STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

Mechanics is the branch of the physical sciences concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies that
are subjected to the action of forces.
Mechanics studies the relationships between
• the external loads and
• the internal forces (and hence stresses) acting within the body.
Mechanics:
▬ Rigid-body mechanics
• Statics deals with the equilibrium of the bodies which are either at rest or move with constant
velocity.
• Dynamics is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies.
▬ Deformable body mechanics
• Strength of Materials
▬ Fluid mechanics

The subject of statics developed very early in history because the principles involved could be formulated
simply from measurements of geometry and force.
Archimedes MÖ 287-212 Principle of the lever
Simon Stevinus 1548-1620 Force component calculation
Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Pendulum, falling bodies
Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Three fundamental laws of motion, Law of gravitational attraction
Einstein 1905 Relativity theory

What may happen if static is not applied properly.

actual system model free body diagram.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Newton’s three Laws of Motion:
First Law: A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line
F1 F2
with constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the particle is
not subjected to an unbalanced force. (Equilibrium F=0 ) v

F3

Second Law: A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an

a
acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is
directly proportional to the force. If F is applied to a particle of mass m, this F
law may be expressed mathematically as F=ma. (Accelerated motion)

Third Law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal, opposite and collinear. (Action-reaction)

Particle: A particle has mass, but size that can be neglected. For example, the size of the earth is
insignificant compared to the size of its orbit, and therefore the earth can be modeled as a particle when
studying its orbital motion.

Rijid Body: The body which does not deform under load.

In Mechanics, there are four basic quantities. They are Length, Time, Mass and Force.
Length is needed to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the size of a physical
system.
Time is conceived as a succession of events. Although the principles of statics are time independent, this
quantity does play an important role in the study of dynamics.
Mass is a property of matter by which we can compare the action of one body with that of another. This
property manifests itself as a gravitational attraction between two bodies and provides a quantitative
measure of the resistance of matter to a change in velocity.
Force, in general, is considered as a push or pull exerted by one body on another. This interaction can
occur when there is direct contact between the bodies, such as a person pushing on a wall, or it can occur
through distance when the bodies are physically separated. Examples of the latter type include
gravitational, electrical and magnetic forces. In any case, a force is completely characterized by its
magnitude, direction and point of application, namely, by a vector.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
VECTOR: A quantity which has magnitude, line of action, point of application and sense. In this course,
a vector is shown with a bold face letter, or with an arrow. ( F, : vektör, F : skaler )

line of action

F
sense
magnitude


point of
application

Fixed vector Sliding vector Free vector Scalar

(=Bound vector)
magnitude    
sense    
line of action    
point of application    

In Statics, Force is a sliding vector. In Strength of Materials Force is a fixed vector.

Statics 

Strength of Mat. X

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
System of Units
The four basic quantities (force, mass, length, time) are not all independent from one another. They are
related by Newton’s second law of motion F=ma. Three base units are selected arbitrarily and the forth
unit is then derived from the equation.
Metric Systems English System
(America)
Quantity MKS (SI) CGS
Length Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Feet (ft)
Absolute

Mass Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Libre (lb)

Time Second (sec) Second (sec) Second (sec)
2 2 2
Force ( from F=ma )
Newton (kg m/s ) Din (g cm/s ) Poundal (lb ft/s )
Length Meter (m) Feet (ft)
Gravitational

Force Kilogram (kg) Libre (lb)

Time Second (sec) Second (san)
2 2
Mass ( from F=ma ) kg s /m Slug (lb s /ft)

International System of Units ( SI ) is abbreviated from French: Système International d’Unités. SI is a

modern version of the metric system and has received worldwide recognition.
Absolute unit system: Three primary quantities are independent from the environment where they are
measured. This unit system can also be used in other planets other than Earth.
1 Newtons is equal to a force to give 1kg of mass an acceleration of 1m/s2 .(1 Newton=1kgm/s2 )
1 Din is equal to a force to give 1g of mass an acceleration of 1cm/s2 ( 1 Din=1gcm/s2)
SI Prefixes: When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small, the units used to define its size
may be modified by using a prefix.

