CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

Data of the study are compiled by signing, comparing, and grouping the words

on the Sony Ericsson W200i User’s Guide Book in English and Bahasa Indonesia

version into borrowing category. The theory of borrowing word helps in determining

the words in to the category of borrowing. After considering it by applying the

theory, the writer rechecks the classified words by looking up both the English and

Bahasa Indonesia dictionary to know the meaning of each word and whether the word

has equivalence in Bahasa Indonesia. Understanding the meaning and the available

equivalence of the words in TL, the writer can really determine the words which are

included into borrowing word and which one is not.

The table below list the borrowing found on the user guide book. The

underlined words in source language column are borrowing words found on the user

guide book in its English version. Meanwhile, the underlined in target language

column are the translation of borrowing words in user’s guide book Bahasa Indonesia

version. Each corpus is added with the page where the corpus can be found in the

book. The SL and TL are arranged side by side to ease comparison between them in

considering the translation process to translate some borrowing words. The writer

uses some dictionaries to support the analysis to find the meaning of each word, those

dictionaries are:

25
 26

a. McGraw-Hill, Dictionary of Electrical & Computer Engineering, (U.S:

The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003)

b. The British Computer Society School Committee, A Glossary of

Computing Terms, (London: Pitman Publishing, 1991)

c. John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, (Jakarta:

Gramedia, 2003)

d. Jack Febrian, Kamus Komputer & Teknologi Informasi, (Bandung:

Penerbit Informatika, 2007)

Here are the data descriptions of English Borrowing Words in Sony Ericsson

W200i User’s Guide Book:

Borrowing
Source Language Target Language
No. Page Page Translation
(SL) (TL)
Types

1. Settings 48 Setting 53 Loan Word

2. To move through 17 Untuk berpindah- 17 Loan Word
menus and tabs pindah saat didalam
menu atau tab.
3. Exit browser 49 Keluar browser 54 Loan Word
4. Standby mode 15 Modus standby 16 Loan Word
5. Select a bookmark 49 Pilih bookmark 54 Loan Word
6. To manage files 18 Untuk mengelola file 18 Loan Word
7. You connect to your 35 Anda terhubung 38 Loan Word
email server dengan server email
 27

anda
8. Use a picture as a 36 Gunakan gambar 39 Loan Word
screen saver, sebagai screen saver,
wallpaper or a wallpaper atau
contact item sebagai item dalam
kontak
9. Select how to 32 pilih modus 36 Loan Word
download your download
picture messages pesan gambar Anda
10. Follow the 40 Ikuti instruksi- 44 Loan Blend
instructions instruksi
11. To check the memory 23 Untuk memeriksa 24 Loan Blend
status status memori
12. To insert an item in 30 Untuk menyisipkan 32 Loan Word
your message item ke dalam pesan
Anda
13. Via another transfer 39 Bila menggunakan 42 Loan Word
methode cara transfer yang
lain
14. To confirm each 55 Untuk menegaskan 60 Loan Blend
entry setiap entri
15. To select a data 43 Untuk memilih 48 Loan Word
account account data
16. Select a link to 43 Pilih satu link untuk 48 Loan Word
stream from melakukan streaming
17. You can also 46 Anda juga dapat 52 Loan Word
download new mendownload
content content baru
 28

18. Install the computer 50 Instal di komputer 55 Loan Blend

B. Data Analysis

The above data are analyzed below. The analysis will be explaining about the

Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL). The analysis uses Charles F.

Hocket’s theory of borrowing word. And also will use the dictionaries to get the

meaning many words from SL to TL. The data also will classify to the types of

borrowing word.

Here are the analyses:

1. Loan Word

SL: Settings

TL: Setting

Setting means a collection of record types. A combination of units, assemblies,

and parts connected or otherwise used together to perform an operational function,

such as radar set.1 Setting in computer can be understood as a setup in the computer

system control. The only equivalence meaning is pengaturan2 or setelan3 that is

found in Information Technology Dictionary whose meaning is to specify for the real

meaning in Bahasa Indonesia. But the term of setting is commonly used by

1
McGraw-Hill, Dictionary of Electrical & Computer Engineering, (U.S: The McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2003) p. 518
2
Jack Febrian, Kamus Komputer & Teknologi Informasi, (Bandung: Penerbit Informatika, 2007), p.
373
3
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, (Jakarta: Gramedia, 2003), p.515
 29

computer/hand phone users to mean the contextual meaning. The term also has no

equivalent collocation in the translation process so that the term is directly used in the

translation

Based on the case, the term setting is usually to set the mode or system in the

hand phone. Like what we want to set the phone as we prefer. How comfort we use

that phone. An Indonesian always says the word setting than setelan or pengaturan,

the word setting is more general and others people more understand that word. This

word is categorized as a loan word, because it has similar meaning and spelling.

