Theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in horizontal and vertical plane.

Theodolites are primarily used

for survey applications, and have been adapted for special purposes in areas such as metrology launching technology and
rockets. A modern theodolite consisting of a telescope is shifted mounted in two horizontal axis-axis or axis trunnion, and
a vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at the target object, the angle of each axis can be measured with high
accuracy, usually for arc seconds.

Transit refers to a special type of theodolite developed in the early 19th century. It featured a "reverse" ("transit coverage")
telescope to allow easy and double-sighting of angles for error reduction. Some transit instruments are capable of reading
direct angles to thirty seconds. In the mid-20th century, "transit" came to refer to a simple form with less precise
theodolite, lacking features such as magnification of scales and micrometers. Although electronic theodolites have become
a broad-based apparatus, it still finds transit being used as a lightweight tool on construction sites. Furthermore, the
Brunton Pocket Transit, commonly used for field measurements with geologists and archaeologists, has been used
continuously since 1894. Some types of transits do not measure vertical angles.

Builder levels are often mistaken for transit, but neither horizontal nor vertical measuring. It uses the waterpas to set the
telescope level to determine the line of sight with the plane level.
Total station adalah alat ukur sudut dan jarak yang terintegrasi dalam satu unit alat. Total station juga sudah dilengkapi
dengan processor sehingga bisa menghitung jarak datar, koordinat, dan beda tinggi secara langsung tanpa perlu kalkulator
lagi.
Berikut ini penjabaran mengenai pengertian Total station :
1) Total Station : adalah peralatan elektronik ukur sudut dan jarak (EDM) yang menyatu dalam 1 unit alat.
2) Data dapat disimpan dalam media perekam. Media ini ada yang berupa on-board/internal, external (elect field book)
atau berupa card/PCMCIA Card. -> salah catat tidak ada.

3) Mampu melakukan beberapa hitungan (misal: jarak datar, beda tinggi dll) di dalam alat. Juga mampu menjalankan
program-program survey, misal : Orientasi arah, Setting-out, Hitungan Luas dll, kemampuan ini tergantung type total
stationnya.
4) Untuk type “high end”nya ada yang dilengkapi motor penggerak, dan dilengkapi dengan ATR-Automatic Target
Recocnition, pengenal objek otomatis (prisma).
5) Type tertentu mampu mengeliminir kesalahan-kesalahan : kolimasi Hz & V, kesalahan diametral, koreksi refraksi, dll.
Hingga data yang didapat sangat akurat.
6) Ketelitian dan kecepatan ukur sudut dan jarak jauh lebih baik dari theodolite manual dan meteran. Terutama untuk
pemetaan situasi.
7) Alat baru dilengkapi Laser Plummet, sangat praktis dan Reflector-less EDM ( EDM tanpa reflector )
8) Data secara elektronis dapat dikirim ke PC dan diolah menjadi Peta dengan program mapping software.

Rekomendasi Pemakaian :
A. Total Station sebaiknya digunakan untuk pengukuran tata batas baru, baik itu tata batas hutan maupun tata batas dengan
pihak ketiga seperti halnya pinjam pakai dan tukar menukar kawasan hutan.
B. Total Station sebaiknya digunakan untuk pengukuran berulang (contoh : rekonstruksi batas kawasan hutan), dimana
data sebelumnya diperoleh dari pengukuran menggunakan Total Station juga.

