Lab Manual

ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPOGATION
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EL303)

BVM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, V.V.NAGAR
DEPARTMENT of ELECTRONICS
PRACTICAL INDEX
Sr. No Title of Practical Date Page Sign

no
1. To study and verify the radiation Pattern of simple
dipole antenna.
2. To study and verify the radiation Pattern of

folded dipole.
3. To study and verify the Radiation Pattern of folded

dipole with reflector.
4. To Study the radiation Pattern of Yagi UDA 5E folded

dipole.
5. To Study the Radiation Pattern of Micro strip Antenna.
6. Introduction to HFSS.
7. To design Microstrip Patch antenna using HFSS.
8. To design Reflector antenna using HFSS.
9. To design Horn antenna using HFSS.
10. To design and verify radiation patterns of different

antenna using PCAAD.
Page 1 of 19
Practical 01
Objective: Study and verify the Radiation Pattern of Simple Dipole .
Apparatus:
Simple dipole, RF generator, Detector, Transmitting mast, receiving mast, BNC
connectors.
Theory:
A simple dipole is the simplest form of the antenna having 2 poles each of
length (λ/2). The nominal impedance of this antenna is 73 ohm. The actual value departs from
this due to construction constraints, such as non-zero diameter rods, presence of BNC connector
body and the antenna mast. The effect of all this are partially corrected by a “Y match”
arrangement connection. See figure.
The radiation pattern of simple dipole (λ/2) is uniform in forward & reverse direction. The
polarization is horizontal.
Simple Dipole λ/2 Antenna
Page 2 of 19
Procedure:
1. Mount the simple dipole on the transmitting mast.
2. Keep the receiving antenna mast away from transmitting mast approximately 0.5 m.
3. Align arrow mark on the disk with zero of the goniometer scale.
4. Select frequency on both for highest level.
5. Start taking readings at the interval of 10° and note the level at receiver display.
6. Plot the polar graph on degrees of rotation of antenna against level in the Receiver in dbs.
Observation table:
Maximum Current received: ____________
Angle Current (I) in µA Current (I) in db angle Current (I) in µA Current (I) in db
0° 190°
10° 200°
20° 210°
30° 220°
40° 230°
50° 240°
60° 250°
70° 260°
80° 270°
90° 280°
100° 290°
110° 300°
120° 310°
130° 320°
140° 330°
150° 340°
160° 350°
170° 360°
180°
Conclusion:
Teacher’s sign.
Page 3 of 19
Practical 02
Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Folded Dipole.
Apparatus:
Folded Dipole, RF generator, Detector, Transmitting mast, receiving mast, BNC
connectors.
Theory:
Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation resistance
(nominally, approximately 300 Ohm) for the presence of the folded arm. See figure the actual
impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end bends, the
presence of the BNC connector & balun etc. The typical radiation pattern in horizontal plane for
this antenna appears like for the case of simple dipole as in previous experiment.
The polarization is horizontal. The typical radiation pattern of folded dipole is given in figure for
experimentation, proceed as follows.
Mount folded Dipole (λ/2) antenna on the transmitting mast and follow steps as per experiment
no 2 and plot graph of this antenna.
Folded Dipole λ/2 Antenna
Page 4 of 19
Procedure:
Observation table:
0° 190°
10° 200°
20° 210°
30° 220°
40° 230°
50° 240°
60° 250°
70° 260°
80° 270°
90° 280°
100° 290°
110° 300°
120° 310°
130° 320°
140° 330°
150° 340°
160° 350°
170° 360°
180°
Conclusion:
Teacher’s sign.
Page 5 of 19
Practical 03
Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Folded Dipole with Reflector.
Apparatus:
Folded Dipole, RF generator, Detector, Transmitting mast, receiving mast, BNC
connectors.
Theory:
Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation resistance
(nominally, approximately 300 Ohm) for the presence of the folded arm. See figure the actual
impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end bends, the
presence of the BNC connector & balun etc. The typical radiation pattern in horizontal plane for
this antenna appears like for the case of simple dipole as in previous experiment.
The polarization is horizontal. The typical radiation pattern of folded dipole is given in figure for
experimentation, proceed as follows.
Mount folded Dipole antenna on the transmitting mast and follow steps as per experiment no 2
and plot graph of this antenna.
