1~

[Crown Cop~jrig/it

FOlt OFFICtAL USE ONLY.

TILlS Book is the property

0 oVen! nient.

NOTE.
The inforniat~ongiven in this 13oo~
be en momeated either directly or
to the Pte~eior to any poison not hohuii
offichd position in ii is Majesty’s ServIce.

NOTES
FOE

INFANTRY OFFICERS
ON

TRENCH WARFARE.
Compiled by the General StafI~

\VAa O1~r1cE,
Afarc6, 1916.

LON~DON:
PRINTET) FOR 1115 MAJESTY’S STATION1~RYOFFICE
I3~ILAItRISON ANI~SONS, ST. MMtT1~S LA1fl~,
1’IUNTERS Ui ORDINARY TO IUS MAJESTr.
 [Crown Copyright J?e~e2vcd.

FOB OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

This Book is the property of H.B.M.

Government.

NOTE.
The information given in this Book is not to
be eoniinunicated either directly or indirectly
to the Press or to ally person not holding an
official position in His Majesty’s Service.

NOTES
FOR

INFANTRY OFFICERS
ON

TRENCH WARFARE.

Compiled by the General Staffi

\VAa OnrieN,
)I~’)hi,191(i.

L ON 1)0 N:
PRINTED FOR IllS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE,
B~HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN’S LANE,
I’R!NTEItS IN ORO1NAItY To iiis ~IAJ}:aTv.
(n 12002) \Vt. w. 18992—6017 114M 4f16 II & S P. 16/124.
 00 N TENTS.

CRAP. 1.—SPECIAL CILARACTERISTICS or Taa~eciiWARVA1IE.

ccc. 1a~.e
1 Trench fighting only a phase of war S
2 Considerations affecting ‘lesign of defences S
S Nature of field defences
4 The offensive spirit in trench ~rarfare
5 Training in night work S
S Discipline
7 Training of Speeiali~ts P

CHAr. 11.—SITING AND CONSTIteCTION 01’ Tiiascires.

8 De1iber~tesiting of trenches 10
¶1 Siting of trenclic~in the presonc~of the enemy 12
it) Concealment 13
11 iiflilduigs 14
12 Woods 14
13 General description of a line of touches 15
14 Strong points and defotidel localities 17
15 De1~ncesin rear of the lout sys ten, Is
10 Procedure when cinstrileti ng trouci os in tie presence if I he
dilly If)
17 Constructional details of trenches 17
Fire trenches 17.
ilrcastworks ‘23
Looph Ics ‘25
OverhuenI cover 25
Support trenches 25
Co,uunnuicatioui tie tutu’s .. .. . 25
18 Obstacles 27
lIt Protection from shell II
20 Machine gun euuup1~we ‘ii Is Sit
21 Latrines St
‘22 Drainage and flooring in
23 Defence of buildings 52
24 Training in digging, & 31

C1IAI’. 111.—OCCUPATION ANT) RELIEF OF ‘1’1Ir~CtiEsAXO

OliNaltaL TLIENCII RoUTINE.
25 System of relief of treiclies St
2)1 Description of method of carrying out a relief ‘35
‘27 Precautions and arraugunuits necessary during a relief ... 30
28 handing over trenches . 37
21) D utica in trenches 57
30 Usual routine in trenches 39
31 Work in trenches 40
32 observation ant snipiur 41
33 Co—operation with artil fire 44
94 Sanitation and care of feet 45
ill Communications 45
06 Reports 47
(n12002) A ‘2
 4

CHAr. IV.—OII0ANIzATION 01’ A TOENcII LINE AND ACTION

IN CASE OY ATTACK.
See. Page
37 Oeneu’ni considerations 45
38 Distriluutioum of men in trenches ‘if)
39 Stacitiuto gumis 41)
40 Action jim case of attack 2
41 Action of artillery ill case of attack 51
CHAP. V.—NOTE5 ON Till) A’rrACK IN ‘J’III)xcml t,VAItI’AIIE.
40 Need for careful preparation 56
43 Jmufauutry preparation for attack
41 Equipment if)
15 I’roliuuuinnry bonibarduneumt If)
46 The assault SI)
47 Action of artillery during tie assault 3)
48 Employment of nuacitine gnus 62
19 Use of greiualiers 62
50 Communications 63
AI’l’ENIIIX A:—nronstsvork Comuruumuutication Treuielmes. (34
Am’I’ENDIL IL—Lipid Wire Entauiglemeuits. 68
!ulu’l)NDmx C.—lllumination ef Obstacles anti Foreground. (31)
Jtl’i’IN DIX D.—lui fauu tu’y and Artillery Inter—Coiutuumuuui icatiouu. 71

FIGUIIIeS AND DIAO1IAMS.

1’hg
Arrauigemncnt of Defensive Line.
Diagruun of Supervision, Firc’, anti Coununuutication Trenches.
i)iugraun of a Section of a Front Line with Supervision Trench,
Dug—outs, and Shell Trenches.
4 Alternative Organization of a Front Line.
I, ‘l’ype of Stromug l’oint for 50 Men.
Supporting or Strong l’oint.
7, 8 Types of Fire Trenches.
Type of Bombimug Pit with Puotc’ctioum.
10 Gout nuuunication ‘1’ ronch I’reparei for F’ ire.
11, 12 Method of Designing Straiglut Lengths of Contuimuiaicatioum Trench
for Protection ngainst Bombing.
13 Type
t of Suuik \Viro Euataugleuuient.
14 W iro Entanglement.
15 Knife Rest.”
16 Types of Dug-out Frames.
17 Type of Comicretod Dug-out.
18—22 Types of lutuuchino Gun Emplaecuuueuuta.
23—27 llreastwork Comnmunicmthotu Truutcht
28—32 Methods of putting imp Rsiuid Eutautgieineut.
33,31 Automatic flare light and j1~.
I NI)EX
 NOTES FOR INFAI~TBY OFFICERS ON
TRENCh WAllF~~RE

CHAPTER 1.

S1’acIAL CIIARACTEIUSTICS OF TaENCII WARFARE.

1. Trench Faqhiting only a Phase ~f lVamjare.
‘lime llmmpoitance assumed by trench warfare and the progress
made iii tile application of field fortification and in timo science of
the attack and defence of elaborato systems of trenches, havo
rendered necessary special instruction in the (letails of trench
construction and trench fighting. It must, nevertheless, be clearly
understood, that trencim fighting is only a phase of operations, aiid
that instruction in this subject, essential as it is, is only one bm’anch
of the training of troops. To gain a decisive success the enemy
must be driven out of lila defences and his armie~crushed ima the
open.
The aim of trench fighting is, therefore, to create a favourable
situation for field operations, avhmmeli time troops must be callable of
turning to account.

2. Uonsidcrations ofecting Dc~gaqf Defences.

1. Three facts in particular give to niodei’n trench fighting
under pm’esent con(litions most of its special characteristics.
These ame—
(a) Time continual pi’oximnity of time opposing forces
(b) Time length of time for which they have generally occupied.
the same ground
~c) Time fact that iieither side has a flank so long as it remaimia
on the defensive, so that every attack must be frontal.
2. As a result of the length of time time opposilrg forces have
been in close proximmaity on pi’actically the same ground, time original
trencimes dug at the end of a period of mnanmuvre operations imaye
growia into a complicated system of entrencbimients. The design
and organization of these have been imiflueneed by the nature of
 8

time artillery, up to calibres far heavier than could be utihised in

omdinary field operations, which time stationary nature of time
fighting has made it possible to bring up. Arrangements have
been made by a carefully thought out system of inter-Commamimica’
tion for the niaximnum co-operation between artillery and infantry,
both in attack and defence, and artillery has Imad time to registel’
on ~1ltargets wiVm~nrange., Timus either side has it in its power
to concentrate heavy fire at very simort notice upon any selected
target, anti to maintain that lire for a length of time which dith-
etmlties of amnmmmummition supply would put out of time question jim
maim ruvre operations. lionsequen thy, tIme rapidity with wh icim
artillery can form a barrage to meet attack makes it necessary
timat the moment of time assault should conic as a sum’pm’ise, and time
tmenclmes from which an attack is to be made simould therefore be
within close assaulting distance of time opposing front line.
3. A system of trenches must therefore be designed which
faeiiitates time preparation and launciming of an unexpected assault,
and at the same time is adapted to meet a sudden attack by time
enemy. Time organization of a trench systenm to facilitate mattack is
ama important point, whmich is frequently neglected. If additional
tr~aches have to be hastily made when an attack is intended, time
intention to attack will be obvious to time enemy by aerial recomu-
mlaissammce, and sumprise will be out of time question.
4. Modermi field fom’tifications owe their elmmbom’ate form to time
mmmeamms employed in attack and defence respectively. A gent)m’al
idea of wlmtmt those ammeans are is timerefore amecessary.
Time aim of time first stages of attack is to obtain a footing in the
enetmay’s defences amid to consolidate and extend time gain thus
mmmdc. Penetration is effected by means of an infantry assault,
whichm, as has beemm said, mmmust unavoidably be frontal and depends
for success en a eertaimm measure of surprise.
The infantry attack nitty be assisted by any or all of the follow-
ing methods :—
(a) Time previous destruction, by bombardment oi’ expiosion of
Immines or a combination of both, of time elmemy’s nmateiial
defences, including obstacles
(b) The abakimag of the moral and destruction of the persOflTuel
of the defending force by bombardment or by the
employment of one of time new agents of war, such as
asphyxiating gas or jets of liquid fire, prior to assault
(c) Keeping down hostile fire over the area to be crossed by
time attacking infantry long enough to enable time assault-
ing troops to reach time cover of time enemmmy’s defences
(d) Time isolation, by artillery barrages, of time area to be
assaulted, so as to prevent the arrival of m’eimiforceimmemats
(e) The dmspersal or destruction of troops collecting for
counter-attack.
5. To meet these measures time defence employs time following
Incans
 7

(a) Constant chose observatioim, with a view to time detection of

any signs of immmpending attack ;*
(h) Coucemmtration of fire on any detected assembly which
naighmt be time prelude to assault
(c) Coiaceimtration of fire of artillery, macimino gnus, and rifles,
from as wi(le a fi’ont as possible, over any pamt of time
zone lying between time two lines, so as to prevent time
penetratiomm of the defence
(d) Obstacles to delay the assaulting troops as long as possible
tinder this fire;
(e) Barrages of fire to prevent the reinforcenment of, or time
sending tip of materimmis, aiminmumnition, em’ supplies to, any
body of troops that baa smmceee(Ied in penetrating time
defence
(f) l)isposition of works so as to locahise and commfine the effect
of penetm’ation at any point ;t
(q) Destrumçtiomm by artillery fire of ammy enemy troops that
have penetrated
(it) Immediate counter-attack, to drive out time attackers before
they can have recovered from the couafusiorm of time assault
and have established themselves securely in the captured
RIca.
3. Yattre ofl”ieldDefh’nces.
A consideratioma of time above shows that there are certain features
whmich are essemmtial in a system of trenches. They must be strong,
to resist imeavy bommibardnment ; they must be sited and designed to
favour, ity the utilization of oblique and enfilade fire of rifles amid,
above all, of nmachmine guns, the developimment of time maximmmum
voiunme of fire over any part of their front; they must be protected
by a strong mmnd well hidden wire entanglement, in order to retain
attacking infantry ummder this fire ; they naumst provide protection
for time garrison against weather and against time effect of artillery
fire. Fire and simelter trenches must be nummiem’ous in order to
accomnmodato time additional troops to be placed in theni previous
to an attack on time enemy’s line, and also, in the defence, to induce
dispersion of imostile artillery fire, to permimit time temporary with-
(irawal of time gam’risomt froum a lmeavily shelled zone, and to accomu-
mnodate troops for local coumiter-attack iii close proximity to time
points wheme they mnay be required. Communications must be
ample, to admmuit of the rapid re-occupation of temporarily evacuated
trenches, to minimise the interference of hostile fire with reinforce-
nicumt amid suppiy, and to facilitate local counter-attack. Close
observation of the eneimmy must be provided for by listening posts
in advance of time front line and by observing stations in or belmind
it. Finally, the system of trenches must admit of immediate

* E..a., instainment of gas apparatus, advance of saps, passages cut in

cimemumy’s wire to facilitate egress.
f See Sections 14, 15. -
 8

readjustment of time front, so that time effect of penetration at any

point may be locahised and need not weaken time hold of the defemmee
on adjacent trenches.

4. The Oflensive Spirit in Trench IVamfare.

Time attack on sucim a system of defences as has been described
demands in all ranks (lash amid gallantry of a very high order, amid
in time smibordimmate leader, down t~the lowest grades, a quick per-
ception, rapid decision, amid intelligent initiative. It is mere tlaan
ever the case that success depends upomm qualities of leadership in
subordinate conummianders, upon ral)id appreciation and readiness to
accept responsibility on the part of time man on tlue spot. Much
can be done iii peace training to foster timese qualities and to
impress on even time most subordimmato leaders the necessity for
acting, in cases of urgency, on their own responsibility. At thom
sammie time, time state of comparative immactivity, which is time normal
condition of life iii the trenches, is very unfavonrable to tho
dovehopmuemut of these qualities in officers and memm. There is aim
immsidic’us tendency to lapse into a passive amid lethargic attitude,
against which officers of all ranks have to be on their guard, and
time fostering of the offensive spirit, ummder such unfavourable comu-
ditions, calls fom’ imicessant attemmtiomm. Minor local enterprises amid
constant occupation dimming time tour of duty in time trenches furnish
time best means of nmaintaining time efficiency of the troops. The
repair, maintemmance, and improvement of time trenches furnish
aimiple work to afford employmnent to time troops, who mmust be made
to ummderstand that this work reacts in their own favour in time
shape of increased security and comimfort. and commditions mmmome
favourable to health. Constammt activity in harumssiam~the onenmy
may lead to reprisals at fist, and for this reason is somefinmes
neglected, but, if persevered in, it alwa)s results in an ultimuate
imiastery, it gives the troops a healthy immterest amid wholesommie
topics of conversation, and it acimieves the double purpose of
raising time mom’aI of our own troops whilst lowering that of time
enemy’s. Every effort shiouki be made to obtain time mimastery over
the emuermi~”ssnipers.
5. Training i’m ~VigIut-arork.
The proximity of time opposing lines, time progress of aerial
reconnaissance, and the close and comitinuous watch whicla eitimer
side niaintaimms over the other, have increased time importance of
night-work. Many of the daily operations incidental to tromuehi
warfare can only be carried out under cover of darkness. The
construction of new trenches in sight of the enemy, afl(I itiuchi of
their maintenammee and repair, the comistruction, repair, and improve-
muent of obstacles, and in nimany cases time bringing up of nmatem’ials
and stores ammd the relief of time garrison, canmmot be carried out by
daylight. The assembly of troops amid many of the final stages of
prepartmtion ~or aim attack, as, for immstance, time removal of our owmi
 9

obstacles, can only be kept from the enemy’s knowledge by carry-

ing thmem out at night. The close reconnaissance of the enemy’s
front line and his obstacles and of time ground to be crossed by an
assault is the work of night patrols, and much of the identification
of time troops opposed to us—a very important duty—can only be
effected by small enterprises carried out by night against the
enemy’s patrols or listening posts, or somuetimnes against a small
section of his trenches. Training in all these brammeiies of night-
work is an important part of thie instruction of troops before
leaving for the front.
6. Dieci~tine.
The hardships, discomfort, and dangers of life in the trenches
make great demands upon time endurance of time troops; the frontal
attack on an enemy in a position strengthened and defended by
every device timat ingenuity and forethought can conceive calls for
exceptional resolution and determination, and time defence of
trenches against an attack, preluded generally by a protracted and
severe bombardmmment, and often by the eniploymemit of some
entirely new ammd unforeseen agency, requires the utmost stead-
fastness and devotion. No infaumtry will possess those qualities to.
time requisite degree thiat has not a vary high standard of discipline.
The first and greatest aim of all training should therefore be the
establishment of time strictest discipline. To attain this there is no
other method than constant and precise drill, strict enforcenment of
march discipline, insistence on a rigid exactness in the perforniance
of even time dullest details of camnp and barrack moutimue, and un-
ceasing attention to apparently trifling detail in time of training.
Without such previous preparation time silent and thorough execu-
tion of work and performance of duties, in darkness and in danger,
in the presence of time enemy, and often without direct supervision
of a superior, which distinguish good from bad troops and spell
SUCCeSS, are impossible of attainment.

7. Training of Specialists.
Time presemmt type of warfare in the trenches has jnvolved the
training of a proportiomm of men in infantry units in duties of a
special nature, e.g., grenade-throwing, pioneer work, sniping, &e.
A word of warnumig is necessary as regards the training of these
men. They must be made to realise that their training iii these
special duties is in addition to their ordinary training as infantry
soldiers and must not be allowed to interferewitim their perfornm-
ance of the ordinary duties of infmmmiti’y soldiers, except when they
are required for the special duties in which they have been
trained.
 ‘I-,

CHAPTER II.
Sirmno AN]) ConsmucrloN OF Taxncnas.
8. Delibe,’ate Siting of Ti’enches.
1. The problem of selecting the position of fire trenches varies
according to the circumstances under wimich the choice has to be
made and time work carried out. The siting and construction of
mm trench line in time presence of the enemy and imnder fire is
influenced by factors which are absemmt in time deliberate ami(l
undisturbed choice such as can be made when preparing a ream
line. It is important to recognise that the two probierns are
distinct, and that their solutiomm calls for different mimetimods.
2. The first step in the case of a line whicim is to be cormstrtmcted
free from interference by time enmenmy, and under cireunmstances
which make time a factor of mninom’ inmportamice, is a deliberate
reconnaissance of time ground. This reconnaissance will usually
consist of two stages. Time first deals with the problem on broad
lines, counpares the merits of alternative general solutions,
determniimes time general line to be taken up, and hays down certain
points or localities as having special importance and calling for
special treatment. Fohlowimug on this, a second, more detailed,
reconnaissance is made, in which are considered time fornm of time
works to be constructed for time defence of the tactical features
and localities laid down in time general schemmme, and time mmmethiod
of treatimig the intervals between these strong points or locahitmes.
As a result of tbi~detailed reconnaissance, large scale plans ama
produced showing the exact siting and constrmmetional detail of
the essential works. Time decision as to time general line to be
taken up is the business of time General Staff of time formmmation
(division, corps or arnmy) concerned. The Cimief Engineer Officer
will advise as to the constructional details of time line selected. 1mm
both stageum of time reconnaissance due weight should be given to time
questions of facilities for attack, and of securing good observation
for ourselves and denying it to the eneniy, cohesiomi in defence
by mutual support of adjoining works, drainage amid comicealment;
the final decision arrived at is a balance between the often
conflicting requirements of these different eomusiderations. Time
order of importance of time works is another point decided in the
two stages of time reconmmaissance. Not umitil time reconnaissance
has been completed should any work be begun, ammd, although time
close study of the ground durimig time execution of the works will
probably suggest improvements in detail—in fact, a good deal of
the detail should be left to be elaborated at this stage—it will
seldom be necessary or advisable to alter any of the essemitiai
 11
features, detemmjnecl by time reu~ommmiaissammce, dimming time construc-
tion of time defences.
3. Unless time gmoummd is ahmumost absolimtely flat, the most inipom-
taut questicmmm in sitimmg tremiches is whmethmer to occupy the tops of
time hills, estabiisimimmg time frommt line trenchies on either time crest
om time forward siope, or to witlmdraw the main front line to time
reverse slope, taking up what is kimown as time “back” or “retired’
position. Time chief mmmgummiemmt advanced iii favour of this latter
position is that it affi)rds greater security against imostile artihlemy
lire. Now it ummust be borne in mind that the question of pro-
tectiomi frona artiileiy fire, so far as it is affected by siting, is
almost entirely omie of security frommm observation. Any target
caim be heavily amid ac~uratelyengaged if fire omi it can be effectively
observed from a point iii the occupation of time force which is
carrying out time bommibardmnemat. Time positipn of time observer
relative to time gumm is immaterial, timat of time target to the gumi
positiomm almost equahly so. If either side is im~occupatiomi of time
bill-tops, and calm establish mmmi artillery officer with a telescope
and a telephone on thie high grdummd, its facilities for observation
of fire are gloater timami timose of, its oppomment, situated lower dowmm
the slopes. That being the case, time “back position” loses time
advantage of protectiomm frommm ~rtihlery fire clammed for it, unless
we can demmy to time emmemmmy’s obseryems time use of the imighi groummd.
Experiemmce hums simown that, except in the case of isolated features
of summail extemmt, when a commcentration of fire may effect time desired
purpose, time emily effective way to deny groummd to time enemimy is to
occupy it oneself.
Front line tremmclmes on time crest or forward slope are certainly
ex josed to view amid therefore to bonmbardnmient, thmotmghi timis is
1
miot so much time case as it would be if the emmemimy were lookimmo’
lown on theni, and time (lisadvamitage can’ ho (linmimmished by
adequate provisiomm of immaterial protectiomi for the garrison. On
time other imand, time oecupatiomm of time imigim gmoummd gives a feelimmg
of superiority whicim reacts favourably on time immoral of time troops.
Ommiy those who have experienced it emma appreciate time depmessimio’
effect produced by time feeling of discomfort and inferiority of
position under wimicim troops suffer, wimo have to occupy for sonic
timne trenches looked down upon by thmose of time enemy. Time
forward position has time further advaumtage, if the frommt line is
not dug too far down time forward slope, that supporting tremmcimes,
conuumiunications, amid time works in which a large proportion of time
garrison live, enjoy a conuparative imnmummity fromim observation.
Iii offensive action time forward position oilers greater facilities
for observation, onwhichi the effectiveness of the previous prepamam.
non by bombardmmment largely depemids, and for the assembly of
tmoops for the assault, close to the front line and unobserved.
4. Special conditions may justify time deliberate choice of time
“retired” position. If it is adopted, arrangemmients mnust be ummulo
to deny the enemy access to the crest of time hill; and to secure it
for ourselves. . The front trench line must not be too far below
 12
the em’est hine—50 to 100 yards will usually be far enough and is
a suflicient field of fire if macimine guns are well sited—and timere
must be an ample number of saps forward to the top to allow of
continuous observation of the forward slope. With these pme.
cautious, and readiness to deliver an immediate and vigorous
counter-attack on time enemy if lie appears on time crest, time back
position may sometimes be taken up when conditions impose a
temporarily defensive attitude and tim local superiority in artillery
is with the enemy. But if time two hues renmain facing one
another on the same ground.for a protracted period it ~vihl be
inmpossible to prevent the enemmiy indefinitely from establishing
hmirmuself on the crest unless it is included in our limme.
5. In deciding on botim the general and time detailed trace of time
line a comnnmon tendency, which is to be avoided, is towards
making it too straight. An irregular line, with frequent sahients
and re-entrants, gives greater fmmcihities for eoncentratioim of fmmo
ovem’ any desired area amid fur time most effective emmmploymument of
mmmumchmine gmmns. It will expose short lengths of tremmch to emmiiiamin
fire, but suitable construction will nminimmuisa the effect of timis.
In any Case the effect is generally reciprocal ; from a sahiemit 1mm
our line somime part of time enemy’s iine pusimed forward into thi~
adjoimmimmg re-entrant will be exposed to our enfilade fire. These
remmmarks mipply withm almost equal force to a large salient, coum-
strmmcted to include an impomtant tactical point, and to mninom
immegularities in the trace of trenches. Time latter should be mmmade
as a matter of invariable principle. The fornmer simould be imsod
boldly where circumstances demmiand them. Time detemmimmimm g
considerations in timeir case are two :—

(a) Whether the possessiomi of time poiimt in qmmestion by ims

would facilitate futmmre ofl’emmsive actiomi witlmommt ummichum lv
weakemiimm~our line
(b) Whether its p05508510mm by the enenmy would seriously
timreatemi the security of our tiemmehmes.