2. Loan Word

SL: To move through menus and tabs

TL: Untuk berpindah-pindah saat didalam menu atau tab.

Menu means a display of a series of option choice designed to lead a user the

required stage in an interface program. A particular choice may itself lead to a further

menu.4 Penuntun fasilitas yang tersedia, untuk mengarahkan user dalam memilih

proses yang akan dieksekusi.5 Menu is a list of options from which a user can make a

selection in order to perform a desired action, such as choosing a command or

applying a particular format to part of a document. Many application programs,

especially those that offer a graphical interface, use menus as a means of providing

4
The British Computer Society School Committee, A Glossary of Computing Terms, (London: Pitman
Publishing, 1991), p. 74
5
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 291
 30

user with an easily learned, easy-to-use alternative to memorizing program

commands and their appropriate usage.

Menu also has a general spelling in Indonesia. Many people say word menu to

choose the many choices. An Indonesian more familiar with this word. Basically, in

Bahasa also has a word itself, sometimes we call by daftar6. But, in a science of

technology uses the word menu. When there is man/women ask to their friends about

menu in computer or hand phone. They'll say the word menu; same as in the hand

phone occurred. And they will say the word menu in anywhere or everywhere.

Actually they've more understand with the source language or foreign language not

with the word daftar. The word menu which keeps in SL word in TL translation is

kind of loan word.

Tab means to order a set of data into a table form, or to print a set of data as a

table form, or to print a set of data as a table, usually indicating differences and totals,

or just totals.7 Singkatan dari tombol tabulasi, merupakan tombol bantuan untuk

mempercepat perpindahan kursor ataupun untuk perapihan dalam penulisan teks.

Khusus untuk peloncatan posisi kursor ini, tempatnya ditentukan oleh tabulator.8

It means a key, often labeled with both a left-pointing and a right-pointing

arrow that traditionally (as in word processing) is used to insert tab characters into a

document. In other applications, such as menu-driven programs, the Tab key is often

used to move the on-screen highlight from place to place. Many database and

6
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p.378
7
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 571
8
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 402
 31

spreadsheet programs allow the user to press the Tab key to move around within a

record or between cells. The word tab is short for “tabulator,” which was the name

given to this key on typewriters, where it was used in creating tables.

Bahasa Indonesia has no comparable word to express the meaning conveyed by

the SL tab although the referential meaning is known. Therefore SL term is directly

used in the translation. The Englishman may common with the meaning of the term;

but, not with the Indonesian. The word label9 that is found in English-Indonesia

Dictionary may not replace the SL tab since the word of label is only appropriate for

replacing the SL formal meaning of tab, not the SL contextual meaning. Therefore

SL term is directly used in the translation. Bahasa Indonesia has no equivalent for

replacing the term. Even, TL also uses the word to mean the contextual meaning. So,

it can be concluded that SL tab is an international term so that it cannot replaced in

TL translation process which causes the loan word.

3. Loan Word

SL: Exit browser

TL: Keluar browser

Browser means an interactive program (client) that requests, retrieves, and

displays pages from the World Wide Web.10 Perangkat lunak untuk berselancar di

internet. Perangkat lunak (software) yang digunakan untuk mengakses World Wide

9
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p.576
10
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 63
 32

Web.11 Base on the definition above, software that lets a user view HTML documents

and access files and software related to those documents. Originally developed to

allow users to view or browse documents on the World Wide Web, Most Web

browsers are also capable of downloading and transferring files. This term has no

equivalence in Bahasa Indonesia as well. There is no comparable word that

equivalent in meaning to replace the SL browser. SL term is not only used in SL

country, but also in TL country, Indonesia. The Indonesian computer users commonly

use the term for referring the SL contextual meaning. The global use of SL words in

TL; and, the absence of TL that may replace the SL word in the translation process

cause the loan word. The word browser also more familiar. Even the kids know that

word.

4. Loan Word

SL: Standby mode

TL: Modus standby

Standby means the operation of a circuit or device with unused portions of the

circuit disconnected to reduce power consumption.12 A state in which your computer

consumes less power when it is idle but remains available for immediate use. While

your computer is standby, information in computer memory is not saved on your hard

disk. If there is an interruption in power, the information in memory is lost. Base on

11
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 72
12
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 547
 33

the meaning in Bahasa. The word standby is siaga.13 But the translator not translated

with the word siaga. He prefers translated it with the word standby too. The translator

more understands with an Indonesian. This word is often use in computer or hand

phone to keep the powerless. An Indonesian more understand the meaning of standby

than siaga. The word standby often use in many sciences. Because it more simple

when the people use this word. This word is kind of loan word type, because, it has

similar meaning and spelling.