MANFAAT TOTAL STATION

Kedua stasiun theodolite dan total station yang digunakan untuk mengukur sudut horisontal dan vertikal selama mensurvei
dan proyek. Masing-masing memiliki pro dan kontra tertentu yang dapat digunakan dalam berbagai situasi. Secara umum,
hal itu akan tergantung pada waktu, uang, tenaga, dan keahlian yang telah tersedia pada saat penentuan alat yang tepat
untuk pekerjaan Anda dan tentunya bila ada mengininkan keakuratan dalam pekerjaan konstruksi atau design anda saat
survei gunakanlah alat Laser Auto Level.
Meskipun theodolites telah digunakan selama ratusan tahun, operasi utama dari alat ini tetap sama. theodolite terdiri dari
teleskop bergerak dipasang antara sumbu vertikal dan horisontal. Sudut dari masing-masing sumbu dapat diukur dengan
presisi cukup akurat selama operator memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup menggunakan alat dan trigonometri dasar. Namun,
penggunaan theodolite secara umum memerlukan bantuan dari setidaknya satu orang lain selain operator utama untuk
membantu mengukur dan menyelaraskan sudut. Ketika menghitung presisi, sangat penting bahwa kedua operator yang
terlatih dan memahami semua elemen pengumpulan data; ini mungkin termasuk meratakan saham tripod / theodolite dan
pengukuran, serta menyelaraskan tiang dan mengukur garis untuk mengumpulkan data yang akurat, dan akhirnya
menggunakan kemampuan matematika dan grafis untuk menghasilkan output yang sesuai.
Manfaat dari total station akan melebihi downsides, dalam banyak kasus, karena fitur-fiturnya semua-inklusif dan integrasi
digital. A total station mengintegrasikan fungsi theodolite untuk mengukur sudut dan jarak dengan EDM (meter jarak
elektronik). Total stasiun menggunakan sistem prisma dan laser untuk mengembangkan pembacaan digital dari seluruh
pengukuran selama pekerjaan Anda. Semua informasi yang dikumpulkan dengan total station disimpan dalam sebuah
komputer eksternal di mana data dapat dimanipulasi dan ditambahkan ke program CAD. Robotic total stasiun yang
tersedia yang memungkinkan operator untuk bekerja sendiri dengan menggunakan remote control.
Total station is a measure of angle and distance that is integrated in one unit of the tool. The total station is also equipped with a
processor so that it can calculate the flat distance, coordinates, and high difference directly without the need for a calculator again.
Here is a description of the meaning of Total station:
1) Total Station: is an electronic measuring equipment angle and distance (EDM) that blend in 1 unit of tool.
2) The data can be stored in recording medium. This media is in the form of on-board / internal, external (elect field book) or in the
form of card / PCMCIA Card. -> wrong record no.

3) Be able to do some calculations (eg flat spacing, high difference etc) inside the tool. Also able to run survey programs, eg:
Orientation direction, Setting-out, Wide Count etc, this ability depends on the total station type.
4) For the type of "high end" there is equipped with a motor drive, and equipped with ATR-Automatic Target Recocnition, automatic
object identifier (prism).
5) Certain types are able to eliminate errors: Hz & V collimation, diametric errors, refractive correction, etc. Until the data obtained
is very accurate.
6) The accuracy and speed of angle and distance measurements is better than manual and meter theodolite. Especially for mapping
the situation.
7) New tool equipped with Plummet Laser, very practical and Reflector-less EDM (EDM without reflector)
8) Data can be sent electronically to PC and processed into Map with mapping software program.

Recommended Usage:
A. Total Station should be used for new boundary measurement, both forest boundary and boundary arrangement with third party
such as use loan and forest area exchange.
B. Total Station should be used for repeated measurements (eg, forest boundary reconstruction), where previous data is obtained
from measurements using Total Station as well.

BENEFITS OF TOTAL STATION

Both theodolite stations and total stations are used to measure horizontal and vertical angles during surveying and projects. Each
has certain pros and cons that can be used in various situations. In general, it will depend on the time, money, personnel, and
expertise available at the time of determining the right tool for your work and of course if there is to allow accuracy in your
construction or design work during the survey use the Laser Auto Level tool.
Although theodolites have been used for hundreds of years, the main operation of these devices remains the same. theodolite
consists of a mobile telescope mounted between the vertical and horizontal axes. The angles of each axis can be measured with
precision quite accurately as long as the operator has sufficient knowledge of using basic tools and trigonometry. However, the use
of theodolite in general requires the assistance of at least one person other than the primary operator to help measure and align
the angle. When calculating precision, it is imperative that both operators are trained and understand all the elements of data
collection; this may include tripod / theodolite stock flattening and measurement, as well as aligning poles and measuring lines to
collect accurate data, and ultimately using mathematical and graphical skills to produce appropriate output.
The benefits of total stations will outweigh downsides, in most cases, due to its all-inclusive features and digital integration. A total
station integrates the theodolite function to measure angle and distance with EDM (electronic distance meter). Total stations use
prism and laser systems to develop digital readings of all measurements during your work. All information collected with the total
station is stored in an external computer where data can be manipulated and added to the CAD program. Total robotic stations are
available that allow the operator to work alone using the remote control...................