‬وي ً٘ض حػظ٘‪ ٠‬رخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص"‬
‫‪ ٌٙٛ ٌُٖٝ‬حَُٔس ُْ ‪ٞ٣‬ؿ‪ٝ .٢ُ ٚٓ٬ً ٚ‬ظَ ‪َ٣‬ىى ٓخ هخُ‪.ٚ‬‬
‫ُْ ‪٣‬ؼي ‪٘ٛ‬خى ٗت أكؼِ‪ ٖٓ ٚ‬أؿَ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حَُؿَ حُٖٔٔ‪.‬‬
‫ًخٕ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُ‪ ّٞ٣ ّٞ٤‬ح‪٧‬كي ‪ ٝ‬ػ‪٤‬ي حُو‪٤‬خٓش ‪ً ٝ‬خٕ حُلخٗ‪٣ ٕٞ٤‬ظويٓ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حطـخ‪ ٙ‬حرَ‪.ٝ‬‬
‫ًخٗض حُٔٔخء ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُ‪ِٓ ّٞ٤‬زيس رخُـ‪ ّٞ٤‬حَُٓخى‪٣‬ش حُٔؼظٔش ‪ًٝ‬ؤٗ‪ٜ‬خ ٓوق ٓ٘ول‪ ٞ‬كبٕ ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬
‫ح‪٧‬ؿ‪ٞ‬حء ‪ ٫‬طٔٔق ُطخثَحص حُؼي‪ ٝ‬رخ‪٩‬ه‪٬‬ع‪.‬‬
‫ُ‪ٌٜ‬ح كلو‪٤‬وش إ حُوط‪ ٢‬طؼِْ ً‪٤‬ق طؼظ٘‪ ٢‬ر٘لٔ‪ٜ‬خ ًخٗض ٖٓ كٖٔ كع حَُؿَ حُٖٔٔ حٌُ‪٣ ُْ ١‬لخُل‪ٚ‬‬
‫كظخ ً ٓؼِ‪ ٖٓ ٚ‬هزَ‪.‬‬

‫‪146‬‬
 B-From Arabic to English:
! َ‫للع حُؼو‬٣ ٢‫ؿظٔخػ‬٫‫ ح‬١‫حُ٘٘خ‬
‫هخٍد‬٧‫ رخ‬١٬‫هظ‬٫‫ٖ إٔ ح‬٤٤ٌ٣َٓ‫يس ُؼِٔخء أ‬٣‫َص ىٍحٓش ؿي‬ٜ‫ أظ‬:‫ٗزخء‬٧‫ص ح‬٫‫ًخ‬ٝ – ٖ‫حٗ٘ط‬ٝ
َٝٓ ٖٓ ‫ش‬٣‫هخ‬ُٞ‫ح‬ٝ ,‫ش‬٤ِ‫ حُويٍحص حُؼو‬٢ِ‫ حُللخظ ػ‬٢‫ش ك‬٣ٞ‫حَٓ حُو‬ٞ‫ٔؼَ أكي حُؼ‬٣ ‫يهخء‬ٛ٧‫ح‬ٝ
.) َٔ٣‫خ‬ُِٛ‫هش (ح‬ٞ‫و‬٤ُ٘‫هَف ح‬
ً ‫أػزظض طَحؿؼخ‬ٝ ٖ٤‫حُٔظ‬ٝ ‫م ٖٓ حُوخٓٔش‬ٞ‫خ ً ك‬ٜ‫ ٗو‬1772 ‫ٕ إٔ حُيٍحٓش ِٗٔض‬ٞ‫ق حُزخكؼ‬ٟٝ‫أ‬ٝ
‫هَحءس‬ٝ ٢‫ حُـٔخػ‬١٬‫هظ‬٫‫ٕ إٔ ح‬ٞ‫هخٍ حُزخكؼ‬ٝ َٔ٣‫خ‬ُِٛ‫ ح‬َٝٔ‫خرش ر‬ٛ٩‫َ ح‬١‫ ٓوخ‬٢‫ظخ ً ك‬ٞ‫ِٓل‬
٢ُ‫ح‬ٞ‫ ر٘ٔزش ك‬َُٝٔ‫خرش رخ‬ٛ٩‫ص ح‬٫‫ حكظٔخ‬ٚ٤ِ‫ طو‬٢‫ْ ك‬ٜٔ٣ ْ‫ حُٔ٘ظظ‬٢ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ص‬٬‫حُٔـ‬ٝ ‫حٌُظذ‬
‫ حٌُحًَس‬٢٤٘٘‫ ط‬٢ِ‫طش طٔخػي ػ‬٤ٔ‫ػٔخٍ حُز‬٧‫ ح‬ٌٙٛ ٕ‫ؼظوي أ‬٣ٝ ‫خرش‬ٛ٪ُ ٖ٤َٟ‫ ٖٓ حُٔؼ‬%38
.ُٖٔ‫ش ًزخٍ ح‬ٛ‫ٗٔخٕ هخ‬٪ُ ‫ش‬٤ٌُ٘ٛ‫ حُويٍس ح‬٢ِ‫حُللخظ ػ‬ٝ

Social Activity Keeps the Mind Up

News Agencies, Washington:

A new study for some American scientists disclosed that associating
with relatives and friends is one of the strong factors that protects
mental abilities and prevents dementia (Alzheimer's disease).
Searchers explained that the study comprised 1772 people, 65 years
above, proved a noticeable withdrawal of the dangers of contracting
Alzheimer. The searchers said that socializing, reading books and
magazines and walking regularly contribute to decreasing the
possibilities of contracting the disease by those who are subjected to it
by 38 percent. These simple jobs are thought to be very helpful to
refresh the memory and to keep man's intellectual abilities up,
especially the elderly.

Social Activity Protect the Mind

Washington – news agencies:

There is a new study for American scientists who indicated that mixing
with relatives and friends performs one of the strong factors in keeping
the mental ability, and protecting it senile dementia (Alzheimer
disease).
In a study involved 1772 persons above the age of sixty – five, the
researchers undertaking this study noticed a decline in risks of being
subjected to Alzheimer disease.

147
 Researchers also said that social gathering, reading books & magazines
and regular walking participate in decreasing possibilities of being
affected by the disease with nearly 38% of those whom are subjected to
that disease.
These simple chores are thought to be a help for jogging memory, and
keeping the mental ability, especially for the old ones.

Assignment (38)
The following extract by Nageeb Mahfouz was translated by a native as
well as by a non-native. Study their translations carefully, compare
them and analyze points of differences.

‫ي‬ٚ‫ اٌفظً األ‬- ‫اٌىالة‬ٚ ‫اٌٍض‬

ٚ‫ؿي ريُظ‬ٝ ٍٙ‫ حٗظظخ‬٢‫ك‬ٝ ,‫طخم‬٣ ٫ َ‫ك‬ٝ ‫ ؿزخٍ هخٗن‬ٞ‫ٌُٖ حُـ‬ٝ,ُْٔ٘‫َ ح‬٤‫ظ٘لْ ػز‬٣ ١َ‫َٓس أه‬
ٖ‫ حُٔـ‬ٝ , ‫ى‬ٞ‫خ طؼ‬٤ٗ‫ حُي‬٢ٛ ‫خ‬ٛ .ً‫ أكيح‬ٍٙ‫ حٗظظخ‬٢‫ـي ك‬٣ ُْ ‫ٔخ‬ٛ‫ح‬ٞٓٝ ,١‫ حُٔطخ‬ٙ‫كٌحء‬ٝ ‫حٍُِهخء‬
‫خٍحص‬٤ُٔ‫ ح‬ٌٙٛٝ , ُْٔ٘‫ حُطَهخص حُٔؼوِش رخ‬ٌٙٛ . ‫خثٔش‬٤ُ‫َٓحٍ ح‬٧‫ ح‬٢ِ‫خ ً ػ‬٣ٞ‫زظؼي ٓ٘ط‬٣ ْٛ٧‫ح‬
ٞٛٝ ..... ‫ ٗلش طلظَ ػٖ حرظٔخٓش‬٫ٝ , ٖ٤ً‫حُيًخ‬ٝ ‫ص‬ٞ٤‫حُز‬ٝ , ُٕٞٔ‫حُـخ‬ٝ َٕٝ‫حُؼخر‬ٝ , ‫ٗش‬ٞ٘‫حُٔـ‬
ّ‫ذ أٓخ‬٣َ‫وق ػٔخ ه‬٤ٓٝ ,ً‫خ أٍرؼش ؿيٍح‬ٜ٘ٓ َٔ‫ش ه‬٤ُ‫حّ حُـخ‬ٞ‫ػ‬٧‫ ح‬٢‫ كظ‬,َ٤‫ هَٔ حٌُؼ‬,‫حكي‬ٝ
ٕ‫خٗش أ‬٤‫ُِو‬ٝ ,‫ص‬ُٞٔ‫ ح‬٢‫ح كظ‬ٞٓ‫ؤ‬٤٣ ٕ‫ٗش أ‬ٞ‫ُِو‬ٝ ,‫لَم‬٣ ٕ‫أ‬ٝ َ‫٘لـ‬٣ ٕ‫ذ أ‬٠‫ إٓ ُِـ‬,ً‫خ‬٣‫غ ٓظلي‬٤ٔ‫حُـ‬
.‫ش‬ٜ‫خ حُ٘خث‬ٜ‫طٌلَ ػٖ ٓل٘ظ‬

Once more he breathed the air of freedom. But there was stilling dust in
the air, almost unbearable heat, and no one was waiting for him,
nothing but his blue suit and gym shoes.

As the prison gate and its unconfessable miseries receded, the world –
streets belabored by the sun, careening cars, crowds of people moving
or still- returned.

No one seemed happy. But who of these people could have suffered
more than he had, with four years lost, taken from him by betrayal?
And the hour was coming when those who had betrayed him would
despair unto death, when treachery would pay for what it had done.

Translated by:Trevor Le Gassick

148
 Once more he breathed the air of freedom even if the weather is terribly
dusty and hot. Except for his blue clothes and tennis shoes there is
nothing and no one waiting for him?

But that doesn't matter any more. The world is coming back and the
solid prison gates are fading away, keeping within all sorts of desperate
secrets. Straight ahead are the streets heavy with the sun, the honking
cars, the pedestrians, the houses, and the stores. Yet there is no smile on
his face. He is a person who lost a great deal, including four valuable
years of his life. Soon he will stand before all of them and challenge
them. It is time for his anger and hatred to burst and to burn. It is time
for the traitors to be scared to death; it is time for treachery to pay for
its ugly and horrible face

Translated by: Adel Ata Elyas

149
150
 Practice Texts

151
152
 ‫‪1- From Arabic into English:‬‬

‫ٓخ ُِــش‬
‫ٖٓ أًؼَ حُطَم ٗ‪ٞ٤‬ػخ ً ُظؼَ‪٣‬ق حُِـش حُو‪ ٍٞ‬رؤٗ‪ٜ‬خ ٓـَى ‪ِ٤ٓٝ‬ش ٖٓ ‪ٓٝ‬خثَ حُظ‪ٞ‬ح‪ًِٔ ٌُٖ ٝ َٛ‬ش‬
‫حُظ‪ٞ‬ح‪ًِٔ َٛ‬ش ؿخٓ‪٠‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬كي رؼ‪٤‬ي رَ هي طٌ‪ِِ٠ٓ ٕٞ‬ش كخُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص أ‪٠٣‬خ ُ‪ٜ‬خ ‪٣َ١‬وظ‪ٜ‬خ حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬حُظ‪ٞ‬ح‪ ,َٛ‬كخٌُ‪٬‬د ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬ز‪ َ٤‬حُٔؼخٍ هي طظ‪ٞ‬ح‪ َٛ‬ػٖ ‪٣َ١‬ن حُ٘زخف أ‪ ِٛ ٝ‬حٌُ‪ .َ٣‬كٔخ حُلَم‬
‫إً ر‪ُ ٖ٤‬ـش ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ٖٓ ٗخك‪٤‬ش ‪ُ ٝ‬ـخص حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٗخص ٖٓ ٗخك‪٤‬ش أهَ‪ٟ‬؟ إ حُلَم ‪ ٌٖٔ٣‬ك‪ ٢‬حُ٘ل‪,ٞ‬‬
‫رَ إ ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ ‪ ٞٛ‬حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٕ حُ٘ل‪ ١ٞ‬حُ‪ٞ‬ك‪٤‬ي‪.‬‬
‫______________________________________‬
‫‪٣‬لٌ‪ ٠‬ػٖ ‪ٝ‬ػ٘‪ ٠‬حٗ‪ ٚ‬أهخّ ك‪ ٢‬ر‪٤‬ظ‪ ٚ‬طٔؼخ‪٣ ُٚ٩ ٫‬ؼزي‪ ٝ .ٙ‬هي ‪ٝ‬ؿي ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُ‪ٞ‬ػ٘‪ ٢‬حٗ‪ًِٔ ٚ‬خ طؼزي ُ‪ٌٜ‬ح‬
‫حُ‪ ْٜ٘‬حُىحىص ه‪٤‬زظ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُل‪٤‬خس‪ ٝ .‬أه‪َ٤‬حً حٗظي ؿ‪٠‬ز‪ ٚ‬كظ‪ٝ ٠‬ؿي إٔ ‪٬ٛ‬ط‪ ٫ ٚ‬طـي‪ٗ ١‬لؼخ ً كظ٘خ‪ٍٝ‬‬
‫ًحص ‪ ّٞ٣‬حُظٔؼخٍ ‪ ٝ‬هٌف ر‪ ٚ‬حُـيحٍ كظلطْ ‪ٓ ٝ‬و‪ٍ ٖٓ ٢‬أٓ‪ٓ ٚ‬ويحٍ ٖٓ حٌُ‪ٛ‬ذ ك‪ٜ‬ظق حَُؿَ‬
‫هخث‪٣ :ً٬‬و‪ َ٤‬اُ‪ ٠‬أٗ٘‪ً٘ ٢‬ض أػزي أُ‪ٜ‬خ ً ٓؼظ‪ٛٞ‬خ ً ‪ٔ٣‬ظـ‪٤‬ذ ُِ‪َ٠‬رخص أًؼَ ٓٔخ ‪ٔ٣‬ظـ‪٤‬ذ ُِ‪ِٜٞ‬حص‪.‬‬

‫ٖٓ ٗ‪ٜ‬خثق أكي حُلٌٔخء حُٔ‪ ٖ٤٣َٜ‬حُويٓخء‬

‫‪٫‬ر٘‪ ٌ٘ٓ ٚ‬أٍرؼش آ‪٫‬ف ػخّ‬
‫‪ ٫ ٝ‬طظوْ ٗلٔي ‪ٛ‬ـ‪َ٤‬حً طظَحم ًز‪َ٤‬حً‬ ‫‪٣‬خ رٖ‪ ٫ ٟ‬طِق ًؼ‪َ٤‬حً كظ‪ ٫ ٠‬طظ‪ٞ‬هق‬
‫‪ ٖٓ ٝ‬كِٕ ٓغ أ‪ َٛ‬رِي‪ ٙ‬كَف ٓؼ‪ْٜ‬‬ ‫‪ ٫ ٝ‬ط‪ٞ‬هي ٗخٍحً ‪ ٫‬طٔظط‪٤‬غ اهٔخى‪ٛ‬خ‬
‫‪ ٫ ٝ‬طـغٍ ُ٘لٔي ‪ٞٛ‬ط‪ٝ ٖ٤‬هَ ح‪َٓ٧‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬حٓٔق ُٖٔ ًِق رؼَٔ إٔ ‪٣‬ؼِٔ‪ٚ‬‬
‫حُ‪ٞ‬حهغ ٓ‪ٜٔ‬خ ًخٕ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪ ٝ‬أػ‪ ٢‬حُ٘ـخٍ ٍؿ‪٤‬لخ طؤهٌ ٍؿ‪٤‬ل‪ ٫ ٝ ٖٓ ٖ٤‬طٌَ‪ ٙ‬اٗٔخٗخ ُٔـَى ٍإ‪٣‬ظ‪ٓ ٚ‬خىٓض ‪٫‬‬
‫طؼَف كو‪٤‬وش هِو‪ٚ‬‬ ‫ًظل‪ ٝ ٚ٤‬ػَه‪ٚ‬‬
‫حُؼُِش ه‪َ٤‬حً ٖٓ أم َٗ‪َ٣‬‬ ‫‪ ٫ ٝ‬طٌَ‪٣ ٖٓ ٙ‬و‪ُ ٍٞ‬ي أٗخ أه‪ٞ‬ى‬
‫‪ ٝ‬أكؼَ حُو‪ ٝ َ٤‬أٍٓ‪ ٢ٓٝ ٚ‬حُ٘‪َٜ‬‬ ‫‪ ٫ ٝ‬طٌٖ ٓخه‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٜٔ‬ش ك‪ ٖ٤‬حُ٘يس‬
‫‪ ٝ‬اًح كؼِض ٓؼَ‪ٝ‬كخ ً ك‪ ٢‬هٔٔٔخثش ‪ٍ ٝ‬حػخ‪ٝ ٙ‬حكي كلٔزي إٔ ؿِءحً ٓ٘‪٠٣ ُْ ٚ‬غ‬
‫‪ ٝ‬كَ٘ ًَ‪ ْ٣‬ه‪ٜٗ ٖٓ َ٤‬ق ٗـخف‬ ‫‪ ٫ ٝ‬ط٘خ‪ ٍٝ‬ؿخ‪ ً٬ٛ‬ك‪ ٢‬أَٓ ؿَِ‬
‫‪ ِٛ ٖٓ ٝ‬كـَحً ‪ٝ‬هغ ػِ‪ ٠‬هيٓ‪ٚ٤‬‬ ‫‪ ٝ‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬ص ه‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُلخؿش‬
‫‪َٔ٣ ٝ‬م حُٔخٍم رخُِ‪ ٫ ٝ َ٤‬ري إٔ ‪ٌ٘٣‬ق‬
‫‪َٓ ٖٓ ٝ‬م ؿ‪ٜ‬ي ؿ‪٣ ٫ َٙ٤‬زخٍى ُ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ٚ٤‬‬
‫رخُ٘‪ٜ‬خٍ‬
‫‪ ٝ‬هي ‪٣‬ل‪ َ٠‬اُ‪ُُ ٌْ٤‬ن حُِٔخٕ ٌُٖ آ‪٣‬ش‬
‫‪ ٝ‬اٗٔخ ‪٣‬ؤط‪ ٢‬حُؼِْ رؼي ٍه‪ ٠‬حُوِن‬
‫حُلٌ‪ ْ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬كٔ‪ٚ‬‬
‫‪ٍ ٝ‬ك‪٤‬ن حُـخ‪ َٛ‬ؿخ‪ ٫ ٝ َٛ‬طوَ اٗ‪ ٢‬ػخُْ‬ ‫‪ ٝ‬حػِْ إٔ ٍك‪٤‬ن حُل‪٤ٜ‬ق ك‪٤ٜ‬ق ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬طلَؽ ُِؼِْ‬ ‫ٍك‪٤‬ن حُـز‪ ٢‬ؿز‪٢‬‬

‫‪153‬‬
 ‫ًظذ ًؼ‪َ٤‬س ‪ٛ‬يٍص ػٖ ‪ٛ‬خكذ ؿخثِس ٗ‪ٞ‬رَ "حُلَ‪٣‬ي ٗ‪ٞ‬رَ" ‪ ٝ‬أًؼَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حٌُظذ طظ٘خ‪ ٍٝ‬ك‪٤‬خس‬
‫حَُؿَ ‪ٜٗ٧‬خ ك‪٤‬خس ؿَ‪٣‬زش ػـ‪٤‬زش كؤر‪ٍ ٙٞ‬ؿَ ًٔ‪٤‬خث‪ٓ ٠‬وظَع ‪ ٝ‬ػ٘ي‪ ٙ‬ه‪ٜٞ‬رش كٌَ‪٣‬ش‪ ,‬كؤكٌخٍ‪ ٙ‬هي‬
‫ريىص ًَ أٓ‪ٞ‬حٍ ح‪َٓ٧‬س كظ‪ ٠‬ح‪٩‬ك‪.ّ٬‬‬
‫‪ ٖٓ ٝ‬حُٔؼَ‪ٝ‬ف إٔ حُلَ‪٣‬ي ٗ‪ٞ‬رَ ‪ ٞٛ‬حٌُ‪ ١‬أهظَع حُي‪٘٣‬خٓ‪٤‬ض‪ ٝ ,‬حُلو‪٤‬وش إٔ أر‪ ٞٛ ٙٞ‬حٌُ‪١‬‬
‫أهظَػ‪ ٞٛ ٝ ,ٚ‬حٌُ‪ٟٝ ١‬غ حُٔؼخىُش‬
‫‪ ٌُٖ ٝ‬ح‪٫‬رٖ حُلَ‪٣‬ي ‪ ٞٛ‬حٌُ‪١ ١‬زن ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُٔؼخىُش ‪ٗ ٝ‬لٌ‪ٛ‬خ‪ٍ ٝ ,‬حف ‪٣‬ز‪٤‬غ حُي‪٘٣‬خٓ‪٤‬ض ُِيٗ‪٤‬خ ًِ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫‪ٝ‬أ‪ٛ‬زلض ٗ‪َٜ‬ط‪ ٚ‬أٗ‪ ٚ‬طخؿَ أِٓلش حُٔ‪ٞ‬ص‬
‫‪ُٔ ٝ‬خ أٗ‪٤‬غ أٗ‪ٓ ٚ‬خص َٗ٘ص حُ‪ٜ‬لق ٗؼ‪٤‬خ ً ُ‪ ٝ ٚ‬هخُض اٗ‪ ٚ‬طخؿَ حُٔ‪ٞ‬ص ‪ ٝ‬حُيٓخٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬حِٗػؾ حَُؿَ َٓط‪َٓ :ٖ٤‬س ‪ٓ ٚٗ٧‬خص ‪َٓ ٝ‬س ‪ ٚٗ٧‬طخؿَ ٓ‪ٞ‬ص!‬
‫أٓخ أه‪ ٙٞ‬ح‪ٛ٧‬ـَ كوي حٗلـَ ر‪ٓ ٚ‬لَ ُز‪٤‬غ حُي‪٘٣‬خٓ‪٤‬ض ‪ ٝ‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬حى حُٔظلـَس كؤ‪٤ٛ‬ذ حُلَ‪٣‬ي رؤُٓش‬
‫هِز‪٤‬ش كخىس ‪ٝ‬هي ؿخءص ٖٓ رؼي‪ٛ‬خ أُٓخص ٓخص رٔزذ ‪ٝ‬حكيس ٓ٘‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫‪ً ٝ‬خٕ ٓؼَ ‪ٝ‬حُي‪ٛ ٙ‬خكذ أ‪ٛٝ‬خّ ًؼ‪َ٤‬س ٖٓ ر‪ٜ٘٤‬خ إٔ ‪٘ٛ‬خى أٗخٓخ ً ًؼ‪ٓ َٕٝ٤‬خط‪ٞ‬ح أ‪ ٝ‬ه‪ َ٤‬أٗ‪ٓ ْٜ‬خط‪ ٞ‬ح‪,‬‬
‫ػْ ىك٘‪ٞ‬ح أك‪٤‬خء ‪ ٝ‬ط٘خء حُٔ‪ٜ‬خىكخص ػ٘ي كظق هز‪ٛ ٍٞ‬ئ‪٫‬ء حُ٘خّ أٗ‪ُ ْٜ‬كل‪ٞ‬ح أك‪٤‬خء كظ‪ ٠‬رخد حُوزَ‬
‫‪ُٔ ٝ‬خ ُْ ‪٣‬ـي‪ٝ‬ح أكيحً ‪ٔ٣‬خػي‪ ْٛ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُوَ‪ٝ‬ؽ ٓخط‪ٞ‬ح ‪ٌُُ ٝ‬ي هٍَ حُلَ‪٣‬ي ٗ‪ٞ‬رَ أ‪٣ ٫‬يكٖ أ‪ ٫‬رؼي‬
‫ػَ٘س أ‪٣‬خّ ٖٓ ٓ‪ٞ‬ط‪ ٚ‬أ‪ ١‬رؼي إٔ ‪٣‬ظؤًي ًَ أكَحى ح‪َٓ٧‬س أٗ‪ٓ ٚ‬خص ػْ أٗ‪ ٚ‬حكظخ‪ ٖٓ ١‬ؿخٗز‪:ٞٛ ٚ‬‬
‫كـؼَ ُِ٘ؼٖ كظلخص ط‪٣ٜٞ‬ش ػْ ؿؼَ ك‪ ٢‬ىحهَ حُ٘ؼٖ ؿَٓخ ً ‪ٜٓ ٝ‬زخكخ ً ً‪َٜ‬ر‪٤‬خ ً‪ ,‬حُـَّ ‪٠٣‬ـ‪٢‬‬
‫ػِ‪٣ ٢ٌُ ٚ٤‬يًٍ‪ ٚ‬حُ٘خّ ‪ٔ٣ ُْ ٚٗ٧‬ض رؼي ‪ ٝ‬حُٔ‪ٜ‬زخف حٌُ‪َٜ‬رخث‪٠٣ ٢ٌُ ٢‬ت ُ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ َٟ٤‬حُـَّ‬
‫ك‪٠٤‬ـ‪ ٢‬ػِ‪!!ٚ٤‬‬

‫ع‪١‬غّ‪ٔٛ‬ذ فش‪٠ٚ‬ذ " ئِجشاؽ‪ٛ‬س ٍِّىخ أ‪ٚ‬د‪٠‬ت"‬

‫ه‪٠‬ؼض حُزَ٘‪٣‬ش ‪ً٧‬ؼَ ٖٓ ‪ 80‬ػخٓخ ً ُ٘ظَ‪٣‬خص ٓ‪٤‬ـٔ‪ٗٞ‬ي ك‪ ٢‬حُظلِ‪ َ٤‬حُ٘لٔ‪ ٢‬كظ‪ ٠‬ظ‪َٜ‬ص ك‪٢‬‬
‫ٖٓص‪ٛ‬ق حُؼٔخٗ‪٘٤‬خص أ‪ٞٛ‬حص ك‪ ٢‬أ‪ٍٝٝ‬رخ أَٓ‪ٌ٣‬خ ططخُذ ربِٗحُ‪ ٚ‬ػٖ ػَٕ حُظلِ‪ َ٤‬حُ٘لٔ‪ٝ ٢‬‬
‫أٗزؼ‪ ٚ‬حُؼِٔخء ‪ ٝ‬حُٔئٍه‪ٗ ٖ٤‬ويحً ‪ ٝ‬طلِ‪ ٝ ً٬٤‬أط‪ ٜٚٔ‬حُزؼ‪ ٞ‬رؤٗ‪ٜ٣ ٌٖ٣ ُْ ٚ‬ق ُ‪ٔٗ٪‬خٗ‪٤‬ش ٓخ طؼخٗ‪ٚ٤‬‬
‫ٖٓ أَٓح‪ ٝ‬رَ ٓخ ‪٣‬ؼخٗ‪ ٖٓ ٞٛ ٚ٤‬أَٓح‪ٗ ٝ‬لٔ‪٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬كَ‪٣ٝ‬ي حٌُ‪ ١‬ػخٍ ك‪ ُٚٞ‬حٌُؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حُـيٍ ه‪ٍ٬‬‬
‫ك‪٤‬خط‪ ٝ ٚ‬رؼي ‪ٝ‬كخط‪ٓ ٞٛ ٚ‬ئْٓ ٓيٍٓش حُظلِ‪ َ٤‬حُ٘لٔ‪ُ ٢‬ؼ‪٬‬ؽ ح‪َٓ٧‬ح‪ ٝ‬حُؼ‪ٜ‬ز‪٤‬ش‪ٌٓ ٝ ,‬ظ٘ق‬
‫ػويس أ‪ٝ‬ى‪٣‬ذ حُظ‪ ٢‬طَؿغ رؼ‪ ٞ‬ح‪ٟ٫‬طَحرخص حُ٘لٔ‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬حٌُزَ اُ‪ ٠‬طؼِن حُطلَ حُ٘ي‪٣‬ي رؤٓ‪ٝ ٚ‬‬
‫ؿ‪َ٤‬ط‪ ٖٓ ٚ‬ح‪٧‬د ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٟ‬طَحٍ‪ٌُ ٙ‬زض ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُٔ٘خػَ ‪ ٢ٛ ٝ‬حُؼويس حُظ‪ ٢‬أ‪ٛ‬زلض ك‪ٔ٤‬خ رؼي أٗ‪َٜ‬‬
‫َٓ‪ٗ ٝ‬لٔ‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن ًٔخ ًخٕ أ‪ ٖٓ ٍٝ‬هْٔ ػوَ ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ اُ‪ ٠‬ؿِث‪ ٕ ٢٤‬حُؼوَ حُ‪ٞ‬حػ‪ ٢‬حٌُ‪١‬‬
‫‪٣‬لٌَ ‪ ٝ‬حُؼوَ حُزخ‪ ٖ١‬حٌُ‪ ١‬طٔظوَ ك‪ ٚ٤‬ح‪ ٍٞٓ٧‬ػٖ ؿ‪ َ٤‬ه‪ٜ‬ي ‪ ٝ‬طئى‪ ٟ‬اُ‪ ٠‬طَٓذ حُؼوي‪ٌٛ ٝ .‬ح‬
‫طلٔ‪ َُِٝٔ َ٤‬حُ٘لٔ‪ ٝ ٢‬حَُر‪ ٢‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُٔ٘خػَ حُلخُ‪٤‬ش ‪ٓ ٝ‬خ‪ ٢ٟ‬حَُٔ‪٣ ٞ٣‬ؼي ٗوطش طل‪ ٍٞ‬ك‪٢‬‬
‫حُظ٘و‪ ٝ ٚ٤‬حُؼ‪٬‬ؽ ‪ ٖٓ ٝ‬أرَُ ح‪ٗ٫‬ظوخىحص حُظ‪ٝ ٢‬ؿ‪ٜ‬ض ُلَ‪٣ٝ‬ي حطوخً‪ ٖٓ ٙ‬حُـْ٘ ٓل‪ٍٞ‬حً ُظلٔ‪َ٤‬‬
‫حٌُؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬ح‪َٓ٧‬ح‪.ٝ‬‬

‫‪ َٛ‬أ‪ٛ‬زلض ػ‪٬‬هظ٘خ رٖٔ ‪ ٟٜٞ٣‬ػ‪٬‬هش ٓوزَ رلَ‪ٔ٣‬ظ‪٤ٟ ٝ ٚ‬ؼظ‪ٓ ٝ ٚ‬ط‪٤‬ظ‪َٛ٣ ٚ‬ي‪ٛ‬خ‪َ٣ ,‬حهز‪ٜ‬خ‪,‬‬
‫‪٣‬و‪َٜٛ‬خ‪ٌَٛٔ٣ ,‬خ‪ ,‬ػْ ‪٣‬لِٔ‪ٜ‬خ ٌٓر‪ٞ‬كش اُ‪ ٠‬أهَد ُِٗحٗش أ‪ ٝ‬أهَد ‪ٛ‬ل‪٤‬لش هٔخٓش ؟‬

‫‪154‬‬
 ٚ‫ر‬َٝ‫ ك‬ٝ ٚ‫ كٔخهخط‬ٝ ُْ‫٘خ ػٖ ر٘خػش حُؼخ‬ٟٞ‫ؼ‬٣ ١ٌُ‫ي ح‬٤‫ك‬ُٞ‫ ح‬٢ٗ‫ٗٔخ‬٩‫ٍ ح‬ٞ‫ حُ٘ؼ‬ٞٛ ‫إ حُلذ‬
‫ص‬٬٤‫ طٔـ‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ُٚٞ‫؟ ُٔخًح ٗل‬١َ‫ ٖٓ أػٔخٍ حُظل‬َٟٓ َٔ‫ ػ‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ُٚٞ‫ كِٔخًح ٗل‬ٚٔ‫ؿَحث‬ٝ
,‫خ حُو٘زِش‬٣‫ػش حُوَٗلِش ػٖ ٗظخ‬ٍٝ ‫٘خ‬ٟٞ‫ إٔ طؼ‬َٝٝ‫ٗخص؟ ًخٕ حُٔل‬ٞ‫ل‬٤ِ‫َٓحهزخص طوظَم حُظ‬ٝ
‫حٕ حُلَحٗش‬ُٞ‫ػش أ‬َٝ‫ حُوَف ٖٓ حٌُرخرش ر‬ٚ‫حؿ‬ٞٗ ٕ‫ أ‬ٝ ‫٘ٔ٘خ ىفء حُوزِش ؿَف حُطؼ٘ش‬٣ ٕ‫ا‬ٝ
‫ٖ رِش‬٤‫ي حُط‬٣ِٗ ‫ش كِٔخًح‬٣َ‫ حُل‬٠‫٘ل‬٣ ٫ َ‫ حُٔؼظو‬ٝ ٍ‫ حُؼي‬٠‫ِـ‬٣ ٫ ِْ‫ حُظ‬ٝ ,‫ حُلذ‬٠‫ ط٘ل‬٫ ‫ش‬٤ٛ‫كخٌَُح‬
ٚ‫٘خ؟ ُٔخًح ٗٔخٍّ ػوي حُظَر‬٤ُ‫ أهَد حُ٘خّ ا‬٠ِ‫ْ ػ‬٤ٓ‫ح‬ٞ‫َ حُـ‬٤‫ ك‬ٝ ْ٤ُٞ‫ِٗؼذ أُؼخد حُز‬ٝ
‫ٔش‬٤‫ؼَف ه‬٣ ٫ ١ٌُ‫ْ ٓؼَ طخؿَ"حُوَىس" ح‬ٜ‫ْ ؟ ُٔخًح ٗظؼخَٓ ٓؼ‬ٜ٤ِ‫ ػ‬٢ِٔ‫ حُظ‬ٝ ‫٘ض‬ٜ‫حُظ‬ٝ
‫؟‬ٚ‫خػظ‬٠‫ر‬
ْٔ‫خُ ُِظـ‬ٜ‫ٖ َُ٘حء ؿ‬٤٣َُٜٔ‫ ح‬ٞ‫يػ‬٣ ‫ٗخ‬٬‫َس أػ‬٤ٜٗ ‫ش‬٤ٓٞ٣ ‫لش‬٤‫ل‬ٛ ٢‫ِش هَأص ك‬٤ِ‫حص ه‬ٞ٘ٓ ٌ٘ٓ
ٖ‫ٔـَ ػ‬٤ُ ٕٞ‫ل‬٤ِ‫ ِٓي حُظ‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫ؼ‬ٟٝ َٜٔ٣ ٚ٤٘‫ ؿ‬200 ٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٚ٘ٔ‫ي ػ‬٣ِ٣ ٫ َٚٔٓ‫ كـْ حُظ‬٢‫ك‬
.ً ‫خ‬٠٣‫َحٕ أ‬٤‫ ٍرٔخ حُـ‬ٝ ‫يهخء‬ٛ٧‫ ح‬ٝ ‫ر٘خء‬٧‫ ح‬ٝ ‫ؿش‬ُِٝ‫رؼي ٌٓخُٔخص ح‬
ْ‫َ كـ‬٤‫ ٍكض أطو‬ٝ ‫لش‬٤‫ل‬ُٜ‫ ٌٓخٕ رخٍُ ٖٓ ح‬٢‫ َٗ٘ رـَأس ك‬١ٌُ‫ٕ ح‬٬‫ػ‬٩‫ٗؼَص رخُلِع ٖٓ ح‬
‫ٌح‬ٛ ‫ش رٔزذ‬٤‫ل‬١‫ حُؼخ‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ِ‫ حُؼخث‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤ٗ‫ٗٔخ‬٩‫ ح‬٢‫حر‬َُٝ‫ ح‬٢‫ليع ك‬٣ ٕ‫ٌٖٔ أ‬٣ ١ٌُ‫ذ ح‬٣َ‫ حُظو‬ٝ َ٤ٓ‫حُظي‬
.ٕ٬‫ػ‬٩‫ح‬

2- From English into Arabic:

The best things are nearest: Light in your eyes, flowers at your feet,
duties at your hands, and the path of God just before you. Then why
grasp at the stars. Do your life's common work instead and be assured
that the daily duties are the sweetest things of life.

Signs that you need glasses

1-You're standing at the bus stop 2-You tell hat stands that
and you try to stop a fire engine by you think they're looking
mistake. great in that outfit.

3-You get a black nose when you 4-You can't get near enough to
read the newspaper. your toenails to cut them

Many people say that traveling is one of their hobbies. Danjuma,

however, thought how odd it would be if any one traveling in that third
class carriage still maintained that traveling was a pleasure.

155
 The carriage was packed full of people of all kinds; tall, short, thin, fat,
healthy and unhealthy people, all fighting to find a spot where their two
feet, or even one foot, could find a steady spot. There was no question
of finding a seat. The taller people had a distinct advantage. They could
stretch out their arms and grip of the luggage rack attached to the rest of
the people at the back.
Danjuma was lucky enough to find a corner which had already been
appropriated by a large, elderly woman who had a number of pretty
trading items piled around her and Danjuma found some protection
against the crushing weight of the other passengers. This was the first
time Danjuma had traveled on a train. He was surprised to find how
stuffy and unhealthy it was! The depressing effect of the crush at least
helped to take his mind off his plight as he wondered if he ever survives
the journey!

Buried Alive
In 1856, in a small town in Germany, a little boy was very sick. His
name was Max Hoffman.
"Will our son die?" Max's parents asked the doctor.
"Maybe," the doctor said quietly. "Stay with Max. Keep him warm.
That's all you can do." for three days Max lay in his bed. Then he died.
He was only five years old.
Max's parents buried their son in the town cemetery. That night Max's
mother had a terrible dream. She dreamed that Max was moving in his
coffin. She screamed in her sleep. "sh, sh" her husband said. "It's all
right. You had a bad dream."
The next night Max's mother screamed in her sleep again. She had the
same terrible dream. On the third night Max's mother had another bad
dream that Max was crying. She got out of bed and got dressed.
"Quick! Get dressed." She told her husband. "We're going to the
cemetery. I want to see Max. I want to dig up his coffin."
At four o'clock in the morning Max's parents and a neighbor hurried to
the cemetery. They dug up Max's coffin and opened it. There was Max.
He looked dead. But something was different. When Max's parents
buried him, he was lying on his back. Now he was lying on his side.
Max's father carried Max home. Then he ran to get the doctor. For an

156
 hour the doctor rubbed whiskey on Max's lips and warmed his body.
Then Max opened his eyes. Max was alive! A week later he was
playing with his friends.
Max Hoffman died-really died-in the United States in 1953. He was 93
years old.

_________________________________________________________

This story is set in Wales in the middle Ages. There was a prince whose
name was Llewellyn. He lived in a valley. He had a baby son. He also
had a dog called Gelert. One day the prince went hunting. He left the
dog to look after the baby. Some wolves came from out of a wood.
They ran towards the cottage. The dog saw the wolves and hid the
baby. The dog ran outside and fought the wolves. He killed two but was
wounded. He was tired and lay down to sleep. The prince returned. He
saw the dog covered in blood. He saw that his son's cot was empty. He
took his sword and killed the dog while it slept, then heard the baby cry
and found him. Through the window he saw the two dead wolves. Then
he understood. He carried the dog to the top of a hill and buried it. He
collected a pile of stones to mark the grave. You can still see it today.

Demining the Globe

Anti-personnel mines (AP) are often less than 10 centimeters in
diameter and are activated by the weight of a foot.

There are more than 344 types of AP mines that have been produced by
over 100 companies in 52 counties.

One of the most savage mines is the "butterfly" mine, a blast mine,
designed to look like a toy but which explode when played with.

Landmines maim or kill an estimated 500 people every week.

Mines cost as little as $3 each but it cost 1000% to clear. The process of
clearing is also nerve – shattering and life- threatening.

157
 AP mines are called the "hidden killers". They never sleep or respect a
ceasefire or a peace treaty. They do not differentiate between khaki and
other colors. It is ironical that the verbs we use to refer to laying mines
are (plant and sow).

Antipersonnel landmines constitute a menace to post-war economic

development, construction, promising projects and cultivation of land.
These weapons continue to take thousands of innocent civilian lives.
Besides, refugees can not return home.

There is a movement nowadays calling for the ban of mines. However,

it is estimated that 205 million mines are planted every year. But some
armies can not do without mines because they are a cheap and effective
means of defense.

The three nations with the largest landmine problem are Afghanistan,
Angola, and Cambodia.

In Angola, the Civil War, which lasted for 20 years, left behind 20
million mines. It is estimated that 70,000 Angolans are amputees.

In Alamein, the warring countries took liberty of sowing unmapped

mines. These countries are reluctant to provide technical support or
money. The Devils' Gardens planted by Gen. Rommel while pulling out
of Egypt denies any access to utilizing this region. Electronic detecting
is not always doing very well because these mines are damn old.
Sometimes they are washed out. Besides, the desert is teeming with
other metal objects.

An action should be taken to confront this problem. Imagine having a

child who has lost an arm or a leg to a land mine, mistaking it for a toy.
Imagine the anger and frustration you would feel while kissing and
putting this kid in bed every night………

158
159
 Annex

160
161
 Idioms
:‫التعبيرات االصطالحية في المغة االنجميزية‬-1
The following matrix contains a large number of idioms used in the
English Language. A lot of them were collected and recorded
through actual contact with natives. I hope that this little collection
of idioms would be useful for those who are interested in this area.

Legend:

sb: somebody
st: something

162
 S Meaning ‫المعني‬ Idiom ‫المصطلح‬

1 Die ‫د‬ّٛ٠ Push up daisies

Meet one’s end
Pay the debt of nature
Expire (slang)
Pass way (euphemism)
Be six feet under
Kick the bucket

2 Flatter Polish the apple

‫زٍّك‬٠ Lick one’s shoes
Browny nose
-You can catch more flies with honey
than with vinegar
-To be nice to people's faces

3 Happy Feel pink

‫ذ‬١‫ شخض عؼ‬As happy as a lark
As happy as a clam
Happy as a pig in mud
Be on cloud nine
Be walking/floating on air
Be over the moon
Be in the seventh heaven
Warm the cockles of my heart

4 Unattainble dream Build castles in the air

‫ ؽٍُ صػت إٌّبي‬A pie in the sky
Cry for the moon
Promise sb the moon
It's a jungle over there

163
 5 Talkative Windbag
)ٞ‫ش اٌىالَ (سغب‬١‫ وض‬Big mouth
Talk nineteen to the dozen
To have a verbal diarrhea
A blabbermouth
To talk the hind leg off a donkey
Be loose-tongued
Yak yak
Can’t get a word from edgeways
Loose lips sink ships

6 Under any Come rain or sunshine

circumstances Come hell or high water
‫ف‬ٚ‫ّب وبٔذ اٌظش‬ِٙ Come what may

7 The ups and downs The ebbs and flows

‫اٌؼغش‬ٚ ‫غش‬١ٌ‫ ا‬The snakes and ladders
That’s how the ball bounces

8 A unique person A rare bird

‫ذ‬٠‫ شخض فش‬One in a million
One of his own kind
Second to none

9 Snappy In a flash
‫ ثغشػخ‬In a twinkle of an eye
Before you could blink
Before you could say Jack Robinson
Like bats out of hell
In two shakes( of a lamb’s tail)
In a jiffy
As quick as lighting
In a split second
In no time(next to no time)

10 Undecided Be in two minds

‫ ارخبر‬ٟ‫ثخ ف‬ٛ‫غذ طؼ‬٠ ‫ شخض‬To straddle over the fence
‫ اٌمشاس‬Um and ah
Yes-no, stop-go

164
 11 Inexperienced Green
‫ً اٌزغبسة‬١ٍ‫ شخض غغ ل‬Wet behind the ears
A babe in the woods

12 Suit sb perfectly Fit like a glove

‫ء ِٕبعت رّبِب‬ٟ‫ ش‬Fit to a T

13 Caught in the act Caught red-handed

‫ؼجؾ ِزٍجغب‬٠ Caught with his pants down
Caught with his hand in the candy jar
Caught flat-footed

14 Entirely different Like oranges and apples

‫ ِخزٍف رّبِب‬Like chalk and cheese

15 Here and everywhere All over the place

)‫ هنا وهناك (في كل مكان‬Uphill and down dale

16 Try all means Spare no effort

ً‫ اٌغج‬ٟ‫ي ثشز‬ٚ‫ؾب‬٠ Leave no stone unturned

17 Agree See eye to eye

‫افك‬ٛ٠ Have the same wavelength
Speak the same language
Be in good terms
Getting along with each other
I can’t agree more
Be on the same page
I buy this

18 Not understand It’s all Greek to me

ُٙ‫ٗ اٌف‬١ٍ‫زؼزس ػ‬٠ Can’t make head or tail of st
It’s beyond me
Over my head

19 Get the point Hit the nail on the head

ُٙ‫ف‬٠ Hit the target on the nose
Hit the bull's eye

165
 20 Sleep Hit the sack
َ‫ٕب‬٠ Catch some Zs
Take a nap (catnap)
Forty winks
Sleep a lot (sack rat)
-Didn’t get a wink of sleep (didn't
sleep a wink)

21 Think st over Sleep on it

‫ أِش ِب‬ٟ‫ب ف‬١ٍِ ‫فىش‬٠ Reflect on what he said
On second thoughts,…..