10n Prefix Symbol 10n Prefix Symbol Some Unit conversions

1 inch=2.54 cm 1 kPa= 1 kilo Pascal=1000 Pa
1024 yotta Y 10−1 deci d

1021 zetta Z 10−2 centi c 1 feet= 0.3048 m 1 MPa= 1 mega Pascal= 106 Pa

1018 exa E 10−3 milli m 1 feet= 12 inch

1015 peta P 10−6 micro µ 1 mile= 5280 feet 1 GPa= 1 giga Pascal= 109 Pa
1012 tera T 10−9 nano n 1 ton=2000 libre 1 m= 1 micro metre= 10-6 m

109 giga G 10−12 pico p 1 libre=4.4482 N g=9.81 m/sn2

6 −15
10 mega M 10 femto f 1 kip=1000 libre
3 −18
10 kilo k 10 atto a 1 slug=14.5938 kg
102 hecto h 10−21 zepto z 1 psi=6895 Pa
1 −24
10 deca da 10 yocto y 1 ksi= 1 kilo psi
Google: unit converter (http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/ )

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

Vector representation in 3D Cartesian Coordinate System:

Right-handed Cartesian Coordinate System

Magnitude of A:

A  A  Ax  A y  Az
2 2 2

Components of A:
   
A  Ax i  A y j  Az k

A x  A cos α
A y  A cos β
A z  A cos γ

Direction of cosines of A:

cos α2  cos β2  cos γ2  1

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

Vector representation in 2D Cartesian Coordinate System:

  
A  Ax i  Ay j

 Ay
A  A  Ax  Ay
2 2
tan α 
Ax

A x  A cos α
A y  A cos β  A cos (90o - α)  Asin α

Örn: Determine the components and the coordinate direction angles of the force F. The magnitude
F=50N.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

Addition of Coplanar Forces:

Calculation of magnitude and direction of resultant vector

(by using Parallelogram and Sine and Cosine Laws):

First construct a paralleogram to find the angles a, b and c. Also this is used to determine the
Law of Sine: A B C resolution of a vector into two different
 
sin a sin b sin c directions. Parallel lines are extended
from the head of C to form components
Law of Cosine: C  A 2  B2  2A Bcos c A and B.
Calculation of magnitude and direction of resultant vector
(by using Cartesian Coordinate System)

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Example: Calculate the magnitude and direction (measured counterclockwise from positive x axis) of the
resultant.

C  A 2  B2  2ABcosc  250  375  2250375 cos75o  393N

2 2
Law of Cosines:
Law of Sines: A B C 375 393  375 
     b  sin 1  sin75o   67.2o
sin a sin b sin c sin b sin 75  393 

C makes an angle of 7.2o=360o7.2o=353o from x-axis.

Or,

Example: Calculate the magnitude and direction measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis of
the resultant force of the three forces acting on the ring A.
4
R x  400cos30o  500sin20o  600  37.4 N
5
3
R y  400sin30o  500cos 20o  600  1030 N
5
R  R x  R y  37.4  1030  1031 N
2 2 2 2

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Example: Determine the magnitude of force F so that the resultant force of the three forces is as small as
possible. What is the magnitude of the resultant force?
R x  8  Fcos45o  14 cos30o   4.124  0.7071F

R y  Fsin45o  14 sin30o  7  0.7071F

R - 4.124 - 0.7071F2  7  0.7071F2  66  4.07 F  F2

dR 1  4.07  2F
 0   4.07  2F  0  F  2.04 kN
dF 2 66  4.07 F  F2

R  66  4.07 2.04  2.04  7.87 kN

2

Position Vector:

   
r  x i  y jzk

Position vector from point A to B:

     
r  rB  rA  (x B  x A ) i  (yB  yA ) j  (z B  z A ) k

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Force vector directed along a line:

Unit vectors along the Cartesian coordinates are denoted by i, j,

k vectors along x,y,z axis respectively.
Unit vector in the direction of A to B.

 r
u
r
 
Force vector: F  Fu

Örn: The door is held opened by means of two chains.

If the tension in AB and CD is ve
, respectively, express each of these forces in
Cartesian vector form.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

Dot (Scalar) Product:

 
A  B  A B cos θ
  
     
 A x i  A y j  A z k  Bx i  B y j  Bz k

 A x B x  A y B y  A z Bz

Product of A dot B is a scalar. If A is perpendicular to B then the dot product is zero. The dot product has
two important applications in mechanics.
1. The angle formed between two vectors or intersecting lines can be determined.
 