9. Siting of lienc/es in time Presence of the Enemy.

i. The presence of time emmeumy ~vih1fmequeumtly muake it impossible
to select the positiomm of lime tmenclmes entirely on time mmuemmts of time
groummd. Their site will oftemm be decided by time cimammec mind
accident of close figimtimug, amid thmeim’ genemal position will coincide
roughmly witim time high-water ~muarkreached for the momiment by
the attack. Tioops who are unable to make any further advaumee
~villeitimem’ occupy a hostile treucim wimichm has beemm captured in time
course of time attack oi stamt at once to pmocuro fom themselves
wimat cover they can with time tools at their disposal, gcmmerahlv,
fom’ time mmmost part, only time entrenchmimmg tool. lilucim calm be (lOimm’
by officers at this stage 1mm the way of smuail adjustmneumts of position
amid of time distribution of their mmmen with a view to time futimme
development of the Imasty cover constmucted immto time best line tlmat
circunmstances will admimit. Umiless this is done, nmuchm of time work
mummy be fouund aftei~wards to be useless, valmmable timimo mind diem
will have been wasted, and tmoops may either have to try ammmh
hold an ummfavourable positioim on be exposed agaimm imi the con-
stmuction of a fresh one. Serioums womk will generally be imnpossible
before miusk, unless arrammgements can be mmmade for a heavy
covering fire, and after dusk it is difficult to avoid mistakes iii time
chmoice amad sitimmg of a line. Every officer, then, who finds his
eounmnammd nimble to make further progress, simoumid take advantage
of time daylight to study the ground as far as ciucumnstanecs peinmit,
mind should ummake up his mimmd exactly what hue he will take imp
if forced to dig hminmself in.
2. Time nmaium problem that arises in this case is whetimer our of
time gmound won simoumid be alimmmmdoned in eider to secmmre a mmmm~’
sumitable line of defence. Generally, if the eimeek is mmmerely
temporary m~dit is intended to resume the advammee at the earliest
opportunity, all ground gained should be held except for very
Immimmor adjumstmmiemits, unless somaio pomtion is clearly ummtenabi
against counter-attack; if, however, strategical or tactical considema-
tions reqimime a temporary abammdommnment of the forward nmovetmuemit
amid the construmction of a defensive line to be held for sommme tunic,
time decisiomi will be governed to a great extemmt by time same con-
sinheratiomis as already discussed imm taking up a line deliberately,
amid it may be advisable to givo up groummd on sonme parts of the
frommt.
3. Time satisfactory sitin~of a trench hue constructed in these
cimcumstmmnces will largeiy äepemmd on the power possessel by time
()fhicers on time spot to m’ecoglmise duming time various stages of a
battle time minor features of meal tactical importance. Time ability
to mecognise tlmcse is omily acquired by prevmous traimmimig, and is a
qumality wimicim every officer nmust study to possess.

10. C’oncealmmuent.
Time devolopxmmemmt of aerial recommnaissance has made concealniemit
of a posi~io?miumipossibie, but isolated works amid gun emmm~~lacenments
can be hidden, and trencimes iii mm wood may melanin undetected if
cieamin~ is mmot overciomme. But mtenimd observers can not emily
immvarialily locate tremmclmes in open couimtry but can obtaima
photographs showimmg every trench and every traverso. Good
aeroplane phmotograpims show even time wire emmtangleummemmts. This is
niot to be immtempreted as meanilmg timat no attemition need be paid to
time questiomm of coneeaimuemmt. Ammythimm~that temmds to make mm
trench less conspicuous and imicreases the liffieuity of observing fire
ômm it for an observer on the ground is of value. If natural corer
is turmied to account, time existence of a trench at a particular spot
mummy not be detected at once and it may escape the attentions of
time emmenny’s artillery at the stage when it is most vulnerable. In
siting trenches with a view to concealment the hidimmg of the wire
emmtammglements and supervision and communication tremmehes must
miot be overlooked. Tracks amid much trampled ground show up
 14
very clearly fm’onmm the air, amid may draw attentiomi to an otimerwise
well lmidden work. Work dome to buildings thiermmselves is easily
concealed from aerial recoammaissauce, .but the existemmee of trenches
round or heading into a building gives a clear indication of its
occupation.
The fact that trenches cannot be concealed fnonm aerial observa-
tion makes it most importammt that every system of trenchmes should
be so desigmmed that an attack can be mmmade from timenim withiout the
necessity of comistrumcting fresh trenches at time last nuommmeumt, wlmichm
would give away time fact that an attack was intended. Airumiemi
cannot see wimether a trench is occupied em’ imot withmoimt coining
down dangerously low.
11. Builcl’njs.
It will frequently happen that substantial buildimmgs are foummd
close to time selected line of defence. The question timemu arises
whether to occupy them or to demolisim thmemn. Tue decisionm will
depend generally upon two poimmts, whetimer they have cellars wimich
can be immipmoved into good coven’, and whether it is jiossible to
denmohsh theism. Buildings in or near time frommt line inmv~umiably
draw a lot of lire from artillery, and uiimIes~ good cover can be
contructed in connection witim them are mmotbming but shell traps.
Solid blocks of bmiildings, on the other hand, with cellais whmiclm
cama be improved to give good cover against bomnbamdmnont have em
muamay occasiomms proved very difficult to take. Bumildings of this
miatum’e had better be immcluded in time himme if possible, as they caum
be converted into strong points, and if left to be occmnpied by tine
emiemmay might prove botim a timorn in time flesh to time defence and aim
obstacle to attack. A building wimich has no ceilais may be left
out of the iine if it camm be effectively deimmohished so as to afford no
cover to the emmemy. Effective demohitiomu is a tecimnical job which
requires time co-operatioum of time 1t.E. and denmamicls a certain amoummt
of time. Where it is nmeitlmer i)ossibie to carmy out mmii effective
deummoiition, nor desirable to distort the line so as to include mm
buihlimig or a group of buildings, these may soimmetimmacs lie held mis
an advanced post to prevent their occuipatioum by time enemmmy. him
this case they must be connected UI) withm time mimain line by corn-
mimunication trenches and special measures to (heal at the shortest
possible notice withm a sudden enterprise must be armanged.

12. Woods.
1. A position in a wood all’ords a cemtain ammiount of concealmnent
fmonm observation. It is easy to conceal the wire emmtannm~lemnentso
that accurate artillery fire cannot be brought to bear on it. If the
position of time line taken up is sucim that time emmemny emma establish
himself inside tim wood ime will enjoy similar midvamitages. Thieve-
fore, wheme there is freedom of choice, the best hue to take up is
omme which secures cover from observation for ourselves, whilst
demmyiag the edge of time wood to time enemy. Time exact distance
 15

inside the wood of thus position canmmot be definitely laid downm, bumt
expemience has shown that 30 to 50 yards frommi time front edge
usually pmovides ample concealmnent fmommm observatiomm. TJnmdei’ nio
circummmstaumces should the fiont edge itself be occupied, as hostile
artillery can obtainm the range of it with accuracy. Breastworles
witim a parado~mime generally more suitable in a wood thami trenches
in either case the space between parapet and parados shommid be
made as namroiv as possible to keep dowmi casualties fuonm spiiumters
of shell bumstimmg imi time trees. Otherwise time sitimmg and desigim of
trenchmes in a wood do not call for any special observatiomms.
2. If a wood cannot be immcludcd in time hue and lmas to be left
unoccupied iii close proxinmity to it, special aurammgeumments mimet be
made for time concemmtration of fire omm the near edge of time wood
and on the ground between it and time front line tremmchi, to deal
with amm attack by enenmy who could assenmbio unseen umider cover
of time wood,

13. (iene,’al Description of ms Line of Tremme/me&*

The fmommt systemma of trenches commmprises time fromat line and its
support amid reserve trencimes. In front of time frommt line is aim
obstacle contimumous except for nam’row imiconspicumous passimges at
immterrais to serve as exits fom’ reconmmoituing patrols. The tremicimes
mmmay be commstrumctcd comuphetely below groumnd, timey may consist of
a combination of trench and pam-apet, or the mmecessary covem mummy
be limovicled entirely above gmoummd level by time commstructionm of
breastworks. Time first type is very seldom mimet with, while the
use of breastwomks is practically confimmed to positions where
water makes thiena mmecessary amid where time admmmits of their con-
strmmction. The combination of trench amid parapet is tluat most
commonly mimet witim, the depth of the trench being generally
determimmed by time wetness of the site and facilities for drainage.
The fmont himme generally coimsists of two I)arts, time fire trench amid
the command or supervisiomm trench. Time fire tremmcim may either
be mm continuous tmemmch (though in no case simould it be aim abso-
lutely straighmt one), traversed at suitable intem-vals to give protec-
tion from enfilade tire and to localise time effect of shell bursts, or
ummay consist of time bays, T-mmimaped or L-shaped in plan, jutting
fomwamd from the supervision tronmcim. The latter is a contimmuoums
tm-ench affordimmg easy lateral conmmnunication close behind the flue
bays em- fire tremmch, and conimmected with them at frequent iumtem-vals.
Iii time case of fire bays there mmmust be a commimunicatiomi trench
forward from time supervision trench to each bay. In the case of
a contiuumous fire tremichu the best position for these commummication
trenches to come imito time fire trench is behind a traverse, and
thuere simould be one such commmmunication trench behind about
every second traverse. (See figs. 2, 3, and 4.) -

2. Emnplacememmts for machine guns are constructed in time front

* See ~g. 1.
 16
line so that time whole front of time line can be swept with nnachuine
gull fire, wimiehi for the maximum effect should be from a flamik
across the front covered. It is, timerefore, essential that time trace
of a trench should not be straighmt. Machine gumms can also oftemm
be effectively employed behind time front line in small incon-
spicuous emplaceimments, wimero they may e~capo detection and
consequemit bonmbmudmcnt pmior to an attack. The question of
machine gun cumpiacenments must always receive most careful
attention. (See Suictiomi 20.)
3. The support trencimes (see Section 17 (7)) accommodate the first
support to the gairison of the front trench, ready for imimmnaedimmte
i-einforcememmt or local counter-attack ; they also furnisii cover to
which the bulk of the garrison of the front trench can be tempo-
m-arily witlidmawn during bombardmont.* Time support himme should
always be constructed as a second line of resistance, if the first
hnmo is lost, munch should be protected by amm obstacle. Time line of
smmpport trenches may or mmmay not be contimmuoums, it is preferable
that it should be ; ima ammy case it is connected to the front hmme by
frequent conmmunication trenches. In order that support trenches
rrmay not suflet- from time bombmmrclment of time front line timey
simould imot be nearer than 50 yards behind it, and time most
fmuvourable positioma is from 70 to 100 yards behind.
4. Behind the support trenches, and also connected withi them
by commnmmnication trenches, lies time reserve line, whichm may consist
of a line of trenches but more usually of dug-outs, often formeh
by iuiproviimg the cover afforded by seine natumrah feature. rflme
rc’ecrvo tremmcimes or dug-outs are to accomnnmodate time battalion
reserve, whose purpose is the local counter-attack. Time reserve
line may be from 400 to 600 yards in rear of the front line,
5. To time above are ofteum added tienchmes made for a special
purpose, e.g., a “bonibimig trencim”(which is a trench dug behind time
front hirme within easy grenade throwing distance of it, its purpose
being to enable an enenmiy wino has captured time front line to he
driven out by grenades) or so-called “slit” trenches dug off time
comnmunicatiomi trencimes for the accommnodation of men (Iumring a
bonmbardrmment. (See Section 19 (8) and fig. 3.)
0. A systenm of trencimes is also usually provided ivithm a series
of works prepared for all rounmd defence, and surrounded ivitim mm
contimmuons obstacle, known variously1 as “keeps,” “supportinmg
points,” “stromug points,” or “reduits. ’ Their object is to break
uip a hostile attack which has pemnetratcd the fmommt hue and
prevent its further development and thus to facilitate counter-
attack. Their garrison must hold out to time List, whatever
~ tJmmder favourable circumstances the bulk of time garrison of time front
line may normally be accommmmodatod dumsimig thui day 1mm the sumppert trenches,
lcmmvlng the front line to b~garrisoned my groups of sentries emily. l’lmo
qimesmion of time distribution of men jim time tu-cmmoime* is discumssed later in
Chapter IV. Timo qmmestiomm of the provision and position of shelter ogaimmst
timo woatlmer amid bonmbardmnent for time garrison of timo fire and simrpomt
trenches is discussed later in this chapter.
 17

happens to the rest of the line. They must come as a surprise to

time enemy, and, therefore, be carefully concealed. No definite
rumles can be laid dowmm as to their numnber on a given fm-ontm~geor
timeir relative position with regard to time front line ; this will
usually depend on time facilities offered by time gromimud for their
conceahummesmt. Adjacent works of this kjmmd simould, if possible,
afford mutual support to one ammother.
7. Latm-imies are provided in all trenches, and must be in positions
easy of access and protected from fire. They are usually made in
T-iieads at time end of short tremmcimes leading oil’ from the super-
visioma tremmch.
Commnummication tsemmc}mes am-e made to time front system fromim
poimmts on moads wimichu can be reached witlmout too mmmcii exposmume
to view.
14. iS’lrong l’oints and Defended Localities.
1. In every line there will be a certain number of points of
which the loss, or their occupation by tine emmemy, would seriously
(mmidmluger time security of time rest of time line, or would weaken time
defender’s hold on it. Theme will also probably be otimer poimmts
wimicim are particularly favourable for defence. Sumchm points should
receive special treatment so as to develop to the utmost their
capabilities for defence, amid to enable time tmoops to hold on to
theuum ovemm after the neighbouring portions of time line imave been
lost. In additiomm, if time intervals bctweeum thieni are great, times-c
should be summall interme(iiate works. The immmportant timing about
all timese works is that they should be (iesigumcd so mis to he able to
offer a protracted resistance, unsupported if smecessary, to hostile
attacks from any direction, flammk amid ream as well mis frontal.
The imnportmumce of time point to be stmengtimened, its position, mind
its nature generally deterumume time area to be emnbraced within time
periumeter of time work. Speaking generally, large defended
localities offer a less concentrated target to time enemy’s guns, amid
are, thmerefore, less vulnerable, but timey absorb large garrisons.
2. The small strong point referred to jim last section is generally
in the natumre of an enclosed infantry redoubt with a continuoums
parapet rouumid its whole pen-imeter, designed tim ho Imeld by mm
garrison wimich may be anything frommi mm section to half a coummpimumv.
Time garrison should be kept as simmahl as ~ossib1e, and the defemmce
provided by machmimue guns as fam’ as possmbie. This type of work
must be carefully commceaied amid strongly commetmucted, em’ it will
become a “shehh.tmap.” Good bommmb-proof protection for its
garrison slmoumhm1 be provided withimm time pemimumeter of time wom’k.
(See fig. 5.)
3. Time nmore iunportamit points are better defended by a systemu
of trencimes covering a more extended area, and fornming whmmmt is
bottom- described as a defended locality. ‘rime perimeter of such a
defended beauty should be provided with defences against an
attack from any chim-ection, these defences consisting cithiem- of a
(a 12002) A 3
 18
continuous fire trenchm~or of isolated lengths of lime ti-encim sited to
cover every possible line of approach, and connected witim one
another and with the works in the interior of the locality by
commmmunieation trenches. Small self-contaimmeci works such as imave
been descsihmed in the last paragraph might quite well forum an
element in the defences of the perimeter or iii time interior
defences of a locality. Witiuin the defended perimeter simouuld
be time dug’outs for the garrison amid a series of cover amid support
trenches and conmmunicatiomm trenches, mmuany oi timemu prepared for
occupatiomm as fire trenches. In this way time interior is cut up
into coumupartmeruts, and thue schueuuue of defence is so organized
that, even if time enemy succeeds in establishing a footing at somume
point in the pem-inmeter, an unbroken front can still be presented to
imiun, and time defender’s hold omu time locality is practically
unaffected. Machine guns play an important part in time defence,
amid alternative cxnplaccnments should be nuumeroums. The sitings
of the euuiplacomemits should be very carefully considered, afl(l will
largely govern time general (lesign of time defences, A defended
locality of this nature has the aulvantago that it does not offer a
concentrated artillery target, and that its reduction by bomuibmurd-
mOnt would be a difficult and lemmgthmy operation, entailing a large
expenditure of ammunition.
4. Villages placed in a state of defence make time best kind of
supporting point. If the defemmce is propeuly organized, timeir
capture imas usually proved a lommg and costly operation. Cellars,
with their roofs shored up and rcmnforced, forimi excellent shelters,
and good communications entirely underground can be made by
breaking timrouighm from cellar to cellar. Time organization of time
defence will be sinmilar to [mat ahready outlined for defended
localities, The field of fire front interior lines of resistance must
be improved wheuevem necessary by time thos-ough deunohitiomu of
buildings mind remnovai or spreading of time debrms.
5. Timeso strong poiuuts or iocahuties should, as has been already
stated, be provided withm a good obstmmcle all round them. Iii
addition, any intemior trermclm wlmicim mmmay, imnclem- the scimemne of
defence, at aumy time become a line of rcsistaumce, should also be
covered by a wire entanglement.
6. lJnmity of command us an important tlmimmg iii time defence of one
of these works, amid they should, witlm this in view, be desigumed for
a garmison of a complete unit, as far as iossible.
1
15. Defences in Ream’ of time Fm’ont System.
The defeimces in rear of time front system should coumsist of a
zone 4 or 5 miles deep, in which all poimits of tactical inmportammce
are fomtified omi time principles laid down in Section 14. The
immtentiorm is by time occupation of these points to break up time
attack of any lmostile force which has peumetmated the front systenu,
delay army furtimer advance, and facilitate counterattack. In
 19
addition to this primary role, these stuong points furnishm a
framework on which, by digging trenches in the intervals, a new
line within time zone cami be rapidly construmcted to meet ammy
eventuality.
A secoimd similar zone may be prepared in rear of time first.

16. Pi’occdmrre ic/men Uonstructing Trenches in tide Presence of t/~e

Enemy.
1. The procedure in the case of constm-ucting a line when imostiho
interference has not to be reckoned with has already lmeemm
descuibed. In time comistructiomi of a line jim time presence of nun
eulemny the first object is to get sense sout of covet, as quickiy mis
possible, for time firiuig line. Nominally whmat happens is tiumut
mndividummmi men start to dig pits for timemnselves uvimere they were
whemm the advance stopped. As soomm as possibie these pits are
joined up with one another to forsmi a continuous fire ts’ouichm. This
trench may ultimnately form the front lire tm-enchi, a contimmuuouus
treuich for purposes of latem-mmh conmmummmmmicatiomm being smmbseq mmemmtly
dug beimind it, or it niay become time suul,eu-vusion trerucim, fresh fine
tmenches being pushed out at intervals fromui it to time front. In
eitiuer case, but mnore especially in time former, much suuhsequuemmt
lmmbour will be saved if the qumestion of travemses in time final tremmelu
is taken into account, l,oth in time spacing of time first eonstrumcted
pits and in time joinimug of them uim to forum a trench (see details
regarding traverses jim Section 17). If it is decided to mmcc time
trench first formmmed as a supervisiomi tremmeim, the imext stage, after it
ic completed, is that T-imeads are )ushe(i forward from it to form
the firimmg bays. Time work of digging1 time individumal ~mi[swiil be
hegmmn by the infantry with any tools they mayo, geumerahly, as huums
been szu(h, mostly with infantry entrenching tools. ‘rroops mmiumst,
therefome, be well practised in digging themselves in by iaigimt or
day with these tools. But imeavier tools mtmst bo got up to time
firing line as soon as possible, and every plan for arm mmdvamueo should
provide for a certain number of digging tools, otlmer thami time
emmtmemmciming tool, accompanying tine attack,* and for this miumuber
being suppleummented as early as possible with every available pick
and shovel. It may be necessas-y to wait lou’ dark befome a large
quantity of tools can ~e broughmt up amid sen-ious womk muttenipted,
but it is sometimes possible, umuder coveming fire fmonm time artillem-y,
to dig a continuous trench by day. In any case, every effort must
be made to got good tremucimos dug as soon as possible. One of time
first requirements is to get some wire in front of time trenchu, as this
gives a greater feeling •of security to time men digring (see
Appendix B). During the first two or three (hays it mumay be
expected that the new line will ho suibjected to heavy bombard-
umnent alternating with repeated counter-attacks. If time front
* See C~:apterV.
(nl200il) A 4
 20

tmemnch is constructed in time first instance ven-y close to the eneummy’s

positiomm it is particulauly vulnem-ablo to coummtem’-attack amid if time
enenuy smucceeds imi bmeaking timmough time line at a time when timeme
ate mmo defences prepamed behind it, imo may force a retiresueuit 0mm
mm large front. The construction of a supporting hue 70 to
100 yards iii rear of time front line and of a reserve line should,
thneuefore, be proceeded witim sinumitaneously.
2. The following procedtmre, adopted in at least one instance by
the Germans, may cosrmnuemmd itself when the offensive bias to be
temporarily givemn up, amid time enenmy is found estabbisimed irm a
prepared line. A line is construmcted in the first instance at a con-
skiermibbo distance, say 500 to COO yau-ds, or even more, from time
time emmenmy’s froumt tremmehm, time exact distance depending mmml thue
ground and facilities in time forum of cover. This line is made fairly
stmomg amid complete befomo ammy fmmrtimen- advaumce is atteummpted.
Timen, under covet of night, and possibly of a heavy bommibarminuemut
of the enemmmy’s fromut hue, a new front line is coumstrumeted mit a
dtstmmneo of 200 to 300 yards from the enemy. Froumi thus point
fumthmea- advance would usually be by sap. The advant:mge of this
method is that, before army attenmpt is muade to di~a line withium
easy reacim of smmuail coumiter-attacks, thiere is a coumipTeted line ready
behind time new line, to stop fuurther progress by the emmeummy if time
mmcv.’ hue is couumtes--attaclmed amid broken,