22 Poor /Penniless Not have two pennies to rub together

‫ش‬١‫ فم‬/ ‫ ِفٍظ‬Not one red cent
Live from hand to mouth

23 Bribe To grease one’s palm

ٟ‫شش‬٠ To cross one’s palm with silver
Under the table
Sb has an itching palm

24 Hungry Get the munchies

ْ‫ػب‬ٛ‫ ع‬Can eat a horse
Sb(especially a youth) has a wolf in
his belly

25 Pregnant Expecting
ٍٟ‫ أِشأح ؽج‬A mother to be
Have a bun in the oven

26 Expensive Cost a fortune

ّٓ‫ ثب٘ع اٌض‬Cost an arm and leg

27 Wish sb good luck Keep my fingers crossed

‫ك ٌشخض ِب‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫ اٌز‬ّٟٕ‫ز‬٠ Break a leg
Rabbit’s foot

28 Stupid Have nothing between his ears

ٟ‫ غج‬Dead from the neck up
Bird brain

166
 29 A sensitive topic A touchy topic
‫ع ؽغبط‬ٛ‫ػ‬ِٛ A hot potato
Juggling frogs

30 Suspicious Fishy
‫ت‬٠‫ ِش‬Smell a rat

31 Be certain Dead sure

‫ ِزأوذ‬Bet my life on it
As sure as eggs is eggs
Make no mistake about it
There is no question about it
32 A weak chance/st is Not a snowball’s chance in hell
not going to Happen A slim chance
ٗ‫ص‬ٚ‫ظؼت ؽذ‬٠ ‫ أِش‬Ghost of a chance
As much chance as a wax cat in hell
Don’t make me laugh!
Highly unlikely

33 St favorite My dish
ً‫ء ِفؼ‬ٟ‫ ش‬My cup of tea
Music to my ears

34 A weak character A yes man

‫فخ‬١‫خ ػؼ‬١‫ شخظ‬Anemic character
A mama’s boy
-To be tied to his mother’s apron –
string

35 Haughty/snobbish As proud as a peacock

‫س‬ٚ‫ شخض ِغش‬Like the cat that ate the canary
Full of one’s self
With his nose in the air
Beat the air
Smart Alec
Mr.Know it all

167
 36 Toil Work his heart out
‫ىذػ‬٠ As busy as a bee
Sweat blood
Burn the midnight oil
Burn the candle at both ends
Work like a whirlybird
Work like ants
workaholic

37 Bored Bored to tears

َ‫غب‬٠ Bored to the teeth
Be stuck in a groove
Watch paint dry

38 Angry/make angry Grind one’s teeth

‫شزبؽ غؼجب‬٠ / ‫غؼت‬٠ Go ballistic
Foaming at the mouth
Have bats in the belfry
Blow one’s top
Hit the ceiling
Make one’s blood boil
Hot under the collar
Be filled with spleen
Ruffle sb’s feathers
Boil with anger
Simmer with anger
Pissed off

39 Unrehearsed / On the spur of the moment

improvise Play it by ears
ً‫ء ِشرغ‬ٟ‫ ش‬Off the cuff
Shoot from the hip
Pluck st from air
Impromptu speech
Ad lib

40 Fatigued Dog-tired
‫ ِش٘ك‬Be all in

168
 41 Scared Shake like a leaf
‫ة‬ٛ‫ ِشػ‬Scare the pants off sb
Make one’s hair stand on its end
Shake in one’s shoes
A sacredly cat
Like rats abandoning a sinking ship
Have jelly knees

42 Coward Yellow
ْ‫ عجب‬Chicken

43 Insane/lunatic Be as nutty as a fruitcake

ْٕٛ‫ ِغ‬Be banana
Be driven out of one’s mind

44 Rains heavily It pours

‫ رّطش ثغضاسح‬It rains cats and dogs
Good day for ducks
45 Initiate an action The ball is in your court
‫جزذس ػّال ِب‬٠ You are to bat
Set the ball rolling
Hit the ground running

46 In a difficult situation A sticky situation

‫ ِأصق‬ٟ‫ ف‬In a tight spot
Be over the barrel
Drive sb to a corner
Up the river/creek without a paddle
Be in hot water
In a fix
In a jam
Be in pickles
In catch 22
Damn if you do, damn if you don't
Caught in the middle

47 Sustain a family Bread-winner

‫ أعشح‬ٍٟ‫ االٔفبق ػ‬ٌٟٛ‫ز‬٠ Bring home the bacon

169
 48 Unpleasant situation A bitter pill to swallow
‫ش عبس‬١‫لف غ‬ِٛ Bite the bullet
(memory)Leave a bad taste in sb’s
mouth

49 Not socializing with Keep sb at arm’s length

sb Keep sb at bay
‫ً اٌخٍطخ ثبٌٕبط‬١ٍ‫ ل‬Give sb the cold shoulder

50 Talk ,when there is Rack over the ashes

not a need to, about Open old wounds
unpleasant past Rub salt in an old wound
situations
‫ّخ‬٠‫فزؼ اٌغشاػ اٌمذ‬٠
51 Be fired Get the ax
ٍّٗ‫فظً ِٓ ػ‬٠ Get the sack
Be given the pink slip
Be shown the red card

52 Easy On automatic pilot

‫ش‬١‫غ‬٠ ًٙ‫ ع‬Piece of cake
Like the falling off a log
-Could do st with one’s hand tied
behind one’s back
As easy as ABC
Like shooing fish in a barrel
Duck soup
Sitting duck
It's not brain surgery
It's not rocket science

53 Typical American American as apple pie

ً‫ ؽجك األط‬ٟ‫ى‬٠‫أِش‬

54 Envious Green with envy

‫د‬ٛ‫ ؽغ‬To put the evil eye on st

170
 55 Make a fuss /a scene Much ado about nothing
‫ي أِش ِب‬ٛ‫ش طخت ؽ‬١‫ض‬٠ Make a mountain out of a molehill
Stir a storm in a tea-cup

56 All and every thing From A to Z

ٗ‫ٕشذ األِش ثشِز‬٠ From Alpha to Omega

57 A turning point About- face

‫ي‬ٛ‫ ٔمطخ رؾ‬A U- turn
A change in the wind
A flip-flop
No more Mr. Nice Guy

58 Excited/restless/worri To have ants in his pants

ed/obsessed To have butterflies in his stomach
‫ف‬ٛ‫ شغ‬/ ‫ لٍك‬To have a bee in one’s bonnet
To stand on his toes
Wait on pins and needles
Be like a cat on a hot tin roof

59 Sad Feel blue

ٓ٠‫ ؽض‬Down in the dumps
Be in the doldrums
Pull a long face
60 Doll up/dressed Dressed to the nines
nicely Dressed to kill
ٗ‫ ٍِجغ‬ٟ‫زأٔك ف‬٠ Dressed to the teeth
In his best bib and tucker

61 Rumors Hear st through the grapevine

‫اشبػبد‬

62 Reveal a secret Have a loose tongue

‫ عش‬ٟ‫فش‬٠ Spill the beans
Let the cat out of the bag
Blow the whistle

63 Wait for along time Until the cows come home

‫ال‬٠ٛ‫ٕزظش اِذا ؽ‬٠ Until Jesus returns
Waiting for Godot

171
 64 Joining a cause that is Get on the bandwagon
currently Get on the gravy train
popular/prosperous Swim with the tide
‫ٍؾك ثأِش سائظ‬٠

65 Go back on his words Take that back

ِٗ‫ وال‬ٟ‫شعغ ف‬٠ I eat my words
Burn the tape
Chicken out

66 Not naïve I wasn’t born yesterday

‫ظ عبرعب‬١ٌ Tell that to the Marines
Pull the other leg
Tell me another one!

67 St in a critical On the rocks

situation At a stake
‫ع ِزؼضش‬ٛ‫ػ‬ِٛ

68 Keep a secret Mum the word

‫ اٌغش‬ٍٟ‫ؾبفع ػ‬٠ Hush it up
Draw a curtain over st
Draw a veil over
I won't tell a single soul

69 Delude sb Open one’s eyes to……

ٓ٘‫٘بَ ػبٌمخ ثز‬ٚ‫ً أ‬٠‫ض‬٠ Burst one’s bubble
‫ شخض ِب‬Wake up and smell the coffee
Give a wake up call
Nine day's wonder

70 Achieve nothing Move in a vicious circle

‫ئب‬١‫ٕغض ش‬٠ ‫ ال‬Run around in circles

71 Fool sb Take someone for a ride

ٚ‫جذ‬٠ ٍٗ‫غؼ‬٠ / ‫خذع شخض‬٠ Take sb to the cleaners
ٍٗ‫ أث‬Pull one’s legs
Jack sb around

172
 72 Impossible Over my dead body
ً١‫ئ ِغزؾ‬١‫ ش‬When hell freezes over
When pigs fly
Not in a million tears
No way, Jose!

73 Hot / heat wave The dog days

‫عخ ؽبسح‬ِٛ / ‫ ؽبس‬ٛ‫ ع‬Indian summer
Blistering heat
Frying heat
Sizzling summer

74 Energetic/enthusiastic Eager-beaver
‫خ‬١ّ‫ؽ‬ٚ ‫ٗ ؽّبط‬٠‫ شخض ٌذ‬Bright-eyed and bushy-tailed
Full steam ahead
A sparkplug

75 Street smart ‫ؼشف‬٠ Street savvy

‫اسع‬ٛ‫س اٌش‬ِٛ‫أ‬ Know the ins and outs of st
Know st like the back of his hand

76 In debt In the red

ْٛ٠‫ ِذ‬Knee-deep in debts
Up to his ears in debt
Saddled with debt

77 Embarrassed / Have an egg on sb’s face

embarrassing As red as a beetroot
situation Blushing moment
‫شؼش ثبالؽشاط‬٠ If looks could kill
I just wanted to die
I wanted to melt away
I can't live it down
There is no place to hide
I wish I could crawl into a hole

78 One package All or none

ٍٟ‫ طفمخ وبٍِخ (ْلجً ػ‬Take it or leave it
)‫ رشفغ‬ٚ‫ب أ‬ٙ‫ ػٍز‬Feast or famine

173
 79 Overhear/eavesdrop To have big ears
‫زظٕذ‬٠ A fly on the wall
Walls have ears

80 Ask sb to leave Go fly a kite

‫غبدس‬٠ ْ‫طٍت ِٓ شخض أ‬٠ Beat it
ْ‫ اٌّىب‬Take a hike
Get lost

81 Not utter a word Seal you lips

‫ٕطك ثجٕذ شفخ‬٠‫ ال‬Button your lips
Shut like a clam

82 Always dissatisfied Keep up with the Jonses

people -The grass is always greener on the
ُ‫ ٔبل‬other side of the fence
-Every hores thinks its own pack is the
heaviest

83 Sick As sick as a dog

‫غ‬٠‫ ِش‬As white as a sheet
Be under the weather

84 Have a lot of money Money to burn

‫ح ٘بئٍخ‬ٚ‫ٗ صش‬٠‫ ٌذ‬Splash his money around
Be rolling in it
Rich as Croesus

85 A foggy memory Have a mind like a sieve

‫شخ‬ٛ‫ راوشح ِش‬St doesn’t ring a bell
It slipped my mind
My mind goes blank
His name fell off my head

86 Haven’t seen sb for a Long time no see

long time(ages) Haven’t seen you for a month of
ً٠ٛ‫لذ ؽ‬ٌٛ ‫ شخض‬ٞ‫ش‬٠ ٌُ Sundays

174
 87 Favoritism Have friends in high places
‫خ‬١‫ث‬ٛ‫ اٌّؾغ‬To pull strings
Movers and shakers
The men in gray suits
Bigwig

88 Drink excessively Drink like fish

‫ اٌششاة‬ٟ‫غشف ف‬٠ Drink like an Irish
Paint the town red

89 Self-made man Pull himself up by the bootstraps

ِٟ‫ سعً ػظب‬Start from a scratch
Grow from the ashes

90 One who doesn’t Be the third wheel

have a match Odd man out
‫ك‬١‫ظ ٌٗ سف‬١ٌ ‫ء‬ٟ‫ ش‬ٚ‫شخض أ‬

91 Retaliate Have a score to settle with sb

‫ضأس‬٠ Tit for tat
Get even with sb
An eye for an eye
What goes around, comes around

92 Favor for a favor One good turn deserves another

‫ ِٕفؼخ ِمبثً ِٕفؼخ‬You scratch my back, I scratch yours

93 State of Head over heels

confusion/messy Be at sixes and sevens
‫رخجؾ‬ٚ ‫ثٍجٍخ‬

94 Healthy Healthy as a horse

‫ٕؼُ ثبٌظؾخ‬٠ As sound as rain
as sound as a bell

175
 95 Facing two difficult Between the devil and the deep blue
choices/situations sea
ٟ‫ اٌشؽ‬ٟ‫ٓ شم‬١‫ ث‬Between a rock and a hard place
Between the hammer and the anvil
Hobson's choice

96 Encounter a problem Face the music

directly and bravely Take the bull by the horns
‫اعٗ ِشىٍخ ثشغبػخ‬ٛ٠ Keep a stiff upper lip
‫ثشىً ِجبشش‬ٚ

97 Make peace Hold out the olive branch

ٌُ‫غب‬٠ Bury the hatchet

98 Be frank Speak one’s mind

‫ؾب‬٠‫ْ طش‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ Call a spade a spade

99 Be in charge Be at the helm of st

‫ء‬ٟ‫خ ش‬١ٌٛ‫ ِغئ‬ٌٟٛ‫ز‬٠ Call the tune
Be in the driver’s seat

100 Ruin an Cook one’s goose

opportunity/plan Sleeping on the wheel driver
‫غ فشطخ‬١‫ؼ‬٠ / ‫فغذ خطخ‬٠ Upset the apple cart

101 Reduce expenses Cut to the bone

‫مًٍ ِٓ إٌفمبد‬٠ Tighten the belt

102 Irrecoverable It’s too late

ٖ‫ شفبؤ‬ٟ‫شع‬٠ ‫ ال‬The die is cast

103 Annoy Bug on sb

‫ك‬٠‫ؼب‬٠ Drive sb up the wall
Get under one’s skin
Nag someone

104 Small/inadequate Dribs and drabs

quantity A drop in the bucket
‫خ‬١‫ش وبف‬١‫ٍخ غ‬١‫خ ػئ‬١ّ‫و‬

176
 105 Eat large quantities Eat out of house and home
‫شح‬١‫بد وج‬١ّ‫ُ و‬ٙ‫ٍز‬٠ Eat like a pig
Eat like there is no tomorrow
Foodie
His eyes are bigger than his stomach

106 From the very From the word go

beginning Back to square one
‫خ‬٠‫ِٕز اٌجذا‬

107 Phone Give sb a buzz

‫ب‬١‫زظً ٘برف‬٠ Give sb a ring

108 Very busy Have one’s hands full

‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِشغ‬Have many irons in the fire
Ducking and diving

109 Not being able to Can’t suit everyone

satisfy everybody Damn if you do’ damn if you don’t
‫ِٓ اٌظؼت اسػبء وً إٌبط‬

110 Seize the Make hay while the sun shines

opportunity/take Strike when the iron is hot
advantage
‫غزغً اٌفشطخ‬٠

111 And things like that And stuff like that

ً١‫بء ِٓ ٘زا اٌمج‬١‫أش‬ٚ And all that jazz

112 Dirty words Four- letter words

‫ء‬ٟ٠‫ والَ ثز‬Call someone names
Swear like a sailor
Pardon my French

113 Persist in asking Din into one’s ears

‫ اٌغإاي‬ٟ‫ظش ف‬٠ Keep hammering at…….
It's the squeaky wheel that gets the oil
The crying baby gets the milk

177
 114 Treat very carefully Handle with kid gloves
‫ؼبًِ ثؾشص‬٠ / ‫ي‬ٚ‫زٕب‬٠ Walk on eggshell

115 Wait Hold your horses

‫ٕزظش‬٠ Keep one’s shirt on

116 Abandon Leave sb in the lurch

‫غش‬ٙ٠ Leave sb high and dry
Sell sb down the river
Dump someone
Ditch someone
Leave someone in the rain
Marooned on a desert island

117 Can not eat more I am full tank

ِٓ ‫ذ‬٠‫ي اٌّض‬ٚ‫ّىٓ رٕب‬٠ ‫ ال‬I don’t have room for………
َ‫ اٌطؼب‬I got stuffed

118 Take care in speech Watch your tongue

ٗ‫ض‬٠‫ ؽذ‬ٟ‫ اٌؾشص ف‬ٟ‫خ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ Mind your Ps and Qs

119 Mal-function On the fritz

‫ ػطت‬/ ً‫ ػط‬On the blink

120 Beginning of the Pretty good for Monday

week symptoms Monday quarter- back
‫ع‬ٛ‫ أػشاع ثذء األعج‬Black Monday

121 Have little time Pressed for time

ً١ٍ‫لذ ل‬ٚ ٗ٠‫ ٌذ‬It’s a race against time
Work against the clock
122 Save up money Save for a rainy day
‫ذخش ِبال‬٠ A penny saved is a penny gained

123 Pull through or give Sink or swim

in Bear or tear
‫بس‬ٙٔ‫ ئ‬ٚ‫رّبعه أ‬
124 A deceitful person Beating around the bush
‫شخض ِخبدع‬ A snake in the grass
As slippery as an eel

178
 125 Was about to say st You took the words out of my mouth
‫ء‬ٟ‫ٖ ثش‬ٛ‫زف‬٠ ْ‫شه أ‬ٚ ٍٟ‫ ػ‬Be on the tip of one’s tongue

126 Reverse order Upside down

‫ة‬ٍٛ‫ػغ ِم‬ٚ Topsy-turvy
Head over heels
Inside out
Put the cart before the horse
The shoe on the other foot
Vice-versa

127 Unknown watchamacallit

‫ف‬ٚ‫ش ِؼش‬١‫ غ‬This stuff
A John/Jane Doe
Not know sb from Adam
Tom, Dick and Harry

128 Rare Once in a blue moon

‫ ٔبدس‬Few and far between

129 Doesn’t fit in a job Be a square pig in a round hole

‫فخ‬١‫ظ‬ٌٛ‫ٕبعت ا‬٠‫ ال‬Be a small fish in a big pond

130 All details The ins and outs

ً١‫ وً اٌزفبط‬Every nook and cranny

131 Look for past Dig into one’s past

incidents to cause a Look for skeletons in one’s closet
scandal Snoop around
ٓ‫ ثؾضب ػ‬ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫فزش ف‬٠ Muckraker
‫ؾخ‬١‫فؼ‬

132 Too good to be true Goody-goody

‫ظؼت‬٠ ‫ت ٌذسعخ‬١‫ شخض ؽ‬Whiter than white
‫ب‬ٙ‫م‬٠‫ رظذ‬Airs and graces

133 Spoil a plan Pour cold water on st

‫فغذ خطخ‬٠ Throw a wet blanket on st

179
 134 Aggravate Add fuel to the fire
ُ‫زفبل‬٠ Fan the flames

135 Stop work and leave Let’s hit the road

‫غبدس‬٠ٚ ًّ‫لف ػٓ اٌؼ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ Let’s call it a day

136 Not interfere in Live and let live

other’s people lives Mind your own business
ٓ٠‫خش‬٢‫ْ ا‬ٛ‫ شئ‬ٟ‫زذخً ف‬٠ ‫ ال‬Don’t poke your nose where it doesn’t
belong

137 Resist change Die hard

‫ش‬١١‫َ اٌزغ‬ٚ‫مب‬٠ Die in the last ditch
Fuddy-duddy

138 Unwilling to yield As stubborn as a mule

ٚ‫بدٔخ أ‬ٌّٙ‫ ا‬ٟ‫شغت ف‬٠‫ ال‬As obstinate as a donkey
‫ع‬ٛ‫اٌخؼ‬

139 Support both sides Play one camp against the other
ٓ٠‫ٕبطش وال اٌّؼغىش‬٠ To have a foot in both camps
Run with the hare and hunt with the
hounds

140 Be crowded Swarm like locusts

ُ‫ ِضدؽ‬Be packed like sardines

141 Toss up Draw straws

‫مزشع‬٠ Heads or tails
Flip the coin

142 Menace Show one’s teeth

‫ذ‬٠‫ذ‬ٙ‫ ر‬/ ‫ذد‬ٙ٠ Show one’s muscles

143 St known to St taken for granted

everybody Rule of thumb
‫غ‬١ّ‫ف ٌٍغ‬ٚ‫ء ِؼش‬ٟ١‫ش‬

144 Telling lies A cock-and-bull story

‫ىزة‬٠ Be economical with the truth

180
 145 Trying to curb the Man has needs
demands of the body The spirit is willing but the flesh is
but fails weak
‫ىجؼ عّبػ اٌغغذ‬٠

146 Have the courage Have a heart

‫ٗ اٌشغبػخ‬٠‫ ٌذ‬Have the guts to…..

147 Behaving a child Spare the rod and spoil the child
‫إدة ؽفال‬٠ Shape up or ship out

148 No gains without No sweet without sweat

pains No rose without thorns
‫ْ ِزبػت‬ٚ‫ ال ِىبعت ثذ‬-You can't make an omelet without
breaking eggs

149 Worth nothing at Not worth a fig

all/cheap/don’t count A dime a dozen
‫ء‬ٟ١‫ ش‬ٞٚ‫غب‬٠‫ ال‬/ ‫ض‬١‫ سخ‬Chopped liver

150 A beautiful woman She’s a peach

‫ٍخ‬١ّ‫ أِشأح ع‬Foxy
Buxom
Isn't she something
Look what mammy gave me
She has got it all
She is a cut
151 Womanizer A ladies’ man
‫ش ٔغبء‬٠‫ ص‬Run after anyone in skirts
Curb-crawler
Skirt chaser
Tomcat around
Sb has bedroom eyes

152 Doesn’t believe Seeing is believing

except what he sees A doubting Thomas
ٖ‫شا‬٠‫ظذق اال ِب‬٠ ‫ال‬

153 Practical Down -to -earth person

ٍّٟ‫ ػ‬Talk about the nuts and bolts

181
 154 Make a deduction Read between the lines
‫غزٕزظ‬٠ Put two and two together

155 Sneaky ways to see sb Peeping Tom

‫زٍظض ثبٌٕظش‬٠ Big brother is always watching you

156 Say st and do st else Doesn’t practice what he preaches

‫ي‬ٛ‫م‬٠ ‫فؼً ِبال‬٠ Look who is talking
Double-faced person

157 Difference in There is no accounting for taste

people’s taste Different strokes for different folks
‫اق اٌجشش‬ٚ‫ اخزالف أر‬Variety is the spice of life

158 Not in a good Get out of on the wrong side of bed

mood/have a bad day Have a bad hair day
‫ِزاعٗ ػىش‬ٚ ‫ء‬ٟ‫َ ع‬ٛ١‫ِش ث‬

159 Superstitions Black cats and broken mirrors

‫إِٓ ثبٌخشافبد‬٠ Bad omen
Friday 13th
-Step on a crack, break your mother's
back

160 In simple words In plain English

‫ ثجغبؽخ‬In words of one syllable
He said it point blank

161 Learn from harsh Learn the hard way

experience Learn in the school of hard knocks
‫خ‬١‫زؼٍُ ِٓ اٌزغبسة اٌمبع‬٠ Sadder but wiser

162 To keep a vow/oath A man of his word

ٖ‫ػذ‬ٚ ٍٟ‫ؾبفع ػ‬٠ My word is my bond

163 Such is life C’est la vie

‫بح‬١‫ اٌؾ‬ٟ٘ ٖ‫٘ز‬ٚ That’s the way the cookie crumbles
That’s the way the ball bounces

182
 164 To draw sb’s Give a wake-up call
attention to see Wake up and smell the coffee
what’s happening
behind his back
‫ ِب‬ٌٟ‫ٍفذ ٔظش شخض ِب ا‬٠
ٖ‫ش‬ٙ‫ؾذس خٍف ظ‬٠
165 similar Like two peas in a pod
ٗ١‫شج‬ Six of one and half dozen of the other

166 Optimistic/hopeful See light at the end of the tunnel

about the future look at st with rose –colored glasses
ً‫ ِزفبئ‬-Even a stopped watch is correct twive
aday

167 St obvious/self I don’t need a ghost to tell me this

explanatory Shall I paint you a picture?
ٗ‫ شبسػ ٔفغ‬/ ‫اػؼ‬ٚ ‫ء‬ٟ١‫ش‬
168 Stingy/miser A close-fisted man
ً١‫ ثخ‬To pinch pennies

169 St which brings about The final nail in the coffin

failure The last straw that broke the camel’s
ً‫ عٍت اٌفش‬ٟ‫زغجت ف‬٠ ‫ء‬ٟ١‫ ش‬back

170 A child acting like his Like father, like son

parent An apple doesn’t fall far from the tree
ٗ١‫االثٓ ؽبٌغ ألث‬

171 Clumsy Be all thumps

‫ شخض أخشق‬Have two left feet

172 Naked Naked as a jay bird

‫ ػبس رّبِب‬In his birthday suit
Be in the buff
Stark naked

173 Protected/secured As snug as a bug in a rug

ِٓ‫ِإ‬ٚ ّٟ‫ ِؾ‬As a flea in a doghouse

183
 174 Make distinctions To split hair
‫خ‬٠‫س‬ٚ‫ش ػش‬١‫ق غ‬ٚ‫ ػًّ فش‬To dot the(i) and cross the (t)

175 People don’t change A leopard can’t change its spots

‫ش‬١‫ إٌبط الرزغ‬Once a snake’ always a snake

176 Tricky appearance Don’t judge a book by its cover

‫ ِظب٘ش خبدػخ‬All is not gold that glitters

177 Willing to serve sb Be at sb beck and call

‫ خذِخ شخض ِب‬ٟ‫ٗ سغجخ ف‬٠‫ ٌذ‬Wait on sb’s hand and foot

178 Be blamed Carry the can

َ‫ال‬٠ Scapegoat

179 Not change one’s And that is that

decision End of discussion, period.
ٖ‫ش لشاس‬١‫غ‬٠‫ال‬

180 Make a lot of money Making a killing

‫اي ؽبئٍخ‬ِٛ‫شثؼ أ‬٠ Money spinner
Be minting money

181 Succeed or fail Fish or cut bait

ً‫ اٌفش‬ٚ‫ إٌغبػ أ‬Make or break
Bear or tear
Do or die
Now or never
If you can't stand the heat, get out of
the kitchen

182 The dear ones The apple of one’s eye

‫ األػضاء‬The nearest and dearest

183 Borrow Borrowing is sorrowing

‫ش‬١‫غزؼ‬٠ If you want to know the value of
money’ go and try to borrow some

184 kill Take a long walk on a short pier

ً‫مز‬٠ Take sb to the seashore

184
 185 Trying to be brief To make the long story short
‫عض‬ٛ٠ And the rest is history
The same old story

186 Every one pays for Let’s go Dutch

himself Dutch Treat
ٗ‫ؾبعت ٌٕفغ‬٠ ‫اؽذ‬ٚ ً‫ و‬On separate checks

187 Bad people Bad eggs

‫شح‬٠‫ شش‬/ ‫ئخ‬١‫ ٔبط ع‬The scum of the earth
Some people stink

188 smart As sharp as a tack

‫ ٌّبػ‬/ ٟ‫ رو‬As bright as a button
Egghead

189 Get all the attention Steal the show

َ‫ اال٘زّب‬ٍٟ‫ر ػ‬ٛ‫غزؾ‬٠ Steal sb’s thunder

190 help Give sb five

‫غبػذ‬٠ Give sb a hand

191 Stretch rules Rules are made to be broken

ٓ‫جؾش ػ‬٠ٚ ٓ١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ‫ي اٌم‬ٚ‫إ‬٠ It isn’t written on stone
‫ب‬ٙ‫صغشار‬

192 Eat little food Eat like a bird

ٖ‫د‬ٚ‫ُ أ‬١‫م‬٠ ‫ي ِب‬ٚ‫زٕب‬٠ Fussy eater

193 Black Monday Monday morning quarterback

‫خ‬٠‫ ثذا‬ٟ‫ االؽغبط ثبرؼت ف‬Pretty good for Monday
‫ع‬ٛ‫االعج‬

194 Fond of shopping Shop till you drop

‫ ِغشَ ثبٌششاء‬Born with a shop gene
Fashion bug
Shophaulic

185
 195 Kiss Give me some sugar(for kids)
ً‫مج‬٠ Bill and coo
Open mouth kiss(liplock)

196 A split home Disrupted family

‫ذ ِّضق‬١‫ ث‬Fractured family

197 No limit The sky is the limit

‫ء ثال ؽذ‬ٟ١‫ ش‬Raise the bars
Hitch your wagon to a star
Aim high

198 A religious man Man of God

ٓ٠‫ شخض ِزذ‬The Bible man

199 Cheap A dime a dozen

‫ض‬١‫ سخ‬Pay little to nothing

200 Prostitute Hawker

‫ ػب٘شح‬Sex care provider
A doorknob
201 Understand Got it
ُٙ‫ف‬٠ I see
I copy that
I read you
202 Get married Tie the knot
‫ط‬ٚ‫زض‬٠ Walk down the aisle

203 ambitious Hitch your wagon to a star

‫ػ‬ّٛ‫ ؽ‬Have starry eyes

204 Cheat on Sneak around

‫غش‬٠ Fool around
Messing around
Play around

205 Have a relation with a Have an affair

man/woman Have a fling
‫ اِشأح‬/ ً‫ُ ػاللخ ِغ سع‬١‫م‬٠

186
 206 On the other hand -On the other side of the coin
ً‫ اٌغبٔت اٌّمبث‬ٟ‫ ف‬-On the flip side of that

207 A good match We click

between a man and a We hit it off
woman Sparks were flying
‫ اِشأح‬ٚ ً‫ٓ سع‬١‫رىبفإ ث‬ The spark ignited
We just hooked up
The chemistry worked
A match made in heaven
We are made for each other

208 Being at a loss of Tongue- tied

words Has the cat eaten your tongue?
‫ؼجش ػّب‬١ٌ ‫غذ اٌىٍّبد‬٠ ‫ال‬
ٍٗ‫ش ثذاخ‬١‫غ‬٠

209 Carry out what has Let's walk the talk

been agreed upon Actions speak louder than words
ٗ١ٍ‫ٕفز ِب ارفك ػ‬٠

210 Can't account for his -Money is burning a hole in our

expenses pockets
ٗ‫غ ؽغبة ٔفمبر‬١‫غزط‬٠‫ ال‬-Money is running through our fingers

211 Very old ‫ثبسد عذا‬ Long in the tooth

Living on borrowed time
212 To experience Been there, done that
something before Deja-vu
‫س ثأٔٗ عشة‬ٛ‫دٖ شؼ‬ٚ‫شا‬٠
ً‫ء ِٓ لج‬ٟ١‫ش‬

213 Skip classes Play truant

‫ؽ ِٓ اٌّذسعخ‬ٚ‫ض‬٠ Play hokey

214 Fond of reading Book worm

‫ف ثبٌمشاءح‬ٛ‫ شغ‬Bibliomaniac
He always has his nose in a book

187
 215 Seize the opportunity Strike the iron when it is hot
‫غزغً اٌفشطخ‬٠ Time and tide waits for no man

216 Something worrying This is eating me up

someone This is tearing me apart
‫غجت لٍك ٌشخض ِب‬٠ ‫ء‬ٟ١‫ ش‬I am carrying too much luggage
It is weighing on my mind
It is racking on my nerves

217 Selfish Have a big ego

ٟٔ‫ أٔب‬Me, myself and I is what counts

218 Be creative Broaden your horizons

‫ خالق‬Think outside the box

219 Like someone from Takes a shine on someone

the other sex Has a crush on someone
‫ شخض ِٓ اٌغٕظ‬ٌٟ‫ً ا‬١ّ٠
‫خش‬٢‫ا‬

220 You can't hold a Musical chairs

position for good It doesn't have your name on it
َٚ‫ذ‬٠ ‫ ال ِٕظت‬You can't take it with you when you
die

221 Feel nostalgic A blast from the past

ٓ١ٕ‫شؼش ثبٌؾ‬٠ Stroll down memory lane

188
 :‫ِمزجغبد‬ٚ ُ‫ؽى‬ٚ ‫أِضبي‬-2
A bad beginning makes a bad
ٚٓ‫ كٖٔ هظخ‬ٚ‫ظ‬٣‫ٖٓ كٔ٘ض ريح‬
ending.
A bad bush is better than an open
‫َ ٖٓ حُؼَحء‬٤‫ٗـَس ؿَىحء ه‬
field.
A bad excuse is better than none
ٍ‫ػظٌح‬٫‫َ ٖٓ ػيّ ح‬٤‫ ه‬ٙ‫ح‬ٝ ٍِ‫ػ‬
at all.

A beggar can never be bankrupt. ٢‫ٔو‬٣ ٫ ‫س‬ُٜٞ‫ أٓلَ ح‬٠‫ٖٓ ًخٕ ك‬

A bird in the hand is worth ten in ٠ِ‫َ ٖٓ ػَ٘س ػ‬٤‫ي ه‬٤ُ‫ ح‬٠‫ٍ ك‬ٞ‫ل‬ٜ‫ػ‬
the bush. ‫حُ٘ـَس‬

A broken friendship may be ‫خ ٓؼَ ُؿخؿش‬ٛ‫ى‬ٝ َ‫د اًح ط٘خك‬ِٞ‫إ حُو‬

soldered, but will never be sound. ‫٘ؼذ‬٣ ٫ ‫خ‬ًَٛٔ

A burnt child dreads the fire. َ‫وخف ٖٓ ؿَس حُلز‬٣ ‫ؽ‬ٝ‫حُِٔي‬

A cheerful look makes a dish a ‫ (حُز٘خٗش‬٠ٓ‫ؼخ‬١‫ طلٖٔ ا‬٫ ٝ ٠‫أكٖٔ ُوخث‬

feast. ) ‫ٔش‬٤ُٝ ّ‫َ حُطؼخ‬٤ٔ٣ ٖٓ َ‫طـؼ‬

A dainty stomach beggars the

‫ش ٓلَهش‬ٛ‫حَُ٘ح‬
purse.
A danger foreseen is half
‫ق حُٔؼًَش‬ٜٗ ٢٤‫حُظوط‬
avoided.

A drop in the sea. َ‫ رل‬٠‫هطَس ك‬

A drowning man will catch at a

‫ظؼِن رخُو٘ش‬٣ ‫ن‬٣َ‫حُـ‬
straw.

A fair face cannot have a crabbed ‫ق‬ٛ ,َُٔ‫ق ح‬ٛ ‫ْ(اًح‬ٜٛٞ‫ؿ‬ٝ ٠ِ‫ْ ػ‬ٛ‫ٓٔخ‬
heart. )ٚ‫ظ‬٤ٗ٬‫لض ػ‬ٛ ٚ‫َط‬٣َٓ ‫حُؼِٖ)(ٖٓ ِٓٔض‬
A fault confessed is half
ّ‫ظوي‬٣ ‫٘ٔخ‬٤‫ولق حُلٌْ ك‬٣ ‫ػظَحف‬٫‫ح‬
redressed.

189
 A fault once denied is twice
committed.
A good beginning is half the
battle.
A fool always rushes to the fore.
A fool's tongue is long enough to
cut his own throat.
A friend in need is a friend
indeed.
A friend is easier lost than found.
A friend that you buy with
presents will be bought from you.
A full purse makes the mouth run
over.
A gift with a kind countenance is
a double present.
A good deed breeds a good deed.
A good deed is never lost.
A good dog deserves a good
bone.
A good example is the best
sermon.
A good face is a better sermon.
A good face is a letter of
recommendation.
A good friend is my nearest
relation.
190
‫ِش(اٌٗخٍ حُوطخء‬٤٠‫ حُلن ك‬٠ُ‫ع ح‬ٞ‫حَُؿ‬
) ٚ‫خػل‬٠٣
‫ق حُٔؼًَش‬ٜٗ ٢٤‫حُظوط‬
ٍٕٜٝٞ‫ظويّ حُٔظ‬٣ ‫اٗٔخ‬
‫كٔن‬٧‫٘٘ن ح‬٣( ‫ كظق‬٠ُ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ٍد كَف أى‬
)ٚٗ‫رِٔخ‬
‫ن‬٤٠ُ‫هض ح‬ُٞ ‫ن‬٣‫ي‬ُٜ‫ح‬
َٜٓ‫ ٓخ أ‬ٝ ‫يهخء‬ٛ٧‫ؼذ ًٔذ ح‬ٛ‫ٓخ أ‬
ْٛ‫كوي‬
ٚ‫خىه‬ٜ‫ ٖٓ ط‬,ّٝ‫ طي‬٫ َٟٚ‫يحهش حُٔـ‬ُٜ‫ح‬
‫خ‬٣‫يح‬ُٜ‫ؼي رخ‬٤‫ز‬٣ ‫خ‬٣‫يح‬ُٜ‫رخ‬
ٕ‫ًؼَس حُٔخٍ ططِن حُِٔخ‬
‫حُؼطخء ٓغ حُز٘خٗش ػطخءحٕ ( ر٘خٗش‬
)‫ش‬٤ٗ‫ش ػخ‬٤‫ ػط‬ٚ‫ؿ‬ُٞ‫ح‬
‫زش‬٤‫ػخٍ حُط‬٥‫زش طوِن ح‬٤‫ػٔخٍ حُط‬٧‫ح‬
‫غ‬٤٠٣٫ ‫ف‬َٝ‫حُٔؼ‬
‫خ‬ِٜ‫حُلٔش رٔؼ‬
ٍ‫ح‬ٞ‫ه‬٧‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤‫كؼخٍ ه‬٧‫ح‬
‫ػع‬ُٞ‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤‫رظٔخٓش ه‬٩‫ح‬
ٚ‫خكز‬ٛ ٠ًِ٣ ‫ف‬ٞ‫ز‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ٚ‫ؿ‬ُٞ‫ح‬
ٖٓ ‫يهخء‬ُٜ‫َ ح‬٤‫(ه‬ٚ‫ذ ٖٓ هَد ٗلؼ‬٣َ‫حُو‬
)َ٤‫ حُو‬٠ِ‫ىُي ػ‬
 A good name is better than
‫ع‬ٞٔ‫َ ٖٓ حُٔخٍ حُٔـ‬٤‫ض حُلٖٔ ه‬٤ُٜ‫ح‬
riches.
A good name is sooner lost than ٖٓ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٍ ُِؤش‬ُٞٛٞ‫َ ح‬ُٜٔ‫ٖٓ ح‬
won. ‫خ‬ٜ‫كظلخظ ر‬٩‫ؼذ ح‬ُٜ‫ح‬
A good worker should have good
ِٚٔ‫خد أؿَ ٖٓ أكٖٔ ػ‬١
wages.
A good workman does quarrel ‫خٗغ‬ُٜ‫ِش(ح‬٤ٓٝ ّ‫ؼي‬٣ ٫ َٛ‫خٗغ حُٔخ‬ُٜ‫ح‬
with his tools. ً ‫ ًٍحػخ‬ٚ‫ط‬٫‫ق رآ‬٤٠٣ ٫ َ٣‫حُوي‬
A good workman is known by his
ٕ‫خ‬ٜ٣ ٝ‫ٌَّ حَُٔء أ‬٣ ٕ‫ٓظلخ‬٫‫ػ٘ي ح‬
chips.

A great fortune is a great slavery. ّٜٞٔٓ ٍ‫خكذ حُٔخ‬ٛ

A great ship asks deep waters. ْ‫ز‬٤ُ‫ ح‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬٠٘ٔ‫ ط‬٫ ‫٘ش‬٤‫إ حُٔل‬

A heavy load is made light by

‫ق‬٤‫زق هل‬ٜ٣ ‫ُع‬ٞ‫َ حًح ط‬٤‫حُلَٔ حُؼو‬
many.
A home of an alcoholic man will
‫َ هَحد‬٤ٌُٔ‫ض ح‬٤‫ر‬
be ruined.
A house in the sun never calls for
‫ذ‬٤‫ حُطز‬ِٚ‫يه‬٣ ٫ ُْٔ٘‫ ح‬ِٚ‫ طيه‬ٌُٟ‫ض ح‬٤‫حُز‬
a doctor.

A hungry belly has no ears. َ‫ع ًخك‬ٞ‫حُـ‬

A hungry man is an angry man. ‫ٓظؼخٍس‬٩‫َ ح‬ٜٓ ‫حُـخثغ‬

A light purse makes a heavy

ٙ‫ي‬٣ ‫خهض‬ٟ ٖٓ ٍ‫ي‬ٛ ‫خم‬ٟ
heart.
A little knowledge is a dangerous
َ‫َ هط‬٤ِ‫حُؼِْ حُو‬
thing.
A long tongue is a sign of a short ٚٓ٬ً َ‫ (ٖٓ ًؼ‬ٙ‫ي‬٣ ‫َص‬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚٗ‫خٍ ُٔخ‬١ ٖٓ
hand. )ِٚ‫هَ كؼ‬

A lover dreams of his mistress. )ٚ‫ل‬٤‫لِْ رَؿ‬٣ ‫(حُـخثغ‬ٚ‫و‬٤٘‫لِْ رؼ‬٣ ‫حُؼخٗن‬

191
 A man can do no more than he
can.
A man is known by the books he
reads.
A man is known by the company
he keeps.
A man is the architect of his own
fortunes.
A man of silence is a man of
sense.
A man that flatters his neighbor
spreads a net for his feet.
A man will never change his
mind if he has no mind.
A new language is a new man.
A nod is as good as a wink to a
blind horse.
A one-eyed man should not laugh
at a hunch-backed.
A promise delayed is justice
deferred.
A promise is a debt that we must
not forget.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A small fish is better than an
empty dish.
A soft answer turns away wrath.
A sound mind is in a sound body.
192
‫خ‬ٛ‫ظؼيح‬٣ ٫ ‫خهش‬١ ٕ‫ٌَُ اٗٔخ‬
ٕ‫ح‬ٞ٘‫وَأ (ًظخد حَُٔء ػ‬٣ ‫ؼَف حَُؿَ رٔخ‬٣
)ِٚ‫ػو‬
ٚ٘٣َ‫ َٓ ػٖ ػٖ ه‬ٝ , َٔ‫ ط‬٫ ‫ػٖ حَُٔء‬
٠ُ‫رويٍ حٌُي طٌٔذ حُٔؼخ‬
َ‫ كلع حُِٔخٕ (حُؼخه‬٠‫ٗٔخٕ ك‬٫‫كٌٔش ح‬
)ٚٗ‫للع ُٔخ‬٣
‫ء‬ُٞٔ‫ ٗزخى ح‬ُٚ ‫ذ‬ٜٗ ‫ كوي‬ٍٙ‫ٖٓ طِٔن ؿخ‬
َ‫ اًح ًخٕ ٖٓ ٗؼٔش حُؼو‬ٚ٣‫َ حَُٔء ٍأ‬٤‫ـ‬٣ ٫
َّٝ‫ٓل‬
‫ي‬٣‫يس حٗٔخٕ ؿي‬٣‫ُـش ؿي‬
ٝ‫ رَأٓي أ‬ُٚ ‫ٓت‬ٞ‫ إٔ ط‬٠ٔ‫ػ‬٧‫حء ػ٘ي ح‬ٞٓ
‫٘ي‬٤‫ رؼ‬ُٚ ‫إٔ ططَف‬
‫ طيع‬ٝ ‫ي‬٤‫ٖ أه‬٤‫ ػ‬٠‫ ك‬ٙ‫َ حُوٌح‬ٜ‫ق طز‬٤ً
ِٚ‫ ُٖٔ ٗـ‬٠‫ر‬ٞ١(‫ كِوي‬٠‫ ك‬َٝ‫حُـٌع حُٔؼ‬
)ّ‫اٍؿخءحُ٘خ‬
٠ُٝ‫أ‬, ‫ػي‬ُٞ‫كخء كخ‬ُٞ‫ح‬ ‫د‬ٞ٤‫أُٓؼضػ‬
ٖ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫ز‬٤‫ػ‬
‫اًح‬
ْ‫ُٖ اًح ٓخ ُْ طَىإٔ طظ‬ٞ‫ طو‬٫( ‫ٍؿخء‬٫‫رخ‬
)ْ‫ ٗت ٗؼ‬٠‫ػي ك‬ُٞ‫ح‬
ٚ٤ِ‫ٖ ػ‬٣‫ػي حُلَ ى‬ٝ
‫َ حُزخٍحص‬٤ِ‫َ حٌُخٍحص ه‬٤‫ًؼ‬
‫َس‬٤‫ـ‬ٛ ‫ ٌٓٔش‬, ‫ ٗت‬٫ ٖٓ ٖٔ‫ٗت أك‬
ٝ‫زن هخ‬١ ٖٓ َ٠‫أك‬
‫ذ‬٠‫ذ حُـ‬ٌٛ٣ ‫ن‬٤‫حد حَُه‬ٞ‫حُـ‬
ْ٤ُِٔ‫ حُـْٔ ح‬٠‫ْ ك‬٤ُِٔ‫حُؼوَ ح‬
 A stitch in the time saves nine. ُٚ‫ٕ أٓظللخ‬ٝ‫ٍ ى‬ٞ‫ل‬٣ ٚ٘٤‫ ك‬٠‫َٓ ك‬٧‫ؽ ح‬٬‫ػ‬

A storm in the tea-cup. ٕ‫ ك٘ـخ‬٠‫رؼش ك‬ُٝ

A stranger has no ancestry. ‫ؼش ُِ٘ٔذ‬٤٠ٓ ‫حُـَرش‬

A stranger is kin to a stranger. ‫ذ‬٤ٔٗ ‫ذ‬٣َ‫ذ ُِـ‬٣َ‫ًَ ؿ‬

A tattler is worse than a thief. ُِٚ‫حُ٘ٔخّ َٗ ٖٓ ح‬

A trade in hand insures against

َ‫ي أٓخٕ ٖٓ حُلو‬٤ُ‫ ح‬٠‫٘ؼش ك‬ٛ
poverty.
ٖٓ ‫( طؼَف حُ٘ـَس‬ِٚٔ‫ٔش حَُٔء رؼ‬٤‫ه‬
A tree is known by its fruit.
)‫خ‬ٍٛ‫ػٔخ‬

A vessel filters what is contains. ‫ق‬٠٘٣ ٚ٤‫ًَ حٗخء رٔخ ك‬

A wiser head makes a close

ٚٗ‫حُؼخهَ ٖٓ أٓٔي ُٔخ‬
mouth.

A wonder lasts but nine days. ‫ق‬٤٠‫ْ ر‬٤ُ ّ‫خ‬٣‫ع أ‬٬‫ق رؼي ػ‬٤٠ُ‫ح‬

A wolf in sheep's clothing. َٔ‫خد ك‬٤‫ ػ‬٠‫ًثذ ك‬

A word and a stone let go cannot

‫ىح‬ٞ‫ؼ‬٣ ٫ ‫خ‬٤‫ حُلـَ حًح أُظو‬ٝ ‫حٌُِٔش‬
be called back.

A word is enough to the wise. ‫ حٗخٍس‬ٚ٤‫ْ طٌل‬٤ٌ‫حُل‬

A word spoken is past recalling. ‫ى‬ٞ‫خص إٔ طؼ‬ٜ٤ٜ‫حًح أٗطِوض حٌُِٔش ٖٓ حُلْ ك‬

A word uttered may bring wealth ‫ ٍد ًِٔش ِٓزض‬ٝ ‫ٍد ًِٔش ؿِزض ٗؤش‬
as well as ruin. ‫ٗؼٔش‬
A young man idle, an old man
َ‫ حٌُز‬٠‫ٍع حُلخؿش ك‬ٞ٣ َ‫ـ‬ُٜ‫ ح‬٠‫حٌَُٔ ك‬
needy.