Folded Dipole Antenna with Reflector
Page 6 of 19
Procedure:
Observation table:
0° 190°
10° 200°
20° 210°
30° 220°
40° 230°
50° 240°
60° 250°
70° 260°
80° 270°
90° 280°
100° 290°
110° 300°
120° 310°
130° 320°
140° 330°
150° 340°
160° 350°
170° 360°
180°
Conclusion:
Teacher’s sign.
Page 7 of 19
Practical 04
Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Yagi UDA 5E folded dipole.
Apparatus:
Folded Dipole, RF generator, Detector, Transmitting mast, Receiving mast, BNC
converter.
Theory:
Yagi UDA antenna with folded or non folded dipoles are widely used antennas.
Behind the dipole they have a reflectors and in front they have director 1-3-5, etc.
The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75 Ohm. This is a very important antenna for
unidirectional transmission and widely used in TV reception. See Figure. A yagi-UDA antenna
has a folded dipole re rounded by director and reflector. The no of directors can be 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9
etc. the polarization is horizontal.
Yagi UDA 5E Folded Dipole Antenna
Page 8 of 19
Procedure:
1. Mount the yagi UDA 5E folded dipole on the transmitting mast.
Observation table:
0° 190°
10° 200°
20° 210°
30° 220°
40° 230°
50° 240°
60° 250°
70° 260°
80° 270°
90° 280°
100° 290°
110° 300°
120° 310°
130° 320°
140° 330°
150° 340°
160° 350°
170° 360°
180°
Conclusion:
Teacher’s sign.
Page 9 of 19
Practical 05
Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Circular Micro strip Antenna.
Apparatus:
Circular patch antenna, RF generator, Detector, Transmitting mast, Receiving mast,
BNC connectors.
Theory:
Theoretically the micro strip antenna is of any continuous shape like rectangular,
triangular, circular etc. these are useful for low cross polarization radiation. The radiation pattern
can be analyzed easily. The microstrip is more important and useful shape as it has inherent
property of large bandwidth and can be easily fabricated with less space.
They are constructed on a very thin dielectric substrate using different etching
techniques. In general, dual copper coated Teflon fiberglass is most commonly used so that the
micro strip antenna can be easily curved to the shape of mounting surface. For the patch mostly
conducting materials such as copper or gold is used.
Page 10 of 19
Circular Micro strip Antenna
Procedure:
1. Mount the circular micro strip antenna on the transmitting mast.
Observation table:
0° 190°
10° 200°
20° 210°
30° 220°
40° 230°
50° 240°
60° 250°
70° 260°
80° 270°
90° 280°
100° 290°
110° 300°
120° 310°
130° 320°
140° 330°
150° 340°
160° 350°
170° 360°
180°
Conclusion:
Teacher’s sign.
Page 11 of 19
Practical 06
Introduction to HFSS.
Antennas are virtually everywhere. From commercial applications such as smartphones, RFID tags, and wireless
printers, to defense applications such as phased array antennas for aircraft radar systems or satellite-based, to
provide integrated ground based communication systems. Electromagnetic simulation is a valuable tool in
antenna design and platform integration providing the designer the ability to virtually design and evaluate what if
scenarios as well as verify the final manufactured design. ANSYS® HFSS™ excels at a wide variety of high
frequency, full-wave, electromagnetic applications including antenna design and placement since it uses multiple
advanced solver techniques to simulate not just the antenna but also the effects of its interaction with the entire
system, including the feeding system as well as the platform.
HFSS can help antenna designers who are constantly challenged with implementing de- signs across more and
more frequency bands inside a smaller and smaller footprint. With these additional technical challenges along
with the ever shrinking time to market, simulation with HFSS is a must-have in the antenna design and
integration process.
Miniaturization of the antennas, limited channel bandwidth, reduced design time, and antenna interaction with other
components present stiff challenges to the design engineer. HFSS provides automatic, accurate, and efficient
solutions to overcome these challenges, making it the ultimate tool of choice for antenna simulation. Basic
performance characterization such as return loss, input impedance, gain, directivity and a variety of
polarization characteristics can be analyzed in HFSS. Key post-processing features such as
Figure1. Applications that are simulated using ANSYS HFSS
Automatic Adaptive Meshing