17. Comm stm’imct~onalDetciifs of Trenches.

1. Fire ?‘i-enmc/~es.—Thcme is no sealed pattermu of lire tremuchm.
Vamiomms types which have been found useful are shuown in figs. 6
to 8, bunt time type mused varies accom-ding to local commditiomns. Any
lIme tmemucim, however, rmmust fulfil time following essential conditions
(a) Tine parapet muust be bullet-proof;
(b) Every mmmmutu rrmust beable to lime over time parapet with proper
ofi’ect (1.0,, so that ime can hit time bottonn of imis own wime)
(c) Traverses must be adequate
(d) A parades must 1)0 provided to give proteetioun against time
back-blast of lmigh explosive
(e) Time trace of time treneim should be iumegumlmmm, to provide
flamikiog lime;
amid, if the tn-cinch is to be held for any lengtim of timmmo :—
(f) Time sides ummuist be i-evetted
(g) Time bottonu of time tremmeim urimust be floored.
Time narrower a trench is time better time cover whichm it afforuls,
however, a tremmcii wiuiclm may have to be occupied for sommue timmme
uramust allow freeilomum of movement. The resumit is tiummt a fire tiemicim
is usually nmacle broad enough to allow of movemneurt behind tile
himme of ummen maumuuing time parapet. Every man must be able to use
his rifle over time parmupet; on the othmem- hand people moving ahommg
the trench do not waumt to hmave to stoop dowxm low in order- to get
 21
their hieads umumder the cover of time parapet. Timemefore thie tm-cud,
usually huas a fining step about 18 inches broach and 4 feet 6 inches
below time crest of time parmupet, and beimind this a deeper- portiomu
fronn 18 iumchmes to 2 feet U inmeimemu broad at time bottomum amid fromuu
6 feet to 7 feet below time crest limme of time pamnpet (see figs. 7, 8),
The firing step must have a level surface and give a 11mm foothold.
It may eitiuer consist of aim earth step strongly mevetted with plammkt
held up by well driven iuiekets, em’ of stout plamuks laid on low timber
trestles. Sammdbags am-c sometimes mused but are not suitable, as suchm
mu firing step gets very slippery jim wet w’eatimer and usumahhy takes mm
slope to time i-ear, so tluat it gives a very iumsecure foothold. Heigiut
from firing step to crest to be frequmently tested. Time omniy test is
whether time immdividual man earn use huis rifle effectively over tine
top.
2. Traverses.—Tm’averses are strong buttresses of earthm jutting out
from the front or time rear’ face of time tr-emmchm so as to split it iumto a
series of coummpartmmmemits. Their object is to deem-ease time exposure of
the garrison to emifilanle fine mmd to localise time effect of a shell burst-
imug in the trenchi. I’om’ both these purposes they nirmst be strong and
solid. They simoumid be made froumu 9 to 12 feet timick, simouuld oven-lap
thm width of time trench by 2 feet nut least, and mimummut be strongly
revetted. A tuaverse is described as a “forward” traverse om- mu
“rear” traverse according as it juts oumt fronm thme back or the frommt
face of time tremmcim res~~eetivoly.Rear travem-ses mire generally
muccepte(1 as the best for nornmal use, bumt aim occmmsional forward
traverse is useful to prom-ide fire to a iiammk. Traverses add to time
ieumgtlm of trencim necessary to accommmnuodmrte a givemm nunmber of rifles,
amid, if tlney are too frequent, add to tine difficulty of supervision aunt
controi. From 18 feet to 30 feet is the normal lemmgth of bay betweemm
two adjaeemut traverses. Traverses in a tr’enmchm facilitmnte honmmbing
attacks along its lengthm, as gremmades can be thurowum from under cover
of a traverse, gemmerahly immto the next hay buit omme. As a protectiomu
against this timere should be, at intervals imm the line, spaces witimout
traverses, long enough to prevent bombing fsommm behind time traverse

S
/ S

________ ~ _________

at one end of time space to beyond the traverse at time otiner end.
This length of trench elmould be str’aigimt ammd the tm’avei-ses on either-
 22
side of it should be loopholed for fire inwards. Bombing trenchmes
or pits beimimud time front line (see figs. 3 and 9) are also useful to stop
an attack of this sort.
Traverses will often have to be made in a completed trench whulchm
is insufficiently traversed. To do this cut into time face of the tremuch
opposite that from which time traverse is to jut out a recess broad
enough amid deep enoughm for the end of thm~traverse and the passage
round it, and with time earth front this recess, supplemented if
necessary by more from elsewhere, build up a wall of samidbags or
of eartin revetted with sandbags or otimer material 9 feet to 12 feet
thick right across the old trencim and projecting not less thmamm 2 feet
into time recess, (See figure, p. 21.)
3. The sides of trenelmes which have to be occupied for a long time,
and particularly in wet weather in a thump site, must be revetted.
Hurdles or rabbit netting held up by stout stakes at frequent
intervals, well driven and with their upper ends securely mviu’ed
to short pickets firmly anelmored in time paimpet or pan-ados, formim
a useful type of revetmemnt for thmi~purpose. Sandbags are mmot so
suitable. High revetments iii Flaumders clay require aim intermediate
anchorage between time bottom of time revetment stako and time
anchorage to it~top, unless revetmemit stakes of 4 to 5 incimes
diameter are imsed. The placing of this inthesohid ground fom’mmmimmg
the side of a trench is a dmfiicult operation demnannhimug time assistance
of skilled labour. hun time winter in Flaumders some 1-call)- solid founm
of revet~nemmt, ~uchm
as planks or tiunber, or’ expanded umuctal sheets,
is necessary.
The fire trencim should be provided with fm’equent exits fom time
mmcc of patrols. Thmes~exits simouhd be in the forum of tunnels leading
under time parumpet, uvhethner time line be tremichm or hm’eastwon-k, and
cotmmmmmumnieatirmg witiu saps.
Time top of the parapet shouuid always be irregular, as this lmelps
to conceal men observing or firing over time parapet. Still better
mcmnccalnmcnt is provided if the pai’ados is higimer thmaum time parapet
and is also irregular, as heads do not then shmow up against a sky-
limue,
A useful accessory in a trench line is what is known as a “bomimbing
trenchm” or “borubimig pits.” Time latter are small recesses nubout
5 feet square thug behind the front hue mind withmin easy grenade
thurowing range of it (see fig. 9). The former is a continuous trencim
for time mimic purpose.
A tendemmey to be guarded against is that towards gradually
increasing time width of trenches. Wide treumelmes are uumdoubtedly
flume comfortable to live in but they afford notiming like such good
protection as narrower trenmches. In repairing’ a tremmcim of wimichn
time side has fallen in men are apt mxuerely to tiurow the earth out
whmuek has fallen in, This should never be allowed ; the rh~bris
simould be cleared away, a strong revetnment (lmurdles, CXl)a1~de(l
rmmctai or rabbmt-nettiuug) put up against time new face, and a sandbag
wail built outside this reu’etmnent. Time saimulbags therm Suplmrt time
ievetmnent.
 23
Time question of loophmohes, drainage, latrines, is dealt with
later.
4. Breastworks.—Breastworks afford very good cover, but their
construction involves much time amm(1 very heavy labour. Tlmey
are therefore usually made only wimen the state of the groumnul
compels it,
Breastworks are mon-c conspicuous timamu tm-enches, but can-thu
breastworks, if well built, do not suffer mnore heavily than a trench
under artihien’y fire, and are more easily repaired, whilst beimmg
vel-y nmuch umiore couumfortable to live iii,
Emuntim ljmeastwoi-ks must be at least 10 feet thick at top, ami
have a very gentle exterior slope. The ditch excavation eaum be
psed as an obstacle, anul can be filled with, wire. When coin-
struicting a breastwou-k one of the nmost importaunt points to look
to is that time near edge of the born-ow pit in front of the parapet
is lam- emmough from timo foot of the interiom- slope. There is a
tendency 0mm time pam-t of time diggers to save themselves labour by
diggingin towards time parapet. This must be guarded against
by marking with a tape a line beyond whmichm there must ~meno
digging, and by constant supervisiomm to see that it is observed.
To ascertain tiuo positiomu of this line, find by (li-awing timo mnminimumm
width of base necessary to secure a thickness of 10 feet at top, amid
add at least 2 feet to provide for a berm at the foot of the exten-ior
slope. It will save much time if wooden ~tretcimers are made to
earm-y thmo can-tim, and plank ganguvays are made fom’ the carrier-s.
If no planks or bruushwood are available, wire nietting laid on the
ground will serve to provide a pathmway. Work once begumum on a
breastwork umust be completed as qumickly as possible, because a
mmew work is likely to pi-ovo a temmmpting tar-get for antillery flm-e,
to which in time early stages it is very vuilnorable, ammd also because
it is impom-tamut to get time work through if possible in time dry.
1mm th~kind of site wimicim demands a breastwork, the borrow pit
very easily fills mvith water, and nuder this condition work
becouumes ‘-em-y slow and ardumous, and may em-en become inumpossibie.
Time interior slopes of parapet amid parados mmust be strongly
r-evetted ; hurdlework em conic substitute, flrmmmly anchored, for-ins
time best form of revetumuent ; sandbags do not stand the weather
so well. Once tine revetmemnt imas beeim put up, diggimng close to
the foot of it nnust on no account be allowed.
Time best mmmethmod of commstructing a breastwomk is’as follows :—
Put up two ncvetmmmemmts of gabions om’humm-dles—on’ if musing surmiulbags
buuikl two sandbag walls—1O feet apamt ; fill in between with
ear-tim; build up a bumrstiumg coumrse in fm-out ; finally make a vcm-y
gentle siopo to time fn’ont.
]3m-eastworks constu-ucted wimoily or mainly of sandbags are nuumcit
mmmomo vuulrmemabie to artillery fire than earthm breastworks, auud are
expensive of nmatemial. They are to be avoided except fon’ minor
works, smucim as blocldirmg a tnenclm ieading towards time emnenmv,
barrim-adiuug a road, &c. Tluey mu-c, imoweven’, oftemi found in the
fm-ont lime, whmenm bmemustwon-ks have had to be constructed in tine
 24

presence of the enenuy, because they camm be made mom-c silently.*

[‘lucy are oithuer fornmed by gm-aduahly raising the pmurmupet of a
trench that imas bocomnme waterlogged, or they may be made by a
process of sapping to join up two existing trenches or breast-
wom-ks. The great fault usually in mxmaking these hjreastworks is
to make their sides too stmnigimt mind steep. The base of sucim a
breast-work nmust be broader tluan time top or the whole wall of
sandbags -will collapse in wet weatimer.
Bueastworks must be constructed mvitiu traverses in time same
ummanner as fire tn-emmclmes, and must have a fim-ing step, to allow of
evem-y man using his rifle over- time top. The muecessary amount of
cover for free movement along the line, 6 feet 0 inches as a
uuumnnmmmnu, can be obtained either by building up time parapet to
timn~ hueuglut, whmemm a raised firing step will be required, or by
imavimig the firing step at ground level and digging a narrow
simmullow trcumchm inmmmrediately belmind it and round the ends of
tmmuverses. A parades must. be constructed to pIot~ctthe garrisomu
fuonm time bmuck-bhast of high explosive shell which burst behinmd
time line. Tinic parados shuouuld be abouut 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet
timjc-k at its base, stn-ouugiy revetted omi botim faces. It shommld be
as lmuglm or slightly hmiginer than the parapet and as close to it as
mc compatible with fm-ce movemnent aiommg time line, A path paved
with brick on- with floor-board gu-atirugs just behind time parnidos
us a great convenience ; it siuouuld communicate with the flu-c bays
by openings thuoumgim the parados behind at least every otimer
traverse. Time space between time bu-eastwom-k and parados shmoumld
be floored, amnd steps takemu to allow for drainage from that space.
Tim a bm-eastwon-k lime, filled sandbags simould be stacked chose
i,eiuimmd the paramles at frequent intervals, to lie muvailabie for

lit bmu Idiug pam-apets, bm-eastwou’ks or m-evetmmmt-muts with smmmmdbags, thu

fullowimig mules must always bo observed
(ii) Smmndbags should be filled oniy ~ fmmH and well beaten into the shape
of a brick;
(&) Smmmdbmgs nuuust not be built vertically emu one aaotlmem-. A slope f
i/I is mmilvisablu 0
(e) flu-caking joint mmcd tIme muse of frequent imeadems are umerm-ssmmry;
(di Eacin layer of ammuudhags nmumst be at right ammgles to the face of the
pammupet, not Imonizo,,lii:—

Thus

(e) Smmmdhrmgs should not be filled with buick rubble; It is daageroiui

ow-big to time interstices left between lumps uf brick.
 25
building up a gap formed by artillery fire, as a speedy temporary
repair’.
5. Loopholes.—Al1 firing by nigimt, and to meet an attack
wlmetimem by (lay or by night, must be over the top of the parapet.
In all fire trenches, imowever, a certain number of loopholes are
necessary for time use of ammipers to inflict casualties on time enemy
wimemmever oppou-tumnity offers, to annoy hmimn, interfere with his
won-k, keep him under- cover, and keep dowum the fire of mis
smmipers. Usually omme or two loopinoles mure made imm each bay of
time fine trencimes.
Various types of loophole have been designed, curd are in use.
It is not intended to describe them inn tlmis paumiphlet,* but on!
to lay (hewn tIne commditiomms that a smttisfacton-y loophole must fuifi
Time most impom-tant of these is concealment frommm time frommt ; for
this reason, amid to obtain if possible enfilade lire, loopholes
simould be placed obliquely iii time pan-apet. Time maximmmum
amumount of cover simouid be provided for the fin-er, rind time steel
loophole plates with a nnetmml flap to close the loophole make
probably the best for-mum of loophole. Looplmoles should have mu
curtain (sammdbag or some for-nm of cloth) imung on the firer’s si(le,
to be used in the same wnry as a photographer uses a black cloth.
Observimig stations and look-out posts beiminmd time lines slmould
be provided withm immcommspic-umoims loopholes, but ioophuohes am-c not,
as a i-ule, mnueim used for- hooking out fmonu the trench, except
wimer-e special loopholes for- observation with telescopes ale made.
Periscopes and ennall pieces of maim-ron’ set up at an angle on the
pam-ados give a betten- view witlm less exposure.
Loopimoles Imave umsumally to be made inn a parapet at umigimt. Time
alignment must lie camefuliy sited and marked by day.
(3. Over/read Com-cr.—Ovemlmead coven’ mc meyer mused jim any tn-enehm
which is to be oeeUpie(1 mus a lime tnencim, Ovemimead coven’ for-
shelters and dug-outs is dealt with in the paragn-aplm 0mm that -

subject. Beyommd this time ommly case in wimicim ovcmhead protection

is likely to be requin-ed is, jim i-are immstances, over very exposed
lemmgths of coummnmumumicatiomi tmemmcim and in the for-mn of traverse
known as a “buidge” travemse.
7. Support Trenc/ths. — Sumppont trenches simouuld be designed
as traversed fin-c tremucimes, but time sumpervision tn-enchm is usuually
omitted, Pr-otectiomm against shell fire in the for-rn of deep
dmmg.outs can be made in time suppon-t line beimimmd time parados,
wimereas their use jul time front trermcim interferes witiu the rapid
rnmannimmg of time tiench and is inadmmuissible. Time support line
sluould be conumecteul by numerous eommnnmmurmieation trenches to time
front line, and if there is an obstacle in front of time support line it
nuast be so au-ranged as not to interf en-c with the rapid reinforce-
ment of time front limme trenches.
8. C’omnnunicatiom Trenclmcs.—To afford proteetiomm fr-em enmfllade

* Deecriptiomma of various types of looimlmimle will be fomummd in notes that are

circulated s,momm~ thmo trools fronm time to tiumne
 20

fire and to minimise exposure to shrapnel in them, communication

trenches must be well bent or traversed. The best type is the
winding one, but the curves nmrust be sufficiently pronounced to
give real protection against enfilade lire. If traverses are made,
lime best pattern is an island traverse witim time trench going round
it on both sides. The corners of traverses should be m-otmnded and
itot squan-e, as they are easier to pass for a moan withm a load or for
a stretcher,* and are easier to revet. Time necessary protectiour
ran also be obtained by niaking time trencimes zig-zagged in plan,
and thus makes uevetting easier,
Except in suehu soil as solid chalk, comnaummieation trenches which
zro required to remain serviceable for a bug time or to atmurd wet
weather must be revetted. Experience irm Flanmdem-s has simown
tirat even if tine sides are given as flat a slope as 1/1 they will fall
in. A berm of 18 inches simommld be left betweeum time edge of the
tnench tumid the parapet. Time nminimum widtia at time bottomum
should be 2 feet 0 incimes, and 3 feet is better. Increasing time
width reduces the protection afhbrded, ann! time width of 3 feet at
time bottom simould seldom be exceeded. Tue mevetted sides mmmust
~ie given mu slope from 4/1 to 3/1, not cut nearly vertieai. The
depth of time trench from top of pau-apet to bottom of tn-enc-h or
floorboard slmould be 7 feet, if possible; what pu-opom-tion of this
deptim is tremc}m amid what parapet depemmds on time site mmd facilities
fur drainage. The question of draummage mmmst always leceive
particular attemmtioma in the citing and constrmuction of commumnicri-
tiomm trenches, and they shoumini be boarded, with nr ui-run umnder thme
boards, as soon as jmossible after construction. Passing places and,
in a brig tm-enchm, occasional sidings shommid be arranged, and sigh-
pcets should always be placed at time entrance to eommmmmmunication
ti-enehues, and at any hnancimes off them, to simow whmem-e timey lead,
~peeiai arrammgemenits mmmmust be made to affon-d pm-oteetion against
the enemy’s bommmbers working dowim mu comnnmumnicmmtiomi tremncim to
attack one of the lines behind, For this purpose time enemy’s
bombers must be kept at a distance of mmot less thnumm 40 yards front
time trench to be protected. Timis can be done by amiaking the last
40 yamdc of amy comrmnuunicntiomm trench, enter-immg a support or cover
or back-line tneumchu from the front, straight mind providing for
machine gun or rifle fm-c down the straighmtt portion (see fig. 11).
A dog-ie~tremucim will do if proper nrn-angemmnents can be nmade for
tsrfiladiumg both reaches of it (see fig. 12). rrovisioni umuumst be made
Ion’ blocking this last 40 yards of the trench at both ends.
clievaux dc/risc (“knife rests”) on’ other wire obstacles, placed in
a recess at time point whuem-e time block is to be nmadc, so that the
hmust nman to 1-etire can quuickly pmmhl timenam domvnm into imositiomn as he
passes, will do as a temnporary expedient for timis pumi-pose (see
fig. 11).

The uiinimmmmmu curve in wintlimmg comnmnmmumicatiomi trenches, so that &

~tretelmercan be tarried round it by bearcmv, is 16 foot radius in a trench
~ fret wide.
 27

(Jonnnm;mnieatiomm trenches, if prepared for use as fire trenches,

am-c frequently of the utmost value for flank defence, when the
encnmy has smmccee(led in penetrating time front line. The best way
of preparing a conmnmunication tm-ench for fire is to dig T-heads oil
the tu-ench so as to for-rn fire bays facing in the required direction,
or to cut flue trenches across a re-entrant angle in the trench (see
fig. 10) A comnmmumumnication trench pm-cpared for umse as a fire trench
simomuld he hmnotected on both sides by a good wire entammglernent.

18, Ol;stac1es,~
Front tmemmches and au tremmches whichi may have to be occupied
as iiu~tr-emichmes nmrmst be pu-otected by an elhcient obstacle, Some
for-mum of barbed wire entanglement is time mmuost elhcient obstacle
ammd is thmat ummmi~ensally uused. A win-c entamighenment must be
broad euuiiuglm mmot to be easily bridged on quickly cut thromigim,
nmmust be ummider the close flu-c of time defemice, amid near enoumgh to be
efb~tivelywatched by mmighut. Time mmear edge of time entanglement
simotuld be abotut 20 ymm.u-ds frenm time trenchn, and it should be mit
least 10 yards broad. A height of 2 feet 6 inches is sufficient, a
greater height ommly immcreases its liability to damage by oun own
lire. Every effort mummmst be mmmade to counceal ama! pu-otect timim
emitangieumicmmt ; this is best (lomue by sinking it in imollows or
trenches, Wimeme tuenuchmes mire unmade thme~- simomuld be of time forum
shown imm fIg. 13, i.e., sloping with the mimaximumummi depth fuum-thest
fuomu the lime tm-erich, so as to Immimliuumise the cover which they mumighit
atlomd to time emiemimy ; fumther, win-c sumnmk imm this nianmmer should be
cam-efuily sited so that every portion of it is enfiladed from some
point or amuothmet- iii time line tnemmchm, Sunk wire is less visibi~,less
v;mlneiable to artillery, and less liable to danmage by oumr own jim-c,
Wlnemm entanglenmmemuts an-c at niommie distance fr’oumu time enemy, it
unmay sonmetimmues be umseful to coumstrmmct a second belt of wire beyond
the fimst, with its ouuter edge sonic 40 or 50 yards from the trench,
to keep hostile bomumbers at a distammee.
Uood strommg wire entammglemmueumts, of time pattern imm tug. 14, lixemE
to well-driven posts, shmoumid be commstrumcted wherever’ it is possible.
With proper- trainimmg, infmunti-y sluomuld be muble to make entaumple-
mmments of this nature as close as 100 yamds fm-em time enemy on a.
dank night. Time iron posts mmow issued, whuich screw into the
guoumid, eamm be placed in position witimout mloise armd strcngthmemr
time entmmnglemmmenmt. Only when time opposimig himmes are too chose, or
as a temporary nmeans of providimmg some sort of obstacle qumickly,
neeoumrsu may be huad to lion-table obstacles. Time best of these is
that kumown as tine mm knife n-eat m’ (see fig 15, whmicim sufficiently
explains their conustructioum). Two or three rows of tlnese knife
rests, placed to break Joint amid uvim-ed together, for-mn a fair obstacle
wimicim camm be quuickhy arid quuietly placed imi position. ilollow
bat-bed win-c spheres am-c easily mumade up in time front trench and

~ See also Appemmdix lu.