193
 Absence sharpens love, presence
strengthens it.
Actions speak louder than words.
Admonish your friends in private,
praise them in public.
Adversity is a great schoolmaster.
Adversity makes a man wise not
rich.
Adversity tries friends.
Advice is ever in want.
Affection blinds reason.
After a storm comes clam.
After a test, men are honored or
disgraced.
After black clouds, clear weather.
After dinner sleep a while, after
supper walk a mile.
After the storm comes sunshine.
All are not friends that speak us
fair.
All covet, all lose.
All doors are open to courtesy.
194
ٚ٣ٞ‫و‬٣ ‫ حُوَد‬ٝ ‫ي ٖٓ كيس حُلذ‬٣ِ٣ ‫حُزؼي‬
‫ حُلي‬ٙ‫ كي‬٠‫يم أٗزخء ٖٓ حٌُظزل‬ٛ‫ق أ‬٤ُٔ‫ح‬
‫حُِؼذ‬ٝ ‫ٖ حُـي‬٤‫ر‬
‫ق‬ٜٗ ٖٓ(‫ ػِ٘خ‬ٚ‫ آيك‬ٝ ,‫ق أهخُي َٓح‬ٜٗ‫أ‬
٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫ل‬ٜٗ ٖٓ ٝ ٚٗ‫خ‬ٛ ‫ كوي‬ًٚٗ‫ أ‬٠‫ ك‬ٙ‫أهخ‬
)ٚٗ‫ كوي ٗؤ‬٨ٓ
ِْ‫َ ٓؼ‬٤‫خس ه‬٤‫حُل‬
٠٘‫ حُـ‬٫ ‫ٗٔخٕ حُلٌٔش‬٧‫حُ٘يحثي طٌٔذ ح‬
ٕ‫ح‬ٞ‫ه‬٧‫ػ٘ي حُ٘يحثي طؼَف ح‬
ٍ‫ هخد ٖٓ أٓظ٘خ‬٫
‫لش طلـذ حُلٌٔش‬ٛ‫ حُؼخ‬,ُٟٜٞ‫ ح‬ٟ‫آكش حَُأ‬
)ٕٜٞ‫زَ ٓلظخف حُلَؽ(ًَ ٗيس ط‬ُٜ‫ح‬
ٕ‫خ‬ٜ٣ ٝ‫ٌَّ حَُٔء أ‬٣ ٕ‫ٓظلخ‬٫‫رؼي ح‬
َٔ٤ُ‫ ح‬٢‫خط‬٣ َٔ‫رؼي حُؼ‬
‫ِش‬٤ٔ‫هيُي طؼ‬ٝ ٟ‫حطـي‬ٝ ٠٘ٔ‫حط‬ٝ ٠٘‫حطؼ‬
‫ن حُلَؽ‬٤٠ُ‫رؼي ح‬
ً ‫وخ‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ‫٘ي‬ٛ‫يح‬٣ ٖٓ ًَ ٌ‫ طظو‬٫
‫ق رٔخ ؿٔغ‬ٜ‫ؼ‬٣ ‫حُطٔغ‬
‫حد‬ٞ‫ر‬٧‫غ ح‬٤ٔ‫رخُِطق طلظق ؿ‬
 All for one and one for all. ٌَُِ ‫حكي‬ُٞ‫ح‬ٝ ‫حكي‬ُِٞ ٌَُ‫ح‬

All ill turn is soon done. َٙ٣ ‫ؼَٔ ٓؼوخٍ ًٍس َٗح‬٣ ٖٓ

All is fair in love and war. ُٞ‫ـ‬٣ ‫ ًَ ٗت‬,‫ حُلَد‬ٝ ‫ حُلذ‬٠‫ك‬

All is not gold that glitters. ‫زخ‬ًٛ ‫ِٔغ‬٣‫ْ ًَ ٓخ‬٤ُ

All is well that ends well. ‫خ‬ٜٔ‫حط‬ٞ‫ٍ رو‬ٞٓ٧‫ح‬

All men are mortal. ٕ‫خ كخ‬ٜ٤ِ‫ًَ ٖٓ ػ‬

All men can't be first. ٍٝ٧‫ ح‬٫‫ٍ ا‬ٝ‫ أ‬٫

All men can't be masters. )‫ي‬٤ُٔ‫ ح‬٫‫ي ا‬٤ٓ٫( ‫ حُِٔي‬ٞٛ ‫حُِٔي‬

All roads lead to Rome. ‫ٓخ‬ٍٝ ٠ُ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ًَ حُطَم طئى‬

All the roads lead to the mill. ‫ حُٔطل٘ش‬٠ُ‫ ح‬ٟ‫د طئى‬ٍٝ‫ًَ حُي‬

All truth is not to be told. ‫و ٍش‬٤‫هزخٍ رٌَ حُلو‬٩‫ْ ٖٓ حُلٌٔش ح‬٤ُ

All work and no play make jack a ٬‫خى ر‬ٜ‫ؿظ‬٩‫ ٓخػش ُوِزي ( ح‬ٝ ‫ٓخػش ُؼِٔي‬
dull boy. ) ‫ىس‬٬‫ٍع حُز‬ٞ٣ ْ‫ق ػٖ حُ٘ل‬٣َٝ‫ط‬

Always has been. Always will be. ٚ٤ِ‫ ٗخد ػ‬,‫ ٗت‬٠ِ‫ٖٓ ٗذ ػ‬

Always in a hurry. Always

‫ حُؼـِش حُ٘يحٓش‬٠‫ك‬
behind.
An accidental meeting may be
‫ؼخى‬٤ٓ ٖٓ َ٤‫يكش ه‬ٛ ّ‫ٍد‬
better than a date.

An empty belly hears no body. ‫ش‬٤‫خؿ‬ٛ ‫ آًحٗخ‬٠‫ؼط‬٣ ٫ ٟٝ‫حُزطٖ حُوخ‬

195
 An eye for an eye. ٖ٤‫ٖ رخُؼ‬٤‫حُؼ‬

An idle head is a factory for the

ٕ‫طخ‬٤ُ٘‫ٕ ٓؼَٔ ح‬٬ٌُٔ‫ٍأّ ح‬
devil.

An ignorant man is blind. ٠ٔ‫ػ‬٧‫ ٓؼَ ح‬٠‫حُـز‬

An ill turn is soon done. َٟ٣ ً‫ؼَٔ ٓؼوخٍ ًٍس َٗح‬٣ ٖٓ

An ill wound is cured, not an ill ‫ِظؤّ ٓخ‬٣ ٫ ٝ ..ّ‫خ أُظجخ‬ُٜ ٕ‫ؿَحكخص حُٔ٘خ‬
name. ٕ‫ؿَف حُِٔخ‬
Anger and haste hinder good
‫ حُؼ٘ق‬ٌَٙ‫ٍس ط‬ُٞ٘ٔ‫ح‬
counsel.
Any horse may stumble, any sage
‫س‬ٞ‫ل‬ٛ ِْ‫ ٌَُ ػ‬ٝ ,‫س‬ٞ‫حى ًز‬ٞ‫ٌَُ ؿ‬
may err.

Appetite comes with eating. ِْ‫اٗٔخ حُؼِْ رخُظؼ‬

As laughter increases respect

ٚ‫زظ‬٤ٛ ‫ هِض‬ٌٚ‫ل‬ٟ َ‫ٖٓ ًؼ‬
decreases.

As man lives, so he dies. ‫ص‬ٞٔ٣ ‫ٖ حَُٔء‬٤‫ؼ‬٣ ‫ًٔخ‬

As the call, so the echo. َٔ‫حُـِحء ٖٓ ؿْ٘ حُؼ‬

As you sow, so shall you reap. ‫ي‬ٜ‫ٓخ طِع طل‬

As you make your bed so you

‫ي‬٤ِ‫ي ٓي ٍؿ‬١‫ هيٍ رٔخ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬
must lie on it.
As you think of others, others
ٚ‫ٍط‬ٞ‫ٍحص حُ٘خّ طظزغ حُ٘خّ ػ‬ٞ‫ٖٓ طظزغ ػ‬
will think of you.
Associate with men of good
‫ؿخُْ حُلٌٔخء‬
intents.

At Rome, do as the Romans do. ٍْٛ‫ ىح‬٠‫ْ ٓخىحٓض ك‬ٛ‫ىٍح‬

196
 Away goes the devil when he
ٍٞ‫ٍ أٖٓ حُٔلظ‬َُٝ٘‫ٖ ح‬١‫ح‬ٞٓ ‫ٖٓ طـ٘ذ‬
finds the door shut against him.

Bacchus has drowned more men

َ‫ـَم حُزل‬٣ ‫حُؤَ طـَم أًؼَ ٓٔخ‬
than Neptune.
ًَٝ ‫جش‬٤ُٔ‫لزش ح‬ُٜ‫طخٕ (ح‬٤ٗ ‫ء‬ُٞٔ‫ْ ح‬٤ِ‫ؿ‬
Bad company is the devil's net.
)ٕ‫طخ‬٤ُ٘‫ح‬

Bad money drives out good. ٍ٬‫ق رخُل‬ٜ‫ؼ‬٣ ّ‫حُٔخٍ حُلَح‬

Be always in time, too late is a ( ‫ظوِق‬٣ ٖٓ َ‫ آه‬ٝ ,٠ِ٣ ٖٓ ٠ُٝ‫ًٖ أ‬

crime. )ْ٤‫حُظوِق ؿَّ ػظ‬
Be not ungrateful to your old ً‫ طٌٖ ٗخًَح‬٫ ( ٚ‫ حُ٘ؼٔخء ٗؼٔظ‬ٌُٟ ٌَٕ٘‫ ط‬٫
friends. )َ٤ٔ‫ُِـ‬
Be slow to promise and quick to – ‫ٌُٖ – حٕ كؼِض‬ٝ ‫َس‬٤‫ى ًؼ‬ٞ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ ر‬٠‫ طِو‬٫
perform. ‫خ‬ِٛ‫أٗـ‬

Be swift to hear, slow to speak. ٕ‫أًٗخ‬ٝ ‫حكي‬ٝ ٕ‫ٌٖ ُي ُٔخ‬٤ِ‫ك‬

Bear and forbear is a good

‫يس‬٤‫ٔخ كِٔلش ؿ‬ٛ ‫ حُظَكن‬ٝ َٔ‫حُظل‬
philosophy.

Beating one frighten another. ‫خؿخٍس‬٣ ٠‫ آٔؼ‬ٝ ٠٘‫خى أػ‬٣‫ا‬

Believe not every tale. ‫وخٍ ُي‬٣ ‫يم ًَ ٓخ‬ٜ‫ ط‬٫

Best deeds are best completed. ٍ‫ًٔخ‬٫‫ػٔخٍ رخ‬٫‫َ ح‬٤‫ه‬

Best defense is offence. ‫ِش ُِيكخع‬٤ٓٝ َ٤‫ّ ه‬ٞ‫ـ‬ُٜ‫ح‬

Best to bend while it is a twig. ‫خ أػظيُض‬ٜ‫ٓظ‬ٞ‫ٕ اًح ه‬ٜٞ‫إ حُـ‬

Better a good word than a battle. ‫َ ٖٓ ٓؼًَش‬٤‫زش ه‬٤١ ‫ًِٔش‬

Better alone than in bad

‫ء‬ُٞٔ‫ْ ح‬٤ِ‫َ ٖٓ ؿ‬٤‫كيس ه‬ُٞ‫ح‬
company.

197
 Better an egg today than a hen
‫ّ ىؿخؿش حُـي‬ٞ٤ُ‫ش ح‬٠٤‫ر‬
tomorrow.
Better an open enemy than a false ٝ‫َ ( ػي‬ٛ‫ن ؿخ‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ٖٓ َ٤‫ ػخهَ ه‬ٝ‫ػي‬
friend. )‫ن ٓ٘خكن‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ٖٓ َ٤‫ق ه‬٣َٛ
Better be alone than in bad
‫ء‬ُٞٔ‫ٖ ح‬٣َ‫َ ٖٓ ه‬٤‫كيس ه‬ُٞ‫ح‬
company.

Better be silent than speak ill. ‫ٔض‬ٜ‫ ُظ‬ٝ‫َحً أ‬٤‫ُظوَ ه‬

Better buy than borrow. ٝ‫هظَح‬٫‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤‫حَُ٘حء ه‬

Better God than gold. ّ

‫ذ‬ٌُٛ‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤‫هللا ه‬

Better have a wise enemy than a

َٛ‫ن ؿخ‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ٖٓ َ٤‫ ػخهَ ه‬ٝ‫ػي‬
foolish friend.
Better have it out than always
‫َ ٖٓ ًَ ٓخػش‬٤‫ػٌحد ٓخػش ه‬
aching.

Better to do well than to say well. ٖٔ‫ّ حُل‬٬ٌُ‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤‫َحص ه‬٤‫كؼَ حُو‬

Better to reign in hell than serve ٠‫َ ٖٓ إٔ طويّ ك‬٤‫ْ ه‬٤‫ حُـل‬٠‫إ طلٌْ ك‬
in heaven. ‫حُـ٘ش‬

Beware the man who has

ٚ٤ُ‫حطن َٗ ٖٓ حكٔ٘ض ح‬
received charity from you.

Birds of a feather flock together. ‫خ طوغ‬ُٜ‫ أٌٗخ‬٠ِ‫ٍ ػ‬ٞ٤‫إ حُط‬

Blind men can judge no colors. ٕ‫ح‬ُٞ٧‫ٕ ح‬ِٝ٤ٔ٣ ٫ ٕ‫خ‬٤ٔ‫حُؼ‬

Brave actions never want a

‫م‬ٞ‫ ر‬٠ُ‫ طلظخؽ ح‬٫ ‫أػٔخٍ حُ٘ـخػش‬
trumpet.

Bring a cow to the hall and she'll

‫ ٖٓ أكززض‬ٟ‫ي‬ٜ‫ ط‬٫ ‫اٗي‬
run to the byre.

Burn not your house to get rid of

ٍ‫ ٖٓ كؤ‬ِٚ‫ طلَم ُِٓ٘ي ُظظو‬٫
the mouse.

198
 Business before pleasure. ً٫ٝ‫حُؼَٔ أ‬

Buy the truth and sell it not. ٚ‫طزؼ‬٫ ٝ ‫يم‬ُٜ‫اٗظَ ح‬

By doing nothing, we learn to do ّ‫(ٍأ‬ٚ‫حط‬ِٝٗ ٚ‫ ٗـِظ‬ُٚ‫ أػٔخ‬ِٚ‫ٖٓ ُْ ط٘ـ‬

ill. )ٕ‫طخ‬٤ُ٘‫ٕ ٓؼَٔ ح‬٬ٌُٔ‫ح‬

By others' faults, wise men learn. َٙ٤‫حُؼخهَ ٖٓ حػظزَ رـ‬

Call a spade a spade. )ً ‫لخ‬٣َٛ ًٖ ( ْ‫ث‬٫ ُٚٓٞ ‫ حُلن‬٠‫ طوٖ ك‬٫

ٕ‫خى ح‬٣‫ ٌُٖ ا‬ٝ ‫ ًٔخ ٗجض‬٠ٔ‫خ أرٖ ػ‬٣ ٠ُ َ‫ه‬

Call me cousin but cozen me not.
٠٘‫طويػ‬
ّ‫رٖ آىح‬٩ ‫ ٓؼخىس‬٫( ‫ ًزي‬٠‫ٗٔخٕ ك‬٧‫هِن ح‬
Call no man happy till he dies.
)‫ص‬ُٞٔ‫ رؼي ح‬٫‫ا‬

Care and diligence bring luck. ‫ؿي‬ٝ ‫ٖٓ ؿي‬

Care killed the cat. ِٚ‫َ أؿ‬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚٔٛ َ‫ٖٓ ًؼ‬

Carrying water to Venice. ‫ حُٔوخس‬٢‫ ك‬٢‫ًزخثغ حُٔخء ك‬

Cast not out the foul water till

ٖٔ‫ي حُل‬٤‫ِظ‬٣ ٠‫ حَُىة كظ‬٢‫ ك‬١َ‫ طل‬٫
bring in the clean.

Catch not at the shadow and lose

َٛٞ‫ طظَى حُـ‬ٝ َ‫ طظٔٔي رخُظ‬٫
the substance.

Caution is the parent of safety. ٕ‫ٓخ‬٧‫ٖٔ ح‬٠٣ ٌٍ‫حُل‬

٠ُٝ‫ٕ ح‬ٞ‫هَر‬٧‫ ( ح‬ِٚٛ٧ ًَْ٤‫خًٍْ ه‬٤‫ه‬

Charity begins at home.
)‫ف‬َٝ‫رخُٔؼ‬
Charity covers a multitude of ‫خ ( إ حُلٔ٘خص‬ٜ‫جش حُلٔ٘ش طٔل‬٤ُٔ‫حطزغ ح‬
sins. )‫جخص‬٤ُٔ‫زٖ ح‬ٌٛ٣

Charity cuts the tongue. ٕ‫ٗٔخ‬٫‫ِـْ ح‬٣ ٕ‫كٔخ‬٫‫ح‬

199
 Children of the same age play
together.
Choose your neighbor before you
choose your house.
Claw me and I will claw thee.
Cleanliness is next to godliness.
Clever people often miss their
way.
Climb not too high lest the fall be
greater.
Company in distress makes
trouble less.
Constant application overcomes
the greatest difficulties.
Constant dropping wears the
stone.
Constant occupation prevents
temptation.
Content is happiness.
Content is more than a kingdom.
Contentment is an inexhaustible
treasure.
Corn him well, he will work the
better.
Correct the son and he will give
you better.
Counsel is not command.
200
‫ِؼذ‬٣ ِٚ٤‫َ ٓغ ؿ‬٤‫ًَ ؿ‬
ٍ‫حُـخٍ هزَ حُيح‬
ّ‫ رخُي‬ٍٚٗ‫ أ‬ٚ٤ُٔ‫ رخ‬٠َ٘ٗ٣ ٠ُِ‫ح‬
ٕ‫ٔخ‬٣٫‫حُ٘ظخكش ٖٓ ح‬
َ١‫ حُ٘خ‬٫‫وغ ح‬٣ ٫
١ٞ‫ٕ حُٔو‬ٌٞ٣ ٫ ٠‫خ ً كظ‬٤ُ‫ طظِٔن ػخ‬٫
ً ‫ٔخ‬٤‫ػظ‬
‫٘خ (ٓ٘خًٍش‬٤‫خر‬ُٜٔ ُ‫خثذ طـٔؼٖ ح‬ُٜٔ‫إ ح‬
)ِٕ‫كِحٕ طولق حُل‬٧‫ح‬
َٜ‫َ ( حُٔؼخرَس طو‬ٛٝ ‫ حُيٍد‬٠ِ‫ٖٓ ٓخٍ ػ‬
)‫ؼخد‬ُٜ‫أٗي ح‬
‫ؼخد ًٔخ طلظض هطَحص‬ُٜ‫حُٔؼخرَس طلظض ح‬
‫خد‬٠ُٜ‫حُٔخء ح‬
ٖ‫ٓش حُؼَٔ ٓ٘ـِش ػ‬ٝ‫حُلَحؽ اؿَحء ( ٓيح‬
)ُِٜٞ‫ح‬
‫ حُو٘خػش‬٠‫حُٔؼخىس ك‬
ٌٖ‫َ ٖٓ حُِٔي ( ػٖ ه٘ؼخ ط‬٤‫حُو٘خػش ه‬
)‫ٌِٓخ‬
٠٘‫ل‬٣ ٫ ًِ٘ ‫حُو٘خػش‬
َٔ‫لٖٔ ُي حُؼ‬٣ َ‫ؿ‬٧‫ ح‬ُٚ ٖٔ‫أك‬
ٖٔ‫ أك‬,ً‫َح‬٤‫ ًز‬ٚ‫َحً َٓ ر‬٤‫ـ‬ٛ ٙ‫ُي‬ٝ ‫ٖٓ أىد‬
ٖ٤‫َ حُؼ‬٣َ‫ُيى ط٘خّ ه‬ٝ ‫ش‬٤‫طَر‬
‫ٔض ِِٓٓش‬٤ُ ‫ٍس‬ُٞ٘ٔ‫ح‬
 Count not four, except you have
‫ طيهَ هِحث٘ي‬٠‫حُي كظ‬ٞٓ‫ أ‬ٚ‫ طل‬٫
them in a wallet.
Creditors have better memories
ٖ٣‫ ٖٓ حُٔي‬ٟٞ‫ُِيحثٖ ًحًَس أه‬
than debtors.

Crime begins with evil thoughts. ‫ٔش‬٣َ‫ُي حُـ‬ٞ‫َس ط‬٣َُ٘‫كٌخٍ ح‬٧‫ح‬

Culture is to know the best that ََ ٌُ‫ ك‬ٝ‫َ ح‬٤‫ حٕ طؼَف حكٖٔ ٓخ ه‬٢ٛ ‫حُؼوخكش‬
has been said and thought in the ُْ‫ حُؼخ‬٢‫ ك‬ٚ‫ر‬
world.
Curiosity killed a cat. ٢‫ٍ هظَ حُو‬ٞ٠‫حُل‬

Custom is the plague of the wise

‫ى حُلٔوخء‬ٞ‫ٓؼز‬ٝ ‫ٕ حُلٌٔخء‬ٞ‫خػ‬١ ‫حُؼخىس‬
men and idol of fools.

Custom is the second nature. ٠ٗ‫زغ ػخ‬١ ‫حُظطزغ‬

Cut and come again. ‫ طِىحى ٓلزش‬ٚ‫ارؼي كز‬

Cut your coat according to your

‫ي‬٤ِ‫ي ٓي ٍؿ‬١‫ هي رٔخ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬
cloth.
‫يكٖ حَُٔ ٓغ‬٣ , َٙٓ َ‫يكٖ ٓغ حَُؿ‬٣
Dead men tell no tales.
ٚ‫خكز‬ٛ
Deeds are fruits, words are
‫ٍحم‬ٝ‫حٍ أ‬ٞ‫ه‬٫‫ ح‬ٝ ٍ‫ػٔخٍ حػٔخ‬٫‫ح‬
leaves.

Deeds, not words! ٍ‫ح‬ٞ‫ أه‬٫ ٍ‫أكؼخ‬

Dependence is a poor trade. ‫طٌخٍ طـخٍس هخَٓس‬٫‫ح‬

Debt is the worst poverty. َ‫ٖ َٗ ٖٓ حُلو‬٣‫حُي‬

Desert and freedom. ‫ش‬٣َ‫ش حُل‬٣َ‫ حُز‬٠‫ك‬

201
 Desperate diseases must have
َٓ ٙ‫حء‬ٝ‫ حَُٔ ى‬َُٝٔ‫ح‬
desperate remedies.

Destroy the lion while he is yet ٞ‫ٔظللَ ( اه‬٣ ٕ‫ حَُ٘ هزَ أ‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٞ‫اه‬
but a whelp. )٬٤ٗ ٍ‫ِح‬٣ ٫ ٞٛ ٝ ‫ٓي‬٧‫ ح‬٠ِ‫ػ‬

Diamond cuts diamond. ‫ي‬٣‫ حُلي‬٫‫ي ح‬٣‫لَ حُلي‬٣ ٫

Divide and rule. ‫كَم طٔي‬

Do as you would be done by. ٚ‫ؼخِٓي ر‬٣ ٕ‫ػخَٓ حُ٘خّ رٔخ طلذ أ‬

Do justice and love mercy. ‫ح ٍكٔخء‬ًٞٗٞ ٝ ٍ‫ح حُؼي‬ٞٔ٤‫حه‬

Do noble deeds, not only dream

ِٚ‫ رٔؼ‬٠‫ طخط‬ٝ ‫ ػٖ هِن‬ٚ٘‫ ط‬٫
of them.
‫َس‬٤ُٜ٘‫ًخَٓ( ح‬ٞ٤ٗ ٠ُ‫ طلَٔ حُللْ ا‬٫
Do not carry coals to New Castle.
ٖ٤٣‫ كخٍس حُٔوخ‬٠‫ طزغ حُٔخء ك‬٫ ,)ْ‫رخُلل‬

Do not leave for tomorrow what

‫ حُـي‬٠ُ‫ّ ح‬ٞ٤ُ‫ طئؿَ ػَٔ ح‬٫
you can do to-day.

Do not poke your nose in other's

ٚ٤َٟ٣ ٫ ‫ ٓٔغ ٓخ‬ٚ٤٘‫ؼ‬٣ ٫ ‫ٔخ‬٤‫ٖٓ طيهَ ك‬
affairs.

Do nothing by halves. َ ‫خكخ‬ٜٗ‫جخ أ‬٤ٗ َٔ‫ طؼ‬٫

Dog does eat dog. ‫خ‬ٜ٠‫ طخًَ رؼ‬٫ ‫د‬٬ٌُ‫ح‬

Don't build castles in the air. ‫ حُٔٔخء‬٠‫ٍحً ك‬ٜٞ‫ طزٖ ه‬٫

Don't count your chickens before

ٙ‫ي‬٤ٛ َ‫س حُيد هز‬َٝ‫ طزغ ك‬٫
they are hatched.

Don't fight the man who does

َ‫ طؼخٗي ٖٓ حًح هخٍ كؼ‬٫
what he says.

202
 Don't look a gift horse in the
‫خ ًخٗض‬٣‫ش أ‬٣‫يح‬ُٜ‫طوزَ ح‬
mouth.
Don't make mountains out of
‫ طؼَٔ ٖٓ حُلزش هزش‬٫
molehills.
Don't put all your eggs in one
‫ي‬٣‫ طـخَٓ رٌَ ٓخ ُي‬٫
basket.
Don't put the cart before the
‫خ‬ٜ‫خر‬ٜٗ ٠‫ٍ ك‬ٞٓ٧‫غ ح‬ٟ
horse.

Don't wash dirty linen in public. ‫ح‬َٝ‫ظْ كؤٓظظ‬٤ِ‫اًح ر‬

Dot your i's and cross your t's. ‫ف‬َٝ‫ حُل‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬٢‫ حُ٘و‬٢‫ك‬

Each has his own worries. ٚ‫خط‬٤‫ ك‬ٞ‫ل‬ٛ ٚ٤ِ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫٘ـ‬٣‫ ٓخ‬ٚ٣‫ًَ آَإ ُي‬

Each hour has a special

ٙ‫َ هخ‬٤‫خ طير‬ُٜ ‫ًَ ٓخػش‬
arrangement.
Early to bed and early to rise
ٌٍٞ‫ حُز‬٠‫حُزًَش ك‬
makes a man healthy, wealthy and
wise.
ٚ٘٤٘‫ك‬ٝ ٠‫ حُلظ‬ٚ‫ؤُل‬٣ ٍٝ٧‫ ح‬٠‫ًْ ٍِٓ٘ ك‬
East or west, home is best.
ٍِ٘ٓ ٍٝ٥ ‫أريح‬

Easy come, easy go. ‫حرغ‬ُِٝ‫ ح‬ٌٙ‫طؤه‬ ‫خف‬٣َُ‫ ح‬ٚ‫ٓخ طـِز‬

Eat little, live long. ٬٣ٞ١ ٖ‫ طؼ‬٬٤ِ‫ًَ ه‬

Envy shoots at others and wounds ِٚ‫زَى هخط‬ٛ ٕ‫ى كب‬ٞٔ‫ي حُل‬٤ً ٠ِ‫زَ ػ‬ٛ‫ح‬
herself. ًِٚ‫خ حٕ ُْ طـي ٓخ طؤ‬ٜ٠‫كخُ٘خٍ طؤًَ رؼ‬

Every bird has its mate. )ٍ‫خ‬٤ً ‫خ‬ُٜ ُٚٞ‫ق ( ًَ ك‬٤ُ‫خثَ أ‬١ ٌَُ

ٞ‫ حَُ٘ ٖٓ رؼ‬ِٞ‫و‬٣٫ (‫خٍس ٗخكؼش‬ٟ ‫ٍد‬

Every cloud has a silver lining.
) َ٤‫حُو‬
Every cook is king on his ٠ِ‫ي ػ‬٣‫َ ( حُي‬٤ٓ‫ ح‬ٚ‫ظ‬٤‫ ر‬٠‫ًَ حَٓة ك‬
dunghill. )‫زخف‬ٛ ٚ‫ِٓرِظ‬

203
 Every country has its customs. )‫وش‬٣َ١ ُٚٝ ‫ن‬٤ٗ ًَ( ٚ‫ٌَُ رِي ػخىحط‬

Every day has duties. َٓ‫ ؿيحً أ‬ٝ َٔ‫ّ ه‬ٞ٤ُ‫ح‬

٠‫ي ( حٌُِذ أٓي ك‬٣‫٘ي‬ٛ ٚ‫ظ‬٤‫ ر‬٠‫ًَ أَٓة ك‬

Every dog is a lion at home.
)ٚ‫ظ‬٤‫ر‬

Every man has his faults. ٙ‫ٌَُ أهطخء‬

Every man has the defects of his ٍ‫ذ(اًظٔخٍ حٌُٔخ‬٤‫َ ٖٓ حُؼ‬٠‫ِْٔ حُل‬٣ ٫
qualities. )ٍ‫ٖٓ حُٔلخ‬

Every man his taste. ٚ‫ه‬ًٝ ٌَُ

Every man's experience is a

‫طـَرش حُِٔق ىٍّ ُِوِق‬
lesson due to all.

Every one akin to the rich man. ‫ كٌَ حُ٘خّ أهخٍري‬٠٘‫خري حُـ‬ٛ‫اًح أ‬

Every one is his own doctor. ٚٔ‫ذ ٗل‬٤‫ز‬١ ٕ‫ًَ أٗٔخ‬

Every tide has its ebb. ١ٞ‫ز‬ٛ ٚ‫ أػوز‬٫‫ى ا‬ٞ‫ؼ‬ٛ ٖٓ ‫ٓخ‬

Every white has its black and

ٍ‫خ‬ٜٗ ُٚٝ َ٤ُ ًَ
every sweet its sour.
Everything comes to him who
َ‫زَ ظل‬ٛ ٖٓ
waits.
ٕ٬ٌُٔ‫ ( ٗلْ ح‬ٚ٤ٗ‫كٔن أٓخ‬٧‫خى ح‬ٜ‫ك‬
Expectation is the fool's income.
)‫خ‬ُٜ ‫ ٗت‬٫ ٝ ٠ٜ‫ط٘ظ‬
Experience is the mistress of
‫ حُظـخٍد‬ٚ‫ ٖٓ ُْ طؼظ‬٠‫َ ك‬٤‫ ه‬٫
fools.
Experience is the mother of
‫َ حُلٌٔش‬ٛ‫حُوزَس أ‬
wisdom.

Extravagance brings poverty. )َ‫َٓف ٓـِزش ُِلو‬٩‫ف ( ح‬٬‫َٓحف اط‬٩‫ح‬

204
 Extremes sometimes meet. ‫خٗخ‬٤‫يحٕ حك‬٠ُ‫ ح‬٠‫ِظو‬٣

Face to face. The truth comes out. ‫َ حُلن‬ٜ‫ش طظ‬ٜ‫حؿ‬ُٞٔ‫ح‬

Facts are stubborn things. )ٕ‫خ‬٤‫خ رولش حُز‬ُٜ ‫ح‬ٞ٘٤‫ِش (كخٓظؼ‬٤‫حُلوخثن ػو‬

Failure teaches success. ‫ؼِْ حُ٘ـخف‬٣ َ٘‫حُل‬

Fair words break no bones. ٚٗ‫ ُح‬٫‫ ٗت ا‬٠‫ٓخ ًخٕ حَُكن ك‬

Fair words slake wrath. ‫ذ‬٠‫َ حُـ‬٣ِ٣ ٖ٤ُِ‫ّ ح‬٬ٌُ‫ح‬

Faith may move mountains. ٍ‫ِكِف حُـزخ‬٣ ٕ‫ٔخ‬٣٩‫ح‬

False friends are worse than open ‫َس‬ٛ‫س حُظخ‬ٝ‫يحهش حُِحثلش أهطَ ٖٓ حُؼيح‬ُٜ‫ح‬
enemies. .)‫ن ُحثق‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ٖٓ َ٤‫َ ه‬ٛ‫ ظخ‬ٝ‫(ػي‬

Far from eye, far from heart. ‫ي ػٖ حُوِذ‬٤‫ٖ رؼ‬٤‫ي ػٖ حُؼ‬٤‫حُزؼ‬

Faults are thick where love is

‫غ طوَ حُٔلزش‬٤‫هطخء ك‬٫‫طٌؼَ ح‬
thin.

Fine feathers make fine birds. ‫ٓش‬َٝ‫زق ػ‬ٜ‫ش ط‬ٛٞ‫ُزْ حُز‬

Fine words dress ill deeds. َٓ٧‫كؼَ ًخ‬ٝ َٔ‫ّ ًخُؼ‬٬ً

Fire begins with little sparks. .ٍَُ٘‫ـَ ح‬ٜ‫إ ٓؼظْ حُ٘خٍ ٖٓ ٓٔظ‬

ًَ‫ ٓزن أ‬٠ُِ‫ٍ (ح‬ُٞٛٞ‫ش ح‬٣ُٞٝ‫حُويٓش رؤ‬

First come, first served.
)‫حُ٘زن‬

First think, then speak. ‫خ‬ٜ‫ُٕ حٌُِٔش هزَ إٔ طِلع ر‬

Fool's haste is no speed. ‫ حُؼـِش‬٠‫َ ك‬٤‫ ه‬٫

205
 Forbidden fruit is sweet.
Fortune favors the brave.
Fortune is blind.
Fortune is easily found, but hard
to be kept.
Four eyes see more than two.
Friends are thieves of time.
Friendship cannot exist without
the forgiveness of sin
continually.
Friendship made in a moment is
of no moment.
From a thorn comes a rose and
from the rose a thorn.
Full of courtesy, full of craft.
Gifts from enemies are
dangerous.
Give a dog a bad name and hang
him.
Give a fool rope enough and he
will hang himself.
Give advice to all but be
security for none.
Give him an inch and he will
take a mile.
206
‫د‬ٞ‫ع َٓؿ‬ُٞ٘ٔٔ‫ح‬
ٕ‫ذ ُِ٘ـؼخ‬٤‫خس طٔظـ‬٤‫حُل‬
٠ٔ‫حُلع أػ‬
‫ؼذ‬ُٜ‫ٖٓ ح‬ٝ ‫ٍ ُِؤش‬ُٞٛٞ‫َ ح‬ُٜٔ‫ٖٓ ح‬
‫خ‬ٜ‫كظلخظ ر‬٩‫ح‬
‫ حُلَى‬١‫َ ٖٓ ٍأ‬٠‫ حُـٔخػش أك‬ٟ‫ٍأ‬
‫يهخء‬ٛ٧‫هض ٓغ ح‬ُٞ‫ ط٘ؼَ رخ‬٫
َٔ‫ٔظ‬٣ ٕ‫ٕ ح‬ٝ‫ؿي ري‬ٞ‫يحهش حٕ ط‬ُِٜ ٌٖٔ٣ ٫
‫جش‬٤‫ؿلَحٕ حُوط‬
ٍِٝ‫َ طـَرش َٓػخٕ ٓخ ط‬٤‫يحهش ػٖ ؿ‬ُٜ‫ح‬
‫ٍىس‬ُٞ‫ ٖٓ ح‬ٝ ,‫ٍىس‬ُٞ‫ًش ط٘زض ح‬ُٞ٘‫ٖٓ ح‬
‫ًش‬ُٞ٘‫ط٘زض ح‬
‫ؽ‬َٝ٣ ٝ ‫س‬ٝ٬‫َف حُِٔخٕ ك‬١ ٖٓ ‫ي‬٤‫ؼط‬٣
‫ؽ حُؼؼِذ‬َٝ٣ ‫ٓ٘ي ًٔخ‬
‫ػيحء‬٧‫خ ح‬٣‫يح‬ُٜ ‫زش‬٣َُ‫ٖ ح‬٤‫حٗظَ رؼ‬
‫ رخُـَد‬ٜٚٔ‫ أط‬ٚ‫ٖٓ أٍحى أؿَحم ًِز‬
‫٘٘ن‬٣ َ‫كٔن رٌَ كز‬٧‫إ ح‬
ٌٕٞ‫خى إٔ ط‬٣‫ ٌُٖ ا‬ٝ ‫غ‬٤ٔ‫لظي ُِـ‬٤ٜٗ ّ‫هي‬
‫كي‬٧ ‫خٓ٘خ‬ٟ
‫ؤهٌ ًٍحػي‬٣ ‫زخػي‬ٛ ُٚ ٢‫طؼط‬
 God tempers the wind to the ٍ‫وي‬٣( ‫ؼلخء‬٠ُ‫ ح‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬ِٟٞ‫ولق حُز‬٣ ‫إ هللا‬
shorn lamb. .)‫ِطق‬٣ ٝ ‫هللا‬

Good advice is beyond all price. ٍ‫ طويٍ رٔخ‬٫ ‫زش‬٤‫لش حُط‬٤ُٜ٘‫ح‬

Good counsel does no harm. ‫ طٔت‬٫ ‫ٍس‬ُٞ٘ٔ‫ح‬

Good deeds remain; all things ‫خ‬ٜ‫ك‬٬‫ ًَ ٗت ه‬ٝ ٠‫زش طزو‬٤‫ػٔخٍ حُط‬٫‫ح‬
perish. ٠٘‫ل‬٣
Good management is better than
َ٤‫َ ٖٓ حُيهَ حٌُز‬٤‫َ ه‬٤‫كٖٔ حُظير‬
good income.
‫خص‬٣٥ ٠ٔٓ‫َ أ‬٤‫ حُو‬,ٚ‫ أىر‬٠‫ؿٔخٍ حَُٔء ك‬
Goodness is the supreme beauty.
ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬
Gossiping and lying go hand in
‫ٔش‬٤ُٔ٘‫زش أهض ح‬٤‫حُـ‬
hand.

Grasp all, lose all. َ٤ِ‫خع حُو‬ٟ‫َ أ‬٤‫ِذ حٌُؼ‬١ ٖٓ

Great hopes make great men. ‫َ طوِن حُؼظٔخء‬٤‫ٓخٍ حٌُز‬٥‫ح‬

Great hypocrites are the real

ٕٞ‫و‬٤‫ٕ حُلو‬ٝ‫ْ حُِٔلي‬ٛ ‫ٕ حُؼظٔخء‬ٝ‫حَُٔحإ‬
atheists.

Great mind agree. ‫َس طظلن‬٤‫ٍ حٌُز‬ٞ‫حُؼو‬

‫زِؾ‬٣( .‫٘غ حُؼظٔخء‬ٜ‫ٔش ط‬٤‫لخص حُؼظ‬ُٜ‫ح‬

Great qualities make great men.
.)ٍ‫َ ٓ٘خٍُ حٌُزخ‬٠‫حَُٔء رخُل‬

Great spenders are bad lenders. ٬٤ِ‫ ه‬َٝ‫و‬٣ ً‫َح‬٤‫َٔف ًؼ‬٣ ٖٓ

Habit ever remains. ٚ٤ِ‫ ٗت ٗخد ػ‬٠ِ‫ٖٓ ٗذ ػ‬

Half a loaf is better than no

‫ت‬٤ٗ ٫ ٖٓ َ٤‫َ ه‬٤ِ‫حُوزِ حُو‬
bread.

Hard words break no bones. ‫ٖ أهطغ‬٤ُِ‫ؿيص ح‬ٞ‫ٖ ك‬٤ُِ‫ ح‬ٝ ‫ق‬٤ُٔ‫رؼؼض رخ‬

207
 Haste brings regret, patience
‫ٓش‬٬ُٔ‫ ح‬٢ٗ‫ رخُظؤ‬ٝ ‫رخُؼـِش حُ٘يحٓش‬
brings safety.
‫ حُؤخٍس ٓغ‬٠‫ حُؼـِش حُ٘يحٓش (طؤط‬٢‫ك‬
Haste makes waste.
)‫حُظَٔع‬

Hasty climbers have sudden falls. َ‫ٖٓ طؼـَ طؼط‬

Hatred is blind as well as love. ٠ٔ‫ٔخ أػ‬ٛ٬ً ‫ش‬٤ٛ‫حُلذ ٓؼَ حٌَُح‬

Have but few friends, though

‫يهخء‬ٛ٧‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤ِ‫ ه‬ٝ ‫ػِش ٖٓ حُٔؼخٍف‬
many acquaintances.

Having wisdom is better than ً ‫ٔخ‬٤‫َحً ػظ‬٤‫ ه‬٠‫ط‬ٝ‫ئص حُلٌٔش كوي أ‬٣ ٖٓ
having millions

He carries fire in one hand and

ٍٙ‫ٔخ‬٤‫ ر‬ٞ٘‫ل‬٣ ٝ ٚ٘٤ٔ٤‫ ر‬ٞٔ‫و‬٣
water in the other.

He carries well to whom it

ٍ‫ حُ٘خ‬٠‫ ك‬ٙ‫ي‬٣ ًٖٔ ْ٤ُ ‫ حُٔخء‬٢‫ ك‬ٙ‫ي‬٣ ٖٓ
weighs not.

He covers me with his wings and

َٙ‫ رؤظخك‬٠٘٘ٔ‫و‬٣ ٝ ٍٙ‫ي‬ٛ ٠ُ‫ ا‬٠٘ٔ٠٣
bites me with his bill.

٫ ٖٓ( ٍ‫ٓخ‬٥‫َ٘ ح‬٣ ُْ ٍ‫ح‬ٞٛ٧‫ًَذ ح‬٣ ُْ ٖٓ

He deserves not the sweet that
)‫خ‬ِٛٞ‫٘ؼْ رل‬٣ ٫ ,‫خ‬َٛٓ ٠ِ‫زَ ػ‬ٜ٣
will not taste the sour.

‫ ػٔخٍس‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫٘لو‬٣ ‫ ٓخ‬ٙ‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ٌَُ آَء ٖٓ ى‬

He dies like a beast that has done
ٙ‫أهَح‬
no good while he lived.

He is a happy man who is warned

َٙ٤‫حُؼخهَ ٖٓ أطؼع رـ‬
by another man's deeds.

He is good friend that speaks well

‫زظي‬٤‫ ؿ‬٠‫وي ٖٓ كلظي ك‬٣‫ي‬ٛ
of us behind our back.

208
 He is lifeless that is faultless. )‫ٍِ (ًَ ارٖ آىّ هطخء‬٣ ٫ ٖٓ َ‫ؿ‬

He is like a cat; fling him which

‫ش‬٤‫ز‬ٜٓ ٖٓ ‫حف (ٓخ‬ٍٝ‫ رٔزؼش أ‬٢‫ ًخُوط‬ٚٗ‫ا‬
way you will, he'll land on his
)‫خ‬ٜ٘ٓ ‫وَؽ‬٣ٝ ٫‫خ ا‬ٜ٤‫وغ ك‬٣
legs.

He is not fit to command others ٚٔ‫ِٔي ٗل‬٣ ٖٓ ٌُٖٝ ‫َػش‬ُٜ‫ي رخ‬٣‫ْ حُ٘ي‬٤ُ
that cannot command himself. ‫ذ‬٠‫ػ٘ي حُـ‬

He laughs best, who laughs last. ً‫َح‬٤‫لي ًؼ‬٠٣ ,ً‫َح‬٤‫لي أه‬٠٣ ٖٓ

He makes no friend who never

‫س‬ٝ‫ رؼي ػيح‬٫‫ ٓلزش ا‬٫
made a foe.
He that all men will please shall
ٚ‫٘ؼْ رَحكظ‬٣ ُْ ٚ‫َط‬ٜٗ ‫ٖٓ ًحػض‬
never find ease.

He that cannot abide a bad ‫َح‬٣‫ْ ؿي‬٤ِ‫َحء ك‬٠ُ‫ ح‬٠ِ‫زَ ػ‬ٜ٣ ٫ ٖٓ

market deserves not a good one. ‫رخَُٔحء‬

He that cannot ask cannot live. ‫ِي‬ٛ ٚ٣‫ٖٓ حٓظلَ رَأ‬

He that commits a fault thinks ٠ٔ‫ كٖٔ اًظ‬,ٚ‫٘ق ػٔخ طلظ‬٣ ‫لش‬٤٠‫د حُل‬ٞ‫ػ‬
everyone speaks of it. ٍ‫ ػخ‬ٚٗ‫ كؤ‬ٚ‫ر‬

He that does ill hates the light. ‫حء‬ٟٞ٧‫َد ٖٓ ح‬ٜ‫ء ط‬ُٞٔ‫ٖ ح‬٤‫هلخك‬

He that gains time gains all

ْ٤‫هض ؿْ٘ ػظ‬ُٞ‫ًٔذ ح‬
things.
He that gets out of debt grows
ّ‫ حُظخ‬٠٘‫ حُـ‬ٞٛ ٖ٣‫ ى‬٬‫حُلوَ ر‬
rich.
He that has an ill name is half
‫ء حٓٔي‬ٞٓ ‫خُؼي‬١ ‫ء‬ٞٓ ٖٓ
hanged.
He that has done ill once will do
‫ـَّ َٓحص‬٣ ‫ٖٓ أؿَّ َٓس‬
it again.

209
 He that is born to be hanged will ‫ ؿ٘ذ‬ٟ‫ ح‬٠ِ‫ٖ حهظَ ِٓٔٔخ ػ‬٤‫ ك‬٠ُ‫ُٔض أرخ‬
never be drowned. ٠‫َػ‬ٜٓ ‫ هللا‬٠‫ًخٕ ك‬

َٔ‫ ٓ٘وش حُؼ‬ٚ‫ف كوي ًظل‬َٝ‫ حُظ‬ٚ‫حطظ‬ٝ ٖٓ

He that is carried down the
٠ُ ‫ كخؿش‬٢‫ْ ك‬٤ُ ٍ‫خ‬٤‫زلَ ٓغ حُظ‬٣ ١ٌُ‫(ح‬
stream need not row.
)‫ق‬٣‫حُظـي‬
He that is full of himself is very ً ‫ٍ ٓٔظِت كَحؿخ‬َٝ‫حُٔـ‬
empty.

He that is ill to himself will be

ّ‫ ُِ٘خ‬ٚ٤‫َ ك‬٤‫ ه‬٫ ,ٚٔ‫ ُ٘ل‬ٚ٤‫َ ك‬٤‫ ه‬٫ ٖٓ
good to nobody.

He that knows nothing doubts

‫َطخد‬٣٫ ‫ؼَف‬٣٫ ٖٓ
nothing.

He that makes himself a sheep ‫ حٌُثخد‬ِٚ‫ ٗؼـش أًظ‬ٚٔ‫ٖٓ ؿؼَ ٖٓ ٗل‬

shall be eaten by the wolf.

He that once deceives is ever

‫ٖٓ هيػ٘خ َٓس هيػ٘خ ًَ َٓس‬
suspected.
He that promised too much
ٙ‫كخء‬ٝ َ‫ ه‬ٙ‫ػي‬ٝ َ‫ٖٓ ًؼ‬
means nothing.
He that serves everybody is paid
ٚ‫ حكي كو‬ٚ‫ؼط‬٣ ُْ ‫غ‬٤ٔ‫ٖٓ ػَٔ ُِـ‬
by nobody.
He that serves God to the money
ٕ‫طخ‬٤ُ٘‫ؼزي هللا ٖٓ أؿَ حُٔخٍ كبٕ ح‬٣ ٖٓ
will serve the devil for better ً‫ىح‬ٞ‫ ٓؼز‬ٌٙ‫ظو‬٣ ٕ‫أكن أ‬
wages.

He that sows the wind shall reap

‫لش‬ٛ‫ي حُؼخ‬ٜ‫ق ك‬٣َُ‫ٖٓ ٍُع ح‬
the whirlwind.

He that will cheat at play will

ٙ‫ٔخ ػيح‬٤‫ حُِؼذ ؿ٘ي ك‬٢‫ٖٓ ؿ٘ي ك‬
cheat you anyway.

He who depends on another dines

ٙ‫ ػ٘خء‬ٝ ٙ‫ ٓخء ؿٌحء‬َٙ٤‫ ؿ‬٠ِ‫ٖٓ أطٌَ ػ‬
ill and sups worse.

210
 He who desires the top must sit
٢ُ‫خ‬٤ُِ‫َ ح‬ٜٓ ٠ِ‫ِذ حُؼ‬١ ٖٓ
up many nights.

He who fears God needs not fear

ٕ‫خد حٗٔخ‬ٜ٣ ٫ ‫ هللا‬٠‫ٖٓ حطو‬
the world.
He who governs well may govern
ٚ‫خٓظ‬٣ٍ ‫ ىحٓض‬ٚ‫خٓظ‬٤ٓ ‫ٖٓ كٔ٘ض‬
long.
He who has the chance has the
‫ حُلع‬ُٚ ٍ‫خ‬٤‫ حُو‬ُٚ ٖٓ
fortune.
He who has the choice has the
ٍ‫ ٓخ حهظخ‬ٝ ‫ىع آَءح‬
torture.

He who keeps off the ice will not ٌٍُٝٔ‫ٍ أٖٓ ٖٓ ح‬َُٝ٘‫ٖ ح‬١‫ح‬ٞٓ ‫ٖٓ طـ٘ذ‬
slip through. )َُُِ‫(ٖٓ ارظؼي ػٖ حَُ٘ أٖٓ ح‬

He who loves me loves my dog. ١َ٤‫خ رؼ‬ٜ‫لذ ٗخهظ‬٣ٝ ٢٘‫طلز‬ٝ ‫خ‬ٜ‫أكز‬

He who promises runs in debt. ٚ٤ِ‫ٖ ػ‬٣‫ػي حُلَ ى‬ٝ

He who treats you like himself is

not unfair to you.
He who walks in the light will
not fall.
He who would gather roses must
not fear thorns.
He whose father is judge goes
safe to his trial.
٠ُ‫ ا‬ُٚ‫ حُِزٖ أكخ‬٠ُ‫خُغ ٗئّ (حًح ٗظَ ا‬١ ٚٗ‫ا‬
His face would turn milk sour.
ِْ‫ ٓخ ظ‬ٚٔ‫حى ر٘ل‬ٝ‫ٖٓ ٓخ‬
َ‫ؼؼ‬٣ ٫ ٍُٞ٘‫ ح‬٢‫ ك‬٢٘ٔ٣ ٖٓ
‫وخف‬٣ ٫( َ‫ي ٖٓ ارَ حُ٘ل‬ُٜ٘‫ٕ ح‬ٝ‫ري ى‬٫ٝ
)‫ٍى‬ُٞ‫طِذ ح‬٣ ٖٓ ‫ى‬ُٞ٘‫ح‬
ُٚ‫ كخ‬٠ِ‫طٔجٖ ػ‬٤ِ‫ ك‬ُٚ‫ذ هخ‬٤‫ٖٓ ًخٕ حُ٘و‬
٠ُ‫ذ ا‬ٌٛ٤ِ‫ ك‬ٙ‫حُي‬ٝ ٠ٟ‫(ٖٓ ًخٕ حُوخ‬
)ٍ‫َ حُزخ‬٣َ‫حُٔلخًٔش ه‬
)‫ٍحثذ‬

Homer sometimes nods. ‫س‬ٞ‫حى ًز‬ٞ‫ٌَُ ؿ‬ٝ ‫س‬ٞ‫ل‬ٛ ُْ‫ٌَُ ػخ‬

Honesty in little things is not a َ٤ِ‫ٔض رخُ٘ت حُو‬٤ُ َ٤ِ‫ حُو‬٢‫ٓخٗش ك‬٧‫ح‬
little thing.