 A  B
θ  argcos  

 A B 
2. The components of a vector parallel and perpendicular to a line can be determined.

Projection of a vector along a line is A||.

A=AA||.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Cross Product:

The cross product of two vectors A and B yields the vector C . Vector C has a direction that is
perpendicular to the plane containing A and B such that C is specified by the right hand rule; curling the
fingers of the right hand from vector A to vector B, the thumb then points in the direction of C.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

  
i j k
    
A  B  Ax Ay Az  ( Ay Bz  Az By )i  ( Ax Bz  Az Bx ) j  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )k
Bx By Bz

Example:

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

Moment of a force: Tendency of a force to cause a body to rotate about a point or axis. Moment about a
point is a vector and has three components. Each component of this vector is a moment about each axis of
the coordinate system. So, moment about an axis is a scalar.

Cartesian vector formulation:

  
i j k
     
M o  r  F  rx ry rz  (ry Fz  rz Fy ) i  (rx Fz  rz Fx ) j  (rx Fy  ry Fx )k
Fx Fy Fz

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

The direction and sense of MO are determined by the right hand rule as it applies to the cross product.

   
M o  r  F  r F sin θ k

 Fr sin θ  k

F dk Mo  F d
Principle of Transmissibility
Consider the force F applied at point A in the figure. The moment created by F about O is
, however, it can shown that r can extend from O to any point on the line of action of F.
Consequently, F may be applied at point B or C and the same moment = will be
computed. As a result, F has the properties of a sliding vector and can therefore act at any point along its
line of action and still create the same moment about point O. We refer to this as the principle of
transmissibility.

  
M o  rOA  F
 
 rOB  F
 
 rOC  F

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

B
r2
r1 A F
z
rA

y
O
x

  
 

NOTE: If a force vector is either parallel to the axis or intersects the axis, then it does not create any
moment about that axis.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Moment of a force about a specified axis:
Consider the pipe assembly shown in the figure, which lies in the horizontal plane and is subjected to the
vertical force applied at point . Find the moment of this force about .
Vector Analysis:
First we need to calculate moment
about any point on the (say
point O), then we will project this
moment vector on using
dot product.

: unit vector along .

 
Or we could use the following determinant calculation in short.

  

Scalar analysis:
The previous solution for the
moment of a force about a point can
also be performed using a scalar
analysis.
The moment of this force about
point has a magnitude of
which
tends to turn the pipe about the
.
To find the component of about
the ,
. Rather than performing this two-step process, it is also possible to find directly. To do so, it is
necessary to determine the perpendicular or moment-arm distance from the line of action of to the
.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Example: The chain exerts a force of
on the door at . Determine the
magnitude of the moment of this force
along the hinged axis of the door.




  

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Example: Determine the moment of the force
about an axis extending between and .



 

OR: is the projection of moment of on the , thus we could also use the moment vector at
point , instead of point .


 

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Moment of a Couple: A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have the same magnitude, have
opposite directions and are separated by a perpendicular distance d.

Since the resultant force is zero, the only effect of a couple is to produce a rotation or tendency of rotation
in a specified direction.

Moment of a single force Moment of a couple

Moment values vary Constant moment values

The moment of a couple is same about at all points in the plane.

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

A torque or moment of is required to rotate the wheel.

Which one of the two grips of the wheel will require less force to rotate the wheel?


Example: Two couples act on the beam as shown. Determine the magnitude of F so that the resultant
couple moment is 300 N · m counterclockwise. Where on the beam does the resultant couple act?

1.5m

4m

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials
Reduction of a system of forces to a point:
(Statically equivalent system determination)
The system of forces can be reduced to a single resultant force
and a couple moment acting at a specified point.

any point

   
FR RR
       
M  r  F  MO M O  M A  rA  R

Example:
(a) Reduce the system of forces to
point O.
(b) Reduce the system of forces to
point O.
(c) Find the line of action of the
resultant force.

(a)

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 STA204E Statics and Strength of Materials

(b)

  

(c)

  

O
R=12i-14j

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