 28
thrown onmt, and, if plentifully used, mine better thian mio obstacle
at mull.
The maintenance of the wire obstacle calls for constant care. It
must be inspected every night, amid a few meur simould be told oft imu
each company as a pertnamment wiring party for time repair and
iml)rovenment of the obstacle.
10. Protection from Shell Fire.
1. Protection against loss by shell fin-c is afforded by details in time
design of time treumelmes thennselves, already mefemi-ed to, e.g., traverses,
and keeping trenches as nan-ow as possible, and is supplenuented
by time provision of shelter-s or dug-outs. Simelters nmay be chassi-
fmed as bunnb-pn-oof on- splinter-proof, accordiumg mrs they are designed
to afford protection against simells hitting thuenmo direct and bumrsting
on impact, or agaimmat tho splinters of shells burst over or near
thmemn. It is important to distinuguisim between time two,
2. Time first instinct of the amen is to irmmprove the protection
afl’or’denh by thue tremichm by bum-rowing omit for themselves hollows
in time fm-out face, uunder the parapet (“undercutting”). This
pm-actice ummumst be absolutely prohibited. Unless these hollows au-c
ven-y carefuuhhy slier-ed up they always result, sooner or later, in the
hmarnmpet falliumg mm, amid, even if time shoring up is efficiently done,
time existence of these shelters under the parapet weakens its
u-esistance to time bnmm-st of a high-explosive shmeli.
3. Bonnb-proof smelters to ensure protection against heavy huii4u-
.xplosive smells Immure to be dug deep and emitered by a narrow
openimug and steps. This means that it takes an appreciable time
to get mmmcmi out of them, and as in a well-planned attack tine
missammlt will be sud(ien and unexpeete(1, amid the fire of time
artillery will not be lifted from tim front trench until the
leading infnmntu-y of time assaulting line is ainmost into it, tlmey am-c
umsuauly inadmnissible in time front line, except for time proteetiomn of
mnacimine gumns and their detachmeumts, amid for- company head-
(Irmarters. Deep (lug-omits are, moreover, damigemous in an attack
by gas.
A certain amount of sphinter-pr-oof cover should be pm-ovided in
time front line, wimicim ~u-ihialso serve as protection nmgainst weatimer.
The best position, in the case of a tu-ench, is in time front face of time
supervision tu’enich.
4 In time case of stronmgly constructed breastworks, dug-outs
giving good protection agautmst evemn din-oct hits by the lighter
nnmtum-es of high-explosive shmell eamu lie nmade umnder time parapet,
amid are not so open to the objections wimichu apply to dug-outs imi a
fr-oat fire trench. The parapet over tine dog-out must be sup-
pom-ted by wehi-nuanho strong fm-ames aumd props (see fig. 16).
5. Splunten--proof coven’ can ahso be placed behiumd time pamados.
1mm this ease protection against back-blast of shells bursting
beyond time lmam’mtdos must riot be overlooked.
6. No dug-outs miust ever be allowed 1mm a trench which inter-len-c
withi time umse of the rifle or free passage along the trench.
 29
7. The use of shelter-s proof against hmeavy 1migim-ex~m1o.siu-esmell in
the first systemim of trencimes should therefore genermuhly be confined
to the position of time battalion reserves and to “strommg points ‘~ cm’
keeps,” wluicim niay form part of time fr-omit systenmm. It is muot
iumtemided to pmohmibit their use elsewimere, if time soil ou’ natumnal
features are favourable to their constructioum, amid ar-r-ammgemmieumts
caum be made to get men out of them quickly, bumt to point ount time
dangers that attend their use.
8. Vemy good protection fmorn a hostile boumibamdmnent is afforded
by “slit° trencimes. These are tu-emicimes 1 foot to 2 feet wide aund
7 feet deep, dug at nighmt angles to and on either side of time
comumnunnication trenches, They rnmmst be strmmtted at the top, or
they will easily collapse. Each “ slit” simoumid be long euioumgh to
imold 10 to 12 muon (see fig. 3). Wlmemu timey an-c in use amm N.C.O.
should be at time end nearest tine commummuication tnemmcim. Control
is easier when nmemn are sheltered imi timese “slits” tiuamm whuemu 1mm
(luug-outs. Sinmilan ~ can be nmade fuurther back along time
commmmnunication trenches for cover for reserves broughmt imp to
support a counter--attack.
9. A few mmotes on time construction of dung-outs are appended.
Fom’ tine counstimuction. of deep bounub-proof ding-outs, R.E. advice
amrd assistance will usually lie available.
(o) Even-y deep dug-out mmmumst have two on mmmone sepamate
exits to facilitate rapid egress mmmmd in case one gets
bhoeked.
(b) Roof timbers zmmust always be mnmuio thur-ce or femur- times
stronger timaum is necessary to support mnmerely time load
(lime to time thickness of moof for ~vhiehmthmey are desigimed.
~t~huisis necessary to allow, muot only nor time shock of
time bun-st of a shell, but also fon the possibility that a
fr-eshm garrison ummay tmuke it imuto timeur lmeads to put
auuotimer 2 on- 3 feet of ear’tim omm top of time existimig roof.
(c) A i-cctanguiar tiumber will suppomt mono weight if it
stood oum its edge, i.e., m-estinmg cmi its shorter side, thamm
whemm lying flat on its lomuger side.
(d) Thme ends of m-oof timbers simoumid umever be suupported omu
sandbag walls or even direct omu solid groumumd. A stroumg
timaber franme should always be used omm two opposite
sides of time simelter to sumpport time ends of moof trmmm ben-s
(see fig. 16).
(e) A “bmmnstcu’” layer, of 6 inches to 1 foot of brick or stoume,
shoumid always be provided near’ time tip sun’fruce of time
u-oof. Over thus “burster” layer shmouid be a layer of
unot less thaum 6 immclnes of earth to decrease danger frommu
time scattering of the stoune em brick by time bum-st of time
mshioih. As time object of time “ burster” is to explode time
shell nemir time suum-fnuce, it will be to a largQ extemmt
defeated if the layer of earth above it is muade rumor-c than
12 incimes thick.
 30
(f) Arrammgeumments lummust be made for ventilating dug-outs.
It mmmy occasionally be possibie to combine the venti-
hurting pIpe witim a periscope for- look-out purposes.
(y) Sphimmter-proof cover is afforded by a layer of logs on
beams, 6 lunches or upwards in depth, covered oven- with
a layer of met less timan 1 foot of earth. Tire following
forms mu roof proof against a 6-inchm high explosive
shell A layer of rails on- heaumus, 18 inchies of earth, a
layer of brick, 2~ feet of eartim, amiothen layer of brick
6 incines to I foot thick, and over all, 0 incines of eumrthm,
Time nails or beams miust have a good mnmargin of strength
over timat nuecessary to support the load above tirenum, so
as to stand time shock of time expiosiomu. It will be seemm
that this roof is fully 6 feet thick. Hence time dmug-oumt
will require to be at least 10 feet deep if its position is
not to be made too comuspicuous.
Fig. 17 shows a typical commcn-etenl dmmg-out.

20. Mcnchimre flue Emplacenurrts. (See figs. 18 to 22.)

1mm view of the gm-curt value of mmmachmimmo gnums to time defemice time
sitimug aumd conmstructiomn of emnplacenments for thmemnu requires very
special attention amid curie. Macimimue guums should be so sited iii
each line that timer-c is nrc part of time gmoummnl in front of it which
is imot unnder timeir fire, They shmoulni be arranged so as to bring
mu cm-oss lime to bean iii trout of time trenmeimes which they protect
In timis way timeim’ power is more folly developed and also counceal-
meat is easier. It iii innpertanmt tluurt immaelmhme gum empluueeunemuts
shuouuld ho commstrueted so as to be as inconmspkuouus as possible
Ifotim sides aro comust:ummtly on time iook-ommt to try and locate time
emremlry’s nnmaeiuine gumu ennplacemnmennts, amid any snmspected spot is
certainm, soommer or later, to be mummude time target for bommuburrdmeuut.
For tIui~reason, too, anti nilso to protect tlremmm froun dammuage by mm
cimammee shell in a geuuerai bonibarthmueuut of time line, emplacemmmenuts
siuouulcl be unmade as strong as possible. Tire ideal anramugemrment is
timut eacim gnmr shuommld be imu a hnonmb-proof shelter, witim overhead
cover, amid imm advance of mime! to mu fianuk of time part of time himme it is
to cover. Maciu’une gums in aim eumclosed emmupiacemuuemut mnmay c-ithuem-
be unmounted ton- fire eu a fixed hue, or so as to have a certaimu
anmuount of traverse. In time iatter- case sommue form of lummprovised
platform nmonmntimmg, ahiowiumg of time gumum traversing about its
muzzle atmd not about its ccmmtme, enables the size of time loophiole to
be kept down to a mimuimmmuuun, mund is, for this reumson, valuable.
Machmne gun loopholes, at any rate those for use by day, should be
as low down in tIm parapet as p0551mb. Several altemni,utive
emplacements simouid be piepumred~sounme of mvhicim may be fou usimug
the gun over time top of time parapet. In particular there should
be aum aitenumative emnmphacenmmemmt, for fin’ing over time top, in commmmec-
tiont with each emmclosed enipiacemmmenmt and situated close to it. 1mm
conmrec-tioui with each of time cover-ed nmachuiue gmnmu emmmplaccmmmcmuts
 31
timer-c should be provided a good bommub-proof shelter, prefer-ably of
time deep dug-oirt type, to wimichi time crew can temnporuurily whir-
du-aw during a bonubardment. This dung-out simould communicate
direct with the cmp1acenmemm~.
Concu-ete enuplacements can goner-ally be constu-uucted inn time
reserve trencimes.
21. Latrinnes.
Time health of time troops demnands very careful sanitary arrmunge-
ments anti scrupuuhouus eleaumliness in tremuelmes, whicim nmay have to
be occupied for a commsiderabio iemngth of tinme. Latrinme accoumm-
mimodation unust be ample and easy of access; seats should be
pm’ovided omn time scale of at least 2 pci’ cemmt, of time troops using
them. tfriuie tins simommid be provided our time same scale. Tine best
place for latrinmes and mnrinmals for tine front limue is behind the supem:-
vision trench in T-imeads at time end of short brmunmches oth it.
Latrines mimust be provided for all trenches aund smelters which
imave to be occupied, even for’ short periods, by troops. The ummost
sanitary systenm of latrimues in tremmchmes is the bucket system,
buckets being removed and eniptied at nmigiit.
A supply of chlorate of lime simouuld be kept in all trencimes.
22. Dramnage amid P’toorz’ng.
Drainage and precautions for keeping trenches dry ammd cleamu,
wimetimer thmey are fire, living, on- eounmnunicatioun tmemmches, are
mluuestiomms of gm-eat importurmmce, nuot ommly fuonu time point of view of
preserving the tremochies, but also tom time heurltir of time troops.
In tho case of lines thug (lehilmeratehy, not in tine presence of time
enenmy, the questiomm of drainage can be carefully studied, and it
will often pay to dig drainage tremmelues of mmmumple capacity before
any ~vomk on trenches is cormnmuenced. Laboumu- spenit imm tins way
will be ummone than repaid. In ammy case work on drains should
keep pace whim time progress of time trencimes, a~troumble is sui-e to
occur if water is muilowed to accumumulate. For time saumme reason, care
mmuuust be taken thief time womk on eacim section of tn-eimcimes is heft at
mmmi even deptim each day when work ceases, 1)m-ains simould be givemm
a good fall. It will usmnally pay to r-evet time sides of mum open ditch
drain. A good pattern of drain is time box draiim, a m-ectarmguular
chianuiel lined and covered over with plarmkimug, lurid imm time bottom
of a trenelu, which is therm covered un mugaimu.
In time case of trenches (lung imm the presence of time enemy time
above nnetimods canumot be applied. Drainage is a very difficult
problenm in these circumstances, even whemi time ground is mmot
practically flat. Trenches on a forward slope cannot be dmuuimued
except to the front, and it will seldom be pnacticahule to dig drains
leadrng forward from the trench. Practically all that remains
possible as a meaums of getting rid of the water ammd keeping
trenches reasonably dry and clean is constmunt punupimig and
putting down sommue sort of paving or flooring. Sunup-pits, i.e., good
deep holes, should be made at muter-vats to one side of the treumcln.
 32
Tlmey shrould be r-evotted and strutted and bridged over with
plmnk covers. From timese the water should be pummmped out as
oftemu as mmmay be necessary over time parapet or the parades,
according to which way the ground ~lopos. If time grorund falls
to time rear, chammneis can be euut to lead off into the natmmrmmi drains
of time country and the water ptmnmped into those cimanmmels. A
channel along time side of the trench or dowmn the cemntro of it
should loath time water into the sunup-pits, and it mumst be comm-
stantly cleared. If the channel is cut dowmm time centre of time
trench it earn be bridged over by special flooriuug boards, which
must be frequmentiy taken up and cleaned. If time level of time
water in the ground rises above the level of the floor of tIme tnemmcim,
obviously no aummounmt of pmmmiuping or digging of suunp-pits will
keep the trench dry. Tire only remedy therm is to raise time floor-
of the trench by planks supported oun shnort pile_trestles, and thnemm
to raise tire pam-apet accordingly. A most nmnportant point is to
get sonic kind of flooring or paving down as soon as possible iii
mummy new tnenchm. If this can ho done before time mud has beenn
churned sup, a gm-eat deal of trouble amid discomfort will be saved.
Floor gratings about 0 feet long and 18 inches to 2 feet wine, mmmdc
of cross pieces of 2-inch by 4-inch plank, nailed to two longittmdiumal
pieces of timrrher about 4 inches by 3 incimes, 0mm edge, mine easily
umuade nip, and are a very good form of flooring for- trenches,

23. Defence of Buildings.

It will oftemm lu-ippeun timat it is considered advisable to include
substantial buildings in the front line. Experience has proved
that it is extmemrnely imard to dislodge a deten-nuineci. defemmder from
a pu-openly organized building. On the otimer hand, buildings in
or near time froumt line immvariably draw a great deal of artillery
fir-c. For this reason, a building shounid not normally be eccupied
by day, umniess it snitiieu’ has cellars ivinich can be improved to
provide good hornb- )roof cover, or sinrilau cover can be made
1
c~uniteclose to time huouse, anti conunected witlr it by communmicatiomm
tuenclies Otherwise, if tire building imas been put into a state of
defence, a gaun-isomu siuoumld be detailed who will only occupy it at
tire last immoummerrt imm case of attack. A building is strongest fur
clefemmce wlmemn it imas been knocked about a bit. Tire defensive
uuu-ranugemrmcmits shoumld be concemmtnated on thme gm-ounnd floor and
cellars ; timmue spent on work omu ripper’ stories is sumre to be wasted.
mi time building itself time work to be domme is :—
(a) Jieimmforce the cellar roof, if possible, with concrete ; it
must be well shored rup to enable it to carry tire extu-mu
protectiomm, ammd also time cUbri~winch subsepuent sluelhimug
will br-mug douvn on it.
(1) Loeinhuole time walls for rifle or macmine guru fire tire
nearer time loopimoles an-c to time grommnd time better tire
protectiomm afforded ; bunt timer-c is a m-isk of falling debi’~
blockiung them up.
 (c) Thicken wails up to the ireigiit of tine hoopimoles. Tinis
timickemning may be ~ione by thmrowinmg cam-thu imp mrgnimust
tite outside of time bnuildimig, on mmmuukin~a wail o~gabioums
filled with eartim or of earth between hmmr-dles, 3 feet
clear of tine wall of time building, to serve as a buum-ster,
but builnhing up inside whim brick u-nibble or ear-tim in
sandbags is better, as loopholes near groummd level arid
collar’ wiumdows for mnmuchine gummms cmi tlnemm be used,
(d) Block ump and hoopirole ground floor windows and dooms,
(c) Em-cot oveu-head cover over- flue positiomms. This sinomuld be
jim the fou-mmm of a false roof, prefem-ably of concrete, othmer’-
wise of heavy rails or ven’y stonut timmrbeus carried on vemy
sui)stalntial timber sumpports, on’ cnn rails or girders. Timis
moo! will piotect time tim-ems fm-mum faiiimmg (lehfls, afl(l the
ummom-e time house is knocked abomut then stromugen ~vill timo
coveu becoumne.
(f) Imnmpu-ovtu imiter-nal coummnumunications by gapping imntennal
walls wirer-u mmecessary.
In conumection with time defence of the bumilding thoero may also
be fire treumehes in front. ‘~fit ammd to either- flank coummmnunicating
by trcncimes with one anorncz ,mmrd with time building, time whole
fon-nuuimmg practically a small strong point of winch time house is time
keep. “Slit trenches, such as mayo already been described,
situated close behind time house and connected whim it by a corn-
mumuication trenchm, form a useful adjuunct to tine defensive
arn’angeuucmuts.
24. Ti’aiuniny in Digging, cf-c.
Infantry must be capable of the constructiomm, repair, mmd
maintenance, without II.E, assistammce, of all for-ins of tm-cinches,
shelters (except deep bommub-pmoof dumg-ommts), anti barbed wire
entanglemmicuits. Commstammt practice imi diggimmg ammd mmmakimug emmtangie-
unents at umighmt is nmec~rsary. Oflicers amnnl mien nmust be well
tn-ainmcd ium time immethmod of nniamkiumg out works to be dug at niglnt
and iii extenmding a party silently em a task un darkness. Troops
simoumld be tmaimmed to dig, &c., fully eqmnipped (except for tineir
packs).
It will be found inseful to mayo a centaur mmnmnmber of men mn eacim
company specially trained under ll,E, supervisiomm inn time coin-
struction of barbed-wire emmtammglemnoents, loopimoles, revetting,
drainage, &c.

(n 12002)
 34

ChAPTER III.
OccnJl’ArroN AND RELLEF On- Tamcn-cmmi~s An~u Ga&amnit TmtENcnI
RoUTuNE.
25. System of Relief of Ti-cue/tea.
It is absolutely essential that in every unit a thot-ougimly sound
system of carm-yinmg out reliefs is established. If the proper
annaumgonments are nnado a~d the necessmhry precnmutiorus observed,
time i-chef of tr-enchmes can be accounphishmed, witim ml little experiemmce,
safely an(1 expeditiously. Carelessly couidueted reliefs, on time
othmer hand, immvolve not only great amid ummmnecessaty danger- to time
~ecimrity of the trench iimmo bunt avoidable loss of life and discomnmfor-t
to tine umnen.
Time fir-st essential is a car-efuul prelimm.mimmary reconnaissance.
Whmenmever a unit is about to take over mu now line of trenches
panties fronmm it will visit time trencines previously, by day if possible.1
fur time ease of a battalion, the party simould conisist of time 0.0.,
ad~utaumtrind umnucimirme gun officer, arid at least omme officer and omme
N.C.O. fn-ommi each commipamny. it will often be advisribie, especially
when taking oven’ mm nuew line ammd un time case of immexpemienceul
troolus, that one officer amid N.C.O. fmommn emmein comnpammy should
reummain a comnmplete ‘24 huonurs inn time tu-encines previous to time fur-rival
of time battalion. Time snipers of tine relieving umimit sirould be iii
the tm-cinches for 24 boon-s befou-e the relief takes place.
Detailed inforrmmatiomm frommm time umnit to be relieved nmuust be
obtaimmed on the following poimnts :_*

(a) Condition of wir’e entammglemnenmt, parapet, &c..

(b) Wou’k in progress.
(c) I’ositiomi of hostile ummaehninno guns, snipers, &c,, fus far as
known.
(d) lJaumger poinmts, e.g., where saps rumm ount, portiomis of tremmchm
especially subject to emnlilade fine, &c.
(c) Position of listening hosts.
(f) Position . of S.A.A. reserve, bomb stores ammd treinchi
storm-S.
(g) List of tr-encim stares.t
(h) ~ihethuodof commumunication witin supporting artillery.

* A Ti-encim “Log Book” kept up daily by each unnit in time trenches annul
bonded over to the relieving unit, ~s a coumvenient mnetlmod of recordimig
clmammges in tine ti-erich hiae and all othmui’ immfornmmatiomm of value regarnhimmg the
trc-nclmes. Suclm a record is uf gm-eat assistamico to eumsuro coimtimmuity of work.
~ Trencim stores arc tine articles which renmaimu peinnammomitly jim the trenches
mush aunu haumded oven’ fiommu one umut to amnoihmem-. They include $.A.A,,
grenades, tools, pumps, loophole plates, brazier’s, &c.
 35
(rD Arrangements: if heavily shelled; to meet mum attack ; for
coumuter-muttack.
(3) Any arrr~ngementsfor vistnai signalling or cou~rnunicatnon
by i-ockets.
( f-) Sanitary arrangements.
1 Water suuppiy.
(1)
(m) Arr-angemnmcnts for cooking and suupplying hot meals.
(a) Route by which fl’s-st line transport brings up rations at
night anti where rations are dumniped.
A map of the trench 1i~eshmouuid also be obtained.

26. Description i~f~)Tet1iod of Carr,rring out a Relief

1. The foiiowing summary of time steps to b~takeu mm time case of
the relief of one brigade by another in tine trench line is giveum as
a guide to the normrmal procedmuro :—
(a) 0mm receiving ouclors to take over some portion of the limue,
time Brigade Staff obtaiun fmonm time brigade to be relieved all avail-
able infornmmatioum regnum-ding time line, svoi-k un progress, ammununitioum
anti ~toros m~vaUable.,&c., nnake winat x-econunaissammce of time line time
Brigadier conmsiders Imecessary, and arrange witiu tire otimer brigade
time details of time relief. It is important thuat tine 0.0. iBmignude
Maclmine Oumn Counpany shoumid mumake a timoroungir reconnaissance of
tine hue.
(b) Whmen time Brigade Staff imave ar-ramiged huow the 11mm is to be
held they nmmako time nmeeessary mrm-m-aumgemumcmmts to emmunble battalions
to carry out their reconnmuiesannce of time lime as detailed in
Section 25.
It minuet be m-ennenmubered timat units of an ingoing brigade may
not be of time sanmne stremmgth as tine umnuits to be mehieved. A
battalion may not., timereforo, tike over exactly the same frontage
ms is innild by a battalion in time line, bunt may take oVen tr-emmciies
from two bmutt:nlioums, This case necrssitates careful arnangennmeumts
as regards gtnides and time imammding mund taking over,
(c) Reliefs, except in very favotunable circuuuumstances, have usually
to be cam-ned ount umnnder coven of daukness. Time tinme of commence-
mnmeat of relief will depeumd omi local cliemummistaurces and coummiitions,
but it Is generally advisable to i)egimm reliefs as early its possible.
hun or-den- to pr-event the onemmuy from detectiimg onmr systemmm of
reliefs time iumtervais between reliefs anmd time imomums at which timey
are carried out shoumid be varied from time to tinne.
2. Time bri~udenmarchnes off fromum its billets by battalions, with
an interval of about half an lmouur between battmiioms on time snumo
road.* ‘rr-ansport acconumpaumying iunlts must be kept down to
muminimnmuumm arid mm poimmt must inc fixed beyond which it is not allowed
to proceed. It is usually at this point that guides from time unit

* If relief takes pimco by day, at least too hours interval must be loft
betweeim homes of startling for mhiffeuent battalions. liehievimig inattnhioim~tinen
move imp by phatoomis to tue mmmectimmg place for giublen
(n12002) it (3
 36

Lo be r~hiovedmeet4 the battalions. Any stores, &c., to be carried

up to the trenches, whichm may so far imave been carried for con-
venience on time transport, are distributed amongst the immon at
this poimmt, and time relief them mmsualiy Vroceeds by companies or
smnmaller par-ties, eachr with its set of guudes provided by time unit
to be relieved.
It is usumai to provide a guide from each platoon as well as
guides fon’ battalion hmeadquanters, and for machimme guns. Every
guide unmet be in the possession of a paper showing the nummiber’
or name of his trencim, arid time number of nmuen in it.
3. Time following umotes on equipment for the tmenchmes may bu
useful
Packs are taken to time trenches, except in time case of unita
going to tine tu-emicimes to unake an attack. Men take waterproof
gromrumd almeets, but blankets almould not be taken. Eveuy man
slmouinl car-ny two sandbags tucked into his belt.
All ohhicers simoumbi have electric torches, amid a long pole is very
useful. Waterproof wmuders or overalls to time knee dr-c very useftml
in wet weatimen’.
27. J’,’ecautions and Arrangenrents necessary during a Relief
Time following aue notes omn somne of the points to be observed in
earryimig otmt reliefs. It is advisable to eurmbody sonic inmstm-uctions
On! these points iii Standimug Orders for Trencim Warfare.
(a) All units sinould be brimmed up before dark in time order in
whmichm and under time coummnmmammdor with wiuomur tlmey will go into the
tremmchies.
(0) Alt parties mtust be kept closed ump while nnoving to and from
the treimches ; time pace in front mumust be very slow. An officer
shuommld always be hum rear. Oim daik nights it is often advisable for
niacIn mnamn of a party to imoltl time bayommet scabbard of time maim inn
front. Notiming causes cnnmfmrsiomm, uimlmmeeessary fmmtigmme, and loss of
nnoral so mmmcli as uumemm gettinmg lost frommi their parties while moving
up to time tr-enmchmes.
(c) Reliefs uvihl be carried onmt as quietly as possible ; no lights or
smunokimmg are allowed mufter reaciminmg a point to be decided on by the
battalion corumnammder.
(d) Before coummnmenmcing a relief every party nmust receive orders
as to what action is to be taken by them mum tine event of mmmi attack
or mules-rn takiumg place while reliefs are in progress. Any retire-
uncut of troops shomnid be avoided on principle. As a general rule,
parties caught iii the open dnuring a n-chief should occupy time nearest
trench or cover avaiimnbie amid get into touuch at onmco witin time
nearest body of troops lmoltlimmg time trench lime.
As far as cimcunumustancos per-unit, and especially wimenover there is
n’ probability of mrttnnck, reliefs should be carried out gradually, so
that too mimmy nmemm arc imot unmoving inn time open at tine samne tinm.me.
* Botlomis for 4!! hours aimul 150 mounds S.A.A. are usually carried cnn the

man. when gnnimag numb tlio trcmmcties.