211
 Honesty is the better policy. ‫ن‬٤‫َ ٍك‬٤‫ٓخٗش ه‬٧‫ح‬

Honey is sweet, but the bee

َ‫ٕ حُ٘لَ ٖٓ حرَ حُ٘ل‬ٝ‫ري ى‬٫ٝ
stings.
Honor and profit lie not in one
ٕ‫ـظٔؼخ‬٣ ٫ ‫ حُٔ٘لؼش‬ٝ ‫حَُ٘ف‬
bed.

Honor your father and mother. .‫ٖ اكٔخٗخ‬٣‫حُي‬ُٞ‫ رخ‬ٝ

Hunger breaks stone walls. ٕ‫لطْ حُـيٍح‬٣ ‫ع‬ٞ‫حُـ‬

Idle folks lack no excuses. ٌٍ‫ٕ ػ‬٬ٌُِٔ ْ٤ُ

Idleness is the devil's bolster. ٕ‫طخ‬٤ُ٘‫ٓخىس ح‬ٝ ٌَُٔ‫ح‬

Idleness is the key to beggary. َ‫حٌَُٔ ٓلظخف حُلو‬

Idleness is the root of all evil. َٗ ًَ ّ‫حٌَُٔ أٓخ‬

If a donkey brays at you, don't

١ٞ‫د طؼ‬٬ٌُ‫ ح‬ٝ َ٤ٔ‫حُوخكِش ط‬
bray at him.

If the cap fits, wear it. َ‫ي كخػظز‬٤٘‫ؼ‬٣ ّ٬ٌُ‫حًح ًخٕ ح‬

If the counsel be good, no matter

ٖ٤ٗ‫ حُٔـخ‬ٙ‫ح‬ٞ‫ ٖٓ حك‬ُٞ ٝ ‫هٌ حُلٌٔش‬
who gave it.

If the devil finds a man idle, he'll ,ِٚ‫لؼ‬٣ َٔ‫ ػ‬٬‫ ر‬٬‫طخٕ ٍؿ‬٤ُ٘‫ؿي ح‬ٝ ‫اًح‬
set him to work. ِٚ‫٘ـ‬٣ ‫ ٓخ‬ُٚ ‫ؿي‬ٝ‫أ‬

If the sky falls, we shall catch ‫خ ؿَحٓخ‬ٛ٬ٓ٧ ٍٝ٧‫ ح‬٠ُ ‫لَع‬٣ ٍ‫حٕ حُوي‬
larks. ‫ رٌٍح‬ٝ
If you buy the cow, take the tail ٢‫َ ك‬٣ٌُ‫ طْ٘ اىهخٍ ح‬٬‫ض حُزوَس ك‬٣َ‫اًح حٗظ‬
into the bargain. ‫لوش‬ُٜ‫ح‬

212
 ٕ‫ أهَ ٖٓ أ‬٬‫َ ك‬٤‫اًح ػـِص ػٖ آيحء حُو‬
If you can't help, don't hinder.
‫ٌٔ٘ي حُٔٔخػيس‬٣ ُْ ‫ حُ٘خّ َٗى (اًح‬٠‫طٌل‬
.)‫ حُؼَهِش‬٢‫ طٌٖ ٓززخ ك‬٬‫ك‬
If you deal with a fox, think of
ٚ‫ز‬٤‫ػ‬٫‫اًح طؼخِٓض ٓغ حُؼؼِذ كخكٌٍ أ‬
his tricks.

If you had all the wit in the ٖٓ ٖٓ‫ٔخ رِـض ٖٓ حًٌُخء كخٗي ُٔض رٔؤ‬ٜٓ
world, fools would fool you. )َ١‫ حُ٘خ‬٫‫وغ ا‬٣ ٫( ‫حُويحع‬

‫ي‬٤‫ِن ٓخه‬١‫َد كخ‬ُٜ‫ ٓلَ ُي ٖٓ ح‬٫ ٕ‫حًح ًخ‬

If you must fly, fly well.
‫ق‬٣َُِ
If you wish good advice consult
‫ن‬٤ٗ ٖٓ ‫خ‬ٜ‫ِز‬١‫زش كخ‬٤١ ‫ٍس‬ٞ٘ٓ ‫اًح أٍىص‬
an old man.
If you wish to be obeyed, don't
‫ٔظطخع‬٣ ‫حٕ أٍىص حٕ ططخع هَ ٓخ‬
ask the impossible.

In caution there is safety; in haste

‫ حُؼـِش حُ٘يحٓش‬٠‫ ك‬ٝ ‫ٓش‬٬ُٔ‫ ح‬٠ٗ‫ حُظؤ‬٠‫ك‬
repentance.

In the kingdom of blind men, the

ٕ‫خٕ ِٓطخ‬٤ٔ‫ ٌِٓٔش حُؼ‬٢‫ٍ ك‬ٞ‫ػ‬٧‫ح‬
one-eyed is king.

‫ح‬ٞ‫ط‬ٝ‫ أ‬٫‫ ا‬ٚ٤ِ‫ح ػ‬ٞٗ‫ ًخ‬ٟ‫ي‬ٛ ‫ّ رؼي‬ٞ‫َ ه‬ٟ ‫ٓخ‬

In too much dispute, truth is lost.
)‫خع حُلن‬ٟ ٍ‫خٍ حُـي‬١ ‫حُـيٍ (اًح‬

It costs more to do ill than to do ‫ٌزي‬٣ َُ٘‫ حَُ٘ ؿَّ (كؼَ ح‬ٝ ْ٘‫َ ؿ‬٤‫حُو‬
well. )َ٤‫أًؼَ ٖٓ كؼَ حُو‬

It is a bad coat that will not bear

‫لظَٔ حُٔ٘خه٘ش‬٣ ٫ ١‫ ٍأ‬٢‫َ ك‬٤‫ ه‬٫
brushing.

It is an ill wind that blows ‫كي‬٧ َ٤‫ طـِذ حُو‬٫ ‫ق‬٣ٍ ٢‫َ ك‬٤‫ ه‬٫
nobody good. .)‫حٓظ٘لغ‬ٝ ‫ ٖٓ ٗلغ‬٢‫َ ك‬٤‫(حُو‬

It is cheap enough to say," God

‫يهش‬ٛ ‫ف‬َٝ‫ٍ حُٔؼ‬ٞ‫حُو‬
help you."
It is good to have company in
ٕ‫ح‬ٞ‫ه‬٧‫ ح‬٠ِٔ‫حٕ ط‬ٞ‫ه‬٫‫هخس ح‬٬ٓ
trouble.

213

It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is not gay coat that makes the
gentlemen.
It is too late to shut the stable-
door when the horse is stolen.
It never rains but it pours.
It takes all sorts to make a world.
Jack of all trades, master of none.
Judge not all men at first sight.
Knowledge is power.
Knowledge without practice
makes but half an artist.
Learn to say before you sing.
Learn wisdom by the follies of
other.
Learn young, learn fair.
Let bygones be bygones.
Let sleeping dogs lie.
Let the cat wink and let the
mouse run.
Liars leave short wings.
214
َٛٝ( ٚٔ‫ أٍحف ٗل‬ٚ‫ ٓخ كخط‬٠ِ‫ؤّ ػ‬٣ ُْ ٖٓ
)‫ حُِزٖ حَُٔحم؟‬٠ِ‫حف ػ‬ُٞ٘‫ي ح‬٤‫ل‬٣
َٜٙ‫ رٔظ‬٫ َٙ‫حَُٔء رٔوز‬
٫( ‫ٍ؟‬ٌٝ‫هغ حُٔل‬ٝ ‫ي حُلٌٍ حًحح‬٤‫ل‬٣ َٛ ٝ
)‫خ‬ٜ٤‫َس رؼي إٔ َٓم ٓخ ك‬٤‫م حُلظ‬٬‫ي اؿ‬٤‫ل‬٣
َٜٔ٘٣ ْ‫غ هطَ ػ‬٤‫ٍ حُـ‬ٝ‫أ‬
‫خرغ‬ٛ‫ أ‬ٚ‫َ طظ٘خر‬ٛ ٝ ( ٕ‫ح‬ُٞ‫ أ‬ٝ ٍ‫خ أٌٗخ‬٤ٗ‫حُي‬
)‫حٌُق؟‬
‫خ ٗت‬ٜ٘ٓ ‫ي‬٤‫ـ‬٣ ٫ ‫يس‬٣‫خكذ حُلَف حُؼي‬ٛ
َٟ‫ٍ ٗظَس(ط‬ٝ‫ حُ٘خّ ٖٓ أ‬٠ِ‫ طلٌْ ػ‬٫
)َ‫يٍى ٓخ حُيحه‬٣ ‫ ٓخ‬ٝ ... َ٤‫خٕ ًخُ٘و‬٤‫حُلظ‬
‫س‬ٞ‫حُٔؼَكش ه‬
‫ق‬ٜٗ ‫ ٓٔخٍٓش طـؼَ حَُٔء‬٬‫حُٔؼَكش ر‬
َ٤‫هز‬
ٍٝ‫ ( هزَ إٔ طلخ‬ُٚٝ‫ؼي حُِْٔ ٖٓ أ‬ٛ‫ح‬
ِْ‫ي)(طؼ‬٤ٓ‫ هي‬٠ِ‫ق طوق ػ‬٤ً ِْ‫ طؼ‬َٟ‫حُـ‬
)‫ٍ حُـ٘خء‬ٝ‫ّ هزَ إٔ طلخ‬٬ٌُ‫ح‬
َٙ٤‫حُؼخهَ ٖٓ أػظزَ رـ‬
َ‫ حُلـ‬٠ِ‫ـَ ًخُ٘وٖ ػ‬ُٜ‫ ح‬٠‫ْ ك‬٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬
‫خ‬ٜ٤‫ أٗض ك‬٠‫ ُي حُٔخػش حُظ‬,‫ٓخ كخص ٓخص‬
)ٕ‫ٗـخ‬٧‫ طلَى ح‬٫( ‫ىع حُلظ٘ش ٗخثٔش‬
‫َد‬ُٜ‫ً حُلبٍ رخ‬٫ , ‫خ‬ٜ٘٤‫َكض حُوطش ػ‬١ ‫اًح‬
‫َس‬٤ٜ‫ٖ ه‬٤‫أؿ٘لش حٌٌُحر‬
 ٝ ‫خّ طَكغ‬٣٧‫ (ح‬,ٍ‫ كخ‬٠ِ‫خ ػ‬٤ٗ‫ طٔظوَ حُي‬٫
Life has many ups and downs.
)ٍٝ‫خّ ى‬٣٧‫(ح‬,)ٞ‫طول‬

Like father like son. ٚ٤‫رٖ َٓ أر‬٫‫ح‬

Live and learn. ِْ‫ طؼ‬ٝ ٖ‫ػ‬

Live not to eat but eat to live. ‫د‬َُٝ٘ٔ‫ ح‬ٝ ًٍٞ‫ٌٖ َٓحٓي حُٔؤ‬٣ ٫

Live peaceably with all. ِْٔ‫غ ط‬٤ٔ‫ٓخُْ حُـ‬

Look before you leap. ‫خ‬ٜ‫ؼ‬ٟٞٓ ٞ‫هيٍ َُؿِي هزَ حُوط‬

Love all, trust a few, do wrong to ‫ طٔت‬٫ ٝ ,َ٤ِ‫ حُو‬٠‫ ػن ك‬ٝ,‫غ‬٤ٔ‫أكذ حُـ‬
none and be kind to your enemy. ‫ى‬ٝ‫ ًٖ ٍكٔخ ً رؼي‬ٝ ,‫كي‬٧

Make hay while the sun shines. ٍِٝ‫ش ط‬َٛ‫ِ حُل‬ٜ‫حٕ ُْ ط٘ظ‬

Make not a fool of yourself to

‫غ‬٤ٔ‫ش ُِـ‬٣َ‫ طـؼَ ٗلٔي ٓو‬٫
make another merry.

ٍ‫ ًخُ٘خ‬ٚٔ‫ؤًَ ٗل‬٣ ‫ى‬ٞٔ‫ى(حُل‬ٞٔ‫ ٍحكش ُل‬٫

Malice drinks its own poison.
)‫خ‬ٜ٠‫طخًَ رؼ‬
Man does not attain all his heart's
desires for the winds do not blow ًٍٚ‫ي‬٣ ‫ حَُٔء‬٠٘ٔ‫ظ‬٣ ‫ٓخ ًَ ٓخ‬
as the vessels wish.

Man proposes and God disposes. َ٤‫ حُظير‬٠‫ هللا ك‬ٝ َ٤ٌ‫ حُظل‬٠‫حُؼزي ك‬

Many kiss the child for the

‫ن‬٤ِ‫ حُؼ‬٠‫ٔو‬٣ ‫ٍى‬ُٞ‫ٖٓ أؿَ ح‬
nurse's sake.

May duty boast if nothing else. ٚ‫حؿز‬ٝ ٟ‫ئى‬٣ ٕ‫ حَُٔء كوَحً أ‬٠‫ًل‬

Mildness governs better than

‫ٖ أهطغ‬٤ُِ‫ؿيص ح‬ٞ‫ ك‬,ٖ٤ُِ‫ ح‬ٝ ‫ق‬٤ُٔ‫رؼؼض رخ‬
anger.

215
 Mind your own business. ‫ي‬٤٘‫ؼ‬٣ ٫ ‫ي رظَى ٓخ‬٤٘٤‫اُِّ ٓخ رؼ‬

Much ado about nothing. ‫ل٘خ‬١ ٍٟ‫ أ‬٫ ٝ ‫أٓٔغ ؿؼـؼش‬

Much coin much care. ٚٓٞٔٛ ‫ ًؼَص‬ُٚ‫ح‬ٞٓ‫ٖٓ ًؼَص أ‬

Much corn lies under the straw

ٖ‫ٓخء ٖٓ طلض طز‬
that is not seen.

Necessity is the mother of

‫هظَحع‬٧‫حُلخؿش أّ ح‬
invention.

Necessity knows no law. ّ‫ٍس أكٌخ‬َٝ٠ُِ

Necessity sharpens industry. ‫ِش‬٤‫حُلخؿش طلظن حُل‬

Never judge by appearance. َٛ‫خى إٔ طلٌْ رخُٔظخ‬٣‫ا‬

Never regret doing good. َ٤‫ كؼَ حُو‬٠ِ‫ ط٘يّ ػ‬٫

Nip it in the bud. ٚٔ‫ رَحػ‬٠‫ حَُ٘ ك‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٞ‫اه‬

No gains without pains. ٍ‫ ٗخ‬٬‫س ر‬ٝ٬‫ ك‬٫

٫(‫خ‬ِٛٞ‫٘ؼْ رل‬٣ ٫ ‫خ‬َٛٓ ٠ِ‫زَ ػ‬ٜ٣ ٫ ٖٓ

No joy without annoy.
)‫ طَف‬٬‫كَف ر‬

No one ever repented of having ٠‫ط‬ٌٞٓ ٠ِ‫ٓخ ٗيّ ٖٓ ٌٓض(ٓخ إٔ ٗيٓض ػ‬

held his tongue. )ً‫ َٓحٍح‬٠ٓ٬ً ٠ِ‫ ُوي ٗيٓض ػ‬ٝ..‫َٓس‬

No smoke without fire. َٛ‫ٌَُ حٗخػش أ‬

‫س حُ٘ـخف‬ٝ٬‫ ( ك‬٠ُ‫خ‬٤ُِ‫َ ح‬ٜٓ ٬‫ِذ حُؼ‬١ ٖٓ

No sweet without sweat.
‫ُؿش رؼَم حٌُلخف‬ٞٔٓ
None blind as those who won't
)َٝٓ َٝ‫ (حُـ‬ُٟٜٞ‫ ح‬ٟ‫آكش حَُأ‬
see.

216
 None so deaf as those who won't ‫خس‬٤‫ ك‬٫ ٌُٖ ٝ...‫خ‬٤‫ض ك‬٣‫ُوي أٓٔؼض اًح ٗخى‬
hear. ٟ‫ُٖٔ ط٘خى‬

Novelty gives pleasure. ‫ي ٌُس‬٣‫ٌَُ ؿي‬

Now or never. ٬‫ ك‬٫‫ٕ ٓب‬٥‫ح‬

Of two disputants, the warmer is

ًْٞ‫ ؿِز‬٩‫ ح‬ٝ ‫ص‬ُٜٞ‫ْ رخ‬ٌٛٝ‫ه‬
generally in the wrong.
‫ي رؤهق‬٤ِ‫ (ػ‬ٞ‫ٕ ٖٓ رؼ‬ٞٛ‫ حَُ٘ ح‬ٞ‫رؼ‬
Of two evils choose the least.
)ٖ٣ٍَ٠ُ‫ح‬
One man's meat is another man's
‫حثي‬ٞ‫ّ ك‬ٞ‫ّ ػ٘ي ه‬ٞ‫خثذ ه‬ٜٓ
poison.
One scabby sheep spoils the
ًِٚ ‫غ‬٤‫ حُوط‬ٟ‫حُ٘ؼـش حُـَرخء طؼي‬
whole flock.

Opportunities do not wait. َ‫ ط٘ظظ‬٫ َٙ‫حُل‬

Opportunity makes the thief. ‫ؼِْ حَُٔهش‬٣ ‫ذ‬٣‫حُٔخٍ حُٔخ‬

Out of sight, out of mind. ‫ي ػٖ حُوِذ‬٤‫ٖ رؼ‬٤‫ي ػٖ حُؼ‬٤‫حُزؼ‬

Out of temper, out of reason. ّ‫ ٗي‬َٙ‫ آه‬ٝ ٕٞ٘‫ذ ؿ‬٠‫ٍ حُـ‬ٝ‫أ‬

Out of the frying pan into the fire. ٍ‫خء رخُ٘خ‬٠َُٓ‫َ ٖٓ ح‬٤‫ًخُٔٔظـ‬

Patience is a virtue. ‫ِش‬٤٠‫زَ ك‬ُٜ‫ح‬

Patience is the best remedy. ‫حء‬ٝ‫ى‬٧‫حء ٌَُ ح‬ٝ‫َ ى‬٤‫زَ ه‬ُٜ‫ح‬

Patience is the key to relief. ‫زَ ٓلظخف حُلَؽ‬ُٜ‫ح‬

Peace begins where ambition

‫ٔخع‬١٧‫ ح‬٠ٜ‫غ ط٘ظ‬٤‫ّ ك‬٬ُٔ‫زيأ ح‬٣
ends.

217
 Poor and content is rich enough. ّ‫ حُظخ‬٠٘‫ حُـ‬ٞٛ ‫حُلوَ ٓغ حُو٘خػش‬

Pour not water on a drowned

‫خ‬ٜ‫خ رؼي ًرل‬ٜ‫ ِٓو‬ٙ‫َ حُ٘خ‬٤٠٣ ٫
mouse.

Prevention is better than cure. ‫ؽ‬٬‫َ ٖٓ ه٘طخٍ ػ‬٤‫ش ه‬٣‫هخ‬ٝ ٍْٛ‫ى‬

Punctuality is the soul of the

‫حظزش‬ُٞٔ‫ف حُؼَٔ ح‬ٍٝ
business.
‫ حٗلخم‬٠‫ي ك‬ٜ‫خ (اه‬َُٛ٘ ‫خ‬َٛ٤‫أرن ه‬
Put by for a rainy day.
)ْٛ‫خ ُـَحف حُلخهش َٓح‬ٜٗ‫ كب‬,ْٛ‫حُيٍح‬
Quick thoughts are slippery
‫ حُؼـِش حُ٘يحٓش‬٢‫ك‬
thoughts.
َٟ‫٘ظ‬٣ ‫ حُٔخٍ ٖٓ حُٔٔخء‬ٚ٤ِ‫ ػ‬٢‫ز‬ٜ٣ ٖٓ
Quickly come, quickly go. ‫حء‬ُٜٞ‫ ح‬٠‫َحً ك‬٤١ ٚ‫ر‬
٫ٝ ٍ‫خ ( حُيٓخ‬ٜ٤٣‫ طؤًَ رؼي‬٫ ٝ ‫ع حُلَس‬ٞ‫طـ‬
Rather death than shame.
)ٍ‫حُؼخ‬
‫ذ‬٠‫ـ‬٣ ٫ ( ‫ حُلن‬٠‫َحٍ ك‬ٟ ٫ ٝ ٍَٟ ٫
Right wrongs no man.
)ً‫حُلن أكيح‬
Rights are never granted but ‫ ٌُٖ طئهي‬ٝ ... ٠٘ٔ‫َ حُٔطخُذ رخُظ‬٤ٗ‫ ٓخ‬ٝ
taken by force. ‫رخ‬٬‫خ ؿ‬٤ٗ‫حُي‬
Seek knowledge from the cradle
‫ حُِلي‬٠ُ‫ي ح‬ُٜٔ‫ح حُؼِْ ٖٓ ح‬ٞ‫ِز‬١‫أ‬
to the grave.

Send a wise man on an errand,

ٚٛٞ‫ ط‬٫ٝ ً ‫ٔخ‬٤ٌ‫أٍَٓ ك‬
and say nothing to him.

ِْٔ‫ط‬٫ ( ‫ ُي ُلٔخ‬َٟ‫٘ظ‬٤ُ ‫ طََٓ هطخ‬٫

Send not a cat for lard.
)ّ‫ ٓلظخف ٓوِٕ حُطؼخ‬٢‫حُو‬
‫ِش‬٣ٞ١ ّ‫ كزخٍ حُ٘ي‬ٝ , َ٤ٜ‫كزَ حٌُِٔحص ه‬
Short pleasure, long lament.
)ٖ٤٘ٓ ّ‫ ٗي‬ٝ ٖ٤‫( ٓظؼش ك‬

Silence does seldom harm ٕ‫ كلع حُِٔخ‬٠‫ٗٔخٕ ك‬٩‫ٓش ح‬٬ٓ

ٕ‫خء (ٍرٔخ ًخ‬َُٟ‫ٓش ح‬٬‫ص ػ‬ٌُٞٔ‫ح‬

Silence gives consent.
)ً ‫حرخ‬ٞ‫ص ؿ‬ٌُٞٔ‫ح‬

218
 Sometimes the best gain is to ‫ ( حَُ٘ أهزغ‬ٚ٘ٓ ‫ َٗح‬٠‫ ٓظـ‬ٝ ‫حرٌٍ َٗح‬
lose. )‫ض ٖٓ ُحى‬٤‫ػ‬ٝ‫ٓخأ‬

Spare the rod, spoil the child. ‫ُي‬ُٞ‫خ طظِق ح‬ٜ‫كـَّ حُؼ‬ٝ

Spend and God will send. ‫ذ‬٤‫ حُـ‬٢‫ي ٓخ ك‬٤‫ؤط‬٣ ‫ذ‬٤‫ حُـ‬٢‫َف ٓخك‬ٛ‫ا‬

Step after step the ladder is

‫ حُيٍؿخص‬٠ِ‫زِؾ حَُٔء أػ‬٣ ‫س‬ٞ‫س روط‬ٞ‫هط‬
ascended.

Step by step one goes far. َٓ٧‫حُٔؼخرَس طزِؾ ح‬

Still water runs deep. ٠ٛ‫ح‬ٝ‫ ى‬٠ٛ‫ح‬ُٞٔ‫طلض ح‬

ٕ‫ق (أٌُ حُطؼخّ ٓخ ًخ‬٣َ١ ‫ذ‬٣َ‫ًَ ؿ‬

Strange food tastes best.
)‫زخ‬٣َ‫ؿ‬

Strike while the iron is hot. ‫ إٔ رَى‬ٚ٘ٓ ‫ ٗلغ‬٫ ً ‫خ‬٤ٓ‫ي كخ‬٣‫َد حُلي‬ٟ‫أ‬

َ‫ ( ٖٓ ًؼ‬ٚ‫ ًؼَ ٓوط‬,‫ٓش‬٬ً َ‫ٖٓ ًؼ‬

Talk much and err much.
)ٚٓ٬ٓ َ‫ ًؼ‬ٚٓ٬ً
Talk of the angel and you will ‫ثٌش‬٬ُٔ‫ أٓخٓي (اًح ًًَص ح‬ٙ‫َحً طـي‬٤‫أًًَ ه‬
hear his wings. َ٤‫خ)(طلخءٍ رخُو‬ٜ‫ق حؿ٘لظ‬٤‫ٓٔؼض كل‬
)ٙ‫طـي‬
Talk of the devil and be sure to
‫َ ُي‬ٜ‫ظ‬٣ ٕ‫طخ‬٤ُ٘‫كٌَ رخ‬
appear.
The absent are always in the
ٚ‫ٖٓ ؿخد ؿخد كظ‬
wrong.

The absent party is not so faulty. ٙ‫ ٓؼخ‬ٚ‫حُـخثذ كـظ‬

The beginning of wisdom is the

‫ٍأّ حُلٌٔش ٓوخكش هللا‬
fear of God.
The bride goes to her marriage-
bed, but knows not what shall ٌُْ َٗ ٞٛ ٝ ‫ح ٗت‬ٞ‫ إٔ طلز‬٠ٔ‫ػ‬
happen to her.

The burnt child dreads the fire. َ‫وخف ٖٓ حُلز‬٣ ٕ‫ ٖٓ حُؼؼزخ‬َٙٝ‫حُٔو‬

219
 The camel, going to seek horns,
ٚ‫ رَ٘حر‬٢َٟ٣ َُٔ‫خٕ رخ‬َٟ٣‫ ٓخ‬٢ُِ‫ح‬
lost his ears.

The cat and the dog may kiss, yet ٠‫ حُوِذ ك‬٠‫ ٓخ ك‬ٝ ٕ‫ح‬ٝ‫خكق حُؼي‬ٜ‫ظ‬٣ ‫هي‬
are none the better friends. ‫حُوِذ‬

The cat is out of the bag. ) َُٔ‫َٓ ( ً٘ق ح‬٧‫ق ح‬٠‫ك‬

The cat shuts its eyes while it

ٚ‫َط‬٤ٜ‫ ر‬٠ٔ‫ػْ طؼ‬٩‫ٗٔخٕ ح‬٩‫َطٌذ ح‬٣ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬
steals cream.

The child says nothing, but what ٫ ْٜ‫ٕ ك‬ُٞٞ‫و‬٣ ‫ ٓخ‬٠ِ‫لخٌُْ ػ‬١‫ح أ‬ِٞٓٞ‫ ط‬٫
heard by the fire. ٕٞ‫ٔٔؼ‬٣ ٌْ٘ٓ ‫ رٔخ‬٫‫ٕ ا‬ٞ‫ظليػ‬٣

The cow known not what tail is

‫خ‬ٜ٘ٓ َّ‫ ٖٓ ك‬٫‫ويٍ حُ٘ؼٔش ا‬٣ ٫
worth till she has lost it.

The day is short and the work is

‫هخص‬ٝ٧‫حؿزخص أًؼَ ٖٓ ح‬ُٞ‫ح‬
much.
The devil dances in an empty ٠‫طخٕ ك‬٤ُ٘‫ ح‬ٚ‫َه‬٣ ( ‫ِش‬٣ًَُ‫حُلوَ ٓلظخف ح‬
pocket. ) ِْ‫ذ حُٔل‬٤‫ؿ‬

The devil is never nearer than ‫٘خ ػ٘يٓخ‬٣‫ٕ ُي‬ٌٞ٣ ‫طخٕ أهَد ٓخ‬٤ُ٘‫ٕ ح‬ٌٞ٣
when we are talking of him. ًٌَٙٗ

The die is cast. )ُْٜٔ‫َٓ( ٗلٌ ح‬٧‫ ح‬٠٠‫ه‬

The early bird catches the worm. ‫رخًَ طٔؼي‬

The earth produces nothing worse ‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ ( ُْ طِي حُي‬ٚ‫ حُ٘ؼٔخٕ ٗؼٔظ‬ٌُٟ ٌَ٘‫ ط‬٫
than an ungrateful man. )‫ى‬ٞ‫أَٗ ٖٓ حُـل‬

The end justifies the means. ‫ِش‬٤ُٓٞ‫ش طزٍَ ح‬٣‫حُـخ‬

The fear of God is the beginning

‫ٍأّ حُلٌٔش ٓوخكش هللا‬
of wisdom.

220
 The greatest talkers are the least ً٬ٔ‫ْ ػ‬ِٜ‫ٓخ ً أه‬٬ً ّ‫أًؼَ حُ٘خ‬
doers.
The greatest wealth is
ُٚ َٔ٤‫ حُ٘خّ ٖٓ ه٘غ رٔخ ط‬٠٘‫أؿ‬
contentment with little.

The key to evil is one word. ‫ٓلظخف حَُ٘ ًِٔش‬

The last straw breaks the camel's

َ٤‫َ حُزؼ‬ٜ‫ٔض ظ‬ٜ‫ ه‬٢‫حُو٘ش حُظ‬
back.
The light is naught for the sore ‫خء‬٤ٟ َٟ‫ ط‬٫ ‫خ ٍٓي‬ٜ‫ ر‬٠‫ٕ حُظ‬ٞ٤‫إ حُؼ‬
eyes. ْ‫حُْ٘ٔ ػٖ ٓو‬

The middle way is the best one. ٢ُٓٞ‫ٍ ح‬ٞٓ٧‫َ ح‬٤‫ه‬

The misfortunes of some people

‫حثي‬ٞ‫ّ ك‬ٞ‫ّ ػ٘ي ه‬ٞ‫خثذ ه‬ٜٓ
are advantages to other.

The more you have, the more you

ٚ‫ ًِٔخ ُحى كخؿ‬٠٘‫ًِٔخ حُىحى حاٗٔخٕ ؿ‬
want.

The morning hour has gold in its

ٌٍٞ‫ حُز‬٠‫حُزًَش ك‬
mouth.

The only way to keep a secret is ُٝ‫ٓغ َُٔى( حَُٔ حٕ ؿخ‬ٝ‫يٍى ح‬ٛ
to say nothing. )‫ٖ ًحع‬٤‫حُ٘لظ‬

The shoemaker's wife has always

ٕ‫خ‬٣َ‫ حُلخثي ػ‬ٝ ‫ٌٓخف كخف‬٫‫ح‬
the worst shod.

The shortest answer is doing. َ٤ُ‫َ ى‬٤‫حُؼَٔ ه‬

The tongue wounds more than a

ٕ‫ؿَف حُِٔخٕ أٗي ٖٓ ؿَف حُٔ٘خ‬
lace.

The trick is the liar's weapon. ‫ف حٌٌُحد‬٬ٓ ‫ِش‬٤‫حُل‬

The worth of a man lies in what

ٚ٘ٔ‫ل‬٣ ‫ٔش ًَ حَٓة ٓخ‬٤‫ه‬
he does well.

221
 There is many a slip betwixt cup
‫َى‬٤‫ طؤْ ُـ‬ٝ ‫ كٔي‬٠‫ٕ ك‬ٌٞ‫ط‬
and lip.

There is no better looking glass

ٚ٤‫حُٔئٖٓ َٓآس أه‬
than an old friend.

There is no companion like the

‫ن‬٣‫ي‬ُٜ‫حُٔخٍ ٗؼْ ح‬
penny.
There is no darkness like
َٜ‫ّ ًخُـ‬٬‫ ظ‬٫
ignorance.

There is no good accord where ْٜ٠‫ح رؼ‬ٞ‫ٓخٍس هٌك‬٩‫ ح‬٠ِ‫حًح طِحكْ حُ٘خّ ػ‬
every man would be lord. ‫رخُلـخٍس‬

Things done by halves are never ٍِٞ‫خف حُل‬ٜٗ‫ (أ‬ٚٓ‫ طٔخ‬٠‫كٌٔش حُؼَٔ ك‬
done right. )ٍٞ‫يس ػٖ حُٔوز‬٤‫رؼ‬

Those living in glass houses must ّ‫وٌف حُ٘خ‬٣ ٬‫ ٖٓ ُؿخؽ ك‬ٚ‫ظ‬٤‫ٖٓ ًخٕ ر‬
not throw other with stones. ‫رخُلـخٍس‬

Those playing with fire will harm ٟٞٓ ‫ح‬ٞ‫لَه‬٣ ُٖ ٍ‫ٕ رخُ٘خ‬ٞ‫ِؼز‬٣ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬
none but themselves. ْٜٔ‫أٗل‬

Time tries all. ُِٖٓ‫ٗؼْ حُٔئىد ح‬

Tit for tat. ) ‫ رظِي‬ٌٙٛ ( ‫ىهش ريهش‬

To be poor and contented is rich ً ‫خ‬٤٘‫ٕ ؿ‬ٌٞ‫ٍ ط‬ٞٔ٤ُٔ‫ رخ‬ٍٝ‫ا‬

enough.

To blind men, don't talk about

ٕ‫ح‬ُٞ٧‫ طظليع ػٖ ح‬٫ ٕ‫خ‬٤ٔ‫ٓغ حُؼ‬
colors.

To break one's head and bring a

ٚ‫ ؿ٘خُط‬٠‫َ ك‬٤ٔ٣ ٝ َ٤‫وظَ حُوظ‬٣
blaster.
To err is human, to forgive is
ٖٔ‫ ٖٓ حَُك‬ٞ‫ حُؼل‬ٝ ٕ‫ٗٔخ‬٩‫حُوطؤ ٖٓ ح‬
divine.

222
 To err is to learn. ٚ‫ظؼِْ حَُٔء ٖٓ أهطخث‬٣

To fall into sin is human; to َٜ٣ ٖٓ ٝ ٕ‫ أٗٔخ‬ٜٞ‫جش ك‬٤‫ حُوط‬٠‫وغ ك‬٣ ٖٓ

remain in sin is devilish. ٕ‫طخ‬٤ٗ ٜٞ‫خ ك‬ٜ٤ِ‫ػ‬

To forget a wrong is the best ‫ٓخءس ( اًح ٌٓض‬٧‫ ح‬٠ٔ٘٣ ٕ‫َ َُِٔء أ‬٠‫أك‬
revenge. )ً ‫ أُٔخ‬ٚ‫ؿؼظ‬ٝ‫َ كوي أ‬ٛ‫ػٖ حُـخ‬

To jump out of the frying pan

ٍ‫خء رخُ٘خ‬٠َُٓ‫أٓظـخٍ ٖٓ ح‬
into the fire.

To live is to learn. ‫خس ٓيٍٓش‬٤‫حُل‬

‫ذ‬٣َ‫ ه‬َٙ‫إ ؿيحً ُ٘خظ‬

Tomorrow isn't too long to wait.

To will is it can. َ٤‫ق حُٔز‬ٟٝ ِّ‫يم حُؼ‬ٛ ‫اًح‬

Too many cooks spoil the broth. ‫ٖ طظِق حُطزوش‬٤‫ًؼَس حُطزخه‬

Truth and oil are ever above. ‫ حُوخع‬٠‫ٔظوَ ك‬٣ ٫ ‫ض‬٣ُِ‫حُلن ًخ‬

Truth is stranger than fiction. ‫َ ُـؾ‬١‫ حُزخ‬ٝ ‫حُلن أرِؾ‬

Truth is the daughter of time. ٕ‫وش حر٘ش حُِٓخ‬٤‫حُلو‬

Truth is truth to the end of the

ٚٗ‫ح‬ٞ‫َ ربه‬٤‫ ًؼ‬,ٚٔ‫َ ر٘ل‬٤ِ‫حَُٔء ه‬
reckoning.

Truth needs no colors. ٠ِ‫٘ـ‬٣ ٕ‫ري ُِلن أ‬٫

Truth will prevail. )‫ى‬ٞٔ٣ ٕ‫ري ُِلن أ‬٫( ‫د‬٬‫حُلن ؿ‬

َٟ٤‫ (اهيع أكيح ؿ‬٠ّ ِ‫ ػ‬٠ِ‫ ط٘ط‬٫ ‫ظي‬٤ِ‫ك‬

Try that bone on some other dog.
) ‫كش‬ٌُٞ٘ٔ‫ِش ح‬٤‫ حُل‬ٌٜٙ‫ر‬

223
 Try your friend before you trust
‫ ػوظي‬ٚ‫وي هزَ إٔ طٔ٘ل‬٣‫ي‬ٛ ‫ؿَد‬
him.

Two heads are better than one. ٚٗ‫ح‬ٞ‫َ رؤه‬٤‫ ًؼ‬ٚٔ‫َ ر٘ل‬٤ِ‫حَُٔء ه‬

Union is strength. ‫س‬ٞ‫طلخى ه‬٧‫ح‬

United we stand, divided we fall. ٖ٤‫ ٓظلَه‬٢‫ ٗٔو‬ٝ ٖ٣‫ٗؼزض ٓظلي‬

Use the front door and not the

‫خ‬ٜ‫حر‬ٞ‫ص ٖٓ أر‬ٞ٤‫ حُز‬ِٞ‫أىه‬
back one.
Use your wit as a buckler, not as َ٤‫ي ر٘ؼٔش حُؼوَ كٔوَس ُِو‬٤ِ‫اًح ٗؼْ هللا ػ‬
a sword. َُِ٘ ٫

Vice makes virtue shine. ‫ِش طَ٘م‬٤٠‫ِش طـؼَ حُل‬٣ًَُ‫ح‬

Victory does not come by

‫ى‬ٞٔ٣ ٫ ‫ى‬ٞٔ‫حُل‬
jealousy.

Virtue is jewel of great price. ‫٘ش‬٤ٔ‫َس ػ‬ٛٞ‫ش ؿ‬٤٠‫حُل‬

Virtue is the only true nobility. ‫ِش‬٤٠‫ ٗزَ ًخُل‬٫

Wait and see which way the cat

‫هق‬ُٞٔ‫ ح‬٠ِ‫٘ـ‬٣ ٠‫غ كظ‬٣َ‫ط‬
jumps.

Walls have ears. ٕ‫خ آًح‬ُٜ ٕ‫طخ‬٤‫حُل‬

Waste makes want. )‫ حُلخهش‬٠ُ‫ـَ ح‬٣ ‫َٓحف‬٩‫ش ( ح‬٤‫َٓحف ٓط‬٫‫ح‬

We are all in the same boat. ‫ ٗلْ حُٔؤُم‬٠‫ًِ٘خ ك‬

We may give advice but we can

‫ ٖٓ أكززض‬ٟ‫ي‬ٜ‫ ط‬٫ ‫اٗي‬
not give conduct.

We may not expect a good help ٟٞ‫ٔظ‬٣ ٫(‫ى حُؼ٘ذ‬ٞٗ ٖٓ ٠‫ ط٘ـ‬٫ ‫اٗي‬
from an ill dog. )‫ؽ‬ٞ‫ى أػ‬ٞ‫ حُؼ‬ٝ َ‫حُظ‬

224
 Well begun is half done. َٔ‫ق حُؼ‬ٜٗ ‫ش‬٣‫اطوخٕ حُزيح‬

What can't be cured must be

َ‫ز‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ُٚ ‫ِش‬٤‫ ك‬٫ ٖٓ ‫ِش‬٤‫ك‬
endured.
What greater crime than loss of
‫هض‬ُٞ‫خػش ح‬ٟ‫ ؿَّ أػظْ ٖٓ أ‬٫
time.

What is bred in the bone cannot

‫ـِذ حُظطزغ‬٣ ‫حُطزغ‬
come out of the flesh.

What is done by night appears by

ٍ‫خ‬ُٜ٘‫ ح‬َٜٙ‫ظ‬٣ َ٤ُِ‫ ح‬ٚ٤‫ول‬٣ ‫ٓخ‬
day.
What must be, no one can
ٚ‫خث‬٠‫ ٍحى ُو‬٬‫ هللا حَٓحً ك‬٠٠‫حًح ه‬
change.

What will be, will be. ٌٕٞ٣ ٍ‫ٓخ هي‬

When a thing is done, advice

‫لش ٓظؤهَس‬٤ُٜ٘‫ ؿخءص ح‬,ٌٍٝ‫هغ حُٔل‬ٝ ‫حًح‬
comes late.
When all men speak, no man
‫غ‬٤ٔٓ ٖٓ ‫غ كٔخ‬٤ٔ‫حًح طٌِْ حُـ‬
hears.
When a donkey kicks you, never
‫ح‬َٝ‫ظْ كؤٓظظ‬٤ِ‫حًح ر‬
tell it.

When drink is in, wit is out. ٍٞ‫زض حُؼو‬ًٛ ٍٞٔ‫َص حُو‬٠‫حًح ك‬

When fortune knocks open the

ُٚ‫ٓظوزخ‬٫ ‫َم حُلع رخري كٔخٍع‬١ ‫اًح‬
door.
ٕ‫ًٔخ أ‬ ‫ِش‬٤ًِ ‫ذ‬٤‫خ ػٖ ًَ ػ‬َُٟ‫ٖ ح‬٤‫ ػ‬ٝ
When love fails, we see all faults.
.‫خ‬٣ٝ‫ حُٔٔخ‬ٟ‫ طزي‬٢‫ٖ حُٔو‬٤‫ػ‬
When the cat is away, the mice
ٕ‫َح‬٤‫ ُؼزض حُل‬٢‫حًح ؿخد حُو‬
will play.
When the heart is full, the tongue
ٕ‫ حُوِذ أٗطِن حُِٔخ‬ٝ‫حًح كخ‬
will speak.
When there is will, there is a
َ٤‫ق حُٔز‬ٟٝ ِّ‫يم حُؼ‬ٛ ‫اًح‬
way.

225
 When you are at Rome do as
ٍْٛ‫ ىح‬٠‫ْ ٓخىٓض ك‬ٍٛ‫ىح‬
Rome does.

When you obey your superior,

‫ٗي‬ٝ‫خػي ٖٓ ى‬١‫هي أ‬ٞ‫ِؼض ٖٓ ك‬١‫اًح أ‬
you instruct your inferior.

Where the deer is slain, some of ٠ِ‫يٍ ػ‬٣ ّ‫ حُوي‬ٝ َ٤‫ حُزؼ‬٠ِ‫حُزؼَس طيٍ ػ‬
her blood will lie. َ٤ُٔٔ‫ح‬

Where there is drink, there is

danger.
While the word is in your mouth
it is your own; once it is spoken it
is another's.
Who eats his cock alone, must
saddle his horse alone.
ٍَُٝ٘‫ظش رخ‬ٞ‫ٍ ٓلل‬ٞٔ‫ٓـخُْ حُو‬
ٚ‫٘ظ‬ٛ ٕ‫ ا‬ٝ ‫خٗي‬ٛ ٚ‫٘ظ‬ٛ ٕ‫خٗي أ‬ٜ‫ُٔخٗي ك‬
‫خٗي‬ٛ
٠‫ ك‬َٙ٤‫َ٘ى ؿ‬٣ ٬‫ٖٓ أٓظؤػَ رخُـْ٘ ك‬
.َّ‫حُـ‬
‫ أكيح‬ٚ‫َ٘ى ٓؼ‬٣ ٬‫ ك‬ٙ‫كي‬ٝ ٚٓ‫ؼخ‬١ ًَ‫(ٖٓ أ‬
)ٕٞ‫ل‬ُٜ‫ ؿَٔ ح‬٠‫ك‬

Who has a fair wife, needs more ٠ُ‫ رلخؿش ح‬ٜٞ‫ كٔ٘خء ك‬ٚ‫ؿظ‬ُٝ ‫ٖٓ ًخٗض‬
than two eyes. ٖ٤٘٤‫حًؼَ ٖٓ ػ‬

Who is bad to his own is bad to

ٚٔ‫خٕ ٗل‬ٛ‫ كوي أ‬ٚ٣ًٝ ٕ‫خ‬ٛ‫ٖٓ أ‬
himself.
Wise man have their mouth in
their heart, fools their heart in ٚٔ‫ ك‬٠‫كٔن ك‬٧‫ هِذ ح‬ٝ ,ٚ‫ هِز‬٠‫كْ حُؼخهَ ك‬
their mouth.

Words bind men. ) ٚٗ‫ حَُؿَ رِٔخ‬٢‫َر‬٣ ( ِِٚٓ‫ًِٔش حَُؿَ ط‬

Wrong hears, wrong answer

‫أٓخء ٓٔؼخ كٔخء اؿخرش‬
gives.

Years know more than books. ‫ حٌُظذ‬ٚ‫ٕ حًؼَ ٓٔخ طؼَك‬ُٞ٘ٔ‫طؼَف ح‬

You cannot touch a pitch and ‫ ( ٓوخُطش‬ٍٙ‫ ر٘خ‬ٟٞ‫ٍ حُليحى اًظ‬ٝ‫ٖٓ ؿخ‬
keep your hands clean. )‫خص‬ٛٞ‫َٗحٍ ٓـِزش ُِ٘ز‬٧‫ح‬

226
 ‫زخ‬٤‫ٍى ػ‬ُٞ‫ طؼيّ حُلٔ٘خء ًحٓخ ( ُْ طـي ح‬٫
You find fault with a fat goose.
) ٖ٣‫ حكَٔ حُوي‬ُٚ ‫كوِض‬

You look for a needle in a sack of ٖ‫ حُٔخء ( حٗض طزلغ ػ‬٠ِ‫حٗض ًخُ٘خهٖ ػ‬
hay. )ٖ‫زش ٖٓ حُظز‬٤‫ كو‬٠‫ارَس ك‬

You must stoop if you have a low ٠٘‫ـذ إٔ ط٘ل‬٣(‫ هيٍ ٓخُي ىرَ كخُي‬٠ِ‫ػ‬
door. )ً ‫خ‬٠٤‫اًح ًخٕ رخري هل‬

You wish to reach the heights

with little effort, yet he who ٕٝ‫ري ى‬٫ٝ ‫ش‬ٜ٤‫ ٍه‬٢ُ‫ٖ حىحٍى حُٔؼخ‬٣‫ي‬٣َ‫ط‬
gathers honey must suffer the َ‫ي ٖٓ حرَ حُ٘ل‬ُٜ٘‫ح‬
stings of the bees.

Zeal without knowledge is fire

‫خء‬٤ٟ ٬‫ٍ ر‬ٞٗ ‫ ٓؼَكش‬٬‫حُلٔخّ ر‬
without light.

227
228
 Index

229
230
 :‫اٌزشعّخ‬ٚ ‫ اٌٍغخ‬ٟ‫ لشاءاد ف‬-1
A word is like a human being. New words are born every day. Take for
example the word "dotcommer" which refers to a person working in the
field of the internet. Other words die. Take for example the word
"yesterweek". These words are called archaic or obsolete. Etymology is
the science that studies the history and roots of words and expressions.
If someone invites you to a cup of tea, but you are really busy, you can
say:" I'll take a rain check". This expression dates back to the early
Nineteenth Century in England. At that time, if you paid for a theater
ticket and the show was put off because of heavy rain, you could take
a rain check, meaning you could keep the ticket and attend the play
another time when it cleared up.