A key feature of HFSS is automatic adaptive mesh refinement which generates an accurate solution based on the
physics or electromagnetics of the design. This automated meshing technique leaves the focus on the antenna
design rather than spending time determining and creating the best mesh. This automation and guaranteed
Page 12 of 19
accuracy differentiates HFSS from all other electromagnetic simulators, which typically require manual user
controls to ensure that the generated mesh is suitable and accurate for simulation. Without the correct mesh, the
results from such simulators can be erroneous. But with automatic adaptive meshing, HFSS lets the physics
define the mesh and not the other way around and guarantees accurate results.
The meshing algorithm adaptively refines the mesh throughout the geometry; it iteratively adds mesh elements in
areas where a finer mesh is needed due to the localized electromagnetic field behavior. Figure 2 illustrates the
adaptive meshing process for a patch antenna operating at 11. 5 GHz using the finite element method (FEM)
in HFSS.
Figure 2. Adaptive refinement on patch antenna and the process flow.
An initial mesh is generated and is used to solve for the electromagnetic fields. From this solution, a localized
error estimate is determined for each element or tetrahedron in the mesh. Those mesh elements with
relatively high errors are refined to additional, smaller and more accurate mesh elements and thus capturing
the localized behavior of the electromagnetic fields with higher precision. Using this refined mesh, HFSS
generates another adaptive solution, recomputing the error and re-solving as be-fore. This process continues
until HFSS converges to an accurate solution as determined by monitoring a convergence parameter called
Max (|∆S|) representing the change in s-parameters from one pass to the next. This convergence criterion
ensures that the difference in S-parameters between two consecutive adaptive passes is less than a specified
magnitude which can conceptually be thought of as the ‘noise floor’ of the simulation or ‘mea- surement’. For
increased accuracy, you can tighten or lower the convergence criteria and HFSS will further refine the mesh.
Adaptive refinement ensures that the mesh elements are sufficiently fine in those areas where strong
electromagnetic fields exist and/or the field gradients are high. The mesh is coarser in the remaining areas,
Page 13 of 19
which are relatively less important thereby not wasting computational resources.
The merits of automatic adaptive meshing are:
The mesh size is correct and suitable for efficient simulations leading to highly accurate solutions.
Such a technique reliably ‘tunes’ the mesh to the electrical behavior of the antenna.
You do not need to be a meshing expert and you can focus on the design rather than the simulation setup.
You can explore design options quickly and cheaply and reduce the number of prototypes.
Fewer or no prototypes ensure huge savings in time and money on hardware development and testing.
In-depth analysis of the design and its electromagnetic behavior that is not possible from the traditional
build and test philosophy.
You only need to create the geometry, specify material properties, bound- ary conditions, excitations,
and solution frequency
Antenna Simulation Technologies in HFSS

HFSS offers the following simulation methods and tools depending upon the kind of problem you want to
solve:
(1) Finite Element Method (Enabled with HFSS)
(2) Integral Equations (Enabled with HFSS-IE)
(3) Physical Optics (Enabled with HFSS-IE)
(4) FEM Transient (Enabled with HFSS-TR)
(5) Antenna Design Toolkit provided with HFSS including over 50 standard antenna design.
Page 14 of 19
Practical 10
Yagi-uda antenna analysis using PCAAD 6.0
This routine analyzes a Yagi-Uda dipole

array using a moment method solution
that includes all mutual coupling terms.
Dipole currents are expanded using
described piecewise sinusoidal (PWS)
modes, as in references [11]-[12]. The
routine computes input impedance, gain,
front-to-back ratio, and patterns for the
array. The array is assumed to have one
reflector element, one driven dipole
element, and an arbitrary number of
director elements. The length and spacing
for each element is variable, but the
radius is assumed to be the same for all elements.
Begin by entering the frequency, the dipole radius, the number of PWS
modes on each dipole, and the number of director elements. Next,
specify the lengths and spacings of the elements using the scroll bar and
text boxes. The name of each element is listed in the box to the right of
the scroll bar, followed by boxes for its length and spacing from the
previous element. Thus, the spacing of the first element (the reflector) is
not used, and is set to zero. Use the scroll bar to scroll through the
elements to set or change lengths and spacings. Pattern plots can be made
in the E-and H-planes of the dipole, or E-theta / E-phi or Co-pol / X-pol
patterns can be made at an arbitrary azimuth angle. Patterns can be
plotted in polar, rectangular, or volumetric (3-D) form, and patterns can
be saved as data files. Select the pattern type and parameters with the
Pattern Type Select button.
When all data is entered, click the Compute button to calculate the
moment method solution. The input impedance, gain, and front-to-back
ratio will be listed. The specified patterns are also calculated, and may be
plotted using the Plot Patterns button, or saved to data files. You may
also save the moment method impedance matrix in a data file. The
elements in this file are listed in row order for the top triangular half of
Page 15 of 19
the impedance matrix; the modes are numbered from bottom to top of
each element, starting at the reflector. The geometry of the Yagi array
may be viewed in three dimensions by clicking the Show Geometry
button. After each computation, data is automatically written to a log file
called WIRE.LOG, located in the PCAAD program directory. This data
includes the frequency, wire radius, coordinates of all points on the wire
structure, the definition of the PWS expansion modes, the moment
method impedance matrix, and the voltage and current
vectors.Validation
Consider a Yagi array with the following specifications:
Reflector length 47.9 cm
Fed element length 45.3 cm
Director length (1) 45.1 cm
Spacing between reflector and feed 25.0 cm
Spacing between feed and director 25.0 cm
Dipole radius 0.25 cm
0.30
Frequency GHz
This geometry is analyzed in [3], although the number of expansion

modes is not stated. Running PCAAD 6.0 with 9 PWS modes per
element (27 modes total) gives the following results:
Quantity Reference [3] PCAAD 6.0
______________________________________________________
22 + j 14
Input impedance 22 + j 15 Ω Ω
Gain 9.4 dB 9.5 dB
Front-to-back ratio 5.6 dB 5.7 dB
Page 16 of 19
Linear Sub array Design and Analysis
This routine is used to plot patterns of a

linear array antenna composed of
elements having an arbitrary element
pattern defined by a data file. This is
useful for analyzing arrays of subarrays,
or arrays of elements that are not
available through the element menu of the
linear array routine. For example, this
routine can be used to find patterns of an
array of elements having a measured
element pattern, an array of horn
antennas, or an array of subarrays. You
can specify array size (number of
elements or
subarrays), the amplitude taper, and the phase distribution. The element
spacing is measured between the centers of adjacent elements (or
subarrays). The element pattern is specified only in the plane of the
array, and assumed to be constant in the plane orthogonal to the array.
For this reason the directivity may not be meaningful, and is not
calculated. Without loss of generality, the polarization of the elements or
subarrays is assumed to be along the x-axis. Pattern plots can be made in
Page 17 of 19
the E- and H-planes of the array, or E-theta / E-phi or Co-pol / X-pol

patterns can be made at an arbitrary azimuth angle. Patterns can be
plotted in polar, rectangular, or volumetric (3-D) form, and patterns can
be saved as data files. Select the pattern type and parameters with the
Pattern Type Select button. As indicated in the picture at the top left of
the form, the array is assumed to lie along the x-axis; if a ground plane is
present (depending on the element type), it is positioned below the array
parallel to the x-y plane. The pattern is computed using the array factor of
the array multiplied by the subarray pattern. Mutual coupling effects are
not included in this routine. The maximum size of the array is limited to
200 elements.
This routine uses two additional windows to select the array amplitude
distribution, and the array phase distribution. The available amplitude
and phase options are the same as those for the linear array module
described in Section D.1., and are accessed by clicking the small Select
button to the right of the appropriate text box for amplitude and phase.
The selected amplitude and phase distributions can each be modified
with gaussian distributed random errors, and can be saved as data files.
The element pattern file is selected with a file dialog box. The element
pattern data is assumed to be in the format of (angle in degrees, pattern in
dB), with an angle range from -90 to 90. The step size of the element
data file is arbitrary – numerical interpolation is used when necessary.
Pattern files generated by other PCAAD routines follow this format,
allowing other PCAAD routines to be used to generate element patterns
for direct use in this routine. For example, a horn antenna module can be
used to generate a pattern file, which can then be used in this routine to
find the pattern of an array of horns.
Validation
Consider an H-plane broadside array of 8 half-wave dipoles in free-space

having a spacing of 0.6λ , and a uniform amplitude distribution. The
pattern can be calculated using the linear array analysis routine, which
gives a 3 dB beamwidth of 10.6°.
This same array can also be considered as a 4 element array, where each
element now consists of a two-element H-plane subarray of two dipoles
with a spacing of 0.6λ . The subarray pattern can be calculated using the
linear array routine, and saved as a data file. This data file can then be
used in the linear subarray routine, with N = 4 subarrays, and a spacing
of 1.2λ between subarrays. The computed pattern and beamwidth agrees
Page 18 of 19
with the pattern obtained from the linear array routine. The pattern is
given below.
Page 19 of 19

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ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPOGATION

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION (EL303)

Sr. No Title of Practical Date Page Sign

2. To study and verify the radiation Pattern of

3. To study and verify the Radiation Pattern of folded

4. To Study the radiation Pattern of Yagi UDA 5E folded

5. To Study the Radiation Pattern of Micro strip Antenna.

7. To design Microstrip Patch antenna using HFSS.

8. To design Reflector antenna using HFSS.

9. To design Horn antenna using HFSS.

10. To design and verify radiation patterns of different

Objective: Study and verify the Radiation Pattern of Simple Dipole .

Simple Dipole λ/2 Antenna

4. Select frequency on both for highest level.

Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Folded Dipole.

Folded Dipole λ/2 Antenna

4. Select frequency on both for highest level.

Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Folded Dipole with Reflector.

Folded Dipole Antenna with Reflector

4. Select frequency on both for highest level.

Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Yagi UDA 5E folded dipole.

Yagi UDA 5E Folded Dipole Antenna

4. Select frequency on both for highest level.

Objective: Study of Radiation Pattern of Circular Micro strip Antenna.

Circular Micro strip Antenna

4. Select frequency on both for highest level.

Figure1. Applications that are simulated using ANSYS HFSS

Automatic Adaptive Meshing

Figure 2. Adaptive reﬁnement on patch antenna and the process ﬂow.

The merits of automatic adaptive meshing are:

Antenna Simulation Technologies in HFSS

(1) Finite Element Method (Enabled with HFSS)

(2) Integral Equations (Enabled with HFSS-IE)

(3) Physical Optics (Enabled with HFSS-IE)

(4) FEM Transient (Enabled with HFSS-TR)

Yagi-uda antenna analysis using PCAAD 6.0

This routine analyzes a Yagi-Uda dipole

radius is assumed to be the same for all elements.

Consider a Yagi array with the following specifications:

Reflector length 47.9 cm

Fed element length 45.3 cm

Director length (1) 45.1 cm

Spacing between reflector and feed 25.0 cm

Spacing between feed and director 25.0 cm

Dipole radius 0.25 cm

This geometry is analyzed in [3], although the number of expansion

Quantity Reference [3] PCAAD 6.0

Gain 9.4 dB 9.5 dB

Front-to-back ratio 5.6 dB 5.7 dB

Linear Sub array Design and Analysis

This routine is used to plot patterns of a

the E- and H-planes of the array, or E-theta / E-phi or Co-pol / X-pol

Consider an H-plane broadside array of 8 half-wave dipoles in free-space

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