 37 -

(e) No trencln dir post should ever be evacuated by the troops to

be relieved unntil tine relieving troops have actumahhy occumpieni it.
The methmod of carrying out time actunah relief of a trench mnnst vary
according to tine nature of the trenches The following is a usual
metimod :—
Time platoon being relieved gets on time firing step. Time rehievimmg
platoon files imm behimmd and imalts. Urn time word “Pass,” which will
be given quietly, beimmg passed aiong, the relieved and relieving
piatoomms change places. The new semmtries, wino will have beenn
tom! off prior to time new platoon coming unto the trencinca, mviii take
over fronn time old seumtries, and time relieved platoon mviii file out.
Wines-c time tronclmes are too narrow to permit of above, time relieving
troops must lie miowum behind time paramlos of the fire tremmcim whilst
time relief of sentries is carried out. Before dismissing tire relieving
platoon, the platoon conimnamuder will satisfy himself that all sentries
hmnvo beeum properly posted annd timat every nman cam aim at time
bottonmm of his own mvim-e from the position allotted hum.
(f) 0mm tuukitmg over anmy treumch the officer in charge will obtain
all time imufornmation available, will take over time stores and tools in
time tremmeim, have time nmen told off in senntm-y grouups and tine us-st
reliefs posted. He mviii ascertaimm at once the position of the
tremmeimes omm his flaimks and of time nueareib supports, sendimmg out
patrols to get into tomnchm with them arid act as guides. He will
ensumre that he han a suhiicieumt numnnbcr of guides who know time way
to conmmpauiy anti batt~nhiommimcadquarters.
(g) The commmpietion of a relief must lie reported at once—by time
conmpany comnmmmender to battalion lmeauhquanteu-s wiuemm time relief of
the company is comnmplete, by the battaiiomn comummanden- to bn-igade
ineadquarten-s when the relief of tima battalion is complete, amrd by
brigade headqtmmmrters to divisional headquarters whmen tine relief
of time brigade is complete. Both relieved and relieving units
nuust make these reports. Tine battalion and brigade stafik of
umnits relieved mmmumst a-ennnain till the relief of all time tm-oops under
them Imas beeni comnpleted.
28. Ilandinq over T~’enc1ncs.
Officers handing over trenches are respomusible timat all avaihable
infornmatiorm aumd tn-eumch maps of time locality are givemm to time
relieving unit, rind that all tools mmmd trench stores are collected
and handed over in time most convenient way and place.
A supply of Viny lights and othmer consumnable stores sufficiemmt
for at least 24 Imours shnoumid be lmandcd over to time u-eiieving umuit.
Lists of stores and reports oum tremuchmes, givimmg all avmuihah,le
information, mnmust, winenever possible, be iureinared and huanded
over to relievimug units err time day previous to relief taking place.
29. Duties in ~enchcs.
The following precautions for the safety of the treumeli himm~must
invamiably be observed
 38
(a) By niglmt, at least one man in every four, and by day at
least one in every ten, will be on time look-out in eacim tmemmch.*
(0) All mien in time fire treneim, and a proportion of amen inn time
snuhnport trench, will aiways mvear their equipnmenmt (except nacks).
1
}~qmmi~mmermtmay lie taken off by order of a conmmpanmy conunumantier’
in time case of wor-kinig parties, when it mviii he kept chose mtt hma,md.
1~ver-~’ man mviii be told off to a particunlar post imm (iLSO of mnttack
Ime will not heave the proximity of imis post without time permmuissiorm
of lujs jnnmtncdiate commumnnander, mmor leave tine trench witliount tine
permission of an officer. Bayonets will always be fixed in time fir-c
tn-enêim citiriumg tine Imosurs of darkness, durimmg a sunow sternum on- thick
mist, or mvhennever time pu-oxinmity of time emmemny renders this course
nnnivisablc.
All sentries are pouutenl and relieved by a N.C.O. tolmi off by e:ich
platoon for that jnurpose. One ofilcer per conumpanmy shmomnhd be
always oum (lnmty, amid these N.C.Os. report tin hmimm, imoumn-iy. Time
oflicer on dusty shommlti lie commtiuuumaihy nuoviumg nnp and dowmn to see
that nih is conmect
(c) Wlmere emucurmy’s lines an-c mom-C tbmann 100 or 150 yam-cIa awn)’, mu
listening host simoujini be established by enucim platooum, jun ui sap
comnmunicatinmg with time flint tremmchi, apd at a distance of
i~ppioximmmately oune-thmin-ni of tue distanuco to enemumy’s tn-each’.
limese posts usually c-onmsist of thin-ce unems mmd one N.U0., and are
posted at dusk and relieved eveu-y fomum’ hmotums. Jll time mmmcii of time
most -ml~oawake for time femur imotums timey an-c ouu (luuty. Time officer
on duty simoimltl visit listemning posts twice eacin muigimt.
(d) Machimme gurus mviii lie iii positiomm mummni meanly hoadeti by night,
by day they may fom- pnnrin~scsof cojnce~nlm,memitlie renmmovcd, hirovimled
they ran be imuuuunecliately placed jun position in the evemmt of nun
attack ; erie nmaui unmuust mulwnuys lie on time look-ount nut cnuehm nmmiuclmimie
gun, and tine detacimnnmcnt rnnust n-eummaiun in close proxhummity to
their gun.
(e) In evem-y trench ~ome fom-nm of alarnmi nmust be am-ranged to
signal time approach of gnus. Whistles simoumiti not be used for this
purpose. Time pmecaumtiomma against attnncbs by gas mrs-c dealt with
in special imistructions issumed to time troops.
(f) Olliceus in a tremmein simoulul lie (livimied mmii along time tremicim,
and mmiust not all lie togethuem, espccinuhhy mit nuigint. All time officer-s
of mm conmmp;mny nmuust mint live in omme dug-oiut, as omme shmohl might
knock tineuim all ourt.
Attmucks prepared by au-tiller-v fine nnre mm~ost usually nuade nit
dawmu, as soon as it is light eumoogh fom- tine asti}hory to observe, or
ainomut one hour- befomo dumsk. Time fnnmmmmer is menially time case in
attacks omm a lam-go scale, on- whom a ~nm-nnloumgem! artillery bonnmbard-
mont precedes time attack, the latteu- whemm mum nttac-k on a snnahl
* A good system is to work jim gs-ounps of si~m mmmcii mmmmuler a N.O.0. By
night, two mcmi of encli gm-null) ice Oh Sent i~. Ity day, only one man of eacim
grummup us eu mummIFy fluid tlio umnnnmber of gromips may be ruuhumceul. Tine nlmpiber
of groumps mmmuust lu-peed on lurnaimoity ol oncuimy’s tremmgnes, mature p1
groummmd, ~c.
 39

peale is tO be prepared and cuirmied out before dusk, amid the

position mvoh timeni consolidated umuider’ cover of dam-kness.
Units (innciuding moSer-yes) should stand to armums about omue hour
before dawn ~nd before dusk.

30. Usual RouUee jun ~‘renuc1nes.

1. Rifles must be inspectetI twice tinily, munormmimmg arid evening,
mmd every precauntiomm umucust be tmtkemi to keep tinemmn and all other
equuipmemnt un good orden.* Non sinould be mequirc(! to produce
their oil bottles at rifle immspectioum.
2. ~i’inecimief problem to ho faced 1mm time ordimmam-y routine of tremnclu
work is to cuisine thuat tine ummmnxiumiumn ammmoummt of won-k is dome daily
tomvards the subjectiomi ammd aumnoyauice of time emneuumy amid time improve-
ument of time trenches, comnsistemnt with the mmeeesaity for every unman
to get a liropen ammuonmut of rest mud sheep. Thmis ennui oumly be done
by a good systemmu, a defiumite pm-ogm-amimnIe and tirmme table of work
beimmg ani-munged amid adhered to as fam- as possilde. Sonic umotes omu
the system of ivork in trenches and giveum in time nuext sectiouu.
3. Ratiomus for 48 imorurs shoumid he takemm immto tine tteimehies 0mm thmo
nman mvhuenever possible, in eider to save tine labour of brinmgimmg UI)
and distributing ratioums to time tremnches every night. A qmmmumutity
of samidinags auntl othmnur stoics aumd nuaterial imave usumumihy to be cnnrn-ietl
up to time trenches every night, amid time numamigeniemits for emumrying
parties rec nuire careful oi-gnuni~atiommamid fon-ctimoimgimt. rl~tieprinciple
to be followed1 is that ~uns-tiesam-c detailed fromun hehuiutl to carry imp
raticimms or stones to troops in fronut, so as to ayoid troops in fromnt
limme imavimmg to semi back parties ammul thus weaken tineir limue. Thnus
time bnmttalIoim neseive supplies cuu-m-yimmg par-ties up to time fm-ont line
tremmchmes, amid the brigade reserve ummay Imnive to fiunni cau-rying par-ties
up to time battalion m-eseI-~’eotto time fm-ommt trenches, Usually it will
be possible to bn-immg stones as fan- as time battahiumi reset-va omm pack
uinmimmmnuls or inmpr-ovised hmuumdcnumts. Bationi parties amid carrying
pal-ties nmust almvays be an-mad, weaming time miflo alummig.
4. TIme system by myinicin a uummit iuu the tremnuihmes obtaium~ thi~
nuaterinni roqmmired for time conmstruuctiomm and repaim- of time tr-emmchues is mis
follows. Inn every brig;mde a “brigade workaimop” is usumuihly formumed,
time necessary pen-somumuel (fnomnn 1~to 20 mmmcmi) being ftnurmml fu-umuut aunt
imm the battaliomns wino are cam-pointer-s amid nnrtifieers by tt-anie~ lIne
U brigade ivon-kalmop” is admmmimmistereti by thud Staff Cunptain of tub
btigade, witin mu n-chnnhle N.C.O. iii cbmnmi-gc. It is estmnbhishieuh as 1mCutl~
time ti-ench lime ~s possible, consistent witlm the tniemm being ruble to

~ Evemy esre must lie takeum to preveuit loss of muuluuipnncmmt, &c., of tthiclm ~u
gm-oat anal uisuinmily avoidable urinate mnmy occtur timioungim lack of smnpervisiomi,
especially by jumifor oiheer~. ,thhrilli,u, a umu mu mimiitimmm (inch tud I mug jim-oil caiin5),
equipmncmmt, tools, tm-enchm stones, &n-., fommnid lying about ivithuim tine al-at hr~ld
by a unit nuust invariably be collecucul at it pre—am-rammgel dummmpimmg grouumnl,
Spotuhmmi parties b-ing detailed b~.’umehiS for this pumrpose, if nmecessnury. A fist
of am-tides so collected by any unit shnuuhd be saint to Brigade 1loadjrmarter~,
who will issue instructions as to their ‘disposal. -
 40
work in reasonable safety. Its functiomis are to nnake imp the nmaterial
obtained fm-cnn the RE. into shapes and sizes suitable for carrying
up to the tienches, to commstnuct any simple device required for use
in time tremmcimea, and to carry out time distribution of the material.
The brigade workshop niakes up, for instance, barbed wire “knife
rests,” be,. loopholes, rifle rests, floor gratings, grenade boxes,
signboards for conmnnunicatiomn treecines, &c. -

Each unit in time tn-cinches senuds in daily to brigade headquarters,

as eam-ly un tine niormuing as possible, a request for time unuaterial
required to be broungint up timat night. Time Stall’ Captain arm-amigos
for its preparation in time brigade workshnop and for sending it up
to battalion headqumam-ters, who am-r-ange for its fur-timer distribution
to conipanies.
31. Wont i’m Tiencites.
1. TIme innportammce of mvonhcimmg omm a defiuuite systennm and ivith a
definite progrnummmume has already been emmuplmasiscd. Time essential
requiremmients for- a fire trencin are given in Section 17, arid xmummst
always receive fin-st attention—time barbed ivime emntangiemmment
numust lie at least 10 yan-da wide, and concealed as fmnr as possible.
Time follouving poimits come next jim order of imnupuirtanmce
(a) Tine provision of good looplmoles for smmipers, at least one per
section of mmmcm in tlue trench.
(b) Time constrUction or iimmprovememmt of comununication trenchies
theme should be one per platoon fmonmm time suuppor-t line to the flu-c
tn-each, if liossilile. I”ronn the support line to the reserve hue, two
per- battaiiomm will ~ufficc.
(c) Listening Imosts, one per platoon, pushed mveil forward.
(d) Time construction of bomrnb-proof or’ splinter--proof shelter.
(See Section 19.)
(a) Time provision of S.A.A. and grenade stom-es should be two
S.A.A. reserve stores,* and one grenade store per platoon. Both
S.A.A. and gremuades should be stored jim depth, je., a propor-tiomm
slmoulml be stored in tine snnppon-t and reserve lines as well as mm time
- fm-omit line. Suitable positiomms for these stores are at tine poimmts
when-c counnaunication tn-enchmes run into time various lines.
(f) An inspection trench (beiuimmd parades) and bonnbing pits or
- trencines (see page 22) nuay be immade if required.
2. Wimenm sandbnmgs are to be filled for any work in time trenches,
timey must not be fulled by taking earth from holes nmade
indiscriminately, in time ground behind the trencires, as tins
practice nnmmkes timis ground diflicult to walk over and often inter-
feres with time conustn-uction of fresh trenches. A trench which
-will serve some useful pur-pos~should be made when eartim for
filling sandbags is required. Whemm filled sandbags have to be
carried for amy distance, it is preferable to have separate parties
for filling arid carrying.
* tin a4dition to the S.A.A. carried by the anon (150 rounds), a supply
equimvmmlent to 120 mounds per main should be kept in the trenches and a
reserve of 10 to 20 boxes at battalion headquarters.
 41
3. It will be fommnmd convenient to imave in every compammy a
proportion of men specially trained nunder R.E. suupervision mm
making loopholes, layimmg out barbed wire, revetting, &c. All amen
must, of course, be practised in these duties, bumt a specially trained
squad for th~mnre teclmmmicmnl work ~vilIbe found a great assistanmce.
4. As a rough guide to time number of men available for work
in the trenches, it may be assuumned that a conumpammy in time trenches
ivill number- about 160, leaving out signaihers, mumacimiume guunmmers,
ondenlies, &c. Of these there will be luy day about- 16 to 20 mmmcmi
engaged in observation amid sni~uimng,and another 16 to 20 u-cindy
to relieve timerim. Timis will leave about 120 available for won-k, and
it should be possible to arrange for- tirezir to do two lmommrs’ aver-k in
time umor-ning and two in the after-moon. By muighmt 40 semiti-ics mvihl
be mequired, and the next relief of 40 must mmot be r-equmin-ed to mvork
before cooing on duty. Tine number of semmtrics by night runny be
reduced, if parties are workimug out in front of time tremmchu.
5. The above notes are to be taken as a guide only. Local
conditions vary tine order of inupom-tanee in which work simould be
undertaken. In some trencines it is impossible to do much work to
time tm-cmmclues Imy day.
The infmnmntm-y iniust always be prepai-ed to assist nmiy RE. and
umniners workming in their section of time line.

32. Observation and Sniping.

1. A good systenm of sniping and observation is of time utmost
importance imm trench warfare. usually every battalion has a -

special detac-lmmmiemmt of tu-aimmed snipeus working uummuher a selected

officer or N.CO. Their dumties are to keep this emmenmy’s lines unmmuher
constant observation, muote ammy clmanmges un time iiume amid any new
won-k under-taken by time euncummy, keehu time emmemmmy’s snipers inn check,
amuni to inflict casualties omm tIme eumenumy wimemmever oppor-tuimmity offers.
2. Tine followimmg al-c tine eiuicf esseuntlais for- a successful snipinug
on-gmunization
(a) Careful selection anti training of smuipers
(b) Wehl-chnosen amid well-commcenuled inosts or loopholes
(e) A ~ood systenm uvhiciu mviii enmaure all parts of tine enemys
lmne beiumg kept under constauut obsci vatiomm
(d) Good discipiimme, whnicim mvill pu-eveuut posts beimmg given away
by carelessmness
(a) Care of equipnuneuut;
(f) Individnmai ingemmuity imn using disguises, masks, dunmnuies,
and other devices. -

3. Tine following - notes on time above poimmts nmay be found of

use
(a) Setection and Training of Snr’pers.—Memm selected must be
imntclhigeumt and well ednuemuted, besides beiuug good shots. Observa-
tion and the ability to describe what he has seen are most important
qualiOcations in a sniper.
 42
Tine following are time chief points in which he simoulci receive
trmuimming -

Sinooting at vanishing and moving objects.

Judgimug distance.
Obsemvation of bullet strike.
Use and care of optical sigiuts.
Use and c-ire bf telescopes, field glasses, and periscopes.
Use of natun-al aumd construction of artificial cover.
Assinmilnmtiomr of cohotur to surroundings.
Construmctiomn of all types of iooiuhohes amid bullet-proof cover.
Value of immmmnobility aumd silence anti necessity of patience,
Map meadimng.
Writing of simmnple.reports. . -

Eyesight training.
Location by means of flasin and sound of hostile riflemeun.
Sniper8 sinould be kept well informed; they sliounid he shown
aeroiuiane photographs of the emmeunmy’s positron, mmmiii mummy immfor’nnatioum
of interest to thneun fnoimm immtehiigeuuce reports, ~xauuimmmution, of cap.
tmmrenl prisoner-a, &c., simomnld be passed to timennu.
(b) C/moiceasmd Concealimment of Posuti’omus.-—No definite mules can lie
]aid down as to time best positions for snipers. It nntmst be left to time
in~enumityand enterprise of tine sniping ofhcer or snipers to discover
suitable places amid to utihise them skilfully. Many excellent
phnce~wiU be foummd for observati a and sniping in rear of the
firing line. The best tinmne to reconnoitre for such points is duurjimg
time eveuming light, mvhen time enenumy cannot see any distance, but
while it is still possible to see whether they comnmand the view
required.
The building of loopholes so as to mnnake them secure, invisible, -

and commveniexmt for observing and firing at definite points is ann art
in itself and gives endless opemmings for orbriumaiity. Loopholes
usually have to be let immto the pamapet by nig°intann! timis must be
pu-actised, as time won-k has to be domme quickly so as to be connhdeted
by dayligiut. Time concealment of loolmiuoles is nmade ummuch easier if
tine outer face of time parapet is irregular. Time Gei-mmmamms iii nmmaimy
places take great paimna to give an irregular outlimie to timeir pnurmrjnet,
rising beams, timunliem-, bolsters, mattresses and all son-ta of rubbish
pileni nip agaimust it. A tumnmnel thmm-omughu time paraluot, if tine opening
is canefumily concemuled, nmna~for-rim a gootl sniper’s post.
Time use of veils amid coats of a coloume to nmmmutchm the background is
uisefnul. If near sanudbags, an enmi~itysanidlnuug worm over thmo mound
is a good uhisgunise. Against arm eartln hackgu-ounmmul mm bnown gauze
veil, agaimnst gm-russ mu green one are bothn mlilhicmmit to detect. Un-ass,
weeds, wood or bm-anehmes mmmnuy give commceahmmmemmt.
Dmummummmy hooinhuoluu~are of gm-eat v;niue to att-r;nt-t emmenimy’s fire. -

(c) cS’ynmtcnu-o. —1’usts shnorilti bun so am-m-mnmmged timat tine mu’lroie fiont
of time enemny’s line opposite time battahiomi sector- is under observm~-
tion fm-oar dawn till dusk, each post having mu definite front to
watch. Snipers should. won-k in pairsu one observing while the
 - 43

other- is in readiness to shoot. Four- macn in two reliefs should be

told off to eacim post. -

Eacin post should be imuade to render a repoi-t daily under the

tohlowing hmeadiimgs
Any nmew work doume by time emmemmmy. -

Macmimic grimms, tn-cnn cit flier-tars, snnipens, observatio in posts, now

loopholes, &c., located durriung time day.
Uenmmmamis seemi, place, uuiifoummm, appar-eunt ruge, physique,
equipmmucmmt.
Any of time eruemumy fin-ed mit, mnmmy evidence to show they mveie lift.
Auny other imiforummatiomi of iumtem-est.
All rifles anti optical eqmuipmmueuut nnmunst be carefully cleaned on
comnuzmg off uhuty, anti should be imuspectoni daily by mmmi officer. -
Snipers shmomnid mmot usually be requmin-ed to do any mmigintmvork, tine
duty of constanit obsei-vmntionr by (hay is a trying tune, rind, with time
cleanimmg and car-c of tine equipmnnent, a sumipem’s time will be fully
occupied.
(d) i)isciplu’sne.—Oood disciplimme is necessmnu-y to prevent can-elena-
ness in givmmmg away posts by exposuu-e or- by wilml and unnecessary
firing. ‘l’ine battahiomm snipen-s are alit to deveiop iumto “scallywrugs”
in habit amnnl appemi-mmmrca, tmniess good discipline is strictly emmfor-cctl.
(e) (lore of Eq-unm~unnent.—Tiiis humus already becnn unuemitiomiod above.
It unust lie reumremmmbeu-eml thuat telescopic sighuts an-c umunat delicate
instrnmnmemuts and reqmmim-e testimmg amid adjustmmmemmt- by nun expert if
gooni results rune to be obtained.
4. Wimen mu hmattahiomn is takimug over a heW line, thm~ battmuliomn
snipers simotnld, mvhmenevei- possilmie, spemid 24 lmmimmrs in time mmciv
treuichmes withu tine snipers of time liuuttcuhimmmm to be ueiiem-eul, iii onnier
to obtain all time imufonmnatiomn available fn-ommm timc-mmm anti to bccommme
acqumainted with time mmcmv hue. -

5. If a himne is taken oven inn which time emmemuny’s sniper-s have been
allowed to get time upper hmauuti, time flu-st trusk is time hucation of time
hostiie smmipers’ iosts. Time enemumy’s loopholes shmounld be searelmed
1 mull along time pun-nupets, together with a~nylikely
for systemummntiemnhly
sniping-plum-ens inn i-ear. ‘l’hmo f-roes, - sandbags, &c., iii our own
treunches simoumiul be searched fir rifle bullet uuum~rks which muuny shnow
time direction of time hostile smuipeis. Semmtr-iu’s should hue wmmrnc-ci to
try mmml disc-over fromnn avimnut lamimit sniping is comimimug, amid to watch
for an fhmshnes at nighmt. Wlueun mull possible hmamu been theme to
locate time emnenny’s smuiiuimmg, a systeumu of loophnoles sluotmid lie decimled
omn by whuicln every pmrt of time emnemumy’s line cmumi be observed mmd fir-ed
on from sommue secure pusitioun.
0. Co-operation hctwcc’mm umeighmboumrimmg uumits is essenmtimul. Often
time best prmnition to observe muon fire 0mm a cem-tmuimn portion of the
lime is inn tine sector of time battalion onu time fhmnmnk.
7. Fixed rifle batteries for keepumug certmnirr jaunts on- localities
under fire by night rure ofteun extrenmmely umseful as a memfas of
hannmporing time omnenny’s work annul causimug loss.
 44

- 33. Uo-oporaeion witlr Artillery.