_______________________________________________________

As for foreign borrowings it should be noted that Arabic was a

language at one time foreign to Egyptians, and since the Arab conquest
(effectively completed in 641 AD), there has been a fusion of one or
more kinds of Arabic with certain pre-existing language elements in
Egypt, together with the super-addition of further foreign borrowings.
The majority of non-Arabic items came from Coptic (e.g. ‫)روق‬, Persian
(e.g. ًٌٍٞ٘) and Turkish (e.g. ٚ‫ٗط‬ٝ‫)أ‬, together with some Greek (e.g.
ٕ‫ٓخ‬ُٞ), Italian (e.g. ٚ‫ٗظ‬ٍٝ), French (e.g. َ‫ر‬ٝ‫ )ى‬and English (e.g. ٖ٣‫)ؿزَى‬
However, the Arabic character of the language is pervasive, to the
extent of having recast in an Arabic mould some of what was absorbed
as alien to the Arab cultural heritage (e.g. ٢ٛ‫زخ‬٣ yabassi' to pass, َٕ‫ـ‬٣
' yigarrash' to park a motor vehicle in a garage, ‫ٔلِض‬٣ 'yisaflit' to cover a
road with asphalt, ٖ‫ظِل‬٣ 'yitalfin' to telephone ).

_________________________________________________________

In his Introduction to An English-Arabic Interpretation Manual, 2001 M.

M. Enany outlined the method to be adopted in teaching simultaneous
translation:
Firstly, the student should have a tape-recorder. This is not an optional
learning aid but absolutely essential. In the absence of a language
laboratory, self-teaching must rely on a tape recorder.

231
 Secondly, the student will have to look at the passage to be translated
quickly before starting to translate so as to estimate the time required for
the delivery in English and try not to exceed it in his interpretation. If he
or she decides it may take 10 minutes, then the time allotted for the
interpretation should not exceed that by more than two to three minutes.
Thirdly, having read the English passage to oneself, one may be able to
spot the most difficult parts to translate, be they individual words,
phrases or whole structures. At this initial stage of interpretation
learning, the student is not required to give the fullest ‘sense’ possible
but only the main ideas gleaned from the passage during delivery. If,
therefore, too many difficulties are found in the text, that is, if the
difficulties should prevent the student from grasping the essential ideas,
they must be overcome first. The student may do that by using a
dictionary.
Fourthly, the student should use the tape recorder to record his or her
Arabic version of the English text without having to restructure any
sentences. The process should be as follows:
1. Looking at your text in the book, begin to read silently, following the
syntax of the English sentence until you have arrived at an operative
verb. This should be your cue: now speak into the recorder until you
believe that the meaning is complete, before moving on to the next
sentence.
2. For the purposes of interpretation, a sentence is re-defined here to
mean any complete unit of meaning or, in technical terms, any
meaningful set of words.
3. In this controlled-vocabulary process, the emphasis will always be on
conveying the meaning, regardless of any flaws in the Arabic structure.

‫ ًِٔش‬٢ٛ َٟ‫ه‬٧ ‫خ ُِوخٍة ٖٓ ُـش‬ِٜ‫ ٗو‬٢‫ظؤًي ٖٓ إٔ حٌُِٔش حُظ‬٣ ٕ‫ حُٔظَؿْ أ‬٠ِ‫ـذ ػ‬٣ ٝ
ُٞ ٝ ٠‫خ كظ‬ٜ٤ُ‫ٍ ا‬ٞ‫ حُِـش حُٔ٘و‬٠ُ‫ٔت ا‬٣ ‫ف‬ٞٓ ٚٗ‫ كب‬٫‫ ا‬ٝ ,ِٚ‫ حَُٔحى ٗو‬٠٘‫ ط٘وَ حُٔؼ‬ٝ ‫ٓش‬ٜٞ‫ٓل‬
‫م اًح‬٬١٩‫ ح‬٠ِ‫خ ػ‬ٜٜٔ‫ٌٖٔ ك‬٣ ٫ ‫ش‬٠ُٜ٘‫ّ ح‬ٞٓ‫ هخ‬٢‫ٍىص ًِٔخص ٓؼَرش ك‬ٝ ‫ كِوي‬,‫خ‬ٜ‫ هيٓظ‬٠‫حىػ‬
:‫ ٓؼخٍ ًُي‬ٝ ١ِ٤ِ‫ٗـ‬٩‫ ح‬ُٚ٘‫خ ػٖ ح‬ٜ‫رؼيٗخ ر‬
‫ش‬٣ِ٤ِ‫ٗـ‬٩‫ٖ إٔ حٌُِٔش ح‬٤‫ ك‬٢‫ ك‬٠٘‫ٔش حُٔؼ‬ٜ‫٘خ ٓز‬ٛ ‫ش‬٤‫ إ حٌُِٔش حُؼَر‬Gastropod َ‫حُزطـ‬
ٝ‫ " هيّ "أ‬٠٘‫ طؼ‬ٝ pod ٝ" ١‫ " ٓؼي‬ٝ‫ " أ‬٢٘‫ " رط‬٠٘‫ طؼ‬ٝ Gastro ٖ٤‫ٗش ٖٓ هطؼظ‬ٌٞٓ
‫لش‬ُٜ‫ ح‬ٝ " ّ‫هيح‬٧‫خص ح‬٤٘‫خ " رط‬ٜ‫ ؿٔؼ‬ٝ " ّ‫هيح‬٧‫ ح‬٠٘‫َ إٔ طظَؿْ " حُزط‬٠‫ك‬٧‫ًخٕ ٖٓ ح‬ٝ ,"َ‫"ٍؿ‬
‫ٍىص‬ٝ ‫ ًٔخ‬.‫س‬ٞ‫حٗخص حَُه‬ٞ٤‫ ٍطذ حُل‬ٟ‫ اكي‬٠ِ‫هيحّ" ُظيٍ ػ‬٧‫ ح‬٢٘‫ "رط‬ٝ‫هيحّ" أ‬٧‫ش ح‬٤٘‫خ "رط‬ٜ٘ٓ
٠‫خث‬٤ٔ‫ "حُط‬:َ‫ ٓؼ‬١ِ٤ِ‫ٗـ‬٩‫ ح‬ُٚ٘‫ٕ ًًَ ح‬ٝ‫َِّ حُوخٍة اًح ٓخ حٓظويٓض ري‬٠‫ طٌخى ط‬َٟ‫ًِٔخص أه‬
٠ِ‫وطَ ػ‬٣ ٕ‫ٌٖٔ أ‬٣ ٬‫" ك‬iatro – mathematician ٠ٟ‫خ‬٣َ‫ "حُط‬ٝ "iatro-chemical

232
 ‫حُزخٍ إٔ "حُطٔ‪٤‬خث‪ "٠‬طؼ٘‪١" ٠‬ز‪٤ٔ٤ً ٠‬خث‪ ٝ "٢‬إٔ ًِٔش "حُطٔ‪٤‬خء" طؼ٘‪١ ٠‬ز‪٤‬زخ ً ً‪٤ٔ٤‬خث‪٤‬خ "أ‪١‬‬
‫‪١‬ز‪٤‬زخ ً ‪٣‬ؼَِ ح‪َٓ٧‬ح‪ ٝ‬رخٓظويحّ‬ ‫‪١‬ز‪٤‬زخ ً ‪٣‬ؼَِ ح‪َٓ٧‬ح‪٤ٔ٤ً ٝ‬خث‪٤‬خ‪ ٝ ,‬إٔ "حُطَ‪٣‬خ‪ "٠ٟ‬طؼ٘‪٠‬‬
‫ح‪ ٝ ْٓ٧‬حُ٘ظَ‪٣‬خص حَُ‪٣‬خ‪٤ٟ‬ش‪.‬‬

‫‪ َٛ‬طو‪ُ ّٞ‬ـش ػخُٔ‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حكيس؟‬

‫‪ ٝ‬اًح ًخٕ حُ‪ٜ‬يف ح‪٧‬ه‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬ا‪٣‬ـخى ُـش ‪ٝ‬حكيس ػخٓش ‪ ٝ‬ػخُٔ‪٤‬ش ‪ ٞٛ‬طٔ‪ َ٤ٜ‬حُظوخٍد ‪ ٝ‬حُظلخ‪ ْٛ‬ر‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫حُ٘ؼ‪ٞ‬د كبٕ ح‪ٗ٫‬ظَٗض ‪ ٝ‬ؿ‪َٛ٤‬خ ٖٓ ‪ٓٝ‬خثَ ح‪٫‬ط‪ٜ‬خٍ ‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼِ‪ٓٞ‬خص حُلي‪٣‬ؼش طؼَٔ ػِ‪ ٠‬اُحُش‬
‫حُل‪ٞ‬حؿِ ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُٔـٔ‪ٞ‬ػخص حُزَ٘‪٣‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حُؼوخك‪٤‬ش حُٔوظِلش ‪ ٝ‬حُٔظزخ‪٘٣‬ش ‪ ٝ‬هي طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬حُ‪ِ٤ٓٞ‬ش حُ٘خؿلش‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُٔؼَٔس ُظلو‪٤‬ن ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُ‪ٜ‬يف ‪ ٞٛ‬طط‪ َ٣ٞ‬ػِٔ‪٤‬خص حُظَؿٔش ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُِـخص حُٔوظِلش رخ‪ٓ٫‬ظؼخٗش‬
‫رخ‪ٗ٫‬ظَٗض رل‪٤‬غ طظْ حُظَؿٔش ك‪ٗ ٍٞ‬طن حٌُِٔش ‪ ٝ‬رل‪٤‬غ ‪٣‬ظل‪ ٍٞ‬حٌُ‪ ّ٬‬رؤ‪ُ ١‬ـش اُ‪ٌٓ ٚٗ ٠‬ظ‪ٞ‬د‬
‫‪٘ٓٝ‬ط‪ٞ‬م رخُِـش حُظ‪َ٣ ٢‬حى حُظَؿٔش اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪ ٝ‬رٌُي ‪ ٌٖٔ٣‬طل‪ َ٣ٞ‬حُ٘‪ ٚ‬اُ‪ ٝ ,ّ٬ً ٠‬حٌُ‪ ّ٬‬اُ‪٠‬‬
‫ٗ‪ٓ ٚ‬وَ‪ٝ‬ء ٖٓ ى‪ٓ ٕٝ‬ـ‪ٜٞ‬ى ًز‪ٓ ٝ َ٤‬ؼَ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُظويّ ٓ‪ٞ‬ف ‪٣‬ل‪٤‬ي ٓ٘‪ ٚ‬رـ‪ٗ َ٤‬ي كخهي‪ٝ‬ح حُز‪َٜ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُؼخؿِ‪ ٕٝ‬ػٖ حُوَحءس ‪ ٝ‬حٌُظخرش (ح‪٣ ٝ )ٕٞ٤ٓ٧‬زي‪ ٝ‬إٔ حُظٌ٘‪ُٞٞ‬ؿ‪٤‬خ كووض ٗـخكخ ً ِٓٔ‪ٓٞ‬خ ً ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح‬
‫حُٔ‪ٔ٠‬خٍ رل‪٤‬غ ‪٣‬وخٍ إ حُظَؿٔش أ‪ٛ‬زلض ٓ‪ٍٞٔ٤‬س ح‪ ٕ٥‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬ك‪ٞ‬حُ‪ ٢‬هٔٔ‪ُ ٖ٤‬ـش ػٖ ‪٣َ١‬ن ٓخ‬
‫‪٣‬طِن ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬أْٓ ح‪ُ٥‬ش حُوخٍثش ‪ Reading Machine‬رل‪٤‬غ ‪ُِ٘ ٌٖٔ٣‬و‪ ٚ‬إٔ ‪ٞ٣‬ؿ‪ ٚٓ٬ً ٚ‬اُ‪٠‬‬
‫حٌُٔز‪ٞ٤‬طَ ػٖ ‪٣َ١‬ن ٓ‪ٌَٝ٤‬ك‪ ٕٞ‬هخ‪ ٙ‬ك‪٤‬ظَؿْ حٌُٔز‪ٞ٤‬طَ ً‪ ٚٓ٬‬ك‪ ٢‬حُلخٍ اُ‪ٌٓ ٚٗ ٠‬ظ‪ٞ‬د‬
‫رخُِـش حُظ‪٣ ٢‬ظْ طلي‪٣‬ي‪ٛ‬خ ٓٔزوخ ً ػْ ط٘طن ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُظَؿٔش حُـي‪٣‬يس ٗطوخ ً ‪ٛ‬ل‪٤‬لخ ً ‪ٔ٤ِٓ ٝ‬خ ً ‪٘ٛ ٝ‬خى‬
‫ؿ‪ٜٞ‬ى أهَ‪ً ٟ‬ؼ‪َ٤‬س طزٌٍ رخٓظَٔحٍ ُظط‪٣ٞ‬غ حٌُٔز‪ٞ٤‬طَ ‪ٗ٩‬ـخُ ػيى ٖٓ حُٔظطِزخص حُِـ‪٣ٞ‬ش‬
‫ح‪٧‬هَ‪ ٟ‬حُظ‪ٗ ٖٓ ٢‬ؤٗ‪ٜ‬خ طلو‪٤‬ن ًُي حُظوخٍد ‪ ٝ‬حُظلخ‪ ْٛ‬حُٔ٘٘‪ٞ‬ى‪ ٖ٣‬ى‪ ٕٝ‬حُلخؿش اُ‪ ٠‬حهظَحع (ُـش‬
‫ػخُٔ‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حكيس أ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٤ٜٗ٫‬خع ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٓ٫‬ظٔ‪٘ٔ٤ُٜ ّ٬‬ش ُـش ٖٓ حُِـخص حُو‪٣ٞ‬ش ٓؼَ ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش)‬

‫________________________________________________________‬

‫‪ُ ٝ‬وي ًخٕ ُوخْٓ أٓ‪ ٖ٤‬آٍحء ػ‪٣ٍٞ‬ش ك‪ ٢‬حُِـش ك‪ َٟ٣ ٜٞ‬كظق ح‪٫‬ؿظ‪ٜ‬خى ك‪ ٢‬حُِـش ‪ ٕ٫‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‬
‫أ‪٣‬خّ حرٖ ٓ‪٘٤‬خ ‪ ٝ‬حرٖ ٍٗي ًخٗض ُـش حُؼِْ ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ىد ‪ ٝ‬حُلِٔلش كٌخٗض ٖٓ أ‪ٓٝ‬غ ‪ ٝ‬أؿ٘‪ُ ٠‬ـخص‬
‫حُؼخُْ ‪ٌُٜ٘ ٝ‬خ ‪ٝ‬هلض ٌٓخٗ‪ٜ‬خ ُٓ٘خ ً ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٞ‬هض حٌُ‪ ١‬أهٌص ك‪ ٚ٤‬حُِـخص طظط‪ ٝ ٍٞ‬طَطو‪ ٢‬كظ‪٠‬‬
‫أ‪ٛ‬زلض ٗٔ‪ًٞ‬ؿخ ً ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪ُٜٞ‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٟٞٞ‬ف ‪ ٝ‬حُيهش ‪ ٝ‬حُلًَش ‪ ٝ‬حَُٗخهش كبًح حطل٘خ ُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش إٔ‬
‫طٔظ‪ٞ‬ػذ حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِلخص ح‪ٍٝ٧‬ر‪٤‬ش حُـي‪٣‬يس حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش رخ‪٫‬هظَحػخص أػَ‪٘٣‬خ حُِـش ‪ ٝ‬اًح حٗظو‪٘٤‬خ ٖٓ‬
‫حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ٌٍُِٔخص حُل‪٤ٜ‬ق س أ‪ ٝ‬حُظ‪ُٜ ٢‬خ أ‪ َٛ‬ؿَر‪ ٢‬ك‪٤ٜ‬ق ُْ ٗلظؾ اُ‪ ٠‬ح‪ٗ٫‬ظوخم ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘لض‬
‫‪ٝ‬عُٔخء حُِـش ك‪ ٢‬أ‪ٍٝ‬رخ ‪٘٣‬ز‪ُ ٕٜٞ‬ـخط‪ ْٜ‬رؤٗـخٍ ‪ٟ‬ؤش طٔو‪ ٢‬أ‪ٍٝ‬حه‪ٜ‬خ حُـخكش ًَ ك‪ ٝ ٖ٤‬ط٘زض‬
‫ٌٓخٗ‪ٜ‬خ أ‪ٍٝ‬حم ه‪َ٠‬حء ٗخر‪٠‬ش ؿي‪٣‬يس ‪٣‬و‪ ٍٞ‬هخْٓ‪":‬حٗ‪ ٫ ٚ‬ك‪٤‬خس ُِـش ‪ ٫‬طظط‪ ٍٞ‬كخُِؾ س ك‪ ٢‬طط‪ٍٞ‬‬
‫ٓٔظَٔ أ‪٠٣‬خ ‪ ٫‬أىٍ‪ٓ ٟ‬خ ‪ ٢ٛ‬ؿخ‪٣‬ش حٌُظخد حٌُ‪ ٖ٣‬أٍحى‪ٝ‬ح حُظؼز‪ َ٤‬ػٖ حهظَحع ؿي‪٣‬ي ‪٣‬ـ‪ٜ‬ي‪ٕٝ‬‬
‫أٗلٔ‪ ْٜ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُزلغ ػٖ ًِٔش ػَر‪٤‬ش طوخرَ حٌُِٔش ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِق ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ ًخٓظؼٔخُ‪ٓ ْٜ‬ؼ‪ًِٔ ً٬‬ش‬
‫حُٔ‪٤‬خٍس ري‪ ٖٓ ً٫‬ح‪ٝ٫‬ط‪ٞٓٞ‬ر‪ َ٤‬إ ًخٕ حُٔو‪ٜ‬ي طوَ‪٣‬ذ حُٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬اُ‪ ٠‬حٌُ‪ ٖٛ‬كخٌُِٔش ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش حُظ‪٢‬‬
‫حػظخى‪ٛ‬خ حُ٘خّ طو‪ ّٞ‬رخُ‪ٞ‬ظ‪٤‬لش حُٔطِ‪ٞ‬رش ٓ٘‪ٜ‬خ ػِ‪ٝ ٠‬ؿ‪ ٚ‬أطْ ٖٓ حٌُِٔش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬إ ًخٕ ٓو‪ٜ‬ي‪ْٛ‬‬
‫اػزخص إٔ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ ٫‬طلظخؽ اُ‪ ٠‬ح‪٧‬هَ‪ ٟ‬كوي ًِل‪ٞ‬ح أٗلٔ‪ ْٜ‬أَٓح ٓٔظل‪ ً٬٤‬اً ُْ ط‪ٞ‬ؿي ُـش‬
‫ٓٔظوِش ػٖ ؿ‪َٛ٤‬خ ٌٓظل‪٤‬ش ر٘لٔ‪ٜ‬خ‪" .‬‬

‫‪233‬‬
 ‫لشاس‬
‫اػزّبد اٌٍغخ اٌؼشث‪١‬خ ػّٓ اٌٍغبد اٌشعّ‪١‬خ‬
‫‪ٌ ٚ‬غبد اٌزخبؽت ف‪ ٟ‬اٌغّؼ‪١‬خ اٌؼبِخ ٌألُِ اٌّزؾذح ‪ٌ ٚ‬غبٔ‪ٙ‬ب اٌشئ‪١‬غخ‬

‫حُـٔؼ‪٤‬ش حُؼخٓش ُ‪ ْٓ٨‬حُٔظليس‪:‬‬

‫اىٍحًخ ُِي‪ ٍٝ‬حُٔ‪ُِ ْٜ‬ـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬ك‪ َ٘ٗ ٢‬ك‪٠‬خٍس ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٕ‪ ٝ ,‬ػوخكظ‪ ٝ ٚ‬طط‪َٔٛ٣ٞ‬خ‪,‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُٔلخكظش ػِ‪ٜٔ٤‬خ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬طوي‪ٍ١‬ح ُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ً‪ٜٗٞ‬خ ُـش طٔغ ػَ٘س ى‪ُٝ‬ش ػ‪ ٞ٠‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظليس‪ ٝ ,‬اكي‪ ٟ‬حُِـخص‬
‫حُٔٔظويٓش ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ٘ظٔخص حُٔظو‪ٜٜ‬ش حُظخرؼش ُ‪ ْٓ٨‬حُٔظليس‪ٓ ,‬ؼَ ٓ٘ظٔش حُظَر‪٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حُؼِ‪ّٞ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُؼوخكش‪٘ٓ ٝ ,‬ظٔش ح‪٧‬ؿٌ‪٣‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حٍُِحػش‪٘ٓ ٝ ,‬ظٔش حُ‪ٜ‬لش حُؼخُٔ‪٤‬ش‪٘ٓ ٝ ,‬ظٔش حُ‪ٜ‬لش حُؼخُٔ‪٤‬ش‪,‬‬
‫‪ٗ ّٝ‬ظٔش حُؼَٔ حُي‪٤ُٝ‬ش‪,‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬أ‪٠٣‬خ ً‪ٜٗٞ‬خ اكي‪ ٟ‬حُِـخص حَُٓٔ‪٤‬ش‪ُ ٝ ,‬ـخص حُظوخ‪١‬ذ ك‪٘ٓ ٢‬ظٔش حُ‪ٞ‬كيس ح‪٩‬كَ‪٣‬و‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬ططِؼخ ً اُ‪ ٠‬طلو‪٤‬ن طؼخ‪ ٕٝ‬ى‪ ٢ُٝ‬أًزَ ‪ ٝ‬ط٘خٓن أػٔن ُِٔ‪ٞ‬حهق ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُي‪ٔٛٝ ,ٍٝ‬خ ٖٓ ‪ٖٟٔ‬‬
‫ح‪ٛ٧‬يحف حُ‪ٞ‬حٍىس ك‪٤ٓ ٢‬ؼخم ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظليس‪.‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬اٗخٍس رٌَ طوي‪ ,َ٣‬اُ‪ ٠‬طؼ‪ٜ‬ي حُي‪ ٍٝ‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ح‪٧‬ػ‪٠‬خ ء ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ ْٓ٧‬حُٔظليس رظلِٔ‪ٜ‬خ ٓـظٔؼش ًخكش‬
‫ٗلوخص ط٘ل‪ ٌ٤‬حُوَحٍ حُلخُ‪ ٢‬ه‪ ٍ٬‬حُٔ٘‪ٞ‬حص حُؼ‪٬‬ع ح‪ ,٠ُٝ٧‬كوي هٍَ إٔ ط‪ٜ‬زق حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش اكي‪ٟ‬‬
‫حُِـخص حَُٓٔ‪٤‬ش ‪ُ ٝ‬ـخص حُظوخ‪١‬ذ‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُـٔؼ‪٤‬ش حُؼخٓش ‪ُ ٝ‬ـخٗ‪ٜ‬خ حَُث‪٤ٔ٤‬ش‪ ,‬ػِ‪ ٠‬إٔ طؼيٍ حُز٘‪ٞ‬ى‬
‫ًحص حُ‪ِٜ‬ش رو‪ٞ‬حػي ح‪٩‬ؿَحءحص حُٔؼٔ‪ ٍٞ‬ر‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حُـٔؼ‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫(‪ٛ‬يٍ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٫‬ؿظٔخع ٍهْ ‪2066‬‬
‫ك‪ ٖٓ 18 ٢‬ى‪ٔٔ٣‬زَ‪٘ٓ ,‬ش ‪) ّ1973‬‬

‫لشاس سئ‪١‬ظ اٌغّ‪ٛٙ‬س‪٠‬خ اٌؼشث‪١‬خ اٌّزؾذح‬

‫ثبٌمبٔ‪ ْٛ‬سلُ ‪ٌ 115‬غٕخ ‪َ 1958‬‬
‫ث‪ٛ‬ع‪ٛ‬ة اعزخذاَ اٌٍغخ اٌؼشث‪١‬خ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّىزجبد ‪ ٚ‬اٌالفزبد‬
‫ف‪ ٟ‬ئلٍ‪ ّٟ١‬اٌغّ‪ٛٙ‬س‪٠‬خ‬
‫ثبعُ األِخ ثا‪٠‬غبة اعزؼّبي اٌٍغخ اٌؼشث‪١‬خ ف‪ ٟ‬ػاللبد اإلفشاد ‪ ٚ‬اٌ‪١ٙ‬ئبد‬
‫سئ‪١‬ظ اٌغّ‪ٛٙ‬س‪٠‬خ‬

‫‪ُ٘ٔ 62‬ش ‪ 1942‬حُ‪ٜ‬خىٍ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٩‬هِ‪ْ٤‬‬ ‫رؼي ح‪٬١٩‬ع ػِ‪ ٠‬حُيٓظ‪ ٍٞ‬حُٔئهض ػِ‪ ٠‬حُوخٗ‪ٍ ٕٞ‬هْ‬
‫حُٔ‪ ١َٜ‬رب‪٣‬ـخد حٓظؼٔخٍ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬ػ‪٬‬هخص ح‪٧‬كَحى ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جخص رخُلٌ‪ٓٞ‬ش ‪ٜٓ ٝ‬خُل‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫حُٔؼيٍ رخُوخٗ‪ٍ ٕٞ‬هْ ‪ُ٘ٔ 132‬ش ‪ ٝ , 1946‬ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬خ حٍطآ‪ٓ ٙ‬ـِْ حُي‪ُٝ‬ش‪ ,‬هٍَ حُوخٗ‪ ٕٞ‬حُظخُ‪:٢‬‬

‫‪234‬‬
 ‫ٓخىس ‪٣ -1‬ـذ إٔ ‪٣‬لٍَ رخُـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ٓخ ‪٣‬ؤط‪:٢‬‬

‫حٌُٔخطزخص ‪ ٝ‬حُؼطخءح ص ‪ ٝ‬ؿ‪َٛ٤‬خ ٖٓ حُٔلٍَحص ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٞ‬ػخثن حُظ‪ ٢‬طِلن ر‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬حُظ‪ ٢‬طويّ اُ‪٠‬‬
‫حُلٌ‪ٓٞ‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جخص حُؼخٓش‪ ٝ .‬اًح ى‪ ٌٙٛ -‬حُ‪ٞ‬ػخثن ٓلٍَس رِـش أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬ؿذ إٔ طَكن ر‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫طَؿٔظ‪ٜ‬خ رخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش – حُٔـ‪٬‬ص ‪ ٝ‬حُيكخطَ ‪ ٝ‬حُٔلخ‪ ٝ َٟ‬ؿ‪َٛ٤‬خ ٖٓ حُٔلٍَحص حُظ‪ ٢‬طٌ‪ٕٞ‬‬
‫ُٔ٘ي‪ٝ‬ر‪ ٠‬حُلٌ‪ٓٞ‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جخص حُؼخٓش كن حُظلظ‪ ٖ٤‬أ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٬١٩‬ع ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ رٔوظ‪ ٠٠‬حُو‪ٞ‬حٗ‪ ٖ٤‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُِ‪ٞ‬حثق‬
‫أ‪ ٝ‬ػو‪ٞ‬ى ح‪ٓ٫‬ظ‪٤‬خُ أ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٫‬كظٌخٍ أ‪ ٝ‬حُظَحه‪ – ٚ٤‬حُؼو‪ٞ‬ى ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٜ٣٩‬خ‪٫‬ص ‪ ٝ‬حٌُٔخطزخص حُٔظيح‪ُٝ‬ش ر‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫حُٔئٓٔخص أ‪ ٝ‬حُـٔؼ‪٤‬خص أ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جخص‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬ر‪ٜٔ٘٤‬خ ‪ ٝ‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬ح‪٧‬كَحى‪٣ ٝ ,‬ـ‪ ُٞ‬إٔ طَكن ر‪ٜ‬خ طَؿٔظ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫رِـش أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش – حُ‪٬‬كظخص حُظ‪ ٢‬ط‪٠‬ؼ‪ٜ‬خ حًَُ٘خص ‪ ٝ‬حُٔلخٍ حُظـخٍ‪٣‬ش أ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٜ٘‬خػ‪٤‬ش ػِ‪ٝ ٠‬حؿ‪ٜ‬خص‬
‫ٓلخُ‪ٜ‬خ‪ ,‬ػِ‪ ٠‬إٔ ًُي ‪٘ٔ٣ ٫‬غ ٖٓ ًظخرش ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُ‪٬‬كظخص رِـش أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬ؿخٗذ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش رَ٘‪١‬‬
‫إٔ طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش أًزَ كـٔخ ً ‪ ٝ‬أرَُ ٌٓخٗخ ٓ٘‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫ٓخىس ‪- 2‬‬
‫‪ٔ٣‬ظؼ٘‪ ٖٓ ٠‬كٌْ حُلوَحص حُؼ‪٬‬ػش ح‪ ٖٓ ٠ُٝ٧‬حُٔخىس حُٔخروش حُ‪٤ٜ‬جخص حُيرِ‪ٓٞ‬خٓ‪٤‬ش ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جخص‬
‫حُي‪٤ُٝ‬ش ‪ًٌُ ٝ‬ي ح‪٧‬كَحى حٌُ‪٣ ٫ ٖ٣‬و‪ ٕٞٔ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬حُـٔ‪٣ٍٜٞ‬ش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُٔظليس ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جخص ‪ٝ‬حُٔ٘٘جخص‬
‫حُظ‪ًَِٛٓ ٌٕٞ٣ ٫ ٢‬خ حَُث‪ ٢ٔ٤‬حُـٔ‪٣ٍٜٞ‬ش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُٔظليس ‪ُٜ ٌٕٞ٣ ٫ ٝ‬خ كَع أ‪ ٝ‬ط‪ َ٤ًٞ‬ك‪ٜ٤‬خ‪.‬‬

‫ٓخىس ‪-3‬‬
‫طٌظذ رخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُؼ‪ٓ٬‬خص حُظـخٍ‪٣‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬طظوٌ ٌٗ‪ُٜ ِ٤ٔٓ ً٬‬خ‪ ٝ ,‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٠ٓ٩‬خءحص‬
‫‪ٝ‬حٌُِٔخص ‪ ٝ‬حُلَ‪ٝ‬ف ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٍ٧‬هخّ ‪ ٝ‬ػ٘‪ٞ‬حٕ حُٔلَ ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٧‬هظخّ ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘و‪ ٕٞ‬حُزخٍُس‪.‬‬
‫‪٣ ٫ٝ‬ـ‪ِ١ ُٞ‬ذ طٔـ‪ َ٤‬ػ‪ٓ٬‬خص طـخٍ‪٣‬ش طظوٌ أكي ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ٌٗ٧‬خٍ ‪ ٝ‬حُٔٔ‪ِ٤‬حص ا‪ ٫‬اًح ًظزض رخُِـش‬
‫حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ .‬ػِ‪ ٠‬إٔ ًُي ‪٘ٔ٣ ٫‬غ ٖٓ ‪ِ١‬ذ طٔـ‪ َ٤‬ػ‪ٓ٬‬ش ٌٓظ‪ٞ‬رش رِـش أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬ؿخٗذ حُِـش‬
‫حُؼَر‪٤‬ش رَ٘‪ ١‬إٔ طٌ‪ ٕٞ‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش أًزَ كـٔخ ً ‪ ٝ‬أرَُ ٌٓخٗخ ٓ٘‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫أٓخ حُؼ‪ٓ٬‬خص حُظـخٍ‪٣‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬طْ طٔـ‪ِٜ٤‬خ ‪١‬زوخ ً ُِوخٗ‪ ,ٕٞ‬ك‪٤‬ـذ ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬خٌُ‪ٜ‬خ حُظويّ رطِذ ؿي‪٣‬ي‬
‫ُظٔـ‪ِٜ٤‬خ رؼي طؼي‪ِٜ٣‬خ ‪ً ٝ‬ظخرظ‪ٜ‬خ رخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ًُ ٝ‬ي ك‪ ٢‬ه‪٘ٓ ٍ٬‬ش ٖٓ طخٍ‪٣‬ن حُؼَٔ ر‪ٌٜ‬ح‬
‫حُوخٗ‪.ٕٞ‬‬
‫‪٣ ٫ ٝ‬ـ‪ ُٞ‬طـي‪٣‬ي طٔـ‪ َ٤‬أ‪٣‬ش ػ‪ٓ٬‬ش حٗظ‪ٜ‬ض ٓيس كٔخ‪٣‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ حُوخٗ‪٤ٗٞ‬ش ا‪ ٫‬اًح طْ طؼي‪ِٜ٣‬خ ‪ً ٝ‬ظخرظ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫رخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬

‫ٓخىس ‪-4‬‬
‫طٌظذ رخُـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُز‪٤‬خٗخص حُظـخٍ‪٣‬ش حُٔظؼِوش رؤ‪٣‬ش ِٓؼش ‪٣‬ظْ اٗظخؿ‪ٜ‬خ رخُـٔ‪٣ٍٜٞ‬ش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‬
‫حُٔظليس‪ ,‬أٓخ حُٔ٘ظـخص ‪ ٝ‬حُز‪٠‬خثغ حُظ‪ ٢‬طٔظ‪ٍٞ‬ى ٖٓ حُوخٍؽ كظِ‪ٜ‬ن ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ رطخهش رخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪,‬‬
‫طظ‪ ٖٔ٠‬طلي‪٣‬ي حُز‪٤‬خٗخص حُظـخٍ‪٣‬ش حُظ‪ُٜ ٢‬خ ىهَ ك‪ ٢‬طوي‪ َ٣‬ه‪ٔ٤‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٜ٣ ٝ‬يٍ رظلي‪٣‬ي ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُز‪٤‬خٗخص‬
‫هَحٍ ٖٓ ‪ َ٣ُٝ‬ح‪٫‬هظ‪ٜ‬خى ‪ ٝ‬حُظـخٍس‪.‬‬
‫‪٣ ٝ‬ـ‪ ُٞ‬إٔ ط‪٠‬خف ُـش أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬ؿخٗذ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ك‪ٔ٤‬خ ‪٣‬ظؼِن رخُز‪٠‬خثغ حُٔؼيس ُِظ‪ٜ‬ي‪ َ٣‬اُ‪٠‬‬
‫حُوخٍؽ‪.‬‬

‫‪235‬‬
 ‫ٓخىس ‪– 5‬‬
‫ًَ ٖٓ ‪٣‬وخُق أكٌخّ حُٔخىس ح‪ ٝ ٠ُٝ٧‬حُؼخُؼش ‪ ٝ‬حَُحرؼش ٖٓ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُوخٗ‪٣ ٕٞ‬ؼخهذ رـَحٓش ‪ ٫‬طوَ ػٖ‬
‫ػَ٘س ؿ٘‪ٜ٤‬خص ‪ ٫ ٝ‬طِ‪٣‬ي ػٖ ٓخثظ‪ ٢‬ؿ٘‪ ٝ .ٚ٤‬طليى حُٔلٌٔش ُِٔوخُق ٓ‪ِٜ‬ش ‪ ٫‬طـخ‪ ُٝ‬ػ‪٬‬ػش أٗ‪َٜ‬‬
‫ُظ٘ل‪ٓ ٌ٤‬خ أ‪ٝ‬ؿز‪ ٚ‬حُٔخىس ح‪ ٠ُٝ٧‬كبًح حٗو‪٠‬ض حُٔ‪ِٜ‬ش ‪٣ ُْ ٝ‬وْ رظ٘ل‪ًُ ٌ٤‬ي ػ‪ٞ‬هذ رخُلزْ ُٔيس ٓظش‬
‫أٗ‪ ٝ َٜ‬رـَحٓش ‪ ٫‬طوَ ػٖ هٔٔ‪ ٖ٤‬ؿ٘‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪ ٫ ٝ‬طِ‪٣‬ي ػِ‪ ٠‬هٔٔٔخثش ؿ٘‪ ٚ٤‬أ‪ ٝ‬ربكي‪ٛ ٟ‬خط‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫حُؼو‪ٞ‬رظ‪.ٖ٤‬‬
‫كبًح ‪ٝ‬هؼض حُـَ‪ٔ٣‬ش ٖٓ اكي‪ ٟ‬حًَُ٘خص أ‪ ٝ‬حُٔلخٍ حُظـخٍ‪٣‬ش أ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٜ٘‬خػ‪٤‬ش طَكغ حُيػ‪ٟٞ‬‬
‫حُؼٔ‪٤ٓٞ‬ش ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬ي‪ َ٣‬حًَُ٘ش أ‪ٛ ٝ‬خكذ حُٔلَ أ‪ٓ ٝ‬ي‪ َٙ٣‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘و‪ ٚ‬حَُٔ٘ف ػِ‪ ٠‬حُؼَٔ‪.‬‬

‫ٓخىس ‪-6‬‬
‫‪ِ٣‬ـ‪ ٠‬حُوخٗ‪ٍ ٕٞ‬هْ ‪ُ٘ٔ 62‬ش ‪ 1943‬حُٔ٘خٍ اُ‪٣ ٚٗ ًَ ٝ ٚ٤‬وخُق أكٌخّ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُوخٗ‪.ٕٞ‬‬

‫ٓخىس ‪-7‬‬
‫‪ٌٛ َ٘٘٣‬ح حُوخٗ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُـَ‪٣‬يس حَُٓٔ‪٤‬ش‪٣ ٝ ,‬ؼَٔ ر‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬اهِ‪ ٢ٔ٤‬حُـٔ‪٣ٍٜٞ‬ش رؼي أٍرؼش أٗ‪ٖٓ َٜ‬‬
‫طخٍ‪٣‬ن َٗ٘‪.ٙ‬‬

‫‪ٛ‬يٍ رَثخٓش حُـٔ‪٣ٍٜٞ‬ش‬

‫ك‪ٓ ٖٓ 25 ٢‬لَّ ٓ٘ش ‪ ٖٓ 1 ( ّ 1378‬أؿٔطْ ٓ٘ش ‪) ّ 1958‬‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬

‫طوخرِي ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ٓ٧‬ؼِش ػِ‪ٝ ٠‬حؿ‪ٜ‬خص حُٔلخٍ حُظـخٍ‪٣‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حًَُ٘خص ‪ ٝ‬حُٔئٓٔخص ريءحً ٖٓ أ‪ٛ‬ـَ "‬
‫ر‪ٞ‬ط‪٤‬ي " اُ‪ ٠‬أًزَ ٓئٓٔش ك‪ٍٞٛ ٢‬س أٓٔخء ‪٫‬كظخص أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش هخُ‪ٜ‬ش‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬رلَ‪ٝ‬ف ػَر‪٤‬ش ط‪ٍٜٞ‬‬
‫حُ٘طن ح‪٫‬ؿ٘ز‪ًُ ٖٓ ٠‬ي ػِ‪َٟ ٠‬د ٖٓ حُظٔؼ‪ُِٔ( َ٤‬لخٍ ًحص حُ٘٘خ‪ ١‬حُظـخٍ‪ ١‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪٬‬رْ‬
‫‪ٝ‬كخؿخص حٍُِٔ٘ حُ‪٤ٓٞ٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬ؿ‪َٛ٤‬خ) ر‪٤‬ز‪ٍ( َ٤ً ٠‬ػخ‪٣‬ش حُطلَ = ‪ٓ ) Baby Care‬خ‪ ٟ‬ك‪٤ُ َ٤‬ي‪١‬‬
‫(ٓ‪٤‬يط‪ ٢‬حُـٔ‪ِ٤‬ش = ‪ٛ )My Fair Lady‬خ‪ ٟ‬أٗي ط‪ٞ‬د (حَُك‪٤‬غ ‪ ٝ‬حُؤش = ‪) High and Top‬‬
‫ٗ‪ٞ‬ر٘ؾ ٓ٘ظَ (حًَُِٔ حُظـخٍ‪ ١‬أ‪ ًَِٓ ٝ‬حَُ٘حء = ‪ ٝ )Shopping Centre‬طظٌِٔي حُي‪٘ٛ‬ش –‬
‫رَ حُلِع أك‪٤‬خٗخ ً ػ٘يٓخ ط٘خ‪ٛ‬ي أٓٔخء ٓؼَ‪ٟٝ‬خص ‪ ٝ‬أػٔخٗ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح ح‪ٓ٧‬خًٖ ٌٓظ‪ٞ‬رش رِـش ؿ‪َ٤‬‬
‫ػَر‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬أٓخ أٓٔخء ًَٗخص حُٔ‪٤‬خكش ‪ ٝ‬حُل٘خىم ك‪ ٢ٜ‬طٔؼَ حُؤش ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُظوَ‪٣‬ذ‪ ,‬اً هِٔخ طؼؼَ‬
‫ػِ‪ ٠‬حْٓ ػَر‪ٛ ٢‬ل‪٤‬ق ‪٣‬ؼِ‪ٝ ٞ‬حؿ‪ٜ‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ‪ٌُ٘ ٝ ,‬ي ط‪ٜ‬يّ ىحثٔخ ‪ ٝ‬أريحً رٔؼَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُظٔٔ‪٤‬خص‪ٛ :‬خٗ‪٠‬‬
‫ٓ‪ َٜٗ( ٕٞ‬حُؼَٔ = ‪ ,)Honey Moon‬أ‪ٗ٬١‬ظ‪٤‬ي ط‪٤ٓ( ٍُٞ‬خكش ح‪ٗ٬١٧‬ظ‪٤‬ي = ‪Atlantic‬‬
‫‪٤ٓ ,)Yours‬خؽ ر‪َ٤‬حٓ‪٤‬يُ ( ‪ ٝ ,)Siage Pyramids‬ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح ح‪ ْٓ٫‬ح‪٧‬ه‪ًٔ – َ٤‬خ طَ‪ٔٓ ٟ‬ن‬
‫‪َٛ٧‬حٓخص حُـي‪ٝ‬ى ‪ ٝ‬ػزغ رو‪ٔ٤‬ش ك‪٠‬خٍ‪٣‬ش ػَ‪٣‬وش‪ٓ ٝ ,‬ؼِ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح ٓٔن طل‪ َ٣ٞ‬حُوخ‪َٛ‬س (هخ‪َٛ‬س‬
‫حُٔؼِ ) اُ‪ً" ٠‬خ‪ً( "َٝ٣‬خ‪٤ٓ َٝ٣‬ظخٍ) ‪ ٝ‬هي ‪٣‬زخُؾ رؼ‪ ْٜ٠‬ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُِـ‪ ٞ‬حُِـ‪ ١ٞ‬ك‪٤‬وِغ ػِ‪٠‬‬
‫(ىًخٗ‪ٓ ٝ )ٚ‬لَ طـخٍط‪ ٚ‬أ‪ٓ ٝ‬وَ ٗ٘خ‪ٛ ٚ١‬لش حًَُ٘ش أ‪ٓ ٝ‬خ أٗز‪٣ ٝ ٚ‬طِن ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬حٓٔخ ً "ًٔ‪٤‬لخ"ً‬
‫ٌٓ‪ٗٞ‬خ ً ٖٓ ػ٘‪ ٖ٣َٜ‬أكيح‪ٔٛ‬خ ػَر‪ ْ٠٘ٓ ٢‬اُ‪ ٚ٤‬ػ٘‪ َٜ‬أؿ٘ز‪ ٞٛ ٢‬ػخىس حهظ‪ٜ‬خٍ ُٔخ ‪٣‬ل‪٤‬ي ٓؼ٘‪٠‬‬
‫"ًَٗظ‪ًٔ"ٚ‬خ ك‪ٓ ٢‬ؼَ "كخٌٓٔ‪" ,"ٞ‬ا‪ٜ٣‬خرٌ‪" ," ٞ‬ا‪ٔ٣‬خٌٗ‪ٌٛ ٝ "ٞ‬ح حُؼ٘‪ َٜ‬حُو‪ٞٛ "ًٞ" َ٤‬‬
‫طؼَ‪٣‬ذ ًظخر‪ُِٔ ٠‬وظ‪ َٜ‬ح‪ٗ٧‬ـِ‪ "co" ِٟ٤‬حٌُ‪٣ ١‬ؼ٘‪ًَٗ ٠‬ش ‪.‬‬

‫‪236‬‬
 ‫‪ ٖٓ ٝ‬حُ‪٬‬كض ُِ٘ظَ إٔ ‪٘٣‬ـَ اُ‪ ٌٙٛ ٠‬حُويػش ‪٣ ٝ‬وغ ك‪ ٢‬ك‪٤‬خُ‪ٜ‬خ ٗلَ ٖٓ "أ‪٫ٝ‬ى حُزِي "حٌُ‪ٗ ٖ٣‬ظ‪ٞ‬هغ‬
‫ٓ٘‪ ْٜ‬ح‪ٗ٫‬ل‪٤‬خُ اُ‪ٓ ًَ ٠‬خ ‪ ٞٛ‬ه‪ ٝ ٢ٓٞ‬أ‪ٗ ٝ َ٤ٛ‬ظ‪ ْٓٞ‬ك‪" ْٜ٤‬حُلَ‪٤ٓٝ‬ش "حُ‪٤٘١ٞ‬ش ك‪ٗ ٢‬ظ‪٠‬‬
‫ٓظخ‪َٛٛ‬خ ‪٘ٓ ٝ‬خك‪ٜ٤‬خ‪ ,‬كَ٘ح‪٣ ْٛ‬طِو‪ ٕٞ‬ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬لخُ‪ ٚ‬أ‪ "ٝ‬أً٘خً‪ " ْٜ‬أ‪ " ٝ‬أه‪ٜ‬خ‪ "ْٜٛ‬أٓٔخء ٖٓ‬
‫ٗل‪٣َٛ" ٞ‬يً‪" ٝ"ٞ‬ػظَ‪ٓ ٝ "ٌٞٔ٣‬ؼِ‪ ّٞ‬إٔ حُؼ٘‪ َٜ‬ح‪ ٖٓ ٍٝ٧‬ح‪ ٖ٤ٔٓ٫‬حًٌُٔ‪٣َٛ" ٞٛ ٖ٣ٍٞ‬ي‪ٟ‬‬
‫"‪" ٝ‬ػظَ‪ٓ ٝ "ْ٣‬ؼِ‪ ّٞ‬أ‪٠٣‬خ ً إٔ ‪ ٖ٣ٌٛ‬ح‪ ٖ٤ٔٓ٧‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُؼِٔ‪ ٖٓ ٖ٤‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ػ‪ً ّ٬‬حص حٌُ٘‪ٜ‬ش‬
‫أ‪ ٝ‬حٌُٔحم حُو‪( ٢ٓٞ‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُزِي‪ ) ١‬ح‪ َ٤ٛ٧‬حُوخُ‪ ٚ‬حٌُ‪ ١‬طل‪ ٍٞ‬رـزخء حؿظٔخػ‪ ٢‬حهظ‪ٜ‬خى‪ُ ١‬حثق‬
‫اُ‪ٓ ٠‬خ ‪٘٣‬ز‪ ٚ‬حٌُ٘ظش أ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٟ٧‬ل‪ًٞ‬ش حُٔو‪٤‬لش‪ ,‬رٔزذ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُٔٔن حُِـ‪ ١ٞ‬حُؼـ‪٤‬ذ‬
‫‪ ٝ‬هي حٓظي ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُٔٔن حُِـ‪ ١ٞ‬اُ‪ً ٠‬ؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬هطخػخص حُلَف ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٜ٘‬خػخص حُ‪ٜ‬ـ‪َ٤‬س حُظ‪ٔ٣ ٢‬ظٌِ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫ػخىس أ‪٣ ٝ‬ي‪َٛ٣‬خ "أ‪٫ٝ‬ى حُزِي " ك‪٤‬غ طـي ٓلخُ‪ ْٜ‬أ‪ٓ ٝ‬وخٍ ٗ٘خ‪ٓٞٓٞٓ ْٜ١‬ش رٔؼَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء‬
‫حُـَر‪٤‬ش‪ً :‬خٍ ٓ‪َ٤‬ك‪( ْ٤‬هيٓش حُٔ‪٤‬خٍحص ‪ ,)Car Service‬رَح‪٣‬ض ٗ‪( ُٞ‬حُلٌحء حُ‪ّ٬‬ع ‪Bright‬‬
‫‪ .)Shoes‬ؿ‪ُٞ‬ي ك٘ـَُ (ح‪ٛ٧‬خرغ حٌُ‪ٛ‬ز‪٤‬ش ‪ًٔ ,)Gold fingers‬خ ‪ ٞٛ‬حُلخٍ ك‪ٛ( ٢‬خُ‪ٗٞ‬خص‬
‫حُل‪٬‬هش أ‪ٓ ٝ‬لخٍ ا‪٬ٛ‬ف ح‪٧‬ى‪ٝ‬حص حٌُ‪َٜ‬رخث‪٤‬ش ًخُـٔخ‪٫‬ص ٓؼ‪. ) ً٬‬‬

‫ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َ٤‬حٌُِٔخص حُل‪٤ٜ‬لش طْ طل‪َٛ٣ٞ‬خ ‪ٝ‬حٓظويحٓ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ٓؼَ ‪َ٣‬طغ(‪٣‬زَطغ) ‪ٓٝ‬ظخع‬

‫(رظخع) ‪ِٗٝ‬ش(ػِش) ‪ٝ‬ك‪ٓ ٍٞ‬يْٓ (ٓيٓغ) ‪ٜ٘ٓٝ‬خ ىٓغ حُوِن أ‪ٝ ٖ٤ُ ١‬ىٓغ حُل‪ ٍٞ‬أ‪ ١‬ؿؼِ‪٘٤ُ ٚ‬خ‬
‫كظ‪ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‬أًِ‪ًٔ 0 ٚ‬خ ٗٔظويّ ًِٔخص ك‪ ٢‬كي‪٣‬ؼ٘خ حُ‪ ٢ٓٞ٤‬ى‪ٓ ٕٝ‬ؼَكش رؤ‪ُٜٞٛ‬خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش كٔؼ‪٬‬‬
‫ٗو‪:ٍٞ‬‬
‫‪ٓ -‬يٍىف(‪ٛ‬خكذ طـَرش)‬
‫‪٣ -‬ؼ‪ ٢٘ٔ٣( ٢‬رخُط‪ٝ ٍٞ‬حُؼَ‪)ٝ‬‬
‫‪٣ -‬زَ‪٣(ْ١‬و‪ٓ٬ً ٍٞ‬خ ؿ‪ٓ َ٤‬ل‪)ّٜٞ‬‬
‫‪٣ -‬زؼزغ(‪ٞٛ‬ص حُٔخء حُٔلظزْ)‬
‫‪ٓ -‬يأىأ(‪٣‬ؼَف حُطَ‪٣‬ن)‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬

‫اٗ‪ٜ‬خ ُـش "ػخٗ‪٣ٞ‬ش" ك‪ٜ٘١ٝ ٢‬خ ‪ ٫ ٝ‬طـي ٖٓ ‪٣‬ظؼخ‪١‬ق ٓؼ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬ر‪٤‬جظ‪ٜ‬خ‪ ٝ ,‬طِٔق ٗ‪٤‬جخ ٖٓ حُظ‪ٖ٣ٜٞ‬‬
‫ر٘ؤٗ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘ظَ اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ٗظَس طِ‪٣‬ي ٖٓ ‪ٜٔٛ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬ؿَرظ‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٔٓ ٝ‬خ ‪ٜ٣‬يى "حُٔ٘خم " حُؼَر‪ ٢‬ح‪٘ٛ َ٤ٛ٧‬خى ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ى رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُٔظخ‪ َٛ‬حُظ‪ ٢‬طلَٔ ك‪٤١ ٢‬خط‪ٜ‬خ رٌ‪ٍٝ‬‬
‫"حُظـَ‪٣‬ذ" ك‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ٘خ‪ ٙ‬حُ‪ٞ‬حٓغ ‪ٓ ٝ‬لخ‪ُٝ‬ش ؿَٓ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ٗ ٢‬ل‪ ّٞ‬حُ٘خٗجش ك‪ ٖٓ ًٍٖ ًَ ٢‬أًٍخٕ ‪ٌٙٛ‬‬
‫"حُٔوخ‪١‬ؼخص " حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش ك‪٤ٜ‬جش حُظيٍ‪ ْ٣‬ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬حُٔيحٍّ(حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش) هِ‪ ٖٓ ٢٤‬حُـ٘ٔ‪٤‬خص حُظ‪٢‬‬
‫طوظِق أ‪ ٝ‬طظزخ‪ ٖ٣‬ك‪ ٢‬ػوخكظ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬أٗٔخ‪ًِٜٞٓ ١‬خ‪٨ُ ٝ ,‬ؿخٗذ ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جش ٗ‪٤ٜ‬ذ ًز‪ ,َ٤‬هي ‪ٔ٣‬ظي‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُلخ‪٫‬ص اُ‪َٓ ٠‬حًِ ح‪٩‬ىحٍس أ‪ ٝ‬ح‪َٗ٧‬حف حُؼخّ‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬أهَ طوي‪ َ٣‬ك‪٘٘١ٝ ٢‬خ ‪ ٞٛ ٝ‬ظٖ‬
‫‪٣‬ؼ‪ َٙ٤‬أ‪٤ُٝ‬خء ح‪ ٍٞٓ٧‬أٗلٔ‪ ْٜ‬إٔ رؼ‪٠‬خ ً ٖٓ حُٔيٍٓ‪ ٝ ٖ٤‬حُٔيٍٓخص ‪٘ٛ‬خى ؿ‪ٓ َ٤‬ئ‪ ٖ٤ِٛ‬ػِٔ‪٤‬خ ً‬
‫‪ٝ‬طَر‪٣ٞ‬خً‪ ,‬حُظؤ‪ َ٤ٛ‬حٌُ‪٘٘ٗ ١‬ي‪ ٙ‬ك‪ ٖٔ٤‬طؼ‪ٜ‬ي اُ‪ ْٜ٤‬رظَر‪٤‬ش حُ٘خٗجش ‪ٍ ٝ‬ؿخٍ حُٔٔظوزَ‪ٍ ٝ ,‬رٔخ طٔؼٖ‬
‫رؼ‪ ٌٙٛ ٞ‬حُٔيحٍّ ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪ َ٤‬حُ‪ٞ‬حػن ٗل‪" ٞ‬حُظـَ‪٣‬ذ" ‪ ٝ‬طؤ‪ ِٚٛ‬كظؼٔي اُ‪ ٠‬طٔٔ‪٤‬خص ُ‪ٜ‬خ أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش أ‪ٝ‬‬
‫طل‪ َ٣ٞ‬أٓٔخث‪ٜ‬خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬طَؿٔخص ٌٓظ‪ٞ‬رش ػِ‪ٝ ٠‬حؿ‪ٜ‬خط‪ٜ‬خ رخُلَ‪ٝ‬ف حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬ه‪ٜ‬يحً اُ‪ ٠‬ؿٌد‬
‫ح‪ٗ٧‬ظخٍ اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪ ٝ‬طؤً‪٤‬يحً ُلٌَس "حُو‪٤ٜٛٞ‬ش "أ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٓ٫‬ظ‪٤‬خُ حٌُ‪ ١‬طِػٔ‪ ,ٚ‬كِ‪ ٖٓ ْ٤‬حُ٘خىٍ إٔ ط‪ٜ‬يّ‬
‫ػ‪٘٤‬خى رٔؼَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪٬‬كظخص ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬م حُظَر‪٣ٞ‬ش‪:‬‬
‫"ٓخٕ ٓخًٍ‪ٓ" ٝ "ٌٍٞٓ ٞ‬خٕ ر‪٤‬ظَ ٌٓ‪" ٝ "ٍٞ‬ط٘خ‪ِ٣‬ي ‪ٗ" ٝ "ٌٍٞٓ ّٞٛ‬خ‪ َ٣‬ر‪ "ٌٍٞٓ ّ٬‬حُن‪.‬‬

‫‪237‬‬
 ‫‪٣ ٝ‬زي‪ ٝ‬إٔ "حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ " أ‪ٛ‬زق ٓٔش ‪ُٓ٫‬ش ٖٓ ٓٔخص ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُٔيحٍّ‪ ,‬رَ هَ اٗ‪ٜ٘ٓ ٚ‬ؾ ٓؼظٔي‬
‫‪ ٝ‬طوط‪ ,َّٞٓٓ ٢٤‬ري‪ َ٣‬ح‪َٛ٩‬حٍ ػِ‪ ٠‬طؼز‪٤‬ض "حُـَرش " اهَأ ‪ٌٛ‬ح ح‪٩‬ػ‪ ٝ ٕ٬‬طؤَٓ ٓـِح‪:ٙ‬‬

‫"ٓيٍٓش ُـخص ًزَ‪" ٟ‬‬

‫ططِذ ً‪ ٟٝ‬ؿ٘ٔ‪٤‬ش اٗـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش ‪ /‬كَٗٔ‪٤‬ش‬
‫* ٗخظَس ٓيٍٓش‪.‬حرظيحث‪.٢‬‬
‫* ٓيٍٓخص ك‪.َٜ‬‬
‫* ٓيٍٓخص ٓ‪٤ٓٞ‬و‪ ,٠‬طَر‪٤‬ش ٍ‪٣‬خ‪٤ٟ‬ش‪ ,ٍْٓ ,‬أٗـخٍ‪ ,‬طير‪.٢ُِ٘ٓ َ٤‬‬
‫* ٌَٓط‪َ٤‬حص ٓخُ‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬اىحٍ‪٣‬ش‬
‫‪ ٫ ٝ‬طظٖ إٔ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُٔيٍٓش "أؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش هخ‪ٛ‬ش رخُـخُ‪٤‬ظ‪ ٖ٤‬حًٌُٔ‪ٍٞ‬ط‪ :ٖ٤‬اٗ‪ٜ‬خ ٓيٍٓش ٓ‪٣َٜ‬ش‬
‫‪ٔ٤ٔٛ‬ش‪ ٝ ,‬طلَٔ حٓٔخ ً ٓ‪٣َٜ‬خ ً ػِ‪ِ٣‬حً‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ٘‪ٞ‬حص ح‪٧‬ه‪َ٤‬س حٗظي حُِكق اُ‪ ٌٙٛ ٠‬حُٔيحٍّ ر‪ٍٜٞ‬س طوِن رخٍ ػِٔخء ح‪٫‬ؿظٔخع‬
‫‪ٝ‬ػِٔخء حُ٘لْ‪ ٝ ,‬طئٍم ً‪ ٟٝ‬حُوزَس ٖٓ ٍؿخٍ حُظَر‪٤‬ش حُو‪٤ٓٞ‬ش ‪ ٝ‬أ‪ٛ‬زق ح‪ُ٫‬ظلخم ر‪ ٌٜٙ‬حُٔيحٍّ‬
‫أَٓ ًَ أَٓس ‪ ٝ‬كِْ ًَ ر‪٤‬ض‪ ,‬كظ‪ُ ٠‬ظَ‪ ٟ‬حُ٘خّ ك‪ ٢‬ريح‪٣‬ش ًَ ػخّ (أ‪ ٝ‬هزَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُزيح‪٣‬ش روِ‪ َ٤‬أ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ًؼ‪٣ )َ٤‬ـَ‪ِٜ٣ ٝ ٕٝ‬ؼ‪٘٘٣ ,ٕٞ‬ي‪ٓ ٕٝ‬وؼيحً ُ‪ٜ‬ـ‪ َْٛ٤‬أ‪ ٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬أهَ طوي‪٣ َ٣‬طٔؼ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬طٔـ‪ٌٛ َ٤‬ح‬
‫حُ‪ٜ‬ـ‪ َ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬هخثٔش حُٔ٘ظظَ‪ ٖٓ ْ٤ُ ٝ ٖ٣‬حُ٘خىٍ إٔ طـي‪ٜ٣ ْٛ‬طل‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬أك٘‪٤‬ش ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُٔيحٍّ‬
‫ح‪ٛ‬طخف "حُٔخثِ‪ٍ "ٖ٤‬حؿ‪ٓ ٖ٤‬ظ‪ ,ٖ٤ِٓٞ‬ػخٍ‪ ٖ٤ٟ‬أ‪ٍٝ‬حم ‪ٛ‬ـخٍ‪ ْٛ‬حُظ‪ً ٢‬ؼ‪َ٤‬حً ٓخ ‪٣‬وٌف ر‪ٜ‬خ ك‪٢‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ ْٜٛٞ‬أ‪َ٠٣ ٝ‬د ر‪ٜ‬خ ػَ‪ ٝ‬حُلخث‪َٓ ٝ ٢‬ى‪ٝ‬ى ًُي ًِ‪ٗ ٚ‬ؼ‪ ٍٞ‬رخُِ‪ ٝ ٞٛ‬ح‪٫‬كظوخٍ ٖٓ ً‪ٟٝ‬‬
‫حُوط‪ٞ‬س حُٔوز‪ ٝ ٖ٤ُٞ‬اكٔخّ رخَُٔحٍس ‪ ٝ‬حُلَٔس ٖٓٔ ؿِوض ح‪٧‬ر‪ٞ‬حد ٖٓ ى‪.ْٜٗٝ‬‬

‫لؼب‪٠‬ب اٌٍغخ اٌؼشث‪١‬خ ف‪ٔ ٟ‬ذ‪ٚ‬ح ثبٌغبِؼخ األِش‪٠‬ى‪١‬خ‬

‫حُوخ‪َٛ‬س‪" -:‬حَُ٘م حُ‪"٢ٓٞ‬‬
‫أه‪ٔ٤‬ض رخُـخٓؼش ح‪٤ٌ٣َٓ٧‬ش رخُوخ‪َٛ‬س ٗي‪ٝ‬س أىر‪٤‬ش ُٔ٘خه٘ش "حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش" ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُٔيٍٓش ‪ٝ‬حُٔـظٔغ"‬
‫ٗخٍى ك‪ٜ٤‬خ حُيًخطَس ٓل‪ ٠٤‬حُي‪ٛ ٖ٣‬خرَ حُٔلٌَ حُؼَر‪ ٢‬حُٔؼَ‪ٝ‬ف ‪ٝ‬حُٔٔج‪ ٍٞ‬حُٔخرن ػٖ‬
‫حُٔ٘ظٔش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ُِظَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حُؼوخكش ‪ٝ‬حُؼِ‪ٝ ّٞ‬هيٍ‪ ٟ‬كل٘‪ٓ ٠‬ي‪ٓ َ٣‬ؼ‪ٜ‬ي ىٍحٓخص حُطل‪ُٞ‬ش رـخٓؼش‬
‫ػ‪ٝ ْٔٗ ٖ٤‬أىحٍ‪ٛ‬خ حُٔؼ‪٤‬ي ري‪ٓ ٟٝ‬ي‪ ًَِٓ َ٣‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش رخُـخٓؼش ح‪٤ٌ٣َٓ٧‬ش‪.‬‬
‫هيّ حُيًظ‪ ٍٞ‬حُٔؼ‪٤‬ي ري‪ ٟٝ‬حُ٘ي‪ٝ‬س هخث‪ً :٬‬خٗض حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٓٝ‬خُحُض ‪ ٢ٛ‬حَُحر‪ ٢‬حُو‪ ٟٞ‬حٌُ‪َ٣ ١‬ر‪ ٢‬ر‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫حُؼَد‪ٌ٣ٝ ,‬خى ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬حَُحر‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٞ‬ك‪٤‬ي‪ .‬ك‪ ْٜ‬ػِ‪ً ٠‬ؼَس ه‪٬‬كخط‪ٌ٣ ٫ ْٜ‬خى‪٣ ٕٝ‬ظلو‪ ٕٞ‬ا‪ ٫‬ػِ‪ٗ ٠‬ت‬
‫‪ٝ‬حكي ‪ ٞٛ‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ٝ .‬اًح ًخٗض ‪ٜٔٓ ٢ٛ ٌٙٛ‬ش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ٌٓ٘ ِٗ‪ ٍٝ‬حُوَإٓ حٌَُ‪ ,ْ٣‬كبٕ ٓ‪ٜٔ‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫ح‪ ٕ٥‬طظًَِ ك‪ ٢‬اىهخٍ حُؼَد اُ‪ ٠‬حُؼ‪ َٜ‬حُلي‪٣‬غ ٖٓ ه‪ ٍ٬‬ػِ‪ ّٞ‬حُؼ‪ٝ ,َٜ‬ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ رخُظخُ‪٣ ٢‬وغ‬
‫ػذء ٍر‪ٓ ٢‬خ‪٘٤ٟ‬خ رلخ‪َٟٗ‬خ رٔٔظوزِ٘خ ‪ ٠ٛٝ‬كؼ‪ٜٔٓ ً٬‬ش ‪ٛ‬ؼزش ؿيحً‪ ,‬ط٘‪ٞ‬ء ر‪ٜ‬خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬طظـخًر‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫ػ‪ٞ‬حَٓ ًؼ‪َ٤‬س ٓخ ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬حُل‪ٜ‬ل‪.٠‬‬

‫‪238‬‬
 ‫طؼَ‪٣‬ذ حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِلخص‬
‫‪ٝ‬هخٍ حُيًظ‪ٓ ٍٞ‬ل‪ ٠٤‬حُي‪ٛ ٖ٣‬خرَ إٔ ُـظ٘خ طظٔ‪ ِ٤‬ػٖ رخه‪ ٢‬حُِـخص ك‪ ٢‬أٗ‪ٜ‬خ ُـش ًحص ى‪ ٍٝ‬ه‪ٟٞ‬‬
‫‪ٝٝ‬ظ‪٤‬لش طخٍ‪٣‬و‪٤‬ش‪ .‬طِي ًخٗض ٓ‪ٜٔ‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ ٌٓ٘ ح‪ٝ ٍُ٧‬ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ ح‪ ٕ٥‬إٔ طظ‪٤ٜ‬ؤ ‪٧‬ىحء ى‪ ٍٝ‬ؿي‪٣‬ي ‪ ٞٛ‬طؼَ‪٣‬ذ‬
‫حُٔ‪ٜ‬طِلخص حُـي‪٣‬يس حُظ‪ ٢‬طيهَ ‪٤ٓٞ٣‬خ ً رخ‪٫٥‬ف ك‪ ٢‬حُلٌَ ح‪ٔٗ٩‬خٗ‪ٌٛ .٢‬ح حُي‪ ٍٝ‬حُـي‪٣‬ي ‪٣‬ظطِذ إٔ‬
‫طو‪ ّٞ‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ري‪ "٠ِّٔ ًَ " ٍٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔوخّ ح‪ٝ ,ٍٝ٧‬ػ٘ي‪ٛ‬خ ٖٓ ‪ٓٝ‬خثَ حُٔـخُ ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٗ٫‬ظوخم ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٓ٫‬ظؼخٍس‬
‫ٓخ ‪٣‬ـؼِ‪ٜ‬خ هخىٍس ػِ‪ًُ ًَ ٠‬ي‪ٝ .‬حُ‪ٞ‬حهغ إٔ ٌِٓ٘ش حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ُ‪ٔ٤‬ض ٌِٓ٘ظ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٝ‬كي‪ٛ‬خ ‪ٝ‬اٗٔخ ‪٢ٛ‬‬
‫ٓ‪ٞ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ىس ‪ٝ‬هخثٔش أ‪٠٣‬خ ً ك‪ُ ٢‬ـخص أهَ‪ ٟ‬كل‪ ٢‬كَٗٔخ ‪ٝ‬رخُظلي‪٣‬ي ك‪ ٢‬حُٔـظٔغ حُلَٗٔ‪٣ ٢‬لَ‪ٕٞٛ‬‬
‫ػِ‪ ٠‬ط٘و‪٤‬ش حُِـش حُلَٗٔ‪٤‬ش ٖٓ ح‪ُ٧‬لخظ حُـي‪٣‬يس حُظ‪ ٢‬طيهَ اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ٖٓ ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش‪٣ ٫ ْٛٝ ,‬و‪ٜ‬ي‪ٕ ٝ‬‬
‫رٌُي حٓظزؼخى طِي ح‪ُ٧‬لخظ ‪ٝ‬اٗٔخ ‪ٜ٣‬يك‪ ٕٞ‬اُ‪ ٠‬حٓظ‪٤‬ؼخر‪ٜ‬خ ىحهَ ُـظ‪.ْٜ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬أ‪ٟ‬خف حُيًظ‪ٛ ٍٞ‬خرَ‪ :‬إ ٖٓ ‪٣‬ظؤَٓ طخٍ‪٣‬ن حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪٣‬ـي أٗ‪ ٫ ٚ‬ط‪ٞ‬ؽ ى ُـش ُ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن‬
‫حُٔظ‪ َٜ‬حٌُ‪ ١‬ط‪ٞ‬حكَ ُِؼَر‪٤‬ش‪٤ٓٝ ,‬ظَ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن ٓظ‪ًٔ ً٬ٜ‬خ ظَ هخثٔخ ً ٓخ ىحّ حُوَإٓ حٌَُ‪ْ٣‬‬
‫ٍ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش هخىٍس ػِ‪٠‬‬ ‫ٓ‪ٞ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ىحً ر‪٘٘٤‬خ ‪ ٢ٌُ٘٘ٝ‬أ‪٫‬كع إٔ حُظَ‪ٝ‬ف حُوخثٔش ك‪ٓ ٢‬يحٍٓ٘خ ‪ ٫‬طـغ‬
‫اػطخء أًؼَ ٓٔخ طؼط‪ ٚ٤‬ح‪ ,ٕ٥‬كٔخ ُحُض ‪٘ٛ‬خى ِٓحكٔش ‪٤ٓٞ٣‬ش رَ ‪َٛ‬حع ‪ ٢ٓٞ٣‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُِـش حُل‪٠‬خٍ‪٣‬ش‪ ,‬أه‪ٜ‬ي رخُل‪٠‬خٍ‪٣‬ش حُٔٔـِش ػزَ حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن‪ًٝ .‬ل‪ ٠‬ؿيحً حُ‪ ّٞ٤‬إٔ ٗليى أرؼخى‬
‫ٌِٓ٘ش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪١ٝ‬ز‪٤‬ؼظ‪ٜ‬خ‪ ,‬ػْ ‪٣‬ؤط‪ ٢‬حُلَ ك‪َٓ ٢‬كِش ٓظويٓش ك‪ٓ ٢‬خ رغ ى‪ .‬كخُٔٔؤُش ك‪ ٢‬حُلو‪٤‬وش‬
‫ُ‪ٔ٤‬ض ٌِٓ٘ش حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬كي‪ٛ‬خ ‪ٝ‬اٗٔخ ‪ٌِ٘ٓ ٢ٛ‬ش حُظؼِ‪٣ٝ ,ًِٚ ْ٤‬ـذ إٔ ٗلَم ر‪ُ ٖ٤‬ـش حُِٔخٕ‬
‫‪ُ ٠ٛٝ‬ـش حُ٘خٍع ‪ٝ‬حُل‪٤‬خس حُ‪٤ٓٞ٤‬ش ‪ٝ‬ر‪ُ ٖ٤‬ـش حُ‪ٍٞ‬م أ‪ ١‬طِي حُِـش حُٔٔـِش ‪ٝ‬حُٔوَ‪ٝ‬ءس ك‪٢‬‬
‫حُٔيحٍّ ‪ٝ‬حُـخٓؼخص‪.‬‬

‫ُـش حُِٔخٕ ‪ُٝ‬ـش حُ‪ٍٞ‬م‬

‫‪٘ٛ‬خ حػظَ‪ ٝ‬حُيًظ‪ ٍٞ‬هيٍ‪ ٟ‬كل٘‪ِ١ٝ ٠‬ذ حُظؼِ‪٤‬ن ػِ‪ ّ٬ً ٠‬حُيًظ‪ٛ ٍٞ‬خرَ كوخٍ‪ :‬اًح ًخٕ ٓل‪٠٤‬‬
‫‪ٛ‬خرَ ‪٣‬لَم ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُِـظ‪ُ ,ٖ٤‬ـش حُِٔخٕ ‪ُٝ‬ـش حُ‪ٍٞ‬م‪ ,‬كِ‪ٔٔ٤‬ق ُ‪ ٢‬رؤٕ حهظِق ٓؼ‪ٝ ٚ‬أه‪ :ٍٞ‬إ حُِـش‬
‫حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ُ َٛ٧‬ـش ُٔخٕ ‪ٜٗ٧‬خ ُـش ط‪ٞ‬ح‪ َٛ‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُ٘خّ‪ٝ ,‬حُِـش ػ٘ي حُطلَ ‪ٌ٣‬ظٔز‪ٜ‬خ رخُظٔؼ‪َ٤‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُوي‪ٝ‬س ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٓ٫‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ‪ٝ ٙ‬ح‪٫‬ط‪ٜ‬خٍ حُٔزخَٗ‪ٝ .‬حُطلَ اًح ً‪ٛ‬ذ اُ‪ ٠‬حُٔيٍٓش ‪ٌٛ٣‬ذ ‪ٝ‬هي حًظٔذ‬
‫حُلي ح‪٧‬ىٗ‪ُ ٖٓ ٠‬ـظ‪٘ٛٝ ,ٚ‬خ طليع ح‪ُٓ٧‬ش ‪ ٕ٧‬حُطلَ ‪ٌ٣‬ظٔذ ُـظ‪ ٖٓ ٚ‬ح‪َٓ٧‬س ‪ٝ‬ػ٘يٓخ ‪ٌٛ٣‬ذ اُ‪٠‬‬
‫حُٔيٍٓش ‪٣ ٫‬ظ‪ٞ‬مف ى‪ ٍٝ‬ح‪َٓ٧‬س ‪ٝ‬حُٔـظٔغ ‪ٓٝٝ‬خثَ ح‪٩‬ػ‪ٓ ّ٬‬ؼخً‪ ,‬ك‪ِ٤‬ىحى حؿظَحرخ‪ُٔ .‬خًحً؟ ‪ٕ٧‬‬
‫حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُظ‪٣ ٢‬ظؼِٔ‪ٜ‬خ حُطلَ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪َٓ٧‬س ُـش ُٔخٕ ًٔخ ‪ٜ٤ٔٔ٣‬خ حُيًظ‪ٛ ٍٞ‬خرَ‪ ,‬أٓخ حُِـش حُظ‪٢‬‬
‫‪٣‬ظؼِٔ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حُٔيٍٓش ك‪ُ ٢ٜ‬ـش ‪ٍٝ‬م أ‪ُ ١‬ـش ًظذ‪ٝ ,‬ك‪ ٠‬حُ‪ٞ‬هض ٗلٔ‪ ٚ‬طويّ ‪ٓٝ‬خثَ ح‪٩‬ػ‪ُِ ّ٬‬طلَ‬
‫‪٣ٝ‬ظؼخَٓ ٓغ حُٔـظٔغ ‪٤ٓٞ٣‬خ ً رِـش حُِٔخٕ‪٘ٛ ٖٓ .‬خ حُػْ إٔ حُِـش طَٔ رؤُٓش كو‪٤‬و‪٤‬ش طٌٖٔ ك‪ ٢‬أٗ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫ُْ طؼي ر‪ٍٜٞ‬ط‪ٜ‬خ حُظ‪ٗ ٢‬ؼَك‪ٜ‬خ‪ ,‬كوي حطٔؼض حُلـ‪ٞ‬س ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُ‪ٜ‬ل‪٤‬لش حُٔ٘‪٠‬زطش ‪ٝ‬ر‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫حُِ‪ٜ‬ـش حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬هخٍ حُيًظ‪ ٍٞ‬كل٘‪ ٠‬أ‪ٝ‬ى إٔ أٗ‪ َ٤‬اُ‪ٗ ٠‬وطش ‪ٝ‬أكَم ر‪ ٖ٤‬أَٓ‪ ,ٖ٣‬أَٓ ًخٕ ‪٣‬ؼخٗ‪ ٠‬حُـ‪ َ٤‬حُٔخ‪٢ٟ‬‬
‫ٓ٘‪ ,ٚ‬أ‪ ٝ‬رٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬أ‪ٛ‬ق حُـ‪ َ٤‬حٌُ‪ ١‬حٗظٔ‪ ٠‬اُ‪ .ٚ٤‬كوي ً٘خ ٗلخ‪ ٍٝ‬إٔ ٗظليع حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ك‪ٔٗ ٬‬ظط‪٤‬غ ُؼيّ‬
‫ح‪ُٔ٩‬خّ رخُو‪ٞ‬حػي‪ً٘ٝ ,‬خ ٗظلن ػِ‪ ٠‬إٔ ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬كي‪٣‬ؼ٘خ ك‪ ٢‬حُٔلخكَ حَُٓٔ‪٤‬ش رِـش ػَر‪٤‬ش ِٓ‪ٔ٤‬ش هيٍ‬
‫حُٔٔظطخع‪ً .‬خٕ ػـِٗخ إً َٓؿؼ‪ ٚ‬اُ‪ ٠‬ػيّ هيٍس ‪ٟٝ‬ؼق ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ُٔ٩‬خّ رخُِـش ‪ٝ‬ه‪ٞ‬حػي‪ٛ‬خ‪ ,‬أٓخ‬
‫ح‪ ٕ٥‬كوي أ‪٤ٟ‬ق اُ‪ ٠‬ػيّ حُويٍس‪ ,‬ػيّ ٍؿزش أ‪٠٣‬خ ً‪ٌُُٝ .‬ي ٗ‪٬‬كع إٔ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ٓظليػ‪ً ٖ٤‬ؼ‪ٖ٣َ٤‬‬
‫‪٣‬ظو٘‪ ٕٞ‬حُِـش ‪ٝ‬ه‪ٞ‬حػي‪ٛ‬خ حطوخٗخ طخٓخً‪ ,‬كبًح طليػ‪ٞ‬ح اُ‪ ٠‬ؿٔغ ٖٓ حُ٘خّ ؿؼِ‪ٞ‬ح كي‪٣‬ؼ‪ ْٜ‬رخُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش‪ٝ ,‬هي‬

‫‪239‬‬
 ‫كخ‪ُٝ‬ض إٔ أك‪ٌٛ ْٜ‬ح ا‪ ٫‬إٔ ح‪ َٓ٧‬ريح ٓٔظؼ‪٤ٜ‬خ ً ػِ‪ ٠‬حُل‪ .ْٜ‬كخُِـش حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ُـش أ‪ َٛ‬حُ٘خٍع‬
‫ػٔ‪ٓٞ‬خ ً ‪ٔ٤ُٝ‬ض ُـش حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش‪ٝ ,‬رخُظخُ‪ ٢‬كبٕ ٖٓ ‪٣‬ظليع ر‪ٜ‬خ ‪٣ ٫‬لٔذ ٖٓ حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش ‪ٝ‬ػِ‪٤‬ش حُو‪ّ ٞ‬‬
‫رويٍ ٓخ ‪٣‬يٍى ك‪ِٓ ٢‬ي حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ‪ُٝ‬ـش أ‪ َٛ‬حُ٘خٍع‪ ,‬رَ ‪ٝ‬حُلخٍحص‪ٝ .‬هي ‪ٝ‬ؿيص رؼي حُٔئحٍ‬
‫‪ٝ‬ح‪ٓ٫‬ظز‪٤‬خٕ أٗ٘خ ك‪ ٢‬ك‪" ٖ٠‬حُـٔخ‪٣َ٤ٛ‬ش" ‪ٓٝ‬خُض كؼ‪ ٬‬رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُ٘و‪٤ٜ‬خص حُؼخٓش حٌُ‪ٖ٣‬‬
‫‪ٔ٣‬ظويٓ‪ ٕٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬كي‪٣‬ؼ‪ ْٜ‬رؼ‪ ٞ‬ح‪ُ٧‬لخظ حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش‪ًٝ ,‬خٕ حَُى إٔ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ُـش رٔ‪٤‬طش‬
‫‪ٝ‬أهَد اُ‪ ٠‬ح‪٩‬ه‪ ٙ٬‬ك‪ ٢‬حُظؼز‪٘ٛ ٖٓٝ .َ٤‬خ‪ ,‬اًح أٍحى حُٔظليع إٔ ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬هَ‪٣‬زخ ً ٖٓ حُٔٔظٔؼ‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُـٔ‪ٝ ٍٜٞ‬إٔ ‪٣‬ـٌد أٓٔخػ‪ٞ٣ٝ ْٜ‬ؿ‪ ٚ‬أٗظخٍ‪ ,ْٛ‬طليع رخُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬

‫ػخُٔ‪٤‬ش حُؼِْ ‪ٝ‬حُِـش‬

‫‪ٔ٣ٝ‬ؤٍ أكي حُلخ‪ ٖ٣َٟ‬حُيًظ‪ٓ ٍٞ‬ل‪ ٠٤‬حُي‪ٛ ٖ٣‬خرَ‪٤ً :‬ق ٗ‪ َٜ‬اُ‪ ٠‬ػخُٔ‪٤‬ش حُلي‪٣‬غ ٖٓ ه‪ٍ٬‬‬
‫حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش؟ ‪ٝ‬أؿخد ٓل‪ٛ ٠٤‬خرَ‪١َٗ ْ٤ُ :‬خ ً إٔ طـِ‪ ٝ‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش أ‪ ٝ‬أ‪ُ ١‬ـش أهَ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ُ‪ٜ٤‬زق أ‪ٛ‬لخر‪ٜ‬خ ٖٓ حُٔظويٓ‪ ٖ٤‬ػِٔ‪٤‬خً‪ٌُ٘٘ٝ ,‬خ ٗٔظط‪٤‬غ ًُي ٖٓ ه‪ ٍ٬‬ىكغ حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ريه‪ٍٞ‬‬
‫ٓؼًَش حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ ‪ .‬حُ‪٤‬خرخٗ‪٤‬ش ُـش ٓلِ‪٤‬ش ‪ َٜ٣ ُْٝ‬حُ‪٤‬خرخٗ‪ ٕٞ٤‬اُ‪ ٠‬حُؼخُٔ‪٤‬ش رِٔحكٔش حُِـخص حٌُزَ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخُْ‪ ,‬اٗٔخ ‪ِٞٛٝ‬ح اُ‪ٓ ٠‬خ‪ ْٛ‬ك‪ ٚ٤‬رخُظويّ حُؼِٔ‪ٝ ٢‬حٓظ‪٤‬ؼخد ُـظ‪ُِٜٔ ْٜ‬طِلخص حُـي‪٣‬يس‪.‬‬
‫‪ٓٝ‬ئحٍ ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ُِ ٚ‬يًظ‪ ٍٞ‬هيٍ‪ ٟ‬كل٘‪ُٔ :٠‬خًح ‪ٗ ٫‬ـغٍ حُظؼِ‪ ْ٤‬رخُل‪ٜ‬ل‪ ٠‬اؿزخٍ‪٣‬خ؟‬
‫‪٣‬ـ‪٤‬ذ ػ٘‪ ٚ‬هخث‪ :ً٬‬كخهي حُ٘‪٢‬ء ‪٣ ٫‬ؼط‪٫ٝ ٙ٢‬ري إٔ ‪٣‬زيأ ا‪٬ٛ‬ف حُِـش ٖٓ ح‪ٓ٧‬خّ أ‪ ٌ٘ٓ ١‬حُ‪ٜ‬ـَ‪,‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬أٗخ أطٔخءٍ أ‪ ٖ٣‬رَٗخٓؾ "حكظق ‪٣‬خ ّْٓٔ" حٌُ‪ ١‬ػَ‪ ٟٚ‬طِلِ‪ ٕٞ٣‬حٌُ‪٣ٞ‬ض ‪ٗٝ‬ـق ك‪ ٢‬طؼِ‪ ْ٤‬حُ‪ٜ‬ـخٍ‬
‫حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حُِٔ‪ٔ٤‬ش ُوي أٍِٓ‪ٞ‬ح ٗٔوش ٓـخٗ‪٤‬ش ٓ٘‪ُِ ٚ‬ظِلِ‪ ٕٞ٣‬حُٔ‪٣ ُْ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ١َٜ‬ؼَ‪ٓ٨ُ ٝ‬ق‬
‫حُ٘ي‪٣‬ي رَ ػَ‪ٟٞ‬ح ري‪ ٚ٘ٓ ً٫‬رَٗخٓـخ ً أَٓ‪٤ٌ٣‬خ ً ‪٣‬يَٓ ُـش ح‪١٧‬لخٍ ‪٣ ٫ٝ‬و‪ٚٔ٤‬ح‪.‬‬
‫‪ٓٝ‬ئحٍ آهَ‪ َٛ :‬طؼظوي إٔ حُلي‪٣‬غ رخُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ‪٣‬ؼزَ ػٖ ػـِ ك‪ ٢‬حٓظويحّ حُِـش؟‬
‫‪٣ٝ‬ـ‪٤‬ذ حُيًظ‪ ٍٞ‬كل٘‪ ْ٤ُ :٠‬رخُ‪ٍَٝ٠‬س‪ .‬كخُلي‪٣‬غ رخُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش ؿخُزخ ً ٓخ ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬طؤً‪٤‬يحً ُ‪ٗ٬‬ظٔخء اُ‪ ٠‬كجش‬
‫ٓؼ‪٘٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ٓٝ‬ئحٍ آهَ‪ُِ :‬يًظ‪ٓ ٍٞ‬ل‪ ٠٤‬حُي‪ٛ ٖ٣‬خرَ‪ َٛ :‬ط‪ٞ‬حكن ػِ‪ ٠‬طيٍ‪ ْ٣‬حُطذ رخُؼَر‪٤‬ش؟ ‪٣ٝ‬ـذ‬
‫حُيًظ‪ٛ ٍٞ‬خرَ ‪٫‬ري‪ .‬كوي ٗـلض ٓ‪٣ٍٞ‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬كي ًز‪ َ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬طيٍ‪ ْ٣‬حُطذ رخُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُو‪٤٠‬ش ُ‪ٔ٤‬ض ًٔخ ‪ٍٜٛٞ٣‬خ حُزؼ‪ ٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُؼـِ ػٖ ٓظخرؼش ٓخ ‪ ٍٖ٘٣‬ك‪ ٢‬حُـَد ك‪ ٢‬كخُش طيٍ‪ْ٣‬‬
‫حُطذ رخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ٝ ,‬اٗٔخ حُو‪٤٠‬ش إٔ طيٍ‪ ْ٣‬حُؼِ‪ ّٞ‬رخُِـخص ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش ‪٣‬ـؼِ٘خ ك‪ َ٣ً ٢‬حُظلٌ‪َ٤‬‬
‫حُـَر‪٣ٝ ٢‬ـؼِ٘خ ٗوخٍٕ ‪ٛ‬لش ًَ طـَرش ؿي‪٣‬يس رٔي‪ ٟ‬ط‪ٞ‬حكو‪ٜ‬خ أ‪ ٝ‬ػيّ ط‪ٞ‬حكو‪ٜ‬خ ٓغ ٓخ ط‪ َٛٞ‬اُ‪ٚ٤‬‬
‫حُـَد‪ .‬إ طؼِ‪ ْ٤‬حُؼِ‪ٝ ّٞ‬طيٍ‪ٜٔ٣‬خ رخُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش أَٓ ‪.١ٍَٟٝ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬ك‪ٓ ٍٞ‬ئحٍ ػٖ ‪ٛ‬ؼ‪ٞ‬رش حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش هخٍ ٓل‪ ٠٤‬حُي‪ٛ ٖ٣‬خرَ‪ٗ ًَ :‬ت ‪ٗ ٫‬ؼَف ‪ٛ ٙ‬ؼذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ٛ‬ؼزش ُٖٔ ‪٣ ٫‬ؼَك‪ ٚ‬ح ‪ٔ٤ُٝ‬ض ًٔخ ‪٘٣‬خع ػ٘‪ٜ‬خ ٖٓ أ‪ٛ‬ؼذ حُِـخص ‪ ٌٙٛ‬كٌَس‬
‫هخ‪١‬جش ٗخػض ‪ٛٝ‬خٍص ًخُلو‪٤‬وش ٖٓ ًؼَس طَىى‪ٛ‬خ‪ٝ .‬هي ٓٔؼض ٖٓ ‪ٛ‬ي‪٣‬ن كَٗٔ‪ ٢‬رؤٕ رؼ‪ٞ‬‬
‫حُٔٔظَ٘ه‪ً ٖ٤‬خٗ‪ٞ‬ح ‪٤٘٣‬ؼ‪ ٕٞ‬كٌَس ‪ٛ‬ؼ‪ٞ‬رش حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش كظ‪٘٣ ٠‬لَ‪ٝ‬ح ٓ٘‪ٜ‬خ ح‪ٍٝٝ٧‬ر‪ٝ .ٖ٤٤‬ػِ‪ًَ ٠‬‬
‫ك‪٤‬ـذ إٔ ٍِٗع حُؼِْ حُلي‪٣‬غ ‪ٔٗٝ‬ظ‪ ٚ٘١ٞ‬ك‪ُ ٢‬ـظ٘خ ‪ ٕ٧‬حُل‪٠‬خٍس ‪ ٫‬ط٘ظَ ‪ٝ ٟ‬اٗٔخ ‪ ٢ٛ‬ر٘ض حُِـش‬
‫حُظ‪ ٖ١ٞٓ ٢ٛ ٢‬ح‪٧‬كٌخٍ‪.‬‬

‫‪240‬‬
 ‫ٌمبء ِغ ِزشعّخ طغ‪١‬شح‬
‫حُ٘خرش ٍح‪٣ٝ‬ش ٓخٓ‪٠‬‬
‫ً‪٤‬ق ًخٕ ٗؼ‪ٍٞ‬ى ػ٘يٓخ ٓخٍٓض حُظَؿٔش ‪َٓ ٍٝ٧‬س؟‬
‫إ أ‪ ٚٗ ٍٝ‬طَؿٔظ‪ً ٚ‬خٕ ٓوخ‪ ٖٓ ً٫‬حُ‪ٜ‬ل‪٤‬لش حُ‪٤ٓٞ٤‬ش ًظذ طؼِ‪٤‬وخ ً ػِ‪ ٠‬أكي كِوخص رَٗخٓؾ‬
‫"ح‪٫‬طـخ‪ ٙ‬حُٔؼخًْ" ُ‪ٓ٨‬ظخً ك‪ َٜ٤‬حُوخْٓ ٖٓ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش اُ‪ ٠‬ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش‪ً .‬خٗض حُظـَرش ٓ‪٠‬لٌش‬
‫رويٍ ؿي‪٣‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ‪ .‬كزؼي إٔ َٗػض ك‪ ٢‬طَؿٔش حُ٘‪ٔٓ ٚ‬ظؼ‪٘٤‬ش رخُوخٓ‪ ّٞ‬كظ‪ ٠‬حٗظ‪٤ٜ‬ض‪ ,‬ريأص روَحءس‬
‫حُ٘‪ ٚ‬ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪ ١ِ٤‬ك‪ٞ‬ؿيط‪ٔ٣ ٫ ٚ‬ض اُ‪ ٠‬ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش ر‪ِٜ‬ش ا‪ٗ ٖٓ ٫‬خك‪٤‬ش كَ‪ٝ‬ك‪ ٚ‬ك‪٤‬غ أكظوَ اُ‪٠‬‬
‫طًَ‪٤‬ذ حُـِٔش حُٔٔظٔخؿش ك‪ ٢‬حُِـش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش ػيح ػٖ ح‪٫‬هظ‪٬‬كخص حُوخ‪ٛ‬ش رؼِٔ‪٤‬خص ٍر‪٢‬‬
‫حُـَٔ ‪ٓ ٝ‬خ اُ‪ًُ ٠‬ي ٖٓ ػ٘خ‪٤ٓ َٛ‬خه‪٤‬ش ُْ أًٖ ‪ٓ٫‬ظ‪ٞ‬ػز‪ٜ‬خ آٌٗحى ًخٕ هَحٍ‪ ١‬رؼي ًُي‪ ,‬آخ إٔ‬
‫أػظٍِ حُظَؿٔش ‪ ٝ‬حطَى ًِ‪٤‬ش ح‪٥‬ىحد رـ‪ٍ َ٤‬ؿؼش أ‪ ٝ‬إٔ أػ‪٤‬ي طَؿٔش حُ٘‪" ٖٓ ٚ‬حُٔلَىحص‬
‫ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش" اُ‪" ٠‬حُِـش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش " ‪ً ٝ‬خٕ حُو‪٤‬خٍ حُؼخٗ‪ ٝ ٢‬طٔض حُؼِٔ‪٤‬ش ر٘ـخف ٗٔز‪ٓ ٝ ٠‬ؼو‪ٍٞ‬‬
‫رخُ٘ٔزش ُظِي حَُٔكِش ‪ ٌُٖ ٝ‬ك‪َٓ ًَ ٢‬س أًظٔذ هزَس ؿي‪٣‬يس ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش أٓظ‪ٞ‬ػذ ٓي‪ٟ‬‬
‫"ٍىحءس"حُظَؿٔش ح‪.٠ُٝ٧‬‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬

‫حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ُـش ػ‪٣َٜ‬ش‬

‫‪ُ ٢ٛ ٝ‬ـش ػ‪٣َٜ‬ش رويٍط‪ٜ‬خ ػِ‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٞ‬كخء رخكظ‪٤‬خؿخص حُؼ‪ٓ ٝ َٜ‬ظطِزخط‪ ٚ‬ك‪ٗ ٢‬ظ‪ٓ ٠‬ـخ‪٫‬ص‬
‫حُٔؼَكش‪ ٝ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُ٘‪ ٜٝٞ‬رٌَ ٓخ طظٔغ ُ‪ ٠ٜ‬حُؼِ‪ ٝ ّٞ‬حُل٘‪ ٝ ٕٞ‬ك‪ٓ ٢‬ويٓش ‪ٌٛ‬ح ًِ‪ٓ ٚ‬لَىحص حُل‪٤‬خس‬
‫حُٔؼخ‪َٛ‬س ‪ ٝ‬أُلخظ حُل‪٠‬خٍس حُلي‪٣‬ؼش ‪ٜٓ ٝ‬طِلخص حُؼِ‪ ٝ ّٞ‬حُل٘‪ٝ ٕٞ‬ح‪٥‬ىحد‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٝ‬حُٔظؤَٓ ك‪ٔ٤‬خ ٗٔظؼِٔ‪ ٚ‬ح‪ُ ٖٓ ٕ٥‬ـش ك‪٤‬ش ػِ‪ ٠‬ح‪ُ٘ٔ٧‬ش ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ه‪٬٣ ّ٬‬كع ػِ‪ ٠‬حُل‪ ٍٞ‬إٔ‬
‫ًِٔخص ؿي‪٣‬يس ‪ ٝ‬أٓخُ‪٤‬ذ ٓٔظليػش ‪ ٝ‬طَحً‪٤‬ذ ُـ‪٣ٞ‬ش هي ىهِض ك‪ ٢‬ؿْٔ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُِـش‪ٗ ٝ ,‬خػض ك‪٢‬‬
‫حٓظؼٔخُ٘خ حُ‪ .٢ٓٞ٤‬رؼ‪ٜ٠‬خ ٗظ‪٤‬ـش ُلًَش حُظَؿٔش‪ ,‬أ‪ٗ ٝ‬ظ‪٤‬ـش ُ‪٬‬كظٌخى ‪ ٝ‬حُظلخػَ ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُِـخص‪ٝ ,‬هي‬
‫ُؼزض حُ‪ٜ‬لخكش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ى‪ٍٝ‬حً ٍ‪٣‬خى‪٣‬خ ً ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُٔـخٍ‪.‬‬

‫‪ٓ ٌٙٛ ٝ‬وظخٍحص ٖٓ ح‪ٓ٧‬خُ‪٤‬ذ حُؼ‪٣َٜ‬ش حُظ‪ٗ ٢‬خػض ػِ‪ ٠‬ح‪ُ٘ٔ٧‬ش ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ه‪ ٝ ّ٬‬أ‪ٛ‬زلض‬
‫ؿِءح ٖٓ ٗٔ‪٤‬ؾ ُـظ٘خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫ك‪٣ ٕ٬‬ؼَٔ ‪ٟ‬ي ك‪٣ ٞٛ ,ٕ٬‬وظَ حُ‪ٞ‬هض رؼَٔ ًٌح‪ٔ٣ ,‬ؼَ رِي‪ ٙ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُٔلخكَ حَُٓٔ‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬أػ‪ٟ ٢‬‬
‫ٍأ‪ ٚ٣‬ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬حُو‪٤٠‬ش‪ًٍ ,‬ح َُِٓخى ك‪ ٢‬حُؼ‪ٌٔ٣ ,ٕٞ٤‬ذ هزِ‪ ٙ‬رؼَم ؿز‪ َٟ٣ ٫ ,ٚ٘٤‬حرؼي ٖٓ أٍٗزش‬
‫حٗل‪ِ٣ ٞٛ ,ٚ‬ؼذ رخُ٘خٍ‪ ٫ ,‬ؿي‪٣‬ي طلض حُْ٘ٔ‪٣ ,‬وز‪ ٞ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ىكش ح‪ ,ٍٞٓ٧‬طٌ‪َٜ‬د ؿ‪ ٞ‬حُٔ‪٤‬خٓش‪,‬‬
‫ُؼذ ى‪ٍٝ‬حً ك‪ ٌٙٛ ٢‬حُٔٔؤُش‪ٍ ٞٛ ,‬ؿَ حُٔخػش‪ ,‬ط‪ٞ‬طَص حُؼ‪٬‬هخص ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُي‪ُٝ‬ظ‪ٜ٣ ,ٖ٤‬طخى ك‪ ٢‬حُٔخء‬
‫حُؼٌَ‪ً ,‬خٕ حُللَ طلض ٍػخ‪٣‬ش ك‪ ٞٛ ,ٕ٬‬ػظ‪ ْ٤‬رٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬حٌُِٔش‪٣ ,‬ؼَٔ ًٌح ػِ‪ٟٞ ٠‬ء ًٌح‪ ,‬طؤػَ‬
‫رٔيٍٓش حُلِ‪ٞٔ٤‬ف حُ‪ٗٞ٤‬خٗ‪ ,٢‬حرظْٔ حرظٔخٓش ‪ٛ‬لَحء‪ٛ ٞٛ ,‬خكذ ًَٓ‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُـخٓؼش‪ًٛ ,‬ذ‬
‫ك‪ٟ ٕ٬‬ل‪٤‬ش ٓزخىث‪ٓ ,ٚ‬خص ‪٣ ُْ ٝ‬ؼَف حَٓأس‪٣ ,‬لَم رو‪ ٍٞ‬حُؼ٘خء ر‪٣ ٖ٤‬ي‪ٛ ,ٚ٣‬ذ ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬ؿخّ‬

‫‪241‬‬
 ‫ؿ‪٠‬ز‪ٟ ,ٚ‬ل‪ ٠‬ػِ‪ٌٛٓ ٠‬ذ أؿَح‪ٌٍ٣ ,ٟٚ‬ف ىٓ‪ٞ‬ع حُظٔخٓ‪٤‬ق‪٣ ,‬ؼَٔ ك‪ ٢‬كوَ حُٔ‪ِٜ‬لش‬
‫حُ‪٤٘١ٞ‬ش‪ ٞٛ ,‬ى‪ٝ‬ىس ًظذ‪ ,‬ط‪ٜ‬ل‪٤‬ش حُٔلَ حُظـخٍ‪ ,١‬حُِ٘ػش حُ‪ٞ‬حهؼ‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬حُو‪ٞ‬س حُ‪ٞ‬ؿيحٗ‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬حٌُحط‪٢‬‬
‫حُٔ‪ٟٞٞ‬ػ‪ ,٢‬ح‪٩‬هِ‪ ,٢ٔ٤‬حُطَ‪٣‬وش ح‪٫‬ػظزخ‪٤١‬ش‪ ٖٓ ,‬ك‪٤‬غ ح‪ٓ٧‬خّ‪َٟ ,‬د حَُهْ حُو‪٤‬خٓ‪,٢‬‬
‫حُِ٘ػخص حُٔ‪٤‬خٓش حُٔخثيس‪ ,‬ػَٔ ػِ‪ٟٞ ٠‬ء ًٌح‪ٍ ,‬كغ ٍأّ أٓظ‪ ٚ‬ػخُ‪٤‬خً‪٣ ,‬ل‪٤‬ط‪ٜ‬خ ر‪ٜ‬خُش ٖٓ‬
‫حَُ‪ٛ‬زش‪ ,‬حُٔ‪ٞ‬م حُٔ‪ٞ‬ىحء‪ ,‬كِ٘ض حُٔ٘خ‪ٍٝ‬س‪٠٣ ,‬ل‪ ٠‬ػِ‪ٌٓ ٠‬رق أؿَح‪ِ١ ,ٟٚ‬ذ ‪٣‬ي ك‪ ,ٚٗ٬‬ظ‪َٜ‬‬
‫ػِ‪َٔٓ ٠‬ف حُٔ‪٤‬خٓش‪ ,‬طْ ح‪ َٓ٧‬رلٔذ حُوطش حَُٔٓ‪ٓٞ‬ش‪ ,‬كو‪ ٍٞ‬حُؼِْ ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ىد‪ ,‬حُ٘و‪٤ٜ‬خص‬
‫حُزخٍُس‪ ,‬كو‪٤‬ي حُ‪ٞ‬حؿذ‪ ,‬طِط‪٤‬ق ؿ‪ ٞ‬ح‪٫‬كظلخٍ‪ ,‬حًَُِٔ ح‪ٓ٫‬ظؼ٘خث‪ ,٢‬حُظَر‪٤‬ش ح‪٣٩‬ـخر‪٤‬ش حُؼخُ‪٤‬ش‪ْ٤ُ ,‬‬
‫ِٓز‪٤‬خ ً رَ ا‪٣‬ـخر‪٤‬خ ً‪ ٝ....‬ؿ‪ًُ َ٤‬ي ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ُٞ ٝ‬أٗ٘خ أك‪٘٤ٜ‬خ ٓؼَ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُظؼخر‪ ٝ َ٤‬حُظَحً‪٤‬ذ ك‪ُ ٢‬ـظ٘خ حُل‪٤‬ش ح‪ُٞ ٕ٥‬ؿيٗخ‪ٛ‬خ رخ‪ُٞ٧‬ف‪ٞٛٝ ,‬‬
‫أَٓ ‪٣‬يٍ ػِ‪ ٠‬ػ‪٣َٜ‬ش حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬ك‪٣ٞ٤‬ظ‪ٜ‬خ حُيحثٔش‪ ٝ ,‬هيٍط‪ٜ‬خ ػِ‪ ٠‬حُ‪ ٝ ْ٠ٜ‬حُظٔؼَ‪,‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬ح‪ٗ٫‬لظخف ػِ‪ ٠‬آكخم حُؼوخكش ‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼَكش‪ ٝ ,‬حُظلخػَ ٓغ ؿ‪َٛ٤‬خ ٖٓ حُِـخص‪ًٔ ,‬خ ‪٣‬يٍ ػِ‪٘ٗ ٠‬خ‪١‬‬
‫كًَش حُظَؿٔش ‪ ٝ‬حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ ‪ ٝ‬حُى‪ٛ‬خٍ‪ٛ‬خ ‪َٓ ٝ‬ػش ٓظخرؼظ‪ٜ‬خ ٌَُ ٓخ ط٘ز‪ ٞ‬ر‪ ٚ‬حُِـخص حُل‪٤‬ش ٖٓ‬
‫ك‪ُ٘ٞ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬ػخُْ حُ‪.ّٞ٤‬‬

‫‪ٓ ٞٛ ٝ‬ؼخٍ ‪ٝ‬ح‪ٟ‬ق ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬ي‪ ٟ‬ػ‪٣َٜ‬ش ُـظ٘خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش!‬

‫________________________________________________________‬

‫رغذ‪٠‬ذ أَ رغّ‪١‬ذ!؟‬

‫ك‪ ٢‬حُلظَس ح‪٧‬ه‪َ٤‬س حٍطلؼض أ‪ٞٛ‬حص ػيس ط٘‪ ٚ‬اُ‪ ٠‬أُٓش حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ ‪ ٝ‬حُظ‪٤ُٞ‬ي ًٔخ حٍطلؼض أ‪ٞٛ‬حص‬
‫أهَ‪ ٟ‬طؼِٖ ػٖ ٓ٘خٍ‪٣‬غ ‪ٞٔ١‬كش ُِظَؿٔش ‪ ٢ٛ ٝ‬ؿٔ‪٤‬ؼخ ً ٓزخىٍس ه‪ ٝ َ٤‬طؼٌْ أكٔخٓخ ً ر‪ٞ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ى‬
‫ٓؤُم كو‪٤‬و‪ ٢‬طؼخٗ‪ ٚ٤‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش اُحء ح‪ٗ٫‬لـخٍ حُٔؼَك‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬ػخُٔ٘خ حُ‪ٞ‬حٓغ‪.‬‬
‫ٓغ ًَ حُظوي‪ُ َ٣‬لْ ٗ‪٤‬ش ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪ٞٛ٧‬حص أ‪ ٝ‬طِي كبٕ أ‪٤ٔٛ‬ش حُو‪٤٠‬ش طظطِذ ‪ ٝ‬هلخص َُٔحؿؼش‬
‫ٓ‪ٓ٬‬ل‪ٜ‬خ‪ ٝ ,‬طؤً‪٤‬يحص ػِ‪ٝ ٠‬ؿ‪ٞ‬د ط‪٠‬خكَ حُـ‪ٜٞ‬ى ‪ ٝ‬طٌخِٓ‪ٜ‬خ‪ُ ,‬وَ‪ٝ‬ؽ كو‪٤‬و‪ٌٛ ٖٓ ٢‬ح حُٔؤُم‪.‬‬
‫حُٔؼؼٌِش !‬
‫ٓ‪٤‬ظ‪ ٍٜٞ‬حٌُؼ‪ َٕٝ٤‬إٔ ػٔش هطؤ ك‪ً ٢‬ظخرش حٌُِٔش حُٔخروش‪ً ٝ ,‬ؼ‪ٌٛ٣ ُٖ َٕٝ٤‬ذ ر‪ ْٜ‬حُظ‪ٍٜٞ‬‬
‫اُ‪ٌٛ ٠‬ح ح‪٫‬طـخ‪٤ٓ ٌُْٜ٘ ,ٙ‬ؼظزَ‪ ٕٝ‬حٌُِٔش ُـِحً أ‪ٓ ٝ‬ؼ‪ِ٠‬ش ُـ‪٣ٞ‬ش‪.‬‬
‫أٓخ حُوِ‪ ٝ ِٕٞ٤‬حُوِ‪ُِ ِٕٞ٤‬ـخ‪٣‬ش‪ ,‬ك‪ ْٜ‬حٌُ‪٣ ٖ٣‬ؼَك‪ ٕٞ‬إٔ (حُٔؼؼٌِش) ‪ًِٔ ٢ٛ‬ش ػَر‪٤‬ش طؼ٘‪٠‬‬
‫(حُزٌَ٘‪٣‬خّ)! ‪ ٝ‬ر‪ٔ٘٤‬خ ‪ٔ٣‬ظط‪٤‬غ طِٔ‪ ٌ٤‬ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخَٗس ٖٓ ػَٔ‪ ٙ‬إٔ ‪٣‬ؼَف ًِٔش (رٌَ٘‪٣‬خّ)كبٕ‬
‫ًؼ‪ ٖٓ َٕٝ٤‬أٓخطٌس حُطذ ٓ‪٘٤‬ي‪ ٕٞ٘ٛ‬ػ٘يٓخ ‪ٌ٣‬ظ٘ل‪ٓ ٕٞ‬خ طؼ٘‪ًِٔ ٚ٤‬ش (ٓؼؼٌِش) ‪ٍٝ ,‬رٔخ ‪٣‬لظـ‪ٕٞ‬‬
‫أ‪ٔ٣ ٝ‬وَ‪ ٕٝ‬ػ٘يٓخ ‪ٌ٣‬ظ٘ل‪ ٕٞ‬إٔ حٌُِٔش طٔظويّ ك‪ ٢‬حُظيٍ‪ُ ْ٣‬طِزش رؼ‪٤ًِ ٞ‬خص حُطذ حُظ‪٢‬‬
‫ػَرض حُظؼِ‪ ْ٤‬حُطز‪.٢‬‬
‫‪ٌٛ‬ح حُٔؼخٍ حُٔ‪ٞ‬ؿِ‪ٝ ,‬ح‪ٟ‬ق حُي‪ُ٫‬ش ‪ ٝ‬هي ‪ِ٣‬و‪ ٚ‬حُٔلخٍهش ر‪٘ٓ ٖ٤‬طو‪٤‬ش حُٔطِذ ‪ ٝ‬ؿَحرش‬
‫طلو‪٤‬و‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬ه‪٤٠‬ش ٗخثٌش ٓؼَ ه‪٤٠‬ش حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ‪ ,‬حُظ‪ٔ٣ ٫ ٢‬خٍ‪ ٟ‬أكي ك‪ ٢‬أٗ‪ٜ‬خ طٌَ٘ أُٓش ٖٓ أ‪ٟٝ‬ق‬
‫ح‪ُٓ٧‬خص حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬حُٔـخٍ حُٔؼَك‪ ,٢‬رَ ك‪ٓ ٢‬ـخ‪٫‬ص حُل‪٤‬خس حُٔؼ‪٤٘٤‬ش حُ‪٤ٓٞ٤‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬طظيحهَ ك‪٢‬‬
‫ٗٔ‪٤‬ـ‪ٜ‬خ أؿ‪ِٜ‬س ‪ٞٓ ٝ‬حٍى ‪ ٝ‬رَحٓؾ ‪ٓ ٝ‬لخ‪ ْ٤ٛ‬ططِزض حُظؼَ‪٣‬ذ أ‪ ٝ‬طظطِز‪.ٚ‬‬

‫‪242‬‬
 ‫ؽ‪ٛ‬اس ث‪١ِٕ ٓ١‬ش ثؼٍجى‪ ٚ ٝ‬ع‪ٙ‬بد فبػً‪:‬‬

‫* ‪ َٛ‬أٗظ‪ ٢ٜ‬ػ‪ َٜ‬حُظَؿٔش؟‬

‫ٓئحٍ ‪٣‬ي‪ ٍٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬حٌُ‪ ٖٛ‬حُؼخّ ‪ ٫‬حٗط‪٬‬هخ ً ٖٓ حٓظٌٔخُ٘خ ُلخؿخط٘خ اُ‪ ٠‬حُظَؿٔش رَ ٗؼ‪ٍٞ‬حً ٖٓ حُ٘خّ‬
‫ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪ ٢‬اُ‪ ٠‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش هي ط‪ٞ‬هلض ػِٔ‪٤‬خً؟‬
‫س‬ ‫رؤٕ كًَش حُظَؿٔش ٖٓ‬
‫‪ -‬هي ‪ ٌٕٞ٣‬ػ‪ َٜ‬حُظَؿٔش حٗظ‪ ٠ٜ‬ػ٘يٗخ ػِٔ‪٤‬خ ً رٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬أٗ‪٣ ُْ ٚ‬ؼي ‪٘ٛ‬خى ُهْ ك‪ ٢‬حُ٘ظخؽ حُٔظَؿْ‪ٝ ,‬‬
‫ٌُٖ ‪ٌٛ‬ح ‪٣ ٫‬ؼ٘‪ ٠‬أٗ٘خ أ‪ٛ‬زل٘خ ك‪ ٢‬ؿ٘‪ ٠‬ػٖ حُظَؿٔش‪ٗ .‬لٖ ‪ِٗ ٫‬حٍ ك‪ ٢‬كخؿش ٓخٓش اُ‪ ٠‬حُظَؿٔش‬
‫ك‪ٓ ٢‬وظِق حُؼِ‪ ٝ ّٞ‬حُل٘‪ ٝ ,ٕٞ‬أٗخ أػظوي أٗ‪ٔ٣ ُٖ ٚ‬ظو‪ُ٘ ْ٤‬خ أَٓ حُظَؿٔش ا‪ ٫‬اًح هخٓض ٓئٓٔش‬
‫ػَر‪٤‬ش ًَِٓ‪٣‬ش ٓيػ‪ٓٞ‬ش ٓؼ‪ ٖٓ ً٬‬ؿخٓؼش حُي‪ ٍٝ‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ط‪٠‬غ ٓ٘خ‪ٛ‬ؾ ُِظَؿٔش ‪ .‬ح‪ًٔ ,ٕ٥‬خ ًخٗض‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬ػ‪ٜ‬يٗخ‪ ,‬طَؿٔش ػ٘‪ٞ‬حث‪٤‬ش‪ .‬أطَؿْ ًظخرخ ً ػْ أًظ٘ق إٔ ٓ‪ٞ‬ح‪٣ ١‬ظَؿٔ‪ ٚ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪ٞ‬هض ٗلٔ‪ ,ٚ‬كظ‪ٜ‬يٍ‬
‫طَؿٔظخٕ ٌُظخد ‪ٝ‬حكي ‪ٌٛ ٝ‬ح ‪ٛ‬يٍ ُِ‪ٞ‬هض ‪ُِ ٝ‬ـ‪ٜ‬ي‪.‬‬

‫ػِ‪ ٌٙٛ ٠‬حُٔئٓٔش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش حًَُِٔ‪٣‬ش ُِظَؿٔش إٔ ط‪٠‬غ ً٘لخ ً رخٌُظذ حُظ‪٘٣ ٢‬زـ‪ ٢‬ػِ‪٠‬‬
‫ً‬
‫حُطخُذ ‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼوق إٔ ‪٣‬ؼَك‪ٜ‬خ‪ ,‬رٌَ أٓ‪ٜ‬خص حٌُظذ ح‪٧‬ىر‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخُْ‪ٓ .‬خ ‪ ٢ٛ‬أ‪ ْٛ‬ػَ٘‪ً ٖ٣‬ظخرخ ػ٘ي‬
‫حُ‪ٗٞ٤‬خٕ‪ ,‬ػ٘ي حَُ‪ٓٝ‬خٕ‪ ,‬ػ٘ي حُلَّ‪ ,‬ػ٘ي حُزَ‪٣‬طخٗ‪ ,ٖ٤٤‬ػ٘ي حُ‪ ,ٖ٤ٜ‬ػ٘ي حَُ‪ ,ّٝ‬طو‪ٌٙٛ ّٞ‬‬
‫حُٔئٓٔش رٌ٘ق ‪ ٝ‬اك‪ٜ‬خء ‪ ٝ‬ط‪٠‬غ هطش ُظَؿٔش ‪ ٌٙٛ‬ح‪٧‬ػٔخٍ‪.‬‬
‫ك‪ ٢‬حُل‪٣ِ٤‬خء‪ٓ .‬خ ‪ ٢ٛ‬أٓ‪ٜ‬خص حٌُظذ حُل‪٣ِ٤‬خث‪٤‬ش حُظ‪٣ ٫ ٢‬ـ‪ ُٞ‬إٔ ‪ٔ٣‬ظـ٘‪ ٠‬ػ٘‪ٜ‬خ ٓؼوق ػَر‪.٢‬‬
‫ط‪ٟٞ‬غ أ‪٠٣‬خ ً ر‪٤‬خٗخص ك‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪٣ ٝ‬ؼ‪ٜ‬ي رظَؿٔظ‪ٜ‬خ ُـخٕ ٓوظ‪ٜ‬ش ‪٣‬يكغ ُ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٔ٣ ٝ‬و‪ ٠‬رخُيكغ‪.‬‬
‫ر‪ٌٜ‬ح ‪ٝ‬كي‪ ٙ‬ط‪ٜ‬زق ػ٘يٗخ ٌٓظزش ػَر‪٤‬ش ًخِٓش ‪ٌٓ .‬ظزظ٘خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ط٘و‪ٜٜ‬خ أٗ‪٤‬خء ًؼ‪َ٤‬س ك‪٢‬‬
‫حُظؤُ‪٤‬ق‪ٌٛ ٝ ,‬ح أَٓ ‪١‬ز‪٤‬ؼ‪ ٝ ,٢‬ط٘و‪ٜٜ‬خ أٗ‪٤‬خء ًؼ‪َ٤‬س ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش‪.‬‬
‫* ‪ ٝ‬ا‪َٗ ّ٫‬ى ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُظَحؿغ ك‪ ٢‬كًَش حُظَؿٔش ؟ ‪٘ٛ‬خُي ٖٓ ‪َ٣‬ى‪ٛ‬خ اُ‪ٟ ٠‬آُش أؿ‪ٍٞ‬‬
‫حُٔظَؿٔ‪٘ٛ ٝ ,ٖ٤‬خى ٖٓ ‪َ٣‬ى‪ٛ‬خ اُ‪ ٠‬ػيّ ‪ٝ‬ؿ‪ٞ‬ى ٓيحٍّ أُٖٔ ‪ُ ٝ‬ـخص ‪ٓ ٝ‬خ اُ‪٠‬‬
‫ًُي‪٤ً .‬ق ٗؼ‪٤‬ي حُل‪٤‬خس اُ‪ ٠‬كًَش حُظَؿٔش؟‬
‫‪ -‬إٔ ٗيهِ‪ٜ‬خ أ‪ ٫ٝ‬ك‪٘ٓ ٢‬خ‪ٛ‬ؾ ًِ‪٤‬خص ح‪٥‬ىحد‪ُٔ . .‬خًح ‪ ًٍّٞ ٌٕٞ٣ ٫‬طَؿٔش‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬أًؼَ ٖٓ‬
‫"ً‪ٓ "ٍّٞ‬ظؼِن رخُظَؿٔش‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬إٔ ‪٘ٛ ٌٕٞ٣‬خُي ٓؼ‪ٜ‬ي هخ‪ ٙ‬رخُظَؿٔش ‪ ٝ‬طوَ‪٣‬ؾ حُٔظَؿٔ‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫ر‪ٍٜٞ‬س هخ‪ٛ‬ش‪ ,‬اًح ‪ٟ ٝ‬ؼ٘خ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حٌُ٘ق أ‪ٌٛ ٝ‬ح حُـَى‪ ,‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ح‪ٛ٧‬ق‪ٗ .‬و‪ ّٞ‬رـَى ُِظَحع‬
‫حُؼخُٔ‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٧‬ىد‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُلٖ‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُل‪٣ِ٤‬خء‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُطذ‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُلِٔلش ‘ ك‪ ٢‬حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٫‬هظ‪ٜ‬خى‪.‬‬
‫‪ٛ‬ئ‪٫‬ء حُوَ‪٣‬ـ‪ ٌٖٔ٣ ٕٞ‬ط‪٣ُٞ‬ؼ‪ ْٜ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬كَ‪ٝ‬ع ‪ ٝ‬كو‪ ٍٞ‬حُٔؼَكش حُٔوظِلش‪٣ ًَ ,‬ؼَٔ ‪ ٝ‬ربٍٗخى ٖٓ‬
‫‪٤ٛ‬جش ػِ‪٤‬خ طٔو‪ ٞ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُيكغ‪ ٝ ,‬ططزؼ‪ٜ‬خ أ‪٠٣‬خ ً ػ٘ي حُلخؿش ػِ‪ ٠‬كٔخر‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫* ‪ َٛ ٝ‬طيهَ حُظَؿٔش ك‪ ٢‬رخد ح‪٧‬ػٔخٍ ح‪٩‬ريحػ‪٤‬ش؟‬

‫‪ -‬أٗخ ػ٘يٓخ ً٘ض أطَؿْ ً٘ض أػظزَ حُظَؿٔش ٖٓ أ‪ ْٛ‬ح‪٧‬ػٔخٍ ‪ً٘ ٝ‬ض أػظِ أ‪ٔ٣‬خ‬
‫حػظِحُ ػ٘يٓخ أٗـِ طَؿٔش ًظخد‪ ٫ ٝ .‬طظ‪ً٘ ًْ ٍٜٞ‬ض أػظِ ػ٘يٓخ ًخٗض ط‪٢ِٜ٘‬‬
‫ٍٓخثَ ٖٓ أهطخٍ ػَر‪٤‬ش ٓوظِلش‪ ٖٓ :‬حُٔـَد‪ ٖٓ ,‬حُـِحثَ‪ ٖٓ ,‬حُٔؼ‪ٞ‬ى‪٣‬ش‪ ٖٓ ,‬حُوِ‪٤‬ؾ‪,‬‬
‫‪٣‬و‪ ٢ُ ٍٞ‬ك‪ٜ٤‬خ أ‪ٛ‬لخر‪ٜ‬خ اٗ٘‪ ٢‬أُ‪ٝ‬ى‪ ْٛ‬رٔخ ‪ٔ٣ ٫‬ظط‪٤‬ؼ‪ ٕٞ‬إٔ ‪٣‬طِؼ‪ٞ‬ح ػِ‪ ٚ٤‬رخُِـخص ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش‬
‫‪ً٘ ٝ‬ض أًؼَ ٓخ أٗوِ‪ ٚ‬اُ‪ ٠‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ‪ ٞٛ‬ػٖ حُِـش ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش‪.‬‬

‫‪243‬‬
 ‫حُطخُذ حُؼَر‪ ٝ ٢‬حُٔؼوق حُؼَر‪ٓ ٢‬لظخؽ اُ‪ ٠‬إٔ ‪٣‬طِغ ػِ‪ ٌٙٛ ًَ ٠‬ح‪ ٝ ٍٞٓ٧‬هي‬
‫ًخٗض ‪٣َ١‬وظ‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش إٔ أطَؿْ رخُلَف حُ‪ٞ‬حكي‪ ٫ ,‬رٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬حُظَؿٔش حُلَك‪٤‬ش ًٔخ‬
‫‪ٜٗٞٔٔ٣‬خ‪ ,‬رَ رٔؼ٘‪ ٠‬طَؿٔش حُؼَٔ ًٔخ ‪ ,ٞٛ‬ك‪ ٬‬حرظٔخٍ ‪ ٫ ٝ‬حهظ‪ٜ‬خٍ‪.‬‬
‫حُٔظَؿْ ر‪ ٖ٤‬ح‪ٓ٧‬خٗش ‪ ٝ‬حُظلَ‪٣‬ق‬

‫* ً‪٤‬ق ط‪ٜ‬ق ‪٣َ١‬وظي ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش ؟‬

‫ػٔش ‪َ١‬م ًؼ‪َ٤‬س ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش‪ :‬حُظَؿٔش رظ‪َٜ‬ف‪ ,‬رؤٓخٗش‪ ,‬حُظَؿٔش حُلَك‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬حُظَؿٔش رظ‪َٜ‬ف ‪ ٫‬أ‪ٝ‬حكن ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ أريحً ‪ٝ‬هي ‪ُٓ ٠ُٝ‬خٗ‪ٜ‬خ‪ٍ .‬رٔخ ًخٕ ُ‪ٜ‬خ ٓزٍَحص ك‪ٝ ٢‬هض ٖٓ‬
‫ح‪ٝ٧‬هخص‪ً :‬خٕ حُٔ٘لِ‪ٓ ٢١ٞ‬ؼ‪٣ ٫ ٬‬ؼَف حُلَٗٔ‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬كٌخٕ ‪٘ٛ‬خى ٖٓ ‪ِ٣‬و‪ ُٚ ٚ‬حُو‪ٜ‬ش ‪ٜٞ٣ ٝ‬ؿ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫‪ ٞٛ‬رخُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪٣ ,‬ظ‪َٜ‬ف ًٔخ ‪٘٣‬خء‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬حُظَؿٔش حُلَك‪٤‬ش ًٌُي أٗخ ُٔض ٖٓ حُيحػ‪ ٖ٤‬اُ‪ٜ٤‬خ ‪ُ ٌَُ ٕ٧‬ـش ٓ٘طو‪ٜ‬خ حُز‪٤‬خٗ‪.٢‬‬
‫ًخٗض ‪٣َ١‬وظ‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش إٔ أهَأ حُؼَٔ ك‪ ٢‬أ‪ ٍٝ‬ح‪ً َٓ٧‬خٓ‪ ,ً٬‬أكخ‪ ٍٝ‬إٔ أٓظ٘ق ٍ‪ٝ‬ك‪ٚ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬أط٘زغ ٖٓ ٍ‪ٝ‬ك‪ ٚ‬كظ‪ ٠‬اًح حٗظ‪٤ٜ‬ض ٖٓ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حَُٔكِش ريأص ك‪ ٢‬حُؼَٔ أهَأ حُلوَس ‪ ْ٤ُ ٝ‬حُـِٔش‪.‬‬
‫أهَأ حُلوَس‪ ,‬أك‪ ٢٤‬رٔؼ٘خ‪ٛ‬خ ًخٓ‪ ً٬‬ػْ أريأ رخُظَؿٔش حُظ‪ ٢‬طئى‪ ٟ‬حُٔؼ٘‪ً ٠‬خٓ‪ ً٬‬ى‪ ٕٝ‬حُظو‪٤‬ي رخُلَك‪٤‬ش‬
‫حُظ‪٣ ٢‬ظو‪٤‬ي ر‪ٜ‬خ رؼ‪ ْٜ٠‬ػ٘ي حُظَؿٔش‪ ٕ٧ ,‬حُز‪٤‬خٕ حُؼَر‪ٓ ٢‬وظِق طٔخّ ح‪٧‬هظ‪٬‬ف ػٖ حُز‪٤‬خٕ‬
‫حُلَٗٔ‪ ٢‬أ‪ ٝ‬حُز‪٤‬خٕ ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪.١ِ٤‬‬

‫‪ٍٝ‬أّ حُلٌٔش ك‪ ٢‬حُ٘ـخف ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش ‪ ٞٛ‬ح‪ٓ٧‬خٗش‪.‬‬

‫‪ٝ‬حُظَؿٔش طوظ‪ :ٖ٤١َٗ ٠٠‬ك‪ٜٔ‬ي ُِـش ح‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬أٗض ط٘وَ ػ٘‪ٜ‬خ‪ ٝ ,‬طٔظِي ٖٓ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‬
‫‪ٝ‬أَٓحٍ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪.‬‬
‫ُ‪ ٖٓ ًَ ْ٤‬ك‪ ْٜ‬ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪٣ِ٤‬ش ‪ٔ٣‬ظط‪٤‬غ إٔ ‪٣‬ظَؿْ‪ ٖٓ ًَ ْ٤ُ ٝ ,‬أطوٖ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬أ‪ ٝ‬طوَؽ ٖٓ‬
‫ح‪ٔ٣ ,َُٛ٧‬ظط‪٤‬غ إٔ ‪٣‬ظَؿْ‪ ,‬ح‪٣ َٓ٧‬لظخؽ اُ‪ ٠‬ػوخكش ِٓى‪ٝ‬ؿش‪ :‬ػوخكش رخُِـظ‪ ٖ٤‬حُؼَر‪٤‬ش أ‪٫ٝ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬رخ‪٧‬ؿ٘ز‪٤‬ش ػخٗ‪٤‬خ ً‪.‬‬

‫* ‪ َٛٝ‬طؼظوي إٔ حُظَؿٔش ‪ ٢ٛ‬طَؿٔش أٓخُ‪٤‬ذ أ‪٠٣‬خً ؟‬

‫‪ :٬‬ه‪ٜ‬ش ٓي‪٘٣‬ظ‪ُ ٖ٤‬ظ٘خٍُِ‬ ‫‪ -‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حُٔظَؿْ إٔ ‪٘٣‬وَ حَُ‪ٝ‬ف‪ ,‬ػِ‪٤‬ي إٔ ط٘وَ ٍ‪ٝ‬ف ح‪٧‬ػَ‪ٓ .‬ؼ ً‬
‫ى‪ ,ٌِ٘٣‬أٗخ طَؿٔض ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُو‪ٜ‬ش‪ ٝ ,‬طَؿٔظ‪ٜ‬خ رِـش طظ‪٬‬ءّ ٓغ ُـش ى‪ ,ٌِ٘٣‬كٌ٘ض أطو‪ٜ‬ي حُـِحُش ك‪٢‬‬
‫حُظَؿٔش‪ .‬أٓخ ػ٘يٓخ ً٘ض أطَؿْ ‪٘ٔٛ‬ـ‪ٞ‬ح‪ ١‬كٌ٘ض أطو‪ٜ‬ي حُزٔخ‪١‬ش ‪٘ٔٛ ٕ٧‬ـ‪ٞ‬ح‪ً ١‬خطذ ‪ٛ‬لل‪٢‬‬
‫أٗوِذ ك‪ٔ٤‬خ رؼي اُ‪ً ٠‬خطذ ٍ‪ٝ‬حث‪ٌ٣ ٞٛ ٝ ,٢‬ظذ حَُ‪ٝ‬ح‪٣‬ش ُؼ‪َٜٗ‬خ ‪ َٛ٧ ٝ‬ػ‪َٜٗ‬خ‪ٓ ٝ ,‬ؼظْ ًِٔخط‪ٚ‬‬
‫ٖٓ حٌُِٔخص حُؼخٓ‪٤‬ش‪٠٣ ,‬غ ُي ًِٔخص ىحٍؿش ك‪ ٢‬أَٓ‪ٌ٣‬خ ‪ ٫‬طـي‪ٛ‬خ ك‪ ٢‬حُٔؼـْ أك‪٤‬خٗخ ً‪.‬‬

‫اٌزشعّخ ‪ ٚ‬ػظش إٌ‪ٙ‬ؼخ‬

‫*‪٘ٛ َٛ‬خى ‪ِٛ‬ش ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُظَؿٔش ‪ ٝ‬ػ‪ ٍٜٞ‬حُ٘‪٠ٜ‬ش؟ حُٔ‪٬‬كع إٔ ًَ طزيأ‬

‫رخُظَؿٔش أ‪ ٝ‬ط‪ٜ‬خكز‪ٜ‬خ طَؿٔش ؟‬
‫‪ٓ -‬خ طو‪ ُٚٞ‬ك‪ ٍٞ‬إٔ ًَ ػ‪٠ٜٗ َٜ‬ش ‪٣‬زيأ رخُظَؿٔش ‪ٛ ٞٛ‬ل‪٤‬ق رظخٍ‪٣‬و٘خ‪ ,‬ريُ‪ َ٤‬إٔ ٗ‪٠ٜ‬ش‬
‫حُؼَد ك‪ ٢‬حُؼ‪ َٜ‬حُؼزخٓ‪ ٢‬ريأص أ‪ٓ ٍٝ‬خ ريأص رظؼَ‪٣‬ذ حُؼِ‪ ّٞ‬حُ‪ٜ٘‬ي‪٣‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حُ‪ٗٞ٤‬خٗ‪٤‬ش رٌَ٘ هخ‪.ٙ‬‬

‫‪244‬‬
 ‫طزيأ حُ٘‪٠ٜ‬خص ػ٘ي ح‪ ْٓ٧‬رخُظَؿٔش ‪ٗ ٝ‬لٖ حُ‪ ّٞ٤‬ك‪٘ٓ ٢‬زِؾ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُ٘‪٠ٜ‬ش حُظ‪ٗ ٢‬ؼ‪ٜ٘٤‬خ‬
‫ٓ‪٠‬طَ‪ٗ ٕ٧ ٕٝ‬ظَؿْ‪ .‬أٗ٘خ ٓلظخؿ‪ُ ٕٞ‬ظَؿٔش ًَ ٗت ‪ ْ٤ُ ٚٗ٧‬ػ٘يٗخ ٗ‪٢‬ء ‪ ًَ ٝ‬حُظَؿٔخص‬
‫حُظ‪ٛ ٢‬خٍص‪ ,‬رخٓظؼ٘خء هِش هِ‪ِ٤‬ش هخّ ر‪ٜ‬خ أٗلخٍ ٓؼَ‪ٝ‬ك‪ٜٞ٘ٓ ,ٕٞ‬ى ُ‪ ْٜ‬رخ‪ٓ٧‬خٗش حُؼِٔ‪٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬حُوزَس‪,‬‬
‫ًِ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٫‬طـ٘‪ ٫ ٝ ٠‬طٖٔٔ ‪ ٫ ٝ‬طئى‪ ٟ‬حَُٔحى ٖٓ ػَٔ حُظَؿٔش‪ .‬رؼ‪ٜ٠‬خ ٓلَف ‪ ,‬رؼ‪ٜ٠‬خ‬
‫ٓوظ‪ , َٜ‬رؼ‪ٜ٠‬خ ِٓت رخ‪٧‬هطخء ‪ٌ٣ ٝ .‬ل‪ ٠‬إٔ أه‪ُ ٍٞ‬ي إ ػَٔ حُظَؿٔش ك‪ ٢‬حُيٗ‪٤‬خ حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ًِ‪ٜ‬خ‬
‫‪ ٞٛ‬ػَٔ ك‪ُٔ .١ٟٞٞ‬خًح؟ ‪ ٫ ٚٗ٧‬ط‪ٞ‬ؿي ٓ٘‪ٜ‬ـ‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬حُؼَٔ‪ً ٫ ٝ ,‬لخءحص‪ ٫ .‬طو‪٠‬غ حُ‪ ّٞ٤‬ا‪٫‬‬
‫ُِٔحؽ حُٔظَؿْ ‪ِٓ ٝ‬حؽ حُ٘خَٗ‪١ .‬زؼخ ً ًؼَ ه‪ َٙ٤‬حُ٘خَٗ حٌُ‪٣ ١‬لٌَ ك‪ ٢‬طَؿٔش ًظخد ‪َ٘ٗ ٝ‬‬
‫ًظخد ‪٣ ٚٗ٧‬ئى‪ ٟ‬هيٓش‪ً ٝ ,‬ؼَ ه‪ َٙ٤‬حُٔظَؿْ حٌُ‪٣ ١‬ظلن إٔ ‪٣‬ؼـذ رٌظخد‪ ٌٙٛ ٝ .‬ه‪ٜ‬ظ‪ ٢‬أٗخ ٓغ‬
‫حُظَؿٔش‪ .‬ػ٘يٓخ طَؿٔض حٌُظذ حُظ‪ ٢‬طَؿٔظ‪ٜ‬خ ُْ أطَؿٔ‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٢٘ٗ٧‬أػـزض ر‪ٜ‬خ‪ٓ .‬ؼ٘‪ًُ ٠‬ي إٔ‬
‫ػِٔ٘خ ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش َٓطز‪ ٢‬كظ‪ ٠‬ح‪ ٕ٥‬رِٔحؽ حُٔظَؿْ ‪ِٓ ٝ‬حؽ حُ٘خَٗ‪ .‬حُ٘خَٗ اًح أػـز‪ ٚ‬حٌُظخد‬
‫حُٔظَؿْ ‪ ٝ ,َٙ٘٘٣‬إٔ ُْ ‪٣‬ؼـز‪ ,ٚ‬أ‪ ٝ‬هخف ٓ٘‪ٚ‬؟ ‪.َٙ٘٘٣ ٫‬‬

‫حُظؤُ‪٤‬ق أٓ‪َٜ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ح‪ٜٔ٣‬خ أ‪ٛ‬ؼذ‪ :‬حُظَؿٔش أّ حُظؤُ‪٤‬ق؟‬
‫‪ -‬أٗخ ػخٗ‪٤‬ض حُظَؿٔش ‪ ٝ‬ػخٗ‪٤‬ض حُظؤُ‪٤‬ق ‪ٞٓٞٓ .‬ػش حُٔ‪ٍٞ‬ى ٓئُلش‪ٌُٜ٘ ٝ ,‬خ أٓ‪ َٜ‬رٌؼ‪ٖٓ َ٤‬‬
‫حُظَؿٔخص حُظ‪ ٢‬طَؿٔظ‪ٜ‬خ‪ُٔ .‬خًح ؟ ‪ ٚٗ٧‬أٓخٓي هٔٔش أ‪ٓ ٝ‬ظش َٓحؿغ‪ .‬أٗض طئُق ًظخرخ ك‪ ٢‬ػِْ‬
‫‪ ٝ‬طـلَ ٓخ ط٘خء ‪.‬‬ ‫حُ٘لْ ح‪ ٝ‬ك‪ ٢‬حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن‪ .‬أٓخٓي ًَ حَُٔحؿغ‪ ًَ ,‬حُلوخثن طؤهٌ ٓ٘‪ٜ‬خ ٓخ ط٘خء‬
‫أٗض حٗز‪ ٚ‬رَحًذ حُٔ‪٤‬خٍس حُٔخثَ ك‪ٗ ٢‬خٍع ػَ‪ .ٞ٣‬طؤهٌ ‪٘٤ٔ٣‬ي ‪ ,‬طؤهٌ ٗٔخُي طظ‪ٞ‬هق ‪ ,‬طزيٍ‪.‬‬
‫أٓخ ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش كؤٗض ًٔخثن "حُظَحّ " أٓخٓي ه‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ‪ ٫ ٖ٤‬طٔظط‪٤‬غ إٔ طل‪٤‬ي ػ٘‪ ,ٚ‬اًح كيص ػ٘‪ٚ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬هؼض ك‪ ٢‬حُوطؤ‪.‬‬

‫ٗـَ ػِٔخء حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ٖٓ ‪ -‬هي‪ – ْ٣‬رٔلخ‪ُٝ‬ش حٌُ٘ق ػٖ حُ‪ِٜ‬ش حُول‪٤‬ش حُظ‪ ٢‬طَر‪ ٢‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُِلع‬
‫‪ٝ‬ى‪ُ٫‬ظ‪ ,ٚ‬أ‪ ١‬ر‪ ٖ٤‬حٌُِٔخص ‪ٓ ٝ‬ؼخٗ‪ٜ٤‬خ حُٔظؼخٍكش‪ُ ٝ ,‬ؼَ ‪ٌٛ‬ح ح‪ٛ٫‬ظٔخّ ‪٣‬لَٔ اػِحُ‪ ْٛ‬رِـظ‪ْٜ‬‬
‫‪ٝ‬اػـخر‪ ْٜ‬ر‪ٜ‬خ ‪ ٝ‬كَ‪ ْٜٛ‬ػِ‪ ٠‬حٌُ٘ق ػٖ أَٓحٍ‪ٛ‬خ ‪ٓ ٝ‬ـخٍ اريحػ‪ٜ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٖٓ ٝ‬أ‪َ١‬حف ٓخ ً‪ٛ‬ذ اُ‪ ٚ٤‬رؼ‪ ْٜ٠‬ك‪ٌٛ ٢‬ح حُٔـخٍ إٔ ؿٌٍ حٌُِٔش‪ ,‬أ‪ ١‬كَ‪ٝ‬ك‪ٜ‬خ ح‪ٓ٧‬خٓ‪٤‬ش‬
‫‪٘٣‬ظَٔ ػِ‪ٓ ٠‬ؼ٘‪ ٠‬ػخّ ٓ٘ظَى ٗـي‪ ٙ‬ك‪ ًَ ٢‬حٌُِٔخص حُٔ٘ظوش‪ ,‬أ‪ ١‬حُٔ‪ٜٞ٘‬ػش ‪ ٝ‬حٌُٔ‪ٗٞ‬ش ٖٓ ‪ٌٛ‬ح‬
‫حُـٌٍ‪.‬‬

‫كٔؼ‪ :ً٬‬حُـٌٍ ؽ‪ ,‬د‪ ٝ , ٍ ,‬حٌُ‪ًِٔ ٌٕٞ٣ ١‬ش ؿزَ ‪٣‬ظ‪ ٖٔ٠‬ك‪ٍ ٢‬أ‪ٓ ْٜ٣‬ؼ٘‪ ٠‬حُو‪ٞ‬س ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘يس ٓ‪ٜٔ‬خ‬
‫ًخٗض حٌُِٔخص حُٔ‪ٜٞ٘‬ػش ٖٓ ‪ ٌٙٛ‬حُلَ‪ٝ‬ف حُؼ‪٬‬ػش‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬وخٍ‪ :‬ؿزَص حُؼظْ‪ :‬أ‪ ١‬ه‪٣ٞ‬ظ‪ ٚ‬رخُٔؼخُـش ‪ ٝ‬ؿزَص حُلو‪ :َ٤‬أ‪ ١‬ه‪٣ٞ‬ظ‪ ٚ‬رخُٔٔخػيس ‪ ٝ‬حُـزَ‪ٝ‬ص‪ٞٛ :‬‬
‫حُو‪ٞ‬س‪ ٝ ,‬حُـزخٍ‪ ٞٛ :‬حُ٘ي‪٣‬ي حُو‪ٞ‬س ‪ ٝ‬حُزطٖ‪ ٝ ,‬حُـزَ‪ ٞٛ :‬ح‪٫‬هٌ رخُو‪ٞ‬س ‪ ٝ‬حُ٘يس ‪ٝ‬حُٔـَد‪ٞٛ :‬‬
‫حٌُ‪ٓ ١‬خٍّ ح‪ ٍٞٓ٧‬كخٗظيص ه‪ٞ‬ط‪ُ ٝ ٚ‬حىص هزَحط‪.ٚ‬‬

‫‪ٝ‬حُـَحد‪ ٢ٔٓ :‬ر‪ٌٜ‬ح ح‪٣ ٚٗ٧ ْٓ٫‬للع ٓخ ك‪ ٝ ,ٚ٤‬حُ٘‪٢‬ء اًح كلع ظَ ه‪٣ٞ‬خ ً ‪ٗ ٝ‬ي‪٣‬يح‪ ٝ .‬كَف‬
‫(ؽ) ‪ )ٕ(ٝ‬اًح حؿظٔؼخ ‪َ٤٘٣‬ح اُ‪ٗ ٠‬ت ؿ‪٤‬ز‪ ٢‬ك‪ ٢‬ؿٖ ‪ ٝ‬ؿ٘‪ ٝ ٚ٘٤‬ؿ٘‪.ٕٞ‬‬

‫‪245‬‬
 2-Useful Material for Translators:

COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS:

Country Capital Adjective

Albania Tirana Albanian
Austria Vienna Austrian
Belgium Brussels Belgian
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian
Czech Republic Prague Czech
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
Germany Berlin German
Finland Helsinki Finnish
France Paris French
Greece Athens Greek
Hungary Budapest Hungarian
Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic Icelander
Italy Rome Italian
Malta Valletta Maltese
Netherlands Amsterdam Dutch
Norway Oslo Norwegian
Poland Warsaw Polish
Portugal Lisbon Portuguese
Ireland Dublin Irish
Romania Bucharest Romanian
Spain Madrid Spanish
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
Switzerland Bern Swiss
Russia Moscow Russian
United Kingdom London British
Yugoslavia Belgrade Yugoslavian
Argentina Buenos Aires Argentinean
Brazil Brasilia Brazilian
Canada Ottawa Canadian
Chile Santiago Chilean
Colombia Bogotá Colombian

