Stress

❖Normal stress, 
❖Shear stress, 
❖Allowable stress and Factor of Safety (F.S.)
EXTERNAL FORCE (LOAD) & INTERNAL FORCE

• The force exerted by weight on a body is external

force (load), while the resistance offered to retain its
shape is called internal force.
 Stresses in the Members of a Structure

𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Stress =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆

Assumptions:
1. Uniform distribution of stress
2. Uniform material properties

Normal stress, 
 Stress
• Stress, defined as force per unit area, is a measure of the intensity of internal
forces acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces, as a reaction to
external applied forces and body forces.
• There’s only two types of stress. Every force results in either these 2 types of
stress:
•Normal stress,  : Force per unit area acting normal
•Shear stress,  : Force per unit area acting
tangent/parallel
• Stress is to force as strain is to deformation.
• Units of stress: 2
S. I. units : English units: psi = lb/in
kip/in2 = ksi = 103 psi
 Type of Stress
• Normal Stress (σ) : stress which acts perpendicular, or
normal to the cross section of the
load-carrying member.
: can be either compressive or tensile.

• Shear Stress (τ) : stress which acts tangent or parallel to

the cross section of the load-carrying
member. : refers to a cutting-like action.
 Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Member
• When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to axial force through the centroid, it is
subjected to normal stress. Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
• Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to
pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members
(members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.
Average Normal Stress Distribution
  FRz  Fz ;  dF    dA
A

P  A
P
ave 
A
σ = average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = cross-sectional area of the bar
Example 1.1:
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that d1=30 mm and d2=20 mm, find average normal stress at the midsection
of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
Example 1.2
Two solid cylindrical roads AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that d1 = 30 mm and d2 = 50 mm, find the average normal stress in the mid section
of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

Answers:
AB = 84.9 MPa
BC = 96.8 MPa
 Shear Stress
• Shear stress is the stress component that act
in the plane of the sectioned area.
• Consider a force F acting to the bar in the
following figure :
• For rigid supports, and if F is large enough,
bar will deform and fail along the planes
identified by AB and CD.
• Free-body diagram indicates that shear force,
V= F/2 be applied at both sections to ensure
equilibrium.
• Direct shear stress:
• Caused by a shear force that tends to shear a surface called a shear surface
or shear plane.

• Torsional stress:
• Torsion occurs when an object, such as a bar with a cylindrical or square cross
section (as shown in the figure), is twisted. The twisting force acting on the
object is known as torque, and the resulting stress is known as torsional shear
stress.
• Twisting a simple piece of blackboard chalk between ones fingers until it
snaps is an example of a torsional force in action that causes torsional stress.
 Double Shear
Single Shear

P F
 ave  
A A P F
 ave  
A 2A
 Example Problem 1
The structure in Figure 1 is
designed to support a 30 kN
load. The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports.
Determine whether the strength
of the rod is adequate. The rod is
made of steel with allowable
stress, allow = 165 MPa.

Figure 1
 Example Problem 2
Figure 2 shows a bar with a square cross section for which the depth and
thickness are both 40 mm. If an axial force of 800 N is applied along the
centroidal axis of the bar cross-sectional area, determine the average normal
stress and average shear stress acting on the material along (a) section plane a-a
and (b) section plane b-b.

Figure 2
 Practice
• The 80 kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown in the Fig. If the AB has a
diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm. Determine the average normal stress
in each rod.