1. A ru-anqeimmants for Intercomnmn uunication.—A certain force of
artillery is detailed for tine snippert of each infantry brigade holding
a portion of time line. Batteries are allotted to sectors, and time
points omm mvhichn guns an-c normally layed* are selected by time
unfantry brigade cormmniander ima consultation with tire ai-tiller-y.
Time zones of fire allotted to adjmucemmt bmutteries should oven-lap, if
possible, at specially dammgerous or important points.
Time following system of connmnmuumiemmtiomn between infantry and
artillery has beemm found to answer- well
A code nunniier or letter is given to each place on which guns
are layed anti a sketch showiuug time cede is kept by the
conmpany conmnmander inn the tu-enches, by the battalion
commmman(len-, at time buttery O.P., amid the battery. A
direct line is laid from time tremnciies (at somume selected
commnpany hieadqnuarters) to tine battery. When fire is
required itt uuigiut on any particunlar point, it is sutiicient to
telepinomme down time code letter em’ number, and the gum
concemuied opens fire at once. If fire is required on any
otiner place, it slmonnld h)e described with reference to one of
tine selected points. If this systemmu is umsed, careful instruc-
tions as to time occasioums our whmichn artillery fire ummay be
called for and a good mrnderstnnndimmg on time point between
thte infanitry and artillery are necessary. luifantn-y nnirust
uunderstunmd tinat firiuug by nigint is alit to give away time
gun positions, so uumnecessan-y requests for fire must be
avoided ; on time other hand, frequent opportunities noise
of doing time enenmy dannago by artillery fire at umigint and
can only be takemn advantage of if there is chose co-opermmtion
between the infantry and an-tlilery.
In ordermmot to give away pernmanemmt grimm positions, it lies been
found to be a good plan to lay out night lines for simigle
guns fromum positions to be taken up by niigimt to deal with
any special target.
The amn-angemnents for the action of the artillery in case of an
attack by tine enemy are dealt -mvithm iii Section 41, Chapter 1Y.
2. ilqgressis-e if ction.—In order to obtain fuill bemmefit from
aggressive artillery action, close co-operation betweemm infantry amid
artillery is essential. Every nmeans must be used to induce time
enemy to man his parapets on come omit amid expose hmirmmself mimi then
to catch ininn avitim immfamntry and mumtilleuy tire. Var-ions st-iuemmmes
will suuggest thenmselves, and can be worked out between infnnntry
and artillery comumnumamiders.
It is a good timing to have a nunnubcr of sehemmmes botii of retaliation
and of aggressive action worked out anti communicated to all

~ Usnily kmownm as tine ui~htlimier.”

 45
concermmed, so timat thmey can be put into force at once by a messige
—“ Scheme No. .“
3. Inforination.—Thue artillery require mull the assistance they can
- get as to location of tin-gets and the efFect of their fire. Every
endeavour should be mmmade by the infmuntn-y to assist, and mirtillery
- observing posts slnould be connected to the front trenches for this

•pumpose.
Infmuntry officers should be instructed in artillery unmethods of
describing time position of timrgets, and it is a great advmuntmuge both
to infantuy ammci artillery if arrangements can be nnade for every
infantry oflicer in tmnrn to spend a fcuv hours in time artillem-y obsen--
• vation station over-looking iris part of the line. It helps himnm to know
the c-oummtry frommn an artillery point of view.
In describing targets, reference should always be rmmade to points
lathe eumemuny’s line, not to portions of our own lime. Time sanme nanmes
should timemefom-e be given by infantmy and artillery to pu-onuminent
objects in tine eneummy’s line.
Time following mumi~sshuounlti always be observed in reports sent by
time infantry to the au-uiller-y :— - -

• (i) Time tunic mind time obs~rver’sposition mnmat be accurately

stated.
(ii) If reportiumg on enemuny’s artillery fire it munust lie stated
whether shrapnel Or IJ.E. Time dim-ection froumn avhmicim the
shiehls are comninug simould lie given as accumr-ately as possible.
The fimzes of Uenmman shells frequiently fur-muislm valumable
imnfor-mnmation to time artillery. They sinonuld be sent at omncun
to the near-eat artillery unit, with a statcnmemmt as to wlnei-e
timey aver-c founmd.
4. Ai-tilleu~yObservation Posts.—Omurefmul instroctioums mnre necessary
to prevent artiliem-y obseu-vmmtion posts being given amvay by infantry
approaching them avitimoot precaution. 0mm the otimer iuammd artillery
hmavnu been known to draw fire oem infmnmmtry positions by approaching
- headquarters, reserve positiorms, etc., avitinout conccainnemnt.

34. Sanitation and Uai-e of Feet.

1mm view of tine length of timumo during winch time susie line of
tr-eumcimes frequently imas to be occmupiemi, special precautienn mmmumst be
taken to keep tm-u’nchmes in a clean ammd sauit;nn-y state. A latrine
- systenn of buckets or tuna ummust be arm-anged whmemmever possible. A
smipply of eimiomate of hinne mviii be kept in each tneumc-hn mund used
daily. Places for btmryimug all tins and rubbislm shmouhuh be carefully
chosen as far from tine trench as is practicable aimd should be
nnarked.
Bodies of dead mien mviii be taken right away from time trenches
to be buried. -

Time disease known as “trench feet” is caused by prolonged

- standing in cold water or mmnd aind by time contimmued weal-mug of
wet socks, boots, and ptmttces. It is brought omn niucim mom-c rapidly
 4th

wiuetr tine blood circulmmtioum is interfered witin by time use of tight

boots, tight puttees, or tine wearing of anytlning calculated to cause
vonmstriction of the lower limbs, It cain be prevented by
(a) Innuprovoments to trommehmes leading to dry staimdimig and
warmth.
(h) Reginientnul an-rangements ensuring that tine flnen’s feet mind
lees are well rubbed with wimale oil or anti-frostbite grease before
entering tine trencines, and thuat, so far as is possible, nmeni reach time
trenches witim dry boots, sucks, trouser-a, mind puttees.*
(c) By taking every opportunity while in the trenchues to huavo
boots arid socks taken off fromni time to tinno, tIme feet dried,
well rubbed, rind dry socks (of which each mmmamm should carry a pair)
put on. - -

(d) By arrangements to give thm~ men some exercise daily so as

to mainmtain the blood circulation.
(e) By time prevision of warm food in time trenchmes when possible,
and by tine provision of waiimuth, abmelter, Imot food, and facilities
for washing the feet and drying -wet clothes for muon leaving time
tremmches. - -

It is important to keep 50 extra pairs of boots in a battalion-n, so

that men whuosc boots nneed repair- cmnn be givemn another pair while
theirs are being mnendeui. This can be done by b:mttmuiion or’
brigauhe murrangemmnemits, a summall shoemaker’s estalihisimment being
kept up, which can go 0mm won-king wlnIle the lnattahiomm is in the
tnc-nmches. -

35. Uosnnrunicat~on~.
Conmunun’reations 1mm the trenc-hn limo are established by telephone,
but it nriust be reahiseni timmnt in time event of heavy shmolhimig nil
telephmoumic comunuunnicatiomm is likely to be intirrrupted, amid mmmi
efiicient alten-nmmutivo systennr of visual siguiallimmg and a service of
orderlies must be arranuged anul tested.
Time Adjmmtamnt is r-espoimsible for time cemniumaications of his
battalion. Battahiomu signals rue responsible for all eonumntmnicatiouis
from battalion hieatlquarhmrs forward. Time Brigade Signal Section
is n-espommsible for comnnmmunicatiomns fronm brigade headquarters to
battalion lneadqu-am-ters.
It is time duty of all rmummk-s to assist time Signal Service in time
following ways :—
(a) Reporting bi-eaks in lines to tine jiemurest Signal Statin,n.
(b) Taking car-c to pnevent damage to limes by troops or- wagons,
eveim if lines ane badly iaid~
(c) Tmukimmg imito time mieau-cst Signal sectiomm any telephone equip-
nient found lying about.
(d) Prevemutimug mummy rmmiaumtlnorized persons iintem-fen-ing with
lines; anyone seen inter-fcuing witin cables wino has snot a blue and
* Long gum boots are issued for nmsc inn time tremmcimes and abould be put on

,e/mlle tli~amen’s feet are still dry. Gum boots should môt be kept oim lommger
timan absolmmtely necessary, as owing to lack of vcntilation, men s feint sweat
•Iioo~y,and tho Insido of the boot becomes wet. - - -
- 47
winite armiet should be asked his bumsiness and semit to the nearest
headquarters if Imis mtnsmvers are not satisfactory ; any civilian seen
touclmimng hines ahmoumld imnnmediateiy be arrested.
Vnrhere telepimone lines cross roads or tracks used by troops or
comnmnunicat ion trenches, &e., they urnist be buried or put up at
such a height as uuot to inumpede mmmovenumeimt. All telepimonne lines
should be hnibehied at frequnent initervals.
An efiieiemmt systenn of comnmunication by orderlies must be
arranged, ann long nuessages, nmnhess nnrgent, shmouid, wlnenem-eu’
possible, be sent by orderly to avoid coumgestion of telepimono
lines. Withmium a brignu’ie, each battalion details two perumuamment
bicycle ordo~Iies,who remumain withn brigade imeadqunam-ten-s for tine
luunhuose of tmuking nuessages to their battenhiemus. Battahomis are
mesponsthlo t1nm~t they always have at least two orderlies (in
addition to time pernmanent brigade orderlies) wino kmmow tine way
to bi-igade iueadquarters. Thuere uuuumst also be at batt-aiiomm head-
quan-ter~guides to evemy ~rencimmeld liy the bmuttalieui.
Men ~nould constauflly be count avitim urmessages at umiglut so that
they nmmmy know their way abonmt. They should be able to describe
aceumately t~ieposition of their trenmeh to the personus to mvinomni
they take the messages.
Headquarters shoul4 never be changed unless absoiunteiy neces-
sary, as it cauwes dislocatioii o~time signal arrangennents. Any
unit whmicin cirangos it~in~adr uartersmrmst at ounce inmfor-mur the unit
above, and sen~dan ocderhy 1to it to act as en guide to the new
headquarters. • -

r2he Signm;n~Sea-vice is responsible ~or giving the correct time, and

watches should ho sot by smgnal, time.

30. J?t’poi’ts.
Periodical sitmuat-jorn n-cport~ are m-equired from units mm time
trcnclmes at slatenl hmouums, rmspauly nut unmornimug, nroomn, mmmd evening.
The direction of tIme wind shounld be givemm iun situation reports, mus
this affects time possibility or other-wise of a gas attack by tino
enemy.
Auny nunusual occurrence i~,of commrae, reported at once, and any
iniuportamit chanmge of wimud ~imomnld also be ieiuomtenl.
A casualty repent and figlmtimng strength return are required
4aily from units rue soon after- nooum as possilnie.
A list of urnaterial n-enpmirc-d for tine tremmchmes shneuuld be renmdercd
as early as possible in time nuor-nmng (see p. -40).
- Stafl~ muist avoid burdening umurts urn time tremmch line with
munmiecessary retnmrmms and cormespomunlenee ; units, on the other
1m~nd, nmumst yeme~mibertimmut delay or carelessness in remmdering
reports mmd m-çtu~~ns causes uommecessary worlç to the staff.
 48 -

- CHAPTER IV.
ORGANmZATn0N OF A TmmncNcun Lu~m~
AND Acrnox Ia- CASE op
AT-rACK.
37. General conth~lerat
ions.
The imnportance of orgmuniizing a line of tremmchmes, and time dis-
tribution of the gan-risomi witinium it, on a definite schmemmme ann witim
a defummito object, is sufficiently obvious-. Ttmere is, however-, a
tenuhemmcy, due mmsunaily to a lack of gnmiuiammce fronn above, amid also
to time frequemnt ciutmnges of units in a limme, to lose smut of this amid
to memumain contemnt to uimake time best of mvimat is founnT existing. In
such eircummistuunices time defensive lime becomumes a imaphazard collec-
tion of tienchues, and the organization of tineir defemuce or of run
offensive unuovemmmemit from timeumm is a unuatterof gm-eat difficulty.
Time objects to be sought in time or-ganizatiomi of a systenmm of
trenches rune :—
(a) To render the fr-omit line invulnmem-muble to any small
assaunits by time enuenmny, amid to create behuimmd it a
defensive zone of such depth as will not emily make it
imnipossible for aim attack, in whatever strength it is
made, to penetrate time whole of our defeuusive system,
but will camnse the enemy such loss, amid so disor~amiize
his attacking forces, as to enable our reserves to mnthict
on timenm a ulecisive defeat.
(b) To enable an attack oum tine enenny’s defences to be nmade
umuder tine most favourable conditions and witim the
nmininmuunm of warnimmg to the enernmy. To thus end our
front himmme of trenches simouhd be pushed witimin assaulting
distammee of time eneruny’s front himme, ann time arrangernemmt
- of the trenches be snucir that the attacking troops can be
- distributed under time best conditiomns.
(c) In the nornial periods of trench mvar-fam-e, to redunce, by the
in-mprovemmient of time trenches and an econonmical distribu-
tion of time garrison, the mvastage in our own forces,
both frommm brittle casualties anul from disease ; arid by
skilfnmi sniping amid constamnt small enterprises to harass
arid immflict loss on time enmeurmy.
Locai comuditions will largely determmnimme time relative importance
of time foregoing considerations. 1mm a limme of smncim length as now
exists, timer-c wihi be certain pom-tions imn which tiner-e are no
objectives of suflicient imnportammce to nmakc ann attack on a lan-ge
scrub citimer by ourselves or time enemy probable ; on such
portions of the fnont time aim is by good organization of tine
defence and minor offensive emmtet-prises to comunpeh the enemy to
 49
- keep as large or a larger garrison thamn ourselves, amid to increase
his rate of - wastage compared to onnr owmm. 0mm other pom-tions of
time fromit there uumay be sounle object-ive which is likely to be time -
aim of a imostile attack, whereas an advance on ouur part would
m-esult iii rio conmmmnensunrate gain ; inn suicin a ease time orgaumization
of time defemmce is of paranmmoummt inuportamnee. Or again, tirese con-
ditions ummmuy be exactly rover-s-ed. -
On a summall scale, time s-amine commsideratioums apply to a briganl~or
battahionm front. Certain featunres are of tactical iimmpontance, while
eertaimm lemigtims of trench offer- umo panticumlar advaumtago to ejthuer
side. Timus the nhistribution of tire ganrisenm and tine cons-trtuetion
of time defemices mmmust be fouummded. oum clear tactical ideas ann not on
mu uumiformmi distribution of so many mnen to so nmaniy yards of fr-omit.

- 38. Distr~butiomof Menu in Trenches-. - -

By day, provided there is a good ob~tacieiii fropt, covered by

tire cross--fir-c of numacimimme gmumms, amid supports can be moved unp
rapidly, time frommt line slionild be hmelnl ligintly, in order to mnininmmiso
loss frommm smell fire and tine enemiuy’s snipers-, aind to enuable the
majority of time muleum to obtaumm better rest amid s-inciter in the support
and receive liummes. By nmigimt, time front hue mnmumst be hield in suffi-
cient str-emmgthm to repulse u-aids by time enemuny, and to prevent his
recounnoitrinig patrols frommm penetrating timo fr-omit line ; and also
because iii a line lucid thinly by nighmt time mmmcii are apt to become
“jumpy.”
Time quucstion of the nunnber of men placed inn tho front line of
trenches is, luowevem, to a certaimi extemmt, affected by time question
of umpkecp of the trenches. Experience liens sinown that tm-cinches
canmmmot be kept from fallimmg in unless coimtinrmoums work on their
Repair is carried on. In on-nieu, therefore, to keep a hue of ti-enches -

habitable, it is often umecessary to keep constamrtly in them a

~umfflciemntnmuunmber of mmmcmi to do tine necessam-y work.
Time uiistribnrtion of a battimhioum iii time tmcnches will usually
consist of two om three coumupanics ml time front line funding their
own-n suupports and two or one commipanics in battalion - reserve.
Battalion lmeadqunmn-ton-s sinoulul be close to tine position of time
battalion m-escm-ve, aumcl will be eomiimccted by telephone to hiead-
quarters- of u-omnipanies.
It linus been founnd by experience that -mm trench warfare it is -

advisable to numako each commmpany self-containonh, i.e., eacin compammy

should have its owmm trained greunadiers witim a sufficient supply
of grenades, its own snipers-, anni mien tm-aimed in laying out bar-bed
wire, niakmnug loopholes, &c. There mnmay be in nuddinion a li-arty
of battalion grenadiens or battalion sniper-c, specially trained arid
ouganizcd for army special wet k.

39. Jfacleine Uun~. - -

1. Distribution.—Tho extra fire power now placed in the hands

of brigade and battalion comnuanders by time increase in tho
(n 1~002) A 7
number of macimine guns enables men to be economized in th~
front trenches mmd a larger force thus left available for counter-
attack.
A natural tendency is to place every available machine grin in-n
time first line trencines, in or(her to establish an imnpassable curtain
of fire un front of them. In tine case of a bombardment, times-c
trenches are liable to be very badly damaged aumd most of time
mencimino guns may be destroyed. Any winch have beemm located
will certainly be put out of action. This tendency must therefore
be suppressed.
The object to be aimed at is to place nnaclmine grins in sumcin a way
thuat if, after a iionnbardnment or by time use of asphmyxiating gas, time
enemy succeeds in penmetrmuting our lines, his infantry, nut every step
of their advance, will be met wit-li fire from machine gums- which
have lueen previously echeloned in depth, and will timums be conm-
pelled to stop.
It is not so necessary to cover a large area withn fire tue to arrango
for flankimug fire fronm well selected positions ; thus fire will
sweep away time waves of hostile inmfantr-y as They try to pus-In
forward.
Conumnanders mnumst timerefore divide their macininme gums between
the front line and time ground in rear of it, and in each particular -

case mmmust see timat time emplacements blend withu time sum-rounding
- ground and fit jun witiu the gemmerai schmeme of defcnmce.

Time conmuimander of the briganle machine gum company must

always make a careful study of time whole sector held by the
brigade, avitim a VieW to eflsuurimmg timat time guns arc placed to the
best advantage. Co-operation nutist be arranged omm time flanks of
time sector withm the machine gun companies of the neigimbouring
brigades.
2. Protection and Gomucecmlnment.—A really bomb-proof emplace-
ment for umnachmimme guns requires considerable timickness of cover,
and iii time open this fact will render it himuble to be easily located
by time enemy, whmo will be able to destroy it if he thinks it worthi
while.
Bomb-proof emphacennents must timerefore only be placed in
positions where time enenmny cannot observe timemn, sumcim as on reverse
slopes, or where tlueir relief conforms to thue folds of the ground, or
in woonis, &c.
The importance of keeping nnachmine grins invisil)le in places
where a bommnb-pi-oof emmmpiaccumnent cannot be concealed necessitates
the firing ennphacenments being nmade outside time shelters, but tiney
mununst be near enough for time guns to be brought immto action at a
mourmenmt’s notice. Time shelter-s are only to be mused to protect time
teatime, amni caum themefore be dug as deep as required and so have an
mulmrmost inmvisibie relief.
Fining emmmplacements must be as near tire .tinelters as possible.
Tiney can either be protected against spiimmters by light overhead
cover, or be in tine parapet without any imead cover at all.
Firing ennpiacemmments can also be prepared inn holes in the open in
 51
front of or behind the fire trench. These holes should be connected
with tine shelters by underground passages. Time gumi shioumid be
mounted at time last moment on time extreme enige of time hole, eitlmer
without any protection at all, or, preferably, nmaskenl buy a shield or
gently sloping parapet. If the imole and its surr-oimmudings are cane-
fumily disguised, it will certainly escape observation by time emnemimy.
Such empiaeeniemmts shionnid be frequiemitly mused belmiind time fm-st lines
(see flu. 22).
Whmcmm a fire treneim is dug on a reverse slope, a very useful method
-wlncun time amouumt of work rnvolved is not pn-oimibitive is to dig such
holes mm front of time ridge and c nnect thmenm uvitim tire trench by
umidergronnmnd passages n-naming mmmdci time ridge its-~11. -

Machine grins can also be placed imi trees iii time same way as
observation posts. -

In order to ensure invisubihity, au comnmunicatiomn trencimes loading

to time emplacements miust be constrmuctenl as blinded saps. It is
also essential to prepare a large number of emplaceimieuits in order
to avoid firing daily from tiiose which are specially constructed for
time purpose of repehlimig ann attack.
Mmuchnine gunners niust never abandon their position in any
circumstances. If necessary timey mimust allow themselves to be
surrounded, and must defend theniselves to tile last. A lost position
has orm nmmnmmy occasions been recaptunn-ed quuiekly thnnumks to time
tenacity and Imoroism of a few machine gunners. In ordem to mender
such a desperate resistance possible, nmmaehine gun enmplnncementa
must fulfil the following condutions
(a) They must be snurrounnnled by irregular ban-bed wire cmutangho-
- mnents, manic as invisible n.e possible.
(b) There unust be several enmhnlacemnemmts inn case one slmouid be
rendered useless.
(c) The tcamns mimst be provided witim protection against gas,
and have plenty of food, water amuui amuunmummnitiomm.
3. Lewis g-uns.—--Tine Lewis gun differs fronn tine Viekers or
Maximum by its greater nmobiiity and its immability to sustaimm a rapid
rate of fire for any lemmgtin of tinne. Lewis gumms shmOuml(l be ins-cd in
a defeunsive line to ecomioumnise innfanmtry amid to supplcmmnemnt tine Vickers
or Maxinm guns of time brigade comnmpanmy, mmot to take their-place. They
can be us-ed inn co-opeu-atromm witim time niaciminme grins of time brigamlo
company to sweep depuessiomne, covered appm-oachmes, &c., on which
times-c guns cannot fin-c. Lewis guns fire over time pamapet anni can
therefore often sweep gm-ommnnl invisible fm-onm a nuacluimme grin enmphace-
nuenut, which is uisuaily sited mmear gromnnnl level and timerefore has a
low commummmammd. Thmeu-e mmmust be the closest co-opcn-atmon between tine
battalions and time comnmmiamidcrof time brigade nmachine guun company
over- time choice of time positioums ammd tasks for Lewis gums-.
As Lewis guns are comunpammy weapomme, timeir numnnber in the front
line will usnmahly be detem-unmined by time nuunmber of commmpanies
molding it ; it mmuay,huowever, occasionally be advisable to take the
Lewis gums of suppor-tiumg or reserve companies, if thereby tho
 62

-inumumiber of menu in the front line ~mu~be rouimm~od, and if tubs-c

eonmpauni~sdo not require their gni~isfor otiner pum-poses.
Owing to the nnobihity of time Lewis gum ammd thmo absence of a
fixed plmntfornn, enuplaceunente, in time ordinary acceptation of the
terni, are not requiredl. Time Lewis gun calm be fireni off its light
unonmuiting over any pon-tion of time parapet witin very little
pm-ehiminary prepam-ation, mmd its fire caum be brommght to bear on arm
object very rapiully a much greater liberty of action can there-
fore be allowed to timis weapomi timamm to time Vickers or Maxim gun.
Altimoughn emjulacemeumts are uminecessary, definite “flu-mug places”
mnuust be prepam-cri, citimor by meaums of loopholes or inn depress-loins-
in time pan-apet, defiiadcd fronum time front if possible.
In ailocatinug Lewis guns to a pon-tion of time defence, certain
fronts shoumld he given to tlmenu, amid time teams should be
- thoroughly fanmihiar witim timeir mu fining places,” anud tire ground to

be swept fronm cacir. -

It is juist as esseuutial to keep Lewis gunus under cover dum-ing a

bonmbau-duumemmt as it is to keep mnmacimine gumns and tiueir tcauns. In
time case of time fom-mner weapon, huowever-, as there an-c mo definite
eunplacennmeunts, greater choice is possible iii time s-election of time
spot for time shelters, provided time gums Cain coummo unto action
without delay.