246
 Costa Rice San Jose Costa Rican
Cuba Havana Cuban
Dominican Santo Domingo Dominican
Republic
Ecuador Quito Ecuadorian
El Salvador San Salvador Salvadorian
Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemalan
Haiti Port-au-Prince Haitian
Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduran
Jamaica Kingston Jamaican
Mexico Mexico City Mexican
Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan
Panama Panama Panamanian
Paraguay Asuncion Paraguayan
Peru Lima Peruvian
Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rican
Surinam Paramaribo Surinamese
United States of Washington D.C. American
America
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan
Venezuela Caracas Venezuelan
Australia Canberra Australian
New Zealand Willington New Zealander
Algeria Algiers Algerian
Angola Luanda Angolan
Benin Porto Novo Biennia
Botswana Gabion Botswana
Burundi Bujumbura Burundian
Cameroon Yaoundé Cameroonian
Central African Bangui Central African
Republic
Chad Ń Damien Chadian
Congo Brazzaville Congolese
Egypt Cairo Egyptian
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian
Gabon Libreville Gabonese
Gambia Banjul Gambian
Ghana Accra Ghanaian
Guinea Conakry Guinean

247
 Guinea Bissau Bissau Guinean
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan
Liberia Monrovia Liberian
Libya Tripoli Libyan
Madagascar Tananarive Malagasy
Malawi Lilongwe Malawian
Mali Bamako Malian
Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritanian
Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian
Morocco Rabat Moroccan
Mozambique Maputo Mozambiquean
Namibia Windhoek Namibian
Niger Niamey Nigerian
Nigeria Lagos Nigerian
Rwanda Kigali Rwandan
Senegal Dakar Senegalese
Seychelles Victoria Seychellois
Sierra Leone Freetown Sierra Leonean
Somalia Mogadishu Somali
South Africa Cape Town South African
Sudan Khartoum Sudanese
Swaziland Mbabane Swazi
Tanzania Dar es-Salam Tanzanian
Togo Lome Togolese
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian
Uganda Kampala Ugandan
Zaire Kinshasa Zairian
Zambia Lusaka Zambian
Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwean
Afghanistan Kabul Afghan
Bahrain Manama Bahraini
Bangladesh Dacca Bangladesh
Burma Rangoon Burmese
China Peking Chinese
Cyprus Nicosia Cypriot
India New Delhi Indian
Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian
Iran Tehran Iranian
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi
248
 Israel Tel Aviv Israeli
Japan Tokyo Japanese
Jordan Amman Jordanian
Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodian
Korea (North) Pyongyang N. Korean
Korea (south) Seoul S. Korean
Kuwait Kuwait Kuwaiti
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysian
Nepal Katmandu Nepalese
Oman Muscat Omani
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani
Palestine Jerusalem Palestinian
Philippines Manila Philippine
Qatar Doha Qatari
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Arabian
Singapore Singapore Singaporean
Yemen Sanaa Yemeni
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan
Syria Damascus Syrian
Thailand Bangkok Thai
Turkey Ankara Turkish
Vietnam Hanoi Vietnamese

COUNTRIES , LANGUAGE AND CURRENCY:

Country Language Currency

Afghanistan Pushtu Afghani = 100 puls
Albania Albanian Lek = 100 qindarka
Algeria Arabic Dinar = 100 centimes
French Franc & Spanish
Andorra Catalan
Peseta
Angola Portuguese Kwanza = 100 lwei
Argentina Spanish Peso = 10000 australes
Australia English Dollar = 100 cents

249
 Schilling = 100
Austria German
groschen
Bahamas English Dollar = 100 cents
Bahrain Arabic Dinar = 1000 fils
Barbados English Dollar = 100 cents
Bangladesh Bengali Taka = 100 poisha
Belau English Dollar = 100 cents
Belgium Flemish Franc = 100 centimes
Belize English Dollar = 100 cents
Benin French African Franc
Ngultrum = 100
Bhutan Dzongkha chetrum & Indian
Rupee
Boliviano = 100
Bolivia Spanish
centavos
Botswana English Pula = 100 thebe
Brazil Portuguese Real = 100 centavos
Brunei Malay Dollar = 100 sen
Bulgaria Bulgarian Lev = 100 stotinki
Burkina Faso French African Franc
Burundi Kirundi Franc = 100 centimes
Cameroon French African Franc
Cambodia Khymer Riel = 100 sen
Canada English Dollar = 100 cents
Cape Verde Portuguese Escudo = 100 centavos
Central African
French African Franc
Republic
Chad French African Franc
Chile Spanish Peso = 100 centavos
Yuan = 10 jiao or 100
China Chinese
fen

250
 Colombia Spanish Peso = 100 centavos
Comoros Swahili African Franc
Congo French African Franc
Cook Islands English Australian Dollar
Costa Rica Spanish Colon = 100 centimos
Cuba Spanish Peso = 100 centavos
Cyprus Greek Pound = 100 cents
Czech Republic Czech Koruna = 100 haleru
Denmark Danish Krone = 100 øre
Djibouti Arabic Franc = 100 centimes
Dominica English Dollar = 100 cents
Dominican
Spanish Peso = 100 centavos
Republic
Ecuador Spanish Sucre = 100 centavos
Pound = 100 piastres or
Egypt Arabic
1000 milliemes
Eire Irish Punt - 100 pence
El Salvador Spanish Colón = 100 centavos
Eritrea Amharic Birr = 100 cents
Estonia Estonian Kroon = 100 cents
Ethiopia Amharic Birr = 100 cents
Fiji English Dollar = 100 cents
Finland Finnish Markka = 100 penniü
France French Franc = 100 centimes
Gabon French African Franc
Gambia English Dalasi = 100 butut
Deutschmark = 100
Germany German
pfennig
Ghana English Cedi = 100 pesewas
Pound = 100 pence
Gibraltar English
(UK)

251
 Greece Greek (Modern) Drachma = 100 leptae
Greenland Greenlandic Krone = 100 ore
Grenada English Dollar = 100 cents
Guadeloupe French Dollar = 100 cents
Guatemala Spanish Quetzal = 100 centavos
Guinea French Franc = 100 centimes
Guyana English Dollar = 100 cents
Guyane French French Franc
Haiti French Gourde = 100 centimes
Hungary Magyar Forint = 100 filler
Holland Dutch Guilder = 100 cents
Honduras Spanish Lempira = 100 centavos
Hong Kong English Dollar = 100 cents
Iceland Icelandic Krona = 100 aurar
India Hindi Rupee = 100 paisa
Indonesia Bahasa Rupiah = 100 sen
Iran Farsi Rial = 100 dinars
Iraq Arabic Dinar = 1000 fils
Ireland Irish Punt = 100 pence
Israel Hebrew Shekel = 100 agora
Italy Italian Lira = 100 centesemi
Ivory Coast French African Franc
Jamaica English Dollar = 100 cents
Japan Japanese Yen = 100 sen
Jordan Arabic Dinar = 1000 fils
Kenya Swahili Shilling = 100 cents
Kiribati Gilbertese Dollar = 100 cents
North Korea Korean Won = 100 jun
South Korea Korean Won = 100 jeon
Kuwait Arabic Dinar = 1000 fils

252
 Laos Lao Kip = 100 ats
Latvia Latvian Lat = 100 santims
Lebanon Arabic Pound = 100 piastres
Lesotho Sesoth Loti = 100 lisente
Liberia English Dollar = 100 cents
Libya Arabic Dinar = 1000 dirhams
Liechtenstein German Franc = 100 centimes
Lithuania Lithuanian Litas = 100 centas
Luxembourg French Franc = 100 centimes
Macau Chinese Pataca = 100 centavos
Franc malgache = 100
Madagascar Malagasy
centimes
Madeira Islands Portuguese Portuguese Escudo
Malawi Chichewa Kwacha = 100 tambala
Malaysia Malay Ringgit = 100 sen
Divehi
Maldives Rufiyaa = 100 laris
(Sinhalese)
Mali French African Franc
Malta Maltese Lira = 100 cents
Mauritania Arabic Ouguiya = 5 khoums
Mauritius English Rupee = 100 cents
Mexico Spanish Peso = 100 centavos
Mongolia Mongolian Tugrik = 100 momgos
Morocco Arabic Dirham = 100 centimos
Mozambique Portuguese Metical = 100 centavos
Myanmar Burmese Kyat = 100 pyas
Namibia English Rand = 100 cents
Nauru Nauruan Australian Dollar
Nepal Nepali Rupee = 100 paisa
Netherlands Dutch Guilder = 100 cents

253
 New Zealand English Dollar = 100 cents
Nicaragua Spanish Cordoba = 100 centavos
Niger French African Franc
Nigeria English Naira = 100 kobo
Norway Norwegian Krona = 100 ore
Oman Arabic Rial = 100 baiza
Pakistan Urdu Rupee = 100 paisa
Balboa = 100
Panama Spanish
centésimos
Papua New Guinea English Kina = 100 toea
Paraguay Spanish Guarani = 100 centimos
Peru Spanish Neuvo Sol = 100 cents
Philippines Filipino Peso = 100 centavos
Poland Polish Zloty = 100 groszy
Portugal Portuguese Escudo = 100 centavos
Puerto Rico Spanish Dollar = 100 cents
Qatar Arabic Riyal = 100 dirhams
Romania Romanian Leu = 100 bani
Russia Russian Rouble = 100 copecks
Rwanda Kinyarwanda Franc = 100 centimes
Riyal = 20 qursh or 100
Saudi Arabia Arabic
halalas
Senegal French African Franc
Seychelles Creole Rupee = 100 cents
Sierra Leone English Leone = 100 cents
Singapore Mandarin Dollar = 100 cents
Slovakia Slovak Koruna = 100 haleru
Solomon Islands English Dollar = 100 cents
Somalia Somali Shilling = 100 cents
South Africa English Rand = 100 cents

254
 Spain Spanish Peseta = 100 centimos
Sri Lanka Sinhala Rupee = 100 cents
Sudan Arabic Dinar = 10 pounds
Surinam Dutch Guilder = 100 cents
Swaziland English Lilangeni = 100 cents
Sweden Swedish Krona = 100 öre
Switzerland German Franc = 100 centimes
Syria Arabic Pound = 100 piastres
Taiwan Mandarin Dollar = 100 cents
Tanzania Swahili Shilling = 100 cents
Thailand Thai Baht = 100 satangs
Togo French African Franc
Tonga Tongan Pa'anga = 100 seniti
Trinidad and
English Dollar = 100 cents
Tobago
Tunisia Arabic Dinar = 1000 milliemes
Turkey Turkish Lira = 100 kurus
Tuvalu Tuvaluan Dollar = 100 cents
Uganda English Shilling = 100 cents
United Arab
Arabic Dirham = 100 fils
Emirates
United Kingdom English Pound = 100 pence
United States Of
English Dollar = 100 cents
America
Uruguay Spanish Peso = 100 centésimos
Vanuatu Pidgin Vatu = 100 centimes
Venezuela Spanish Bolivar = 100 centimos
Dong = 10 hao or 100
Vietnam Vietnamese
xu
Western Sahara Arabic Dirham = 100 centimos
Yemen Arabic Rial = 100 fils

255
 South Yemen Arabic Dinar = 1000 milliemes
Zaire French Zaire = 100 makuta
Zambia English Kwacha = 100 ngwee
Zimbabwe English Dollar = 100 cents

Shires of England

County Abbrev. County Town

Avon Avn Bristol & Bath
Bedfordshire Beds Bedford
Berkshire Berks Reading
Buckinghamshire Bucks Aylesbury
Cambridgeshire Cambs Cambridge
Cheshire Ches Chester
City of London London
Cleveland Clev
Cornwall Corn Truro
Cumbria Cumb Carlisle
Derbyshire Derby Derby
Devonshire Devon Exeter
Dorset Dors Dorchester
Durham Dur Durham
East Sussex E Ssx Lewes
Essex Esx Colchester
Gloucestershire Glos Gloucester
Greater Manchester G Man
Hampshire Hants Winchester
Hereford & Worcester H&W
Hertfordshire Herts St Albans
Humberside Humb
Inner London London
Isle of Wight IOW Newport

256
 Kent Kent Maidstone
Lancashire Lancs Preston
Leicestershire Leics Leicester
Lincolnshire Lincs Lincoln
Merseyside Mers Liverpool
Norfolk Nflk Norwich
Northamptonshire Northants Northampton
Northumberland Northumb
North Yorkshire N Yorks Harrogate
Nottinghamshire Notts Nottingham
Outer London London
Oxfordshire Oxon Oxford
Shropshire Salop Shrewsbury
Somerset Som Taunton
South Yorkshire S Yorks
Staffordshire Staffs Stafford
Suffolk Sflk Ipswich
Surrey Sry Guildford
Tyne and Wear T&W
Warwickshire Warks Warwick
West Midlands W Mids
West Sussex W Ssx Chichester
West Yorkshire W Yorks Leeds
Wiltshire Wilts Salisbury

The United States of America

State Capital Abbrs.

Delaware Dover DE or Del
Pennsylvania Harrisburg PA or Pa
New Jersey Trenton NJ
Georgia Atlanta GA or Ga

257
 Connecticut Hartford CT or Conn
Massachusetts Boston MA or Mass
Maryland Annapolis MD or Md
South Carolina Columbia SC
New Hampshire Concord NH
Virginia Richmond VA or Va
New York Albany NY
North Carolina Raleigh NC
Rhode Iasland Providence RI
Vermont Montpelier VT or Vt
Kentucky Frankfort KY or Ky
Tennessee Nashville TN or Tenn
Ohio Columbus OH
Louisiana Baton Rouge LA or La
Indiana Indianapolis IN or Ind
Mississippi Jackson MS or Miss
Illinois Springfield IL or Ill
Alabama Montgomery AL or Ala
Maine Augusta ME or Me
Missouri Jefferson City MO or Mo
Arkansas Little Rock AAR or Ark
Michigan Lansing MI or Mich
Florida Tallahassee FL or Fla
Texas Austin TX or Tex
Iowa Des Moines IA or Ia
Wisconsin Madison WI or Wis

258
 California Sacramento CA or Calif
Minnesota St Paul MN or Minn
Oregon Salem OR or Oreg
Kansas Topeka KS or Kan
West Virginia Charleston WV or W.Va
Nevada Carson City NV or Nev
Nebraska Lincoln NE or Nebr
Colorado Denver CO or Col
North Dakota Bismark ND or N.Dak
South Dakota Pierre SD or S.Dak
Montana Helena MT or Mont
Washington Olympia WA or Wash
Idaho Boise ID
Wyoming Cheyenne WY or Wyo
Utah Salt Lake City UT
Oklahoma Oklahoma City OK or Okla
New Mexico Santa Fe NM or N.Mex
Arizona Phoenix AZ or Ariz
Alaska Juneau AK or Alas
Hawaii Honolulu HI

Major Deserts of the World

259
 Desert Location

Africa
Sahara Northern Africa
Libyan Libya, Egypt, and Sudan (part of Sahara)
Kalahari Southwestern Africa
Namib Southwestern Africa
Asia
Arabia Southwestern Asia
Rub'al Khali southern Arabian Peninsula
Gobi Mongolia and northeastern China
Kara-Kum Turkmenistan
Kyzyl-Kum Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan
Takla Makan northern China
Kavir central Iran
Syrian Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq
Thar India and Pakistan
Dasht-e-Lut eastern Iran
Australia
Great Victoria Western and South Australia
Great Sandy northern Western Australia
Gibson Western Australia
Simpson Northern Territory
North America
Great Basin southwestern United States
Chihuahuan northern Mexico
Sonoran southwestern U.S. and Baja California
Colorado California and northern Mexico
Yuma Arizona and Sonora, Mexico
Mojave southwestern United States
South America
Patagonian southern Argentina
Atacama northern Chile

260
 Principal lakes of the World

Name Location

Caspian Sea (salt) Russia - Iran

Superior USA - Canada
Victoria Africa
Aral (salt) Russia
Huron USA - Canada
Michigan USA
Tanganyika Africa
Baykal Russia
Great Bear Canada
Great Slave Canada
Erie USA - Canada
Winnipeg Canada
Malawi (Nyasa) Malawi - Mozambique - Tanzania
Maracaibo (salt) Venezuela
Ontario USA - Canada
Balkhash Russia
Ladoga Russia
Chad Africa
Onega Russia
Eyre (salt) Australia
Turkana (salt) Kenya - Ethiopia
Titicaca Peru - Bolivia
Athabasca Canada
Nicaragua Nicaragua

261
 Principal Mountains of the World

Mountain Country

Everest Nepal - Tibet

K2 (Godwin - Austen) Kashmir - Xinjiang

Kangchenjunga Nepal - Sikkim

Makalu Nepal - Tibet

Dhaulagiri Nepal

Nanga Parbat Jammu - Kashmir

Annapurna Nepal

Gasherbrum Jammu - Kashmir

Sisha Pangma (Gosainthan) Tibet

Nanda Devi India

Rakaposhi Jammu - Kashmir

Kamet India - Tibet

Nancha Barwa Tibet

Gurla Mandhata Tibet

Muztag Tibet

Kongur Shan Xinjiang

Tirich Mir Pakistan

Gongga Shan (Minya Konga) China

262
 Muztagata Xinjiang

Kommunisma (Pik) Russia

Pobedy (Pik) Russia - Xinjiang

Chomolhari Bhutan - Tibet

Lenina (Pik) Russia

Ojos del Salado Chile - Argentina

Aconcagua Argentina

Bonete Argentina

Tupungato Chile

Huascaran Peru

Kangrinboqe Feng (Kailas) Tibet

Yerupaja Peru

Sajama Bolivia

Illampu Bolivia

Coropuna Peru

Illimani Bolivia

Chimborazo Ecuador

263
 Major Rivers of the World

River Country

Nile Africa

Amazon South America

Mississippi - Missouri United States of America

Irtysh Russia

Chang Jiang (Yangtze) China

Huang He (Yellow) China

Zaire (Congo) Africa

Amur Asia

Lena Russia

Mackenzie Canada

Mekong Asia

Niger Africa

Yenisey Russia

Parana South America

Murray - Darling Australia

Volga Russia

Madeira South America

Purus South America

St Lawrence Canada

264
 Rio Grande USA - Mexico

Yukon Alaska

Orinoco South America

Sao Francisco South America

Salween Burma - China

Danube Europe

Indus Asia

Brahmaputra Asia

265
 List of International Organizations

United Nations (UN Secretariat, Organs and Their

Subsidiary Bodies and Special Programs)

 United Nations Secretariat

 UN Capital Development Fund
 UN Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
 UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
 UN Development Fund for Women
 UN Development Program (UNDP)
 UN Environmental Program (UNEP)
 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
 UN Office of Drug Control & Crime Prevention
(UNODCCP)
 UN International Training and Research Center (UNITAR)
 UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East (UNRWA)
 UN University
 UN Volunteers
 International Court of Justice (ICJ)
 International Civil Service Commission (ICSC)
 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
 International Research and Training Institute for the
Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)
 World Food Program (WFP)

Specialized Agencies of the United Nations

 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD)
 International Labor Organization (ILO)
 International Maritime Organization (IMO)
 International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
 UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
 Universal Postal Union (UPU)

266
  World Health Organization (WHO)
 International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC)
 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
 World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

International Financial Institutions

 Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 North American Development Bank (NADB)
 UN Regional Development Banks
o African Development Bank
o Asian Development Bank
o European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD)
o Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
o International Bank for Reconstruction &
Development (IBRD)
o International Finance Corporation (IFC)
o Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

Inter-American Organizations

 Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC)

 Inter-American Center of Tax Administrators (CIAT)
 Inter-American Indian Institute (IAII)
 Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture
(IICA)
 Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
 Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
 Organization of American States (OAS)
 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
 Pan American Institute of Geography and History
 Pan American Railway Congress Association
 Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal (PUASP)

Other Regional Organizations

 Asia Pacific Energy Research Center (APERC)

 Colombo Plan Council

267
  Great Lakes Fisheries Commission
 International Energy Agency (IEA)
 North Atlantic Assembly
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
 Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
 Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
(OECD)
 South Pacific Commission

Other International Organizations

 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

 Commission For Labor Cooperation
 Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine
Living Resources
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
 Fund for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage (World Heritage Fund)
 Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
 International Agreement on the Maintenance of Certain
Lights in the Red Sea
 International Bureau of Weights and Measures
 International Bureau for the Permanent Court of Arbitration
 International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial
Property
 International Bureau for the Publication of Custom Tariffs
 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Areas (ICARDA)
 International Center for the Study of the Preservation and
Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)
 International Coffee Organization
 International Committee of the Red Cross
 International Cotton Advisory Committee
 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
 International Council of Scientific Unions and Associate
Unions
 International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT)

268
  International Development Law Institute (IDLI)
 International Fertilizer Development Center
 International Grains Council (formerly Int'l Wheat Council)
 International Human Frontier Science Program
Organization (HFSP)
 International Hydrographic Organization
 International Institute for Cotton
 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
 International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
 International North Pacific Fisheries Commission
 International Organization for Legal Metrology
 International Organization for Migration (IOM)
 International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
 International Plant Genetics Resources Institute (IPGRI)
 International Rubber Study Group
 International Science and Technology Center (ISTC)
 International Seed Testing Association
 International Service for National Agriculture Research
(ISNAR)
 International Sugar Council
 International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
 International Union of Credit and Investment Insurers
(Berne Union)
 International Whaling Commission
 Interparliamentary Union
 Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
 Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
(KEDO)
 Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)
 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
(OPCW) (formerly the Preparatory Commission to OPCW)
 Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO)
 Permanent International Association of Navigation
Congresses
 Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear
Test-Ban Treaty (PC/CTBT)
 Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern
Europe
 The Hague Conference on Private International Law
 Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU)

269
  Sierra Leone Special Court
 The World Heritage Fund
 World Customs Organization (WCC) {formerly the
Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)}
 World Trade Organization (WTO) {formerly the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)}

270
 Conversion Tables

WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND

inches 25.4 Millimeters
feet 0.305 Meters
yards 0.914 Meters
miles 1.61 Kilometers
Square
square inches 645.2 millimeters
square feet 0.093 square meters
square yard 0.836 square meters
acres 0.405 Hectares
Square
square miles 2.59 kilometers
fluid ounces 29.57 Milliliters
gallons 3.785 Liters
cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters
cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters
ounces 28.35 Grams
pounds 0.454 Kilograms
short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or
"metric ton")
Fahrenheit (F-32) x 5 / 9 Celsius
or
(F-32) / 1.8

WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND

millimeters 0.039 Inches
meters 3.28 feet
meters 1.09 yards

271
 kilometers 0.621 miles
millimeters 0.0016 square inches
square meters 10.764 square feet
square meters 1.195 square yards
hectares 2.47 acres
square kilometers 0.386 square miles
milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces
liters 0.264 gallons
cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet
cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards
grams 0.035 ounces
kilograms 2.202 pounds
megagrams 1.103 short tons (2000
(or "metric ton") lb)
Celsius 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit

272
 Most Common English and American Female Names
Mary Lisa Michelle
Patricia Nancy Laura
Linda Karen Sarah
Barbara Betty Kimberly
Elizabeth Helen Deborah
Jennifer Sandra
Maria Donna
Susan Carol
Margaret Ruth
Dorothy Sharon

Most Common English and American Male Names

James Christopher Ronald

John Daniel Anthony
Robert Paul Kevin
Michael Mark Jason
William Donald Jeff
David George
Richard Kenneth
Charles Steven
Joseph Edward
Thomas Brian

273
 3-Answers to some assignments:
No. of Answer
assignment
3 ٍ‫ح‬ُٞ٘ٔ‫ ٗلْ ح‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬/ ‫ ٗخًِش‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬/ ‫ ًُي‬ٞ‫ ٗل‬٢ِ‫ ػ‬-
ٚ‫ ٖٓ حُِْٔٔ ر‬/ ٢ٜ٣‫ ٖٓ حُزي‬-
ٕ‫طش أ‬٣َٗ -

4 -The Arab League held a meeting yesterday at the

foreign ministers' level.
- It is highly important to separate among the three
authorities because when the executive branch
becomes tyrannical, the whole state turns to
autocracy.
- Inflation has negatively impacted the state budget.
- It is strange that most citizens do not know the
difference between the offense and the
misdemeanor.
- The 3rd mechanized infantry division crossed the
canal under massive barrage.
- Tropical medicine and geriatrics are nowadays
ranked among the most important branches of
medicine.

6 ‫ص‬ٞ‫زض = ٍؿ‬ٛ‫أ‬
‫ ٍُف حُيٓغ‬٢٘‫حُٔؼ‬ٝ ‫أٓزَ = أهَؽ‬
٢َٜٗٗ = ٢ِٗ‫ر‬
َ‫حُِٕٔ = حُٔط‬

9 .‫ٖ هطخرخ‬٤ٔٔ‫ه‬ٝ ٖ٤٘‫حػ‬ٝ ‫ًظزض ٓخثش‬ -

.ٚ٤٘‫حٍرؼٔخثش ؿ‬ٝ ‫ف‬٫‫ػش آ‬٬‫ ػ‬٢ُ‫ِض طٌِلش حُ٘وش ح‬ٛٝ -

16 َ‫ ٓيه‬/ ‫ش‬٤‫اطخك‬ -
‫ش‬٣َ٤ٔ٤‫ٓ٘٘آص ط‬ -
‫خص‬١‫ حٓوخ‬/ ‫ص‬٬ٔ‫ ٓ٘ظ‬/ ‫ٔ٘خص‬٠‫ٓظ‬ -
ْ‫ؼّظ‬٣ِ -
ٍ‫خ‬٤َ‫ه‬ -

274
 ‫ىٗ‪١ٞ٤‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫حٌٓخٗ‪٤‬ش‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫حُويٍس ػِ‪ ٠‬حُظلَٔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫طيحهَ ى‪ٝ‬حثَ حُؼَٔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫طؼَ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ٓيهَ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ؿي‪١ٝ‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪١‬ؼخّ ‪ٟ‬ؼ‪٤‬ق ك‪ ٢‬ه‪ٔ٤‬ظ‪ ٚ‬حُـٌحث‪٤‬ش‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫حُل‪٠‬خء ح‪ٌُ٧‬ظَ‪٢ٗٝ‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫)‪Earth ( food / death………….‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫)…………‪Hand ( aid / tyranny‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫)…………………‪Snow ( purity‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ط‪٠‬خى‪ٓ / ١‬ظ٘خه‪ٞ‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫ٗو‪٤ٜ‬ش ُحثلش‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫طيحهَ حُؼ‪٬‬هخص‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫طلض حُـِي‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ح‪٫‬هظ‪ٜ‬خى حُ٘خَٓ‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪١‬خهْ حُؼَٔ ك‪ ٢‬ك‪ ِْ٤‬أ‪ٓ ٝ‬خٗخر‪ٚ‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫أػ‪٠‬خء ‪٤ٛ‬جش حُظيٍ‪ / ْ٣‬ح‪٫‬ىحٍس‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ؿ٘‪ ٕٞ‬حَُٔهش‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ح‪ً٫‬ظلخء حٌُحط‪٢‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ٓوِلخص حُزلخٍ حُظ‪ ٢‬ط‪ َٜ‬حُ‪ ٢‬حُٔخكَ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ػزخىس حُل‪ٞ٤‬حٕ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪gastroscope‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪advent‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪apiculture‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪hybridation‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪wane‬‬

‫‪-carp‬‬
‫‪-mullet‬‬
‫‪-mussel‬‬
‫‪َٜٓ -‬س‬
‫‪ -‬ه٘لي‬
‫‪ -‬ػَٓ‪ٚ‬‬
‫‪- bug‬‬
‫‪َٛٛ -‬خٍ حُـ‪٢٤‬‬

‫‪275‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬أّ أٍرؼش ‪ٝ‬أٍرؼ‪ٖ٤‬‬
‫‪- flea‬‬
‫‪- figs‬‬
‫‪- Peach‬‬
‫‪ -‬هَكش‬
‫‪- pepper‬‬
‫‪ُٞ -‬ر‪٤‬خ‬
‫‪ -‬ػيّ‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪ ْ٤ٔٛ‬حُزوخٍ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ٍٗ‪ ٖ٤‬حُ‪ٜ‬خطق‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ َ٣َٛ‬حُزخد‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ػ‪ٞ‬حء حَُ‪٣‬ق‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ه٘و٘ش حُ٘و‪ٞ‬ى‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪٣‬ولق ٖٓ َٓحٍس‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ًؼ‪ َ٤‬حُظـ‪ٞ‬حٍ ‪ٝ‬حُظَكخٍ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ُ‪ ْ٤‬ػِ‪ٓ ٢‬خ‪َ٣‬حّ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪276‬‬
 4-Test Samples:
Translation Test
A-Try to translate the following new words:

NETEZEN, n. A person who spends an excessive amount of time on

the Internet.
[blend of Internet and citizen]).

NOAH'S ARKING, The state of wearing pants in which the length is

hilariously short.

SNAIL MAIL, n. The standard system of mail delivery in which letters,

documents, and packages are physically transported from one location
to another, in contrast to electronic mail.

GARDEN BURGER, n. hamburger made with a non-meat, vegetarian

patty instead of beef.

ROAD RAGE, n. Aggressive driving habits often accompanied by

dehumanization of other drivers and sometimes resulting in violence
against other drivers.

SHOPGRIFTING, v. To 'rent' something for free by purchasing it and

then returning it within 30 days for a full refund. [Compound of shop+
grift "to swindle"]

EARWITNESS, n. An individual who hears an incident occur,

especially one who later gives a report on what he heard [blend of ear
and witness].

EATERS COMA, n. A condition characterized by sluggishness,

sleepiness, and often a lack of motivation to do anything but rest/relax
or sleep.

277
 AUTO "DENTIST", n. One who repairs dents, hail damage, and other
types of minor damage on automobiles? ["Dentist" to mean "one who
repairs dents."]

BAGGRAVTION, n. A feeling of annoyance and anger one endures at

the airport when his bags have not arrived at the baggage carouse, but
everyone else's bags have [blend formed from words bag and
aggravation].

MALLRATS, n. Collective term used for pre-teens and teenagers for

whom it is commonplace to spend large amount of time socializing and
wandering in shopping malls [compound formed from roots mall and
rat].

RINGXIETY, n. 1. The confusion experienced by a group pf people

when a cell phone rings and no one is sure whose phone it is 2.
Mistaking a faint sound for the ringing of one's cell phone.

MOUSE POTATO, Someone who spends a lot of time playing on a

computer.

B- Translate the following sentences into Arabic:

1. Mary seemed restless. She probably had the wedding jitters or some
problems to settle with her significant other.

2. Since he overstayed his visa, he has always been seen in the inn
shuffling cards.

3. I wonder what is the difference between a thrifty shop and a flee

market.

4. The class was messy and the kids were playing with origami.

5. A lot of people have a going problem in winter and little kids, who
have already had their potty training, wet their beds.

6. The successful manager is the one who takes his hands off but keep
his eyes on.

278
 7. The fashion over the past few years has been low waist baggy jeans,
over-sized t-shirts, tattoos and long flashy chains.

8. "Trailer Trash" is a term used to describe shabby, uneducated and

street savvy people in America.

9. Do you believe that graffiti is an art crime?

10. Primogeniture has done much wrong to people in rural areas.

11. It is high time you had a talk with your son about the birds and
bees.

12. Watch what you eat. If you eat junk, your body will be junk and
your mind will get rusty.

13. The linguist coined the word"cloudimageria" to refer to the shapes

that the clouds make because English does not have a word for this
concept.

14. Jack had a crush on Suzan who has been the hit of any party given
in the little town.

15. The news that Henrietta has cervical cancer was such a jaw
dropping. My eyes welled with tears when I heard the news.

16. Arranged marriages have become old fashion; now that we have e-
dates.

279
 C-Translate the following passage into Arabic:

In July 1942, Keith Douglas moved to Alexandria. In Alexandria, he

met his friend Norman llett who served in the British Navy in Ras
Elteen. At the beach of Stanley Bey, they saw an attractive girl in
trouble. Douglas and his friend offered the girl their help and later
asked her to look after their cameras while they swam. The girl invited
them for tea and repeated the invitation. Soon the two officers became
regular visitors. The girl's name was Milena who attracted Douglas'
attention. She was of the same age as he was. Milena was from an
Italian descent. Her father welcomed everyone she brought to their
home in Roushdy Pasha. Douglas was to frequent her house with
Norman and her mother was soon darning and ironing his clothes. With
Milena, he was happy; he talked of day-dreams and future plans. He
dreamt of traveling with her and buying an island to live in after the
war. He found her company attractive. She gave him a doll called
Masha to mark their love and bring him luck. This love unfortunately
did not last long. Douglas moved to Wadi Natrun in the desert. He
could return to Alexandria only to get a new pair of glasses. He went to
Milena's house for the night and noticed that the whole affair
completely changed. She was out with Norman, his friend. When they
came in, he noticed a sort of strain setting on the hall. In another room,
Milena told him that while he was away, she discovered she loved
Norman and not him. This was the worst night Douglas had ever spent.
He talked with resignation and low spirits. When he returned to his unit
in Natrun, he was like a wounded prey. His feeling of loneliness and
separation increased. There, he gave birth to his famous poem "I Listen
to the Desert Wind". Later he sent a letter to his mother in England in
which he told her that Milena got officially engaged to Norman and that
he bore no grudge towards him. His last visit was in October 1943
when he returned the doll, Masha. In 1944, Douglas was stationed in
Normandy where he was killed in action.

280
 ‫ى‪-‬أؿذ ػٖ ح‪ٓ٧‬جِش ح‪٥‬ط‪٤‬ش‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬أًظذ طؼِ‪٤‬وخ ً ػِ‪ ٠‬حُـِٔش ح‪٥‬ط‪٤‬ش "حُظَؿٔش اريحع ‪ٔ٤ُ ٝ‬ض حرظيحع"‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ٓ -2‬خ ٓؼٖ‪" ٟ‬أَٗأد"‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ك‪ ٢‬أ‪ ١‬حُظَؿٔخص حُل٘‪٤‬ش حُظو‪٤ٜٜ‬ش ‪ ٌٖٔ٣‬إٔ طوخرَ ًِٔش ‪Junta‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ػِن ػِ‪ ٠‬حُظوَ‪٣‬ذ حٌُ‪ٞ٣ ١‬حؿ‪ ٚ‬حُِـش حُؼَر‪٤‬ش ك‪ ٢‬حُ٘‪ٞ‬حك‪ ٢‬ح‪٥‬ط‪٤‬ش‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ح‪ُ٧‬لخظ حُ٘زخر‪٤‬ش‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ -‬طل‪ َ٣ٞ‬حُل‪ٜ‬ل‪٠‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫‪ -‬ح‪ٔٓ٧‬خء حُظ‪ ٢‬طؼط‪ُِٞٔ ٠‬حُ‪٤‬ي‬

‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫‪281‬‬
 ‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ -5‬حهظَ ٓ٘ظـخ أ‪٫ ٝ‬كظش ر‪ٜ‬خ هطؤ ك‪ ٢‬حُظَؿٔش ‪ٝ‬هْ رؼَ‪ ٝ‬حُوطؤ ‪ٝ‬حُظ‪٣ٜٞ‬ذ‪.‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫ح‪ٗ٩‬ـِ‪:١ِ٤‬‬
‫س‬ ‫‪ -ٙ‬طَؿْ حُوطؼش ح‪٥‬ط‪٤‬ش اُ‪٢‬‬

‫َٓ‪ ٝ‬حُِ‪ ١َٛ‬أ‪" ٝ‬حُٔلِْ" حٌُ‪ ١‬ػخى ‪٣‬طَ ػِ‪ ٠‬حُزَ٘‪٣‬ش‪ ,‬رظٌظْ ٗي‪٣‬ي‪ٔ٣ ,‬ظيػ‪ ٠‬رب‪ُ٬١‬ظ‪ٚ‬‬
‫حَُٔ‪٣‬ش حُٔول‪٤‬ش طخٍ‪٣‬وخ ً َٓ‪َ٣‬حً ٖٓ حُل‪٠‬خثق ًحص حُز‪ٜ‬خٍ ح‪ٓ٩‬زَح‪.١ٍٞ١‬‬
‫ُْ ‪٣‬ظ‪ٞ‬كَ َُٔ‪ ٝ‬أهَ ٓخ ط‪ٞ‬كَ ُِٔلِْ ٖٓ ٓخىس ‪ٝ‬حهؼ‪٤‬ش ‪ ٝ‬طخٍ‪٣‬و‪ٔ٣ ٚ‬ظِت رخُٔلخٍهخص ‪ ٝ‬حُظلخ‪َ٤ٛ‬‬
‫حُٔؼ‪َ٤‬س حُظ‪ ٢‬طلظق ٗ‪٤ٜ‬ش حُٔئٍه‪ُِ ٖ٤‬ـيٍ ‪ ٝ‬حُزخكؼ‪َُِٔ ٖ٤‬حؿؼش ‪ ٝ‬حُو‪ٜٓٞ‬ش‪ .‬كٖٔ ؿيٍ ٓخُحٍ‬
‫ىحثَحً ك‪ٜٓ ٍٞ‬يٍ حَُٔ‪ ٝ‬حٌُ‪ ١‬طيػ‪ ٠‬حُزَ٘‪٣‬ش أٗ‪ٜ‬خ ُْ طؼَك‪ ٌ٘ٓ ٟٞٓ ٚ‬هٔٔش هَ‪ ٕٝ‬كو‪ ٢‬اُ‪٠‬‬
‫أٗظزخ‪ ٙ‬ػِٔ‪ ٢‬ك‪١ ٍٞ‬ز‪٤‬ؼش حَُٔ‪ ٝ‬حٌُ‪ ١‬أ‪ٛ‬خد حُؼي‪٣‬ي ٖٓ حُٔ٘خ‪ َ٤ٛ‬حٌُ‪ ٖ٣‬أػَ‪ٝ‬ح ك‪ٓ ٢‬ؼ‪َ٤‬س‬
‫حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن ‪ ٝ‬أػَ‪ٝ‬ح ك‪ ٢‬حُلٌَ ‪ ٝ‬حُو‪٤‬خٍ ‪ .‬ط٘ظلن حٌُظذ ‪ ٝ‬طِ‪ ٞٛ‬حُٔوخ‪٫‬ص حُظ‪ ٢‬طؼ‪ ٖ٤‬ػِ‪ ٠‬ح‪ٝ ُْ٧‬طلَف‬
‫رخُل‪٤٠‬لش رخْٓ حُؼِْ ‪ً ٝ‬ظخرش حُلو‪٤‬وش ! ‪ٍ ٝ‬رٔخ ‪ٌٛ َٕٝ٣‬ح ‪ٓ ٞٛ‬خ ىكغ رؼ‪ ٞ‬حُزخكؼ‪ ٖ٤‬اُ‪ ٠‬حُو‪ٍٞ‬‬
‫"ٖٓ ‪٣‬ؼَف طخٍ‪٣‬ن حُٔلِْ ‪٣‬ؼَف طخٍ‪ ١‬م حُطذ"ٌُٖ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حُظخٍ‪٣‬ن ‪٣‬ظـخ‪ ُٝ‬حُطذ رخُلؼَ اُ‪٠‬‬
‫حُٔ‪٤‬خٓش ‪ ٝ‬ح‪٧‬ىد ‪ ٝ‬حُلٖ أ‪ ١‬اُ‪ ٠‬حُل‪٤‬خس‪.‬‬
‫‪ٍ ٝ‬ؿْ إٔ حُٔلِْ (حُِ‪ ٞٛ )١َٛ‬أكي ح‪َٓ٧‬ح‪ ٝ‬حُظ‪ ٢‬ط٘طزن ػِ‪ٜ٤‬خ َٗ‪ ١ٝ‬حُظَ٘‪٣‬ق ُ‪٬‬هظلخء‬
‫ٖٓ هخثٔش ح‪َٓ٧‬ح‪ ٝ‬حُٔؼَ‪ٝ‬كش‪ٓ ,‬ؼِٔخ كيع ٓغ حُـيٍ‪ ١‬ك‪ٜٗ ٢‬خ‪٣‬ش حُٔزؼ‪٘٤‬خص ٖٓ حُوَٕ حُٔخ‪٢ٟ‬‬
‫‪ ٝ‬رؼي إٔ ٓخى حػظوخى ٓخ ك‪ ٢‬ح‪ٓٝ٧‬خ‪ ١‬حُطز‪٤‬ش‪ ,‬طئ‪٣‬ي‪ ٙ‬إٔ ‪ٌٛ‬ح حَُٔ‪ٜ٘٣ ٝ‬ي حٗلٔخٍحً طيٍ‪٣‬ـ‪٤‬خً‪ ,‬ػخى‬
‫حُٔلِْ ُِظ‪َٓ ٍٜٞ‬س أهَ‪ٓ ٟ‬غ ريح‪٣‬ش ح‪ُ٧‬ل‪٤‬ش حُـي‪٣‬يس ك‪ ٢‬حُ‪٣٫ٞ‬خص حُٔظليس ‪ ٝ‬اٗـِظَح ‪ ٝ‬حٌٓظِ٘يح‪,‬‬
‫ر‪ ٖ٤‬حُٔٔؼِ‪ ٖ٤‬ر‪ٍٜٞ‬س هخ‪ٛ‬ش حكظلخء ٖٓ ؿخٗز‪ ٚ‬رخُ٘‪ َٜ‬حٌُ‪ ١‬كووظ‪ ٚ‬ؿٔؼ‪٤‬خص حُ٘‪ٞ‬حً ك‪ ٢‬حُٔ٘‪ٞ‬حص‬
‫ح‪٧‬ه‪َ٤‬س ٖٓ ح‪ُ٧‬ل‪٤‬ش حُٔخروش‪ً .‬خٕ آهَ ظ‪ً ٍٜٞ‬ز‪ُِٔ َ٤‬لِْ (‪ ٝ‬إ رٌَ٘ ؿ‪َٓ َ٤‬ث‪ )٢‬ك‪ ٢‬حُوَٕ‬
‫حُٔخ‪ ٢ٟ‬ك‪٤ٍٓٝ ٢‬خ‪ ,‬ك‪ ٢‬حُؼخّ حٌُ‪ ١‬ط‪ٓ ٬‬و‪ ١ٞ‬ح‪٫‬طلخى حُٔ‪ٞ‬ك‪٤‬ظ‪ ٝ ,٢‬ك‪ ٢‬كِ٘٘يح هخىٓخ ٖٓ ٍ‪٤ٓٝ‬خ‪,‬‬
‫أكيحع حُؼ‪ٍٞ‬س أ‪ ٝ‬حُل‪ ٠ٟٞ‬حُـ٘ٔ‪٤‬ش حُظ‪٢‬‬ ‫ٍرٔخ ً٘خ‪ٛ‬ي ‪ٛ‬خٓض ػِ‪ ٠‬حٗ‪٤ٜ‬خٍ ٓخ ٓؼِٔخ ٗخٍى‬
‫حؿظخكض حُـَد ٓطِغ حُٔظ‪٤٘٤‬خص‪ٓ ,‬ئًيحً ػِ‪ ٠‬ك‪ ٍٙٞ٠‬حُوخ‪ ٙ‬ك‪ ٢‬ح‪٧‬كيحع حٌُ‪٤ٗٞ‬ش حٌُزَ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ك‪٤‬غ ُْ طلظ‪ ٚ‬حُٔ٘خًٍش ك‪ ٢‬حُلَد حُؼظٔ‪ ٠‬ح‪ ,٠ُٝ٧‬ر‪ٔ٘٤‬خ ٗ‪ٜ‬ي ‪ٔ٣ِٛ‬ش ؿ‪ٔٓ َ٤‬ز‪ٞ‬هش ر‪ٞ‬كيحص‬
‫حُزِ٘ٔ‪ ٖ٤‬رؼي حُلَد حُؼخُٔ‪٤‬ش حُؼخٗ‪٤‬ش ػخّ ‪.1947‬‬
‫ٌُٖ ٓ‪ٞ‬حء أٗلَٔ حُٔلِْ أ‪ ٝ‬أٗظَ٘ ‪٣‬ظَ ح‪ ْٓ٫‬حُـخٓ‪ٌُٜ ٞ‬ح حَُٔ‪ٓ ٝ‬لظلظخ ً ر٘‪ٜ‬خىس هخ‪ٛ‬ش‬
‫ػِ‪٤ُ ٠‬خُ‪ ٢‬حُـَحّ حُٔؤؿ‪ ٍٞ‬أ‪ ٝ‬حَُٔٔ‪ٝ‬م حُظ‪ ٢‬طؼوز‪ٜ‬خ ‪ٛ‬للخص ‪ِ٣ٞ١‬ش ٖٓ ح‪ ,ُْ٧‬طظزؼ‪ٜ‬خ ك‪٫ ٍٜٞ‬‬
‫ط٘ظ‪ ٖٓ ٢ٜ‬حُؼخٍ حٌُ‪٣ ١‬طخٍى ‪ٛ‬خكز‪ ٚ‬كظ‪ ٠‬ك‪ ٢‬ظِٔش حُوزَ‪.‬‬

‫‪282‬‬
283
 Bibliography

284
 ‫حَُٔحؿغ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬أٓؼي‪ٓ ,‬خٓ‪٤‬ش‪" .‬طَؿٔش حُ٘‪ ٚ‬ح‪٧‬ىر‪ " ٢‬ػخُْ حُلٌَ ‪٘٣ ,‬خ‪ ,َ٣‬كزَح‪ٓ ,َ٣‬خٍّ ‪( 1989‬حُٔـِي‬
‫حُؼخَٗ‪ ,‬حُؼيى حَُحرغ) ‪36-15 ٙ‬‬
‫‪ -2‬هِ‪ٛ ,٠ٛٞ‬لخء‪ .‬كٖ حُظَؿٔش حُوخ‪َٛ‬س‪ :‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جش حُٔ‪٣َٜ‬ش حُؼخٓش ٌُِظخد‪ ,‬رخ‪ٗ٫‬ظَحى ٓغ ىحٍ‬
‫حُ٘ج‪ ٕٞ‬حُؼوخك‪٤‬ش حُؼخٓش رزـيحى ‪1986‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ػ٘خٗ‪ٓ ,٢‬لٔي‪ .‬كٖ حُظَؿٔش‪ .‬حُوخ‪َٛ‬س‪ :‬حًَُ٘ش حُٔ‪٣َٜ‬ش حُؼخُٔ‪٤‬ش َُِ٘٘ ‪ٗ ُٞ -‬ـٔخٕ‪1994. ,‬‬
‫‪ -4‬حُٔط‪٤‬ؼ‪ُٔ ,٠‬ؼ‪ٓ( ٢‬لٍَ)‪ٗ .‬ي‪ٝ‬س حُظَؿٔش‪ ,‬حُوخ‪َٛ‬س‪ :‬حُ‪٤ٜ‬جش حُٔ‪٣َٜ‬ش حُؼخٓش ٌُِظخد‪1992 ,‬‬
‫(حُٔـِْ ح‪٧‬ػِ‪ُِ ٠‬ؼوخكش – ُـ٘ش حُظَؿٔش )‪.‬‬
‫‪ٓ -5‬لٔي‪ ,‬ك‪ ١ُٞ‬ػط‪٤‬ش‪ .‬ػِْ حُظَؿٔش‪ٓ :‬يهَ ُـ‪ .ٟٞ‬حُوخ‪َٛ‬س‪ :‬ىحٍ حُؼوخكش حُـي‪٣‬يس‪. 1986 ,‬‬
‫‪ٗ -6‬ـ‪٤‬ذ‪ ,‬ػِ حُي‪ٓ ٖ٣‬لٔي‪ .‬أْٓ حُظَؿٔش حُوخ‪َٛ‬س‪ٌٓ :‬ظزش حرٖ ٓ‪٘٤‬خ َُِ٘٘ ‪ ٝ‬حُظ‪٣ُٞ‬غ‪. 1995 ,‬‬
‫‪ٛٝ -7‬ز‪ٓ ,ٚ‬ـي‪ .١‬ح‪٧‬ىد حُٔوخٍٕ ‪ .‬حُوخ‪َٛ‬س‪ :‬حًَُ٘ش حُٔ‪٣َٜ‬ش حُؼخُٔ‪٤‬ش َُِ٘٘ – ُ‪ٗ ٞ‬ـٔخ ٕ‪,‬‬
‫‪. 1991‬‬

‫‪285‬‬