5. Loan Word

SL: Select a bookmark

TL: Pilih bookmark

Bookmaark means a Web page location (URL) which is saved by a user for

quick reference.14 Memberi tanda pada halaman tertentu untuk memudahkan

pencarian. Suatu catatan elektronik di dalam browser yang berisi alamat-alamat ke

tempat yang kita senangi di internet.15 Bookmark means a marker inserted at a

specific point in a document to which the user may wish to return for later reference.

To make an easy access for a simple style.

This word bookmark does exist in Bahasa Indonesia too. Probably the translator

better translated the word bookmark into bookmark again. Because this word more

suitable than to say long word such as the meaning bookmark in Bahasa. In the

13
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 495
14
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 58
15
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 67
 34

translation process, SL bookmark cannot be compared with any TL collocation that

may replace the collocation. The translator seems to be missed the equivalent

collocation of SL. Once again, losing collocation that occurs to the TL for replacing

SL causes the loan word. Because of that, TL keeps the SL word in the translation.

6. Loan Word

SL: To manage files

TL: untuk mengelola file

File means a collection of related records treated as a unit.16 An organized

collection of related records.17 Arsip yang disimpan dalam suatu media, yang terdiri

dari kumpulan karakter, dan didokumentasikan dalam bentuk data digital oleh

komputer.18 File means named collection of information, such as a program, a set of

data used by a program, or a user-created document.

The word file that borrowed with Indonesian language is similar with the

meaning which translated by translator, no different in the meaning and spelling. The

people say the word file the other will understand than arsip19. The word arsip is the

oldest word when an English language before be the international language. Today,

the people more compatible with the word file, even in around campus and office.

16
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 63
17
The British Computer Society School Committee, Op, Cit., p. 18
18
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 190
19
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 240
 35

And the word file now is the basic word in Indonesia. So, the translator borrowed this

word into user guide book as a loan word.

7. Loan Word

SL: You connect to your email server

TL: Anda terhubung dengan server email anda

Email means the electronic transmission of letters, messages, and memos

through a communications network.20 Singkatan dari Electronic Mail. Pesan,

biasanya berupa teks, yang dikirimkan dari satu alamat ke alamat lain di jaringan

internet.21 Short for electronic mail. The exchange of text messages and computer

files over a communications network, such as a local area network or the Internet,

usually between computers or terminals.

Server means a computer or software package that sends requested information

to a client or clients in a network.22 Komputer yang bertugas sebagai (pelayan)

jaringan. Server mengatur lalu lintas data dalam sebuah jaringan dan menyediakan

resource yang dapat dipakai oleh komputer lain yang terhubung dalam

jaringannya.23 Server means on a local area network (LAN), a computer running

administrative software that controls access to the network and its resources, such as

20
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 198
21
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 164
22
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 518
23
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 372
 36

printers and disk drives, and provides resources to computers functioning as

workstations on the network.

. These two SL are international term that the words are also used in TL. The

language has no comparable words that may replace the SL word with an exact

contextual meaning; even, the SL words email and server are borrowed into TL to

convey the meaning. It is clear that the circumstance of international term occurs here

and makes the two words need not be translated. No different meaning and spelling.

This is kind of loan word.

8. Loan Word

SL: Use a picture as a screen saver, wallpaper or a contact item

TL: Gunakan gambar sebagai screen saver, wallpaper atau sebagai item dalam

Kontak

The case of screen saver and wallpaper here is similar with the above analysis;

that the two words are international term. Screen saver which means a program that

launches when a computer is not in use for a predetermined period, displaying

various transient or moving images on a computer screen.24 Animasi yang

ditampilkan apabila tidak ada respon input ke komputer dari user dalam jangka

waktu tertentu (Windows).25 Screen saver means a utility that causes a monitor to

blank out or display a certain image after a specified amount of time passes without

24
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 508
25
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 368
 37

the keyboard being touched or the mouse being moved. Touching a key or moving

the mouse deactivates the screen saver.

Wallpaper means the design or image used as a computer monitor

background.26 Background jendela pada layar monitor. Pada wallpaper ini biasanya

juga terletak beberapa icon sebagai jalan pintas untuk menuju suatu aplikasi.

Wallpaper ini juga dikenal dengan istilah Desktop.27 Wallpaper means in a graphical

user interface such as Windows, a pattern or picture in the screen background that can

be chosen by the user.

These two words not need to be translated by TL that keeps no equivalence for

referring the intended meaning. This circumstance of international term is indicating

that borrowing word type of loan word occurs in the translation process that left SL

word in TL translation.

9. Loan Word

SL: Select how to download your picture messages

TL: pilih modus download

Download means to transfer a program or data file from a central computer to a

remote computer or to the memory of an intelligent terminal. 28 The transfer of

programs and/or data from main frame to other, usually smaller, computers. The

26
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 627
27
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 446
28
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 175
 38

reverse process is referred to as upload.29 In Bahasa means menyalin data dari server

secara remote. Mengambil file atau mentransfer file dari satu komputer ke komputer

lainnya.30

This word has not equivalence for the meaning of download. It is different with

the English word load that Bahasa Indonesia keeps the equivalence. The meaning of

download falls into restricted meaning of moving something (data) in computer/hand

phone, not move something in the physical life, for instance is lifting a box. Because

of the limited range of contextual meaning of the SL download. Actually, the

meaning download in Bahasa is unduh when I saw that word in google chrome and

many browsers, but the word unduh seldom to hear. The people more familiar with

the SL word. The translator replace the SL word to TL translation. He borrowed SL

word for loan word type.

10. Loan Blend

SL: Follow the instructions

TL: Ikuti instruksi-instruksi

Instruction means a pattern of digits which signifies to a computer that a

particular operation is to be performed and which may also indicate the operands to

be operated on.31 In Bahasa Indonesia means perintah yang dijalankan oleh komputer

29
The British Computer Society School Committee, Op. Cit., p. 64
30
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 157
31
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 295
 39

dalam menjalankan prosesnya.32 Instruction means an action statement in any

computer language, most often in machine or assembly language. Most programs

consist of two types of statements: declarations and instructions. Bahasa Indonesia

has no common word to mean the contextual meaning. The dictionary keeps the

meaning of SL instruction as pengajaran33 which are not appropriate to replace the

SL instruction in the contextual meaning. Because the Indonesian meaning has no

compatible meaning to make the word understandable with the users. This is kind of

loan blend, because it has a similar meaning but different in spelling.

11. Loan Blend

SL: To check the memory status

TL: Untuk memeriksa status memori

Memory means any apparatus in which data may be stored and from which the

same data may be retrieved; especially, the internal, high-speed, large-capacity

working storage of a computer, as opposed to external devices. Also known as

computer memory.34 Bagian dari komputer yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan data

dan program.35 Memory means a device where information can be stored and

retrieved. In the most general sense, memory can refer to external storage such as

disk drives or tape drives. In English Indonesia Dictionary means of memory is

32
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 241
33
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 325
34
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 359
35
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 290
 40

ingatan, daya ingat36. It has no contextual meaning with SL word. The word memory

has replaced with translator to be the actual word. Which has all of people more

understand the meaning memory for technology (hand phone). This is kind of loan

blend, because it has a similar meaning but different in spelling.

12. Loan Word

SL: To insert an item in your message

TL: Untuk menyisipkan item ke dalam pesan Anda

Item means a set of adjacent digits, bits, or characters which is treated as a unit

and conveys a single unit of information.37 Bahasa Indonesia may convey the similar

meaning with several equivalences such as barang, menu, unit,38 barang, artikel.39

The SL term can be translated, but the TL are too general for expressing SL term

Item means a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that

could be enumerated on a list. A whole individual unit; especially when included in a

list or collection. This is kind of loan word, because it has a similar meaning and

spelling.

13. Loan Word

SL: Via another transfer methode

36
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 378
37
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 309
38
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 254
39
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 332
 41

TL: Bila menggunakan cara transfer yang lain

Transfer means a transfer of control which terminates one sequence of

instructions and begin another sequence at a different location. 40 To move data from

one place to another, especially within a single computer. In Bahasa Indonesia means

penyaluran,41pergantian.42 The meaning of transfer cannot be used to replace the TL

word. The translator used the word transfer in TL word because the reader should

more understand the meaning for purpose of the SL word in using the hand phone.

The SL word is International word. This is kind of loan word, because it has a similar

meaning and spelling.

14. Loan Blend

SL: To confirm each entry

TL: Untuk menegaskan setiap entri

Entry means Input data fed during the execution of program by means of a

terminal.43 Memasukan, mencatatkan. Data-data masukan yang diberikan atau

diketikkan kedalam program melaui terminal selama berlangsungnya proses

eksekusi.44 A unit of information treated as a whole by a computer program. The

process of inputting information. In another dictionary means masuk,45 the word entry

in SL word has a similar meaning but the spelling is different. This word has
40
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 312
41
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 414
42
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 601
43
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 207
44
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 174
45
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 216
 42

borrowed into TL language but it’s kind of loan blend. When the word in English

language known by Indonesian people, then they will use it to describe and it’s no

strange anymore by them.

15. Loan Word

SL: To select a data account

TL: Untuk memilih account data

Account means an arrangement that somebody has with a company that allows

them to use the internet, send and receive message by e-mail, etc.46 the definition in

Bahasa Indonesia is Data seseorang atau objek. Account ini menyimpan berbagai

informasi tentang seseorang atau objek yang dimaksud. Misalnya account anda

dalam suatu komputer jaringan, atau pada suatu webserver.47 In another dictionary,

the meaning for account is laporan,48 the meaning cannot be covered by any Bahasa

Indonesia lexicon. The word has no comparable collocation for replacing the SL term

to convey the similar contextual meaning. It makes loan blend occur in translation

process.

16. Loan Word

SL: Select a link to stream from

TL: Pilih satu link untuk melakukan streaming

46
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 9
47
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 9
48
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 6
 43

Link means general term used to indicate the existence of communications

facilities between two points.49 Or terhubungnya suatu objek dengan objek yang

lain.50 Definition of link means to produce an executable program from compiled

modules (programs, routines, or libraries) by merging the object code (assembly

language object code, executable machine code, or a variation of machine code) of

the program and resolving interconnecting references (such as a library routine called

by a program). Link in SL can be equivalent with TL hubungan.51 It is ambiguous

which SL link is equivalent with TL since the TL mentioned word is sharing in one

exponent of link. This is kind of ambiguity, sharing exponent, cause the translation to

be confusing in its process. The borrowing word is kind of loan word that makes SL

word be used in TL translation.

Relating to the contextual meaning, stream means a malfunction in which a

communicating device constantly transmits worthless data and thereby locks out all

other device on the line.52 In Bahasa means Suatu cara untuk mendapatkan informasi

berkelanjutan, misalnya streaming video pada internet.53 Streaming means on the

Internet, the process of delivering information, especially multimedia sound or video,

in a steady flow that the recipient can access as the file is being transmitted. In

magnetic tape storage devices, a low-cost technique to control the motion of the tape

by removing tape buffers. Bahasa Indonesia has no common word to means the

49
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 333
50
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 274
51
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 360
52
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 555
53
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 391
 44

contextual meaning. The dictionary keeps the meaning of SL stream as aliran54

which is not appropriate to replace SL word in the contextual meaning. TL

collocation is absent for referring the meaning so that TL uses the SL term directly in

translation. SL contextual meaning cannot be represented by any TL collocation that

shows the loan word occurs in the translation and makes the SL word be used in TL

translation.

17. Loan Word

SL: You can also download new content

TL: Anda juga dapat mendownload content baru

In dictionary of technologi content means the information stored at any address

or in any register of a computer.55 In another dictionaries are Isi56. Isi atau substansi

Data dan/atau Informasi berupa input dan output dari penyelenggaraan sistem

informasi yang disampaikan pada publik.57 As it is conveyed in SL content. Even the

word is also used in TL to mean the contextual meaning which indicates the

circumstance of international term occurs in the translation process. Borrowing word

makes the SL word to be used in TL translation as international it’s kind of loan

word.

54
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 560
55
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 115
56
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 143
57
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 114
 45

18. Loan Blend

SL: Install the computer

TL: Instal di komputer

Install means a computer program that adapts a software package for use on a

particular computer system.58 In Bahasa Indonesia is proses pemasangan dan

penyetingan perangkat (keras/lunak) agar bisa digunakan oleh sistem.59 Install

means to set in place and prepare for operation. Operating systems and application

programs commonly include a disk-based installation, or setup, program that does

most of the work of preparing the program to work with the computer, printer, and

other devices. However Bahasa Indonesia has no certain word for conveying the SL

meaning. The SL word install keeps several equivalences in English Indonesia

dictionary such as memasang.60 Despite that, there is no TL equivalence that may

exactly replace the SL word in the translation process although the word may replace

the SL install. However, most of all, the TL equivalences mentioned before share one

exponent of SL install which is one of the source for loan blend in the translation

process that causes the word makes SL word be used in TL directly.

58
McGraw-Hill, Op. Cit., p. 295
59
Jack Febrian, Op. Cit., p. 241
60
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Op. Cit., p. 325