- 40. ii ction in Gas-c of Attack.

I. Time nmeasures taken by time defemuce to meet aim attack mayo
already be-em orutliumed at time cud of Seetiomr 2 (p. 7). The main
principles are
- (a) To stop any attack fmenu tine outset by a concentration of
artillery, machine gun, aunT rifle fir-c, tire nmmomnnemnt the
emmerny is- seen issuuing froumi imis front trencimes or collect-
iuug in time-mn for am mut~aek.* To thus end careful
ar-nammgcmmmemmts munet be nmade for observnutionr arid for
- counmummicating to time artillery by telephmone or sigmmal
- - tue moment thme enemy’s attack commnencce. -

(1~)It nmust be understood by all ranks that, shmould time enemy

succeed jun gaining a footing in oumr trenclmes-, a counter-
attack mnmade at once, mmnd witlmout imesitatiomu, will ahmnmost
alwnnys be successful, even if munadc by inferior numbers-.
Coummtcr-attacks by grenmndier pan-ties, especially from time
flamiks, am-c often particularly efFective. 0mm tire other
- humtnmd, i~a counter-attack caumnot be launclicul before time
eumemnuy has had time to organize and establish iminuseif,
- them it becomes necessary to wait till ann attack with
- adequate artillery preparation can be organized.

(c) Stn-oing points and keeps organized for ahl-roumud defence

umuumst be imeid to time last, eve-n though surromummded, and
wimatever happens to the rest of the line. They will

‘ Afreqnnemmt method of attack by time Gci-mauus is ~ ~emnnlon at first a few

men only, and if they are successful to follow up with lam-go numbers. -
 53

break up time eumerny’s attack and give time for a couumter-

attack jun for-ce to be omganized.
- (d) Ani attack oun any lam-ge scale will be precenied by a very
heavy bommnban-dunent, which nmnay last several (lays and
result in time pau-tial obliteration of pom-tioums cf time frommt
systemmi of tremmches-. Dmuning sunchm a boumubturduiment,
special inustructions nnay be issumeni by tine imighmer- counm-
ummmmmmdeu-s for time temporany uvitimdmawmul of time bulk of
time guru-is-on from pom-tions of the front line. But stn-ong
poimmts and localities ou-gauuized for ahl-rouumd defenmce nmust
always be maintairmed.
2. All formunatiomns amid uumits will imave s-clue-me-s made out for time
defence of time portiomn of time line for winicim tirey are responsible.
These schuemnmes numust always hay down time poimnts of special tactical
iumportance, which it is essential to hmelnl. An-rammgcunmenmts siiouuld be
mnmade so as to be in a position to lamumucin iumumumediate conunter-
attacks, organizeul beforcinnummul, to recapture tummy of times-c poiumts
which may be lost. If the immnportanmt tactical poimmts are correctly
chosen, their re-capture shouinl make untenable tummy inter-mediate
portions of time line wliicin mummy have fnmilemn into the emnemumy’s iimmnds.
As far as battalions anmnl brigades- au-c comicerned, s-clue-me-s of defence
are based our time following pn inciples
(rn) Time front systemn of trenches is tine unain line of defence.
Should time enemy, follnwinmg a - heavy bommmbarniuumeumt,
succeed in peumetratimug immto out- line, lie nuuumst be driven
out iummmediatcly, before hue inas timmme to estmubhis-lu - hmitmmtelf
tine-re, mend our front systenmn of tr-enmclmcs i-egmmimued by
counter-attacks directed against time poimmts of tactical
inupor-taunce. -

(5) It is- time duty of time imnuiediate sumppom-ts, withnount waiting

for omders,- to reinfor-ce time froumt line of trenches if
required, aumni if any tm-enehm is captmmred to communter-attack
- nut ommce without hnesitatiomn, and if any tu-erucin is blowum 01)
to occupy time crater at once, on- prevent time emmemmmy doimug
so by occupying our side of time em-ater and placing
obstacles in time hmoie.
(c) Time battalion reserve is to be rise-ni offensively to nnaimutaimm
time fr-out system of trenches luy eonmuutcr-attnnck. Should
time attack be omm sue-li a lunge scale that tine battahiomu
- reserve is obviously inmsutlicienit to attempt time re-es-ta-
bhishmmcnt of time hue, it will be useni to occupy - a
position to check any fumrther advamuce by time eumemny till
a couneter-attack by time brigade reserve caun be organize-ni.
(d) The brigade reserve wã.il be used on similar principles to
the battalion reserve.
Time brigade s-clue-mo of defence will tinerefom-e include
(a) A definition of time sector for wiiiclm caclm battalion in the
front line is respomisible. -
 54

- (b) General instructions as to how time lime is- to be maintained

in case of attack, with special refencmnce to protcctiomm of
time flanks- should the enenmy succeed in breaking time line
to time right or heft.
(a) The distribution of the machine guns of tue brngade
company, and tine nmammner in which they are to be used.
(d) Arrangemmnents for coruumuuunication with time supporting
artillery, to emmsunre fire beimmg opened on tine enemy’s-
front line imnnehiately.
(e) Time state of readiness to be maintained by the brigade
reserve, arrauugeuunemmts for ins-taunt communication of an
aharnn to it, and for- its action. -

Time huigade reserve is mms-uahly in billets or shueiters, ouie to

two rruiles behind time frommt line. The defence scheme
shoumid arrange for it to mmnove at once UI) to some positioun
near time liume of time battalion reserves by time routes
most sheltered fronm enemy’s observation anni artillery
fire. Time-se ronmtes- mmmuus-t be reconnoitre-ni by day ammd
nigint by time brigade reserve, and guides must know
time-rn. While time brigade reserve is falling in, a mnounted
officer from it simouhd go to brigade ineadquartei-s. Time
position to whmichm the hm-igade reserve wilL be directed inn
case of attack, and tine tiumme it should take to reach it,
should be known to battahiomms in front line. Arrange-
memmts to conmmmunicate withm time reserve when it has
reachned thuis positiomm mnmust be made.
(f) Arrangenmcumts for action of army guns of time brigade
macimine gun company which are un reserve.
(g) Orders for first line transport.
Battalion defence schemes simouuld include :—
(a) Arrangements for alternative methods of comnmunication
if telephone lines- are broken.
(5) Action of battalion neserve, and arramugeumments for co-
opcratiemm withm neigimbouring battalions in case of counter-
attack by battalion 1-eserves.
(c) Om-ders to officers in ciman-ge of strong points- or keeps.
(d) Special arrammgennents fon time action of grenauiier parties,
if necessary, and for keeping up the supply of grenades.
3. The precautions in case of an attack by gas are given in
special instructionms is~ue-d.

41. Action of Arfillcry mu Case of Attack. -

To meet a hostile attack by nigiut, in a fog or under cover of

smoke and gas-, time imnportant timimug is to waste no time, brmt start
time guns fir-immg at once. Every gun shoumid be normally laid on its
“mmigimt line” (see p 44) when not otimerwise emmgagenl, and, on
receipt of a pre-arrammged signal, will open fire at once on this line,
 55
“sweeping” a certain amount where nmcessary. Time officer at time
battery time-n endeavours to ascertain time situation, but, if tine
wires have been cut, he nmust use his own discretion as t~
continuing fire.
An alarm signal is necessary, amid time occasions omm wimichu - it
shouid be used must ba clearly understood. Every precaution
should be taken to prevent it spreading needlessly to nci~hbouring
units. A visual signal, in case telephone lines are cut, must be
pre-arranged.
It is advisable to test time alarm signal arrangements occa-
sionaily, but this should only be done by thue bu-iganle or division
commander in consultation witim the C.RA. Time telephone
connimunications between time an-tihlery and infantry should be
frequently tested by day and by mmighmt, and at least once every
24 imours a round sluomuld be fired by tine amtillery, on a pre-arrammgcd
signal, to test tire timnme taken between the sending of the flies-sage
and the bnmrstiemg of the she-il.
 - CHAPTER V.
NOTaS om~ TilE ATTACK IN TmuEzcmr WAUFAIrE.*

42. iVeed for Gareful Preparateoii -

Success- i-n an attack on a line of tm-enchmes (lope-ends on the

trainimig of time troops aunl on the timorougimmiess of time preparations
made. -

Confusion is- apt to occur in any assault it is specially to be

expected whuen attackimig a nmaze of carefully pu-epar-ed posmtuoums,
and is tine nmost frequeimt cause of failure. ijumless it cmun be
prevented or minimimized by cam-ofuI preparation and training, the
enemy, whmoso counter-attacks will imavo been plamuned mmmd be
t-akimmg place over fanimiliar ground, will probably succeed irm driving
the attmuckers back rngain.
Time for preparation is availabhe, and funhl use unust be umuade of
this. Time attack can, tlmer-efon-e, be said to begin weeks before time
day fixed for time assauult. -

43. Infantry Preparation for Attack.

1. Recomrnaissanee.—lJnits in occumpation of a system of trenches
must always coumsider thmoir line and time enemmmy’s defences frotn tine
poimmr of view of attack. Constamnt observation amid patroilimug will
- be require-nh to add to tine informmmzution available. Time ground
between the opposiung front limes must be accurately re-conumoitred
so that no unsuspected obstacles, sue-hi as sumnken wire or dntclnes,
mummy mold imp an assault. Evcn-y efFon-t must be nmade to locate
machine gun emmnplacemnents or strong points in the enemy’s- line, so
as to be able to assist time artillery in the bomnbam-duument of time
lies-tile defences. Time whiole of time enemnny’s systemmi of defences
over which time assault is to go mmnust be unmmde faummilirnm to all rammks.
A great deal of infom-matiomi is available froumm time excelleumt trench
maps- commnpiled fronnu aeroplane phrotographms, amid a study of the
piiotogm-muphs thmenmselves-.+
2. l’tam of Attaek.—Imm the plan of attack time fohlowimmg are timo
chief imoints- to consider from time point of view of immfantmy units
(brigades and battalions)

* This- chapter is not imntended to be exhaustive an~l does not touch omm very
many nmomt imports-mit preparations and arranngemimemits winicim have to be mado
in tine case of mmmi attack eu a large scale. It is immtommded to servo as mu ge-ne-u-al
guide as to tlmo armaimgememmts necessary oum the part of brigade-s amid
battalions.
-~ The use of a nnagic lamntern to throw aeroplaume photographs on a acre-ca
has bee-mn fonmud of great value.
 57

(a) The distribution of the attacking infantry, i.e., the

number of lines or “waves” required for the attack, the
points opposite whmieh the assaulting lines nmust be
strongest to deal with important objectives, the detail-
ing of parties for special tasks (“ clearing” parties,
carrying parties, parties to dig commuunication trenches
- back to our front line, &c.). Definite objectives enmust be
allotted to each body of me-ut dowmm to sections.
(5) The use of macmine guums and trench muon-tars to support
the attack, and arrangemneumts to se-mu! forward a propou-
tion of these behind time attacking infantry.
(a) The employment of grenadier parties.
(ci) The protcctiomn of the flanks, and arrangenmrents for co-
operation with, and assistance of, uneighmbonring units.
(e) Arrangements for commummication.
(f) Arrangements for supply of S.A.A., grenades, tools, &c.
3. T-raining.——Before taking part in an attack, troops thiunt have
bee-nm a long time sedentary in time trencimes will require special
training to fit the-nm for time assault. They will require enmarchin
and exercise to harden time-rn. Time enemy’s defensive liumes shoul
be reproduce-nh to qctual scale sounewhiere we-hi behind our lines, and
time troops- be practised in the assault, with and withmout officers,
till every mmmii kImows his role in time- attack. The co-operation of
grenadiers with the rest of the iumfantry must be practised.
- Signaihers wiil require practice in visual signaihinmg
4. Preparation of Trenc1~e3for Jttaek.—Ahl possible preparation
of the trenches- shmouid be done lonug before the- attack takes place,
otimerwise oiun intention to attache- mviii be nmado piaimm to time enemy.
Time-re-fore in every system of trenches- dispositiomms for ann attack
must be commslihemenl, amid ommiy umuimnor additions- should be uneccssmury
previous to time ntctu~umI attack. It should be the aim of every
comlmman(ier to pusir his front iine tn-endue-s be-fore an assault as
chose t~time eneuimy as possible, or at least to witimin 200 yards.
This may be domme by sapping and then joining up the imeads of
saps.
- Advantage can sometinnes be tale-en of a dark night and a new
trench be dug imi front of our old front trcnmch during the night.
In timis- case time party mumst be lange enomugh to ensure getting
cover time fir-st umight. This- method will also only be possible if
the troops- holding the line, by stopping the enemy’s patrols
movitmg about, have established a super-iommty in time “debatable
ground.”
Assembly trenches- must be prepare-cl so that the successive waves
of unssaultiuug troops can be huunchme-d at tine reqmnired time. Time-se
trenches s-mould be prepam-eni gradually. As Imur as- possible use
s-mould be made of tine existing tm-enciues. A stereotyped form
cannot be laid dowmi for assemubly trenches. The requisites
un-c h— - -
 58

- (I) Time-re mu~t be easy egress both above ground and by

comnnnunication trenches.
(ii) Tbe ass~mm~tiumg
tpoops p~ustbe chose enougim mm~.
(iii) The gemnerai line muuu~t be peppendicular to the line of
advance.
In arranging u~ssemnb’ytm-enelmes care must be takçn to provinle
forming up place-s foe- time various special parties-, such as grernadiers,
won-king partues, &c.
Sithngs will probably b~required for reserves. Time-se can be
suitably made oil’ the “up~coumimmnnication trenches.
C’onuimi,nnk-ation trenches mnust be- provided in sufiicient number to
avoid commgest-ion. One for- imp a~mçl one ~or ~QWfl traffic per
battalion fr-outage at least will he fe-quired, aiud between time last
line-s time nmummmber will require further ~ncrcase, so that finally
there will be-one trench leading into thiç fm-oat line about every
50 yam-ds.
Sign boards will be m-equire-d em all conuuunication trenches-
showing which are f~rup and which m~ef~rdown traffic. Cam-c
must be taken to make those intc~deplfor- evacuation of mvoummde~
wide enough ~nc1wit1~eu1~ficipntlyeasy puve-~to -4110w a stretcher
to pass.
&tp~should be tieg forward to be converted into comnmnmnieation
trenches t~the enemniy’s front iin~when cpturecl.- Thpse sho~id
be tunnelled uncle-p the - parapet, mmmd wheim thee allows be con-
tinued underground irn~tean1of abov~grouumd - - -

-- -Exits- fr~un - tm~umçhe~ nmuiet be ppOpape4, - These can either he-

made out of ~u4bmrgs ~r bypmnaps of 1~dder~.If iad~ersape ueed,
all the lcldeps in on~b~yshould be nailed tegetiie~top and bottom
by planks- ~ ppevent a iadm~rfailing. Cam-c unnust be taken that
the tops of lanldem-~do not protrumcle ever the papapet.
in short, tinç pr-paratiomn of trenches- for assault entails time
careful selection of tine pusition of every nian prier to time assaimit,
and the-tm time- imreparmitioC of foruning up places to suit. -

Ouur own wimq emost be cuit by pam-ties- detailed from the assaulting
battalions, It shounkh be cumt during darkness- time nigimt befome tine
assamnlt.* - -

Thrdqes will havç to be nmade over our trencimee at certain points

to provide for- time mmdvamice of time artillery.
5. SA.4., Grenades Food, hI’ater.—Stores of S.A.A., grenades-,
fOod, minter, tools, mid Jt.E. nmat~pial nmust be estabhi-simed imm time
t~m-encbne~.They mumuust be copveniently placed for carr~’iiugforward
to time captumrenl position. One mmnan should be in cimmnrge of each
store. Special carryin~parties mviii require to be (he-tailed to cjnrry
the store-s forwamd. ~i)numuups
of s-tom-es- should he- ar-n-ringed imu
be-hue-bun, so that t1uos~in the tromicimes can be easily repie-unishiçd.

- ‘ The- fact that our own wire hnnns been cut can be disguised by cuttimi~

transverse gaps or by ~cheIomming

time originnal wire thmms
 - -~ 44. Eqneepmument. —

Assaulting troops simould be a~higimtly equipped as possible, but

it is difficult to reduce time- wenghmt carmied below time - fohlowimmg
scale :~~_*
- 200 rounds S.A.A.
One day’s rations (in additiomm to in-on ration).
Two sandbags-. -

One pick or shovel to every third unan.

Extra wire cutten-s, flares-, smoke candles, etc., will be cammied by
a propon-tion of time- mime-n.
Time eqtumpmemnt of grenadie-r pam-tie-s is dealt witim in the panupimiet
oum “Training and Enmploymnment of (lr-emuadie-i-s.”
Grenadiers carr-y m-ifle and bayonet and 50 m-oummds S.A.A.

45. Preliminary Bonnbarclnient.

Time artillery will - prepare- the way for time assault by batte-rimmg
time one-amy’s defemnces ammnl destroying mis obstacles. It will he time
duty of time infamitry to assist time- artillery by cointimmuaiiy repontiung
imnformatiomm gained about the eumenny’s himme, and by obscrvinmg time
effect of time am-tiile-ry fire maimmly as to whether strong poiuuts- or
urmacimimme gun emmmplacenmonts are beimmg suitably (he-alt with, and time
s-lice-es-s on- othnermvhe of time mvim-e cutting. It is n~sonecessary for
infantpy officers to ummake certaimm that they and the artillery
comnmnmanders are in agree-nine-mit as to time places where the wire is
going to be cut. - -

Timi~bonumbardnme-nt will pu-obabiy take a bo~mg timnme, aumd dnuning

timat tinme thee garm-isomis of trenches should be m-edumced to avoid
time casualties from the eneumly’s rotahiatiomi. -

The enemy mnust be prevented from repairing his obstacles and

trencimcs, after they hmave been damaged by artillery fin-e, by
keeping the damage-ni portions umnder fire of trench mortars, rifle
gre-nanles, macmine giuns and i-ifle.
Defimnite- tasks nmmust always be allotted to tre-umclm mmnortars, in
co-operation witin the artillery.

46. The Assauelt. -

The bonnbau-dimment is- kept up till time mounemft fixed for assault,
wimen time artillery lifts, and time ass-ammlt is Immune-hued.
Time assaultitmg troops will consist of successive waves, each wave
consisting of me-n extended at about omne Imnan every two yards-,
and with about 50 yards betweemm waves. Time niunusber of waves
wiil depend on time di~tmmmmcc fm-oumn our front trencim of the final
objective. - Time pace will be immoderate, and on mo accoummt must a
wild rush be allowed. Thme assault ummust be pressed on above

Am-raumgemmmemmta for storing packs of troops tinkling part 1mm an attack must
be mmmado. Each mmmi’s mmamimo ~honm1d be unmarked cmi his pack. -
 --GO -

gromumid till its objective is readied, special parties beiumg detailed

to clear imp time trenches over which the- ~ts-sauit pans-es. Time-se
“clearing’ parties acconmipany time ass-auitimmg waves, but remmnain
behind in time trenches which they have been detailed to clear,
while time- assaulting troops press- on to the fimmai objective without
entering the-urn. “Clear-imug ‘ parties will be composed largely of
grenadiers. -

Time assaultiiug troops, on gaimming time final objective, proceed to

coumsolidate. it.E. pam-ties and carryimmg parties- to take up tine
tools arid immaterial nequimed mnuumst be detailed beforebmrmmmd. Ii may
be icimpossible to take up nuntemial till after dark.
Par-ties unust also be detailed to commsohidate tactical points in
re-ar of time assaulting trcmops-, as- they are gained. They will be
assisted by time “clearing” parties, when time-se have finished time-jr
task of disposing of tine- emmenumy.
Ge-cue-rally speakiumg, timeum, attacking tr-oops will consist of
(a) Time troops- detailed to carry through time- assault to time
fiumal objective.
(b) The- cleaning parties -svhmo dispose of amy eneuny left behind
iii tire tu-emicimes over whmichm time nmssa,ult un-s passed.
(c) The parties detailed for time eos-isolimlation of tactical points-
behimid time assaulting tr-oops- and parties to carry up to
time as-snultimug troops- the ummaterial required to consolidate
the ~sitiorus- won.
Special arrangennents will have to be made-, and specim~lbodies
of truuops nletailenh to form a defensive- fbauik on es-elm side of time
front assaulted, and also to attaèk isolated or senmi-isohated strong
- poiuuts eneountemed on time flanks of assaultiuug troops.
Time- m-eiative strengtim of time various- pau-ties cmnnmmot be laid dowmn.
They vary according to circumstances. The inuuportuunt pminciple- is
- timat every body of troops- has a delinite task assigmied to it and
- knows what that task is.

47. Action of Artillcr,y dime-lag time Assault.

At time nnomont fixed for assamult, artillery fire munust “lift” fronm
time actmmal places to be- assaumiteni, but uumuust be kept up on time
iumunnediate flanks of time- attack. Omnc-e time assnimit lies bee-mm launched,
time duty of time mmm-tilleiy is-
(a) To keep down time fine- of the- hostile artillery. This is done
by time- counmter-batteries.
(b) To lure-vent time enenmy bringing up supports and reserves,
by keeping U~a ste-any fire on his comnmrmnunication trenchme-s
- and otiner lines- of approach and place-s in rear- where troops-
nnighut collect for a counter-attack. - -

(c) To give coumtinnmous- support to time infantry during their

- - ;mdvance- and to deal with obstacles, strong points, &c.,
~vhniehmmay be holding time-nm up.
 (II
Time difficulties of this batter- task ar-u almost entim-ely those- of
observation s-nd imntercoummnmunicatiotm. It is ofteum innpos-sibbe owing
to smoke-, dust, &e., to see exactly where- time infantry have got to,
and svhmat is stopping their piogress. Time obtaining of tinmiely
information frouum time advance-ni tnoeps presents great diflieulties,
amd will depend largely our time elflciemmcy of our counter--battery
work. If the e-ne-mmmy’s gums are not silenced, timey will formmm a b nrrage
4
be-mind our attacking troops- whicim will unmake the sending back of
infornnation exceedingly uncertain
Time mnmeasuues to be take-mn to enmsure-, so far as possible, continued
artillery smuppomt to the inmfamutmy dimu-imig time advance mire as
follows
(a) A proportion of fee-Id gums ding in close- to our front tre-ncimes
are useful to cover the thanks and give close- snnpporl to the
infanmtry.
(b) Battery conmmnanders mumst place themselves mvimere they can
be-st see the- gemueral situation and keep tomucim with their
batteries, rend mmmust be prepare-ui to act on thoim osm-mm
- initiative-, mu tine absence- of information amid orders fronmm
- above.
(c) Each battery ummust lmave a forward observing office-n, winos-c
duties are to keep in touch with time infantry connnmammde-u-
- wimouui time battery is supporting, to keep the battery
conmnmandem- infornme-ni as to time-exact position of the infammtm-y,
ammnl to :uss-is-t iminmm inn u-ancrimng 0mm to anytiuimmg timat is checking
time- progu-ess of our infantry.
Tire- forward observing office-n- nmnust be provided witim teIepho~e
and signaliing equipmmue-nt. In se-lect~ng imis position he mumust
r-emenmber timat his- bnmsine-s-s is to nissist time batteny coummrmmnnder, not
to join in time infamntny figiut, ann! that imis informumation is of no use
unless- he can get it timm-ougim to time- battery cn,mmmummamuder. his best
position will non-miially be time fan-time-st point forward to which good
comnmnumnication has been openue-d imp. He- mnust keep time battalion
comumummander infon-nmmed of his mviiereabomnts. It is time-n time duty of
time infantry to let imiumi know their requiu-enmmemmts, and time flue-asure
of suppout they receive- mviii depend largely cmi their reports being
clear and intelligible to tine artillery. For tins u-onus-on it is very
necessary that infamntn-y oflicers shoulni under-stand what inmfornmationn
the artillery require.
Some fermi of higimt signal, visible to s-ire-u-aft and artiilery througim
smoke and umuist, is- m-equire-d to let dvemyone knomv mm-hue-mm time infmmmmtry
have gained a certaimn objective. It should be sufliciently portable
to be carn-ied by every mean. Flags amud se-me-ones have bee-mm us-ed, but
they often get left be-mind and am-c time-n very nmuislenndinmg.
A proportion of lighmt tn-emmcim nuortars s-mould be bronnght up bohinni
the infantry as- soon as pos-s-ibie,.and it may soummotiummes be possible
to use them against somrme point which is cimeckinug time advance.
 62

- - - - 48. Eumptoyencimt of Jfcechine 6?uot~.

~lmerole of machieme gmuns in tire attack is—
(a) To assist time artillery in the preparation of time- attae-k, if
required -

(b) To cover time assaulting inmfantmy witim timeir fire timid to

keep down flammkirmg fire;
(c) To fill up gaps that runny occur eitlmer laterally or mm depth;
(d) To assist in tine consohidatiomm of the position and re-pulse
hostile counter-attacks. -

It is nmost important that all machuimme gums- au-e allotted a definite

task amid given definite orders. The guuus of time brigade c-ommepaniy
mmuay be allotted as follows :—
(a) Some to cover advance hiy fining on time enenuny’s parapet,
keeping down fire against flanks of attack, nod sweepimmg
- ground in rear of eneemmy’s fimst line, till nuasked by time
advnummce of time imnfammtry
(b) Sommme to follow up time assaulting mnifanmtm-y. A propor-tiolm
of time-se- gummus simould acconmpmmny tine pam-ties- detailed to
conmsohdnto tactical points inn rear of time as-saultiuug troops-.
Usually, Lewis gnmns onmiy mviii go forwam-ni with time
as-sammitimug imrfanntry at first, But s-crime of time gunms of
time briganle conmipammy nine-st be brought up as sooni mis-
possible after tire assault has ronuehmen! its final objective.
flmese gurmus shionuld not flue befome time nudvnnnmce ; limo hmme
of anlvanmco of each gumn shomuld be came-fully selected
- be-forohanml
(c) Soimme mnmay be detailed to fimo froimm positions in rear on
points- where onouny am-o likely to collect for counter--
attack, - -

Leu’i~guns-, owing to their unmobility, are very s-imitable at time-

opening of an attack to provide cove-ring fire from time fr-omit.
iJmmder cover of darkness-, s-nmuoke, or artillery boinbardnmmeint, Lewis
gummne-rs camu creep omit mm front of time trenches amid establish time-u-
s-elves inn s-ire-il imohos, ditcimes, lonmg grass, &c., where it will be-
ihiflicult to detect time-rn. They mnmay thin-s be ruble to emit wime- which
time artillery imave bee-mm unable to cut amid to fire on hostile ummachmiume
gunn enmplacements, loopieohes, and parapet.
Lewis gumnis will acconmpany time assauhtimeg troops, brmt not in time
uiust line-, amid will assist to keep dowum thme eneunmy’s mnacimiune gummi
fine, cover time re~onganization of the- immfammtry, consolidate time
ground won, protect time fiammks, and repel counter--attacks.

49. Use of 6’-reinadiei-s.

Grenadiers will principally be ennployed itt clearing tr-ernchies,
after tue-so mayo been successfully attacked, and also to chock and
destroy hostile bommmbing pam-ties attermmpting to counter-attack.
They will be- required to clear a portion of a trench from time
flanks when its capture from time front has failed.
Full instructions on hand and rifle grenade-s and their empioy-
me-nt are to be fomnumi in “Time- Traimmimug and Emphoynre-nit of -

Grenadiems.” Ememphasis nmay he-ne be laid on time necessity of new

units- arriving at time fm-out with thoronmghly traimned grenadie-rs,
arid also on time necessity for orgammizineg with gre-at care- the
supply of gr-emmade-s dur-inug an attack.

50. Uommunicatmons-.
Buried telephone wires mviii previously have be-en installed in
our front line systenmm. Tire-se shmonmld be- cnuu-m-ied on mup to time
front line, and wire be- ready to u-nun acm-os-s to time huostile lumm mm-hen
captured. Times-c wires- will, however, be very exposed, and
cannot be re-lie-ni omm.
Visual si~miahiinganti runners will time-re-fore often be time only
r~eansavailable. Time- issue of discs, rockets, flares, on- otiner
improvised signals- and tiue-ir use mununst tine-me-fore be- arn-amuge-d.
fle-ceivimug stations- for visual sigumalliung most be arrameged fom- inn
our tm-eueches-, anni the-se- nmnust be suitably protected.
 64

APPENDIX A.
WtNTEIe Avxmcuas.
(Breast worA~C’onjmunicatz’on- Tmenc!nc.n)
1. The “avenue” shown in time figumes 23—27 is pr-imnarily
designed for coumstructiomm in wiiuter inn ground mvimere- deep corn-
mmmnication tm-one-lies- are iuimpos-sibbe- ammd time- difficulties of digging
are immcre-aseni by time- soil clinging to the shovel anni preveumtmng a
bug “throw.”
2. Trace.—The trace (fig. 23) is designed to renluce labour by conm-
bining protection from enfilade fin-c witim passing places. A change
of direction is nmanle about every (JO yards to safegunumd the- ave-n no
frummmn ime-inug s-wept fronmi emmd to emud. Eacie arm is- broke-n twice in
its iengtii nmt time p;nss-ing places. Those are mumade sufficiently wide
to permit of stre-toimers passing time angles-. The breaks are right-
handed to enable a nmamm to him-c down time tn-emmchu wbmiis-t ke-epinug
muos-t of his- body cove-re-cl. Iii the nm-mum nearest to time tm-emmch whence-
the conemnnmnnication starts, part of the inner bremmstuvom-k of time
passing place-s is- onnitte-d so timat each section of the arm can be
enfiladed fr-em the- parapet.
Tine avenues amid ben-row pits are flanked by means of short
breastworks projecting fronn the elbows of time pamapet.
3. Profite.—Time profile is- givemu in fig. 24. TIme height of the
parapet will cleimend elm depth below tine sum-face of time ground at
wimich the- trench gratimmgs will be clear of the subsoil water.
Six feet of cover at least nmiust be- provided, and tire more- of this-
there is be-low ground time less time labour required for- time parapet.
But even if sumbummen-ged, time- gratimmgs, being mm-ire-U to the- transoms,
give a good foothold ; and they can always be raise-ni by puttimu
another tm-ansom omn the- trestle, time pam-apct be-imug he-ightene-
courespondimugly. -

A trench is, however, always- advisable-, even if time gratimmgs are

to be at groumnul level, as it acts- as a draimu and supplies sonme- eartin
for time parapet. Time- sides of time trencir should be re-vetted by
slipping planks, bi-us-heweod or mmetting between time-nm amid time-
trestles, stakes- being aulcled if necessary.
Time- borrow pits simould be as far as possible from time breastwork
consistent uvith time poiver of “timrow”in time particular ground.
A 2-feet berm is time absolute- minmimnium.
4. Time of Construct ion~—Thmeavenue can be made in from 10 to
12 hours by two to three reliefs, anti so can be completed in one
night.
0. Preparation.—The mo-st careful pre-paratiomis must be made,
materials caiculated out beforehand, arid tim~umsportedto the neares~
 t35

convenient place under cover. Time-re- they must be laid out in sue-hi
a manner as will ensure rapid anmd easy issue- mm the dark.
Working parties must be care-fully calculated and divided up
into snuall gangs.
The officers amid men for each relief should be carefully practised
by rehearsal by (lay, in their roles in time operations on which they
will be emumployed.
It mviii imasten time mvork and prevent - confusion if time ave-mimic is
started froun botim ends, and a stores dunmp is- made at each of time-mum.
it is gene-rally inanlvisable to extend a wot-kimug party of 1CO men
from onme point at ni~ht. The line of time proposed avennie simuunnld
be divided iumto sectmorus by nmnarking stakes- or other mne-amms, ann!
each party leuh direct to its starting stake by its officer.
6. Jnracing and J(ecosmnamnsance.—Tlme RE. simoulni reconmunoitu-o
time- groumnid at dusk onn time preceding night, annul mnmark out with
tapes time limes alomug mvhich time hurdle-s are tnm be placed.
If time-re is any nlange-r of the tape-s boinmg observed my time emmeummy
dimming time- day, tn-acing must be done at dims-k out time nictnmnil might.
Time immfaumtry office-i-s in charge of par-ties should accomnpammy
time tracing office-u- and should fanuiliarise tiuenmse-lves with time
approaches to the- dumps amid stan-ting points-.
7. Ale-n and Tools and .Ttfaterials.—The men amid tools and
materials are as follows :— -

First Relief (5 lmoui-a)--—

[‘cr 4 yd. Per 100 yd.
- mum. rmmmm.
RE. ... ... 2 50 (2 officers, 5 N.C.Os-.).
- Infantry 8 220 (5 oflicers-, 20 N.O.Os.).
Shovels ... ... 8 - 220
Picks ... ... 8 200
Pliers ... ... 2 50
Measurimmg ronis ... 1 25
3 ft. hurdles ... 4 100
5 ft. pickets ... 8 200 (3-in. nhianmeter).
(2 extra for fin-st muir-nile-s.)
Wire (14 S.W.G.)... 1,050 ft. 26,400 ft.
(18 lbs.) (450 lbs.)
3 ft. rabbit ne-ttimmg 8 yds. 200 yds. -

Second Belief (5 hours)—.

TIE. ... ... -)

Iumfanmtry ... ... ~-Asinn first relief.

Tools- ,.. ... J

18-in. hurdle-s ... 4 100

15-in, rabbit nettimug 8 yds. 200 yds.
Sandbags- ... ... 70 1,750
Wire (14 S.W.G.)... 264 ft. 6,600 ft.
(4& lbs.) (1l2~lbs.)
 00

Third Belief—
Pnr 4 ynl. Per 100 yd.
run. u-un.
RE. ... ... 2 50 (1 officer). -

Infantry ... ~.. 4 110 (2 oflneei-s, 10 N.C.Os-.).

Shovels ~.. i.~ 4 110 -

Picks ... ... 4 200

Trestles .,. .~. 3 76

8 ft. grmttings* .~. 1~ 38 -

Platuks for revettiumg 48 sq. ft. 1,200 sq. ft.

Mauls- ... ,,. 12
Note 1.—Time he-mmgtlm o~finird relief depends on wimethet- the full
amount of digging has been carried out imm the- first and se-cermd
reliefs-. If the full amuloument has been doume thee-re is nmo necessity for
a third re1i~f,as time treticim gratings- can be laid by tine it.E. next
morning. -

Note 2.—No nmauis- in lust two i-chefs on account of miojse.

Note 3.—Reliefs- are- reckoned from theme of Icaviung duummps.
8. Ory’s-ns’zatiomm of lVor1~iny l’arty.—Tine Inmost convenient unit
of organmiaationr is- a st uad consisting of two ILL’. and e-igimt infantm-y.
1 equipped mvitii tools- and mimator-ials as- in
Tinis unit is cormuplete-ly
colunen 1, pam. 7, and does- 4 yards of avenue.
(a) Every five squads as above slmonnld be for-unied into an
office-u’s- panty, witin four- N.U.Os. and fern- spare mine-ui,
and does 20 yhtds of avenue, ou jmms-t time- length between
- the breaks (fig. 23), for- whichn s-pedal ~quads could be
provided if mice-es-s-amy.
(b) If the tactical sittmatiomn permits, tine- inmfammtry should 1e~ve
time-jr eqnmipmuient at time dunnp, and camm-y rifle and
cartridge s-hugs ornly.
(c) In time fir-st me-lie-f one-hi infantrymnman carrie-s pick and shovel
slung. Shumgs of spurn yam-n or corn! should be attached
to time-se be-fume-learn! by time party pm-opam-iung ti~t~ s-tot-es.
In adnlition; a }uunnhle is givemn to eve-my two immfantu-yumien.
Time two sapl)em-s canny the nmneasunn-ing ronh, - pliers,
pickets, mvim-e, mmmd nabbit nettimmg.
(Note—Netting hue-jug in mohls would usually be- carried
down by time feumn s-parc mine-n iii eve-my officer-s party.)
(nI) In time secomud i-chief four infamntrymne-n in clue-li squad cam-my
thu light imurdles and tine other four cam-ny time sammdbags.
RE. Carey time wite aund netting (but se-mu note to (c)).
Tools ar-c talcenr over frommi first me-lie-f omm time grounni.
~. &vtcnsio,r.— (a) A squad should nieamch to its work as un
fmg. 27 (a).
* Special grmntimigs for passing places- to lie calenm!nmte-d and 8 It gmatinmgs to

be deem-eased accordingly.
 67
- Time mon are numbered and the hnmrulle-s lotte-red for purposes of
reference, - -

(b) When the leading squmad re-ache-s thup farthest fon-mvard end
of time 8e-e-tiofl allotted to time- patty, time imuendies are- placed on time
ground umetting downwards- anti feet to time tape as in fig. 27 (b).
Time nme-n lay timeir arnmus 5 yarnls frnnmnm time- tajue.
(c) The RE. time-n ummeasure time distances of time picket moles-
fromen time tape-. Time infantuy tine-n dig inches with time picks for time
pickets and hurdle fe-ct as in. fig. 27 (c).
\Vlnile the infantry are mmmakimmg time- Imoles time- R.E. prepare time
wine. - -

(d~When time holes are complete-, hunnrdle feet and prckets- are
punt in the-mum annl thou eartim press-ct! dowmi. (If time earth is so hard
Ins- to mmecessitate iimmmnmumei-img, mnauuls mnmust he liroughit end nmufihed,
but only in circurumstann’cs- of a very special nature nnnust imurdies be
ummauli-ni in, as time pn-ocn-s-s- strains time-nm.) -

(e) Nos. 1 amid 7 the-nm hold time imumu-niles, tine R.E. punt on timo
mrircs- unmarked a ann! b mu fig. 24 ann! time rahubit mnetting, assisteni b,y
time reueuainimng infmmntry. The work will be- greatly accelerated if
thie iumfanitry lnave- lund pm-evious practice-. - -

(f) As soon as tine netting auid time ties unmarked a ann! b are fixed,
time- infauntry lire- plume-en! as mm fig. 27 (a’) nuid dug. While- timey axe
dnuing so time RE. fix the other ties, anni se-c timat time- borrow ditch -

is k~-pt2 feet or more as ernie-re-ni fuonum time nettimmg stake-s.

(q) Wine-rn lihliuug inn time parapet, care slrouid be taken to keep
time mveiglmt of cam-tim against time m-abbit nettimi~greater thanm that
agaiiist time imurnllcs-, mu or-(Ier to avoid forcing time- latter over
towards time tnenchm.
10. 7~es-A-s-.—Intime fit-st i-chief time nunmnbe-r of ciubic feet of eamth
in time pau-apets- of time squmanis’ task is 300 cubic feet (i.e.,
4 x 6 ft. x 5 ft. x 3 ft.). Timis mvii! tue too nmuuch for the mmmeiu to do inn
time timmme at their (lispomal rnfter comnple-tionm of wiring, etc., but they -

shmoulnl be- able to fill up to a ime-ight of 2~feet.

1mm tinat case
Pmnrapets- = 300 cubic fe-ct. -
Two rime-mm in tire trenucim tli~30 cubic feet each 60 cumbic feet.
Five me-nm in hot-row ditches dig 40 enibic feet each = 240 cubic
feet. -

1mm time seconmd relief tine-re are 60 cmmbie- feet of time- lower part of
time- parapet to hue- domme (as above), ann time top pai-ts of time
parapets aumnotmrmt to 210 ciubic fee-t, a total of 270 cubic feet. This
shiounhd eas-ihy be comimpheteni by the eight inmfammtn-y in foum- hours,
innclumdinmg filling time sammdieugs.
11. Action of Beliefs—Ar tine end of time- fir-st relief time- infantry
stamuni at time-in- tasks. Time secound n-c-lie-f exte-uud beside- time-mm amid
take over tiunir tools. Time first re-he-f time-nm put omm thme-ir eujuuipmmuent
and file- offi Not mnimtil after- they have gone will time secomnd n-chef
hay domvn their rifle-s mumd e(lmmiiemmuoumt. -

RE. lianni over tools- anti dutie-~him sinnmilar nnunnumer, -

 OS

12. TIme work should be easily completed in one night m~carefu’

preparations have been made, and if not greatly interrupted by fire.
Until tine end of February a timird relief is always possible
before- dawn. It should be provided. At time end of time first
relief it cart easily be see-n if time thind relief will not be required,
and nnmes-slrge to timat effect sent.

APPENDIX B.
Rtrw WIRE ErqTAedOLEMENTS.
Time following are two muethods of putting up wire entanghemeumts,
- when rapidity is essential.
First Lhfethod (used by Fr-each).
Bays of wire femmcing about 90 feet long are prepared beforehand,
using higiut posts- 7 feet 6 me-me-s apart with hmomizontal top and
bottom wire-s and dilmgonai wine-s (see fig. 28). For time top wire
and one of tine diagonals barbed wire is e-mnmployeti, plain wire about
0~15inch thick for the othmers. Each bay is the-ni rohle-ni up and
- weighs- aboumt 00 lb. ; it can be carried easily by two nme-n if a stick
is passed through it. -

Co pumt imp time entanglement—unroll time- bays along the front at

90 feet intervals- anti drive in the posts. This gives time- front row
of time obstacle (s-ce fig. 28). In re-ar of it unroll and place- nuoro
bays-, zigzag femsieion, so as to forum a senies of equnilateral triangles
witim the original line. In this portion two rolls of fencing are
mequimed for eachi roll in the- front row (see- fig. 29). Repeat the
s-annie- i)u-oe-e-ss- to form additional sections.
Light posts are necessary from considerations of weight, burt mrs
- tine-re at-c three posts alongside each otimer where the straight and
zigzag portions meet (except in time fr-ont and back momv of fencing,
when time-re are only two) a strong support is fomunme-d if tine posts ate
bound togetimer (see- fig. 20).

Second Method. -
See figs. 30, 31, 32, which sumliieiently explain the- rnetlmod used.
As- a variation of this- nie-tinoni, work may be eonunme-nced by
nmaking time fe-mice-on time- front iineof posts fin-st (work of Non 5, 6, 7,
8~,time-mm joining time- fin-st lirme- of posts- by cris-s--cmoss- wires to the secomi
(wcmrk of Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, in fig. 29), and lastly making tine fe-mice-on the
n-ear posts. Time advantage of timis alternative method is that tine
working party tire-mm has time obstacle hietweeun time-mn and tine ene-nuy
time wimole tinmne they are working, instead of having to carry stem-es
and work inn tine second stage in front of the obstacle erected by
Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the- fir-st stage.
 CuD

APPENDIX 0.
ILLUMmNATr0N or OBsTAcLEs AnD FOREOROtTND.
The lighting imp of time foregi-oumnd and obstacle-s at night is of
great importance-.
Time usual means adopted for this purpose is time- Ve-rys li~hmt,of
winie-li a liberal supply is- now available, but occasions munay ai-r-ivo
mvhre-nm tine- nmnthermentnonmed methods will pn-ove- of vaimme. These
lights should be- so arranged that tire-y can be pnmt in action ins-tan-
tauxe-ously when the enemy approaches the obstacle: they must
iilummminate the whohe of the obstacles and the fore-ground while
lemmving the defenders in shadow.

Bonfires.
Bonfires- are efFective whmen fume-h is to be- had. They may be
built close to the line- of time obstacle-, mvith screens beimind timenmi.
A bonfire simould be so built timat it canmnot easily be pulled down
by the- enemy. A stout post rmmay be fixed upright iii time ground,
and the fuel built up mound it in time form of a cone. Or three
posts may be erected, thin-ce or four- feet apart, wrth sticks mailed to
the-rn hmoi-izontahly so as to for-un mu cage, amid time fuel piled immside. A
heap of shavings or dry lean-es- shioulmi be plnne-e-nh at time bottonmm, and
ilue-auns of ligimtimmg arrange-u! in e-onmnmection with it. For timis purpose-
a length of immstantnneouus fmmze ummey be used, mvmtim one cnn! in a sunmall
bag of gunpowder, tinder- time- lie-ni) of mmimnnvungs, annl the other
immsiuie- tine won-k. Bunt time fnuze- ummust be kept un timorouginly good
conmdition. Frictiomi tnmbes fnu~mmm inn excellemmt muneans- of ignition,
They can be- fin-cd by time- r-e-le~nseof a weight which is attached by
mvim-e to time eye of time pin. ‘Chic tubes ummust be rigrdly fixed, ammd
strong wire us-en! for- suspending time weight. Tue blast from
a friction tumbe being commsmdee-ablo, time end of the instantaneous
£nmze- ne-ar-est time- tube siio mild be one nmnclm away fromn it. l3othi ends
of the- fuze ninny be packed -with quicknnuatchm to ensnmr-e ignition.
Another uumetimod is to arr-aumge a nuatchu umher the shmavimmgs so that
by em pull oil a cord time inmate-h will be rubbed against ann igniting
s-un-face-. Time shavings uumust be enougim to mumake a brigint fiance at
once, amid petr-olenmmum or pitch should be mudded to time-rn if available.
Nrmteriais for ce-ne-wing the bommfire simotmid be ice-pt at imand, Sumnahl
pieces of canvas shou Id be fixed over the fur-mnmg arrange-mmments to
protect the-nm from weather.
Lights-, Illueeninatm~nghirecA~.
Lights, ihlunminating wreck are article-s of store-. They can be lit
witim eithcm immstaumtatme-ous or safety fuze-. Imnstanmtaneous fruze shoumld
be- st-ripped at time end to ensure good coentact with time lighmt. They
ihlumuminmate a circle of about 100 yards dmannmeter and burn for about
20 mninutes.
 70 -

Alarms- and Flares-.

Where night attacks may be e~npected,~mutomaticaharms and flare-
light au-c useful adjumncts. They are- usually combined with the-
obstacle. One of the siunpiest alarmns is a row of tin pots, eae-hn con-
taining mm ~ehble, humug onm a wire fence- so as to rattle- wimen time
latter ~sriusturbe-ni. A piece- of tin, 2 imnche-s- to 3 inc-jies in diemnucter,
sure-h as the top of a jani pot, relay be- bent rouund time- wire, and will
answer time same purpose. Tu-ip wire-s can be- arranged to fire a
rifle, or to fire n~cartridge whicim, in its turn, will ignite a flare-,
It must be- boyne- in mulin(i that flare-s ligimtcd within a few yards-
of the perimeter of a camp, or close to a parapet, are- difficult to
s-cr-ce-n effectively anti are likely to be a source of gre-inter danger to
time defence than to time attack ; they sine-mild therefore- be used
with gre-at cmnutiomu. At umigimt troops have a tendency to
concentrate- their fire oh any brilliantly iilunmminated area. A
number of flares capable of hmmrnimng ~romntwo to five minutes are
prefem-able- to one- or two bonfires a better effect is obtained fronr
flares- by placing tire-rim at muommie- imcighnt above the- ground.
Convenient ti-ce-s may be- used for this- purpose.
Arrangennents- for automatic aharnum signals, in connection with
entanglements or internme-diate fences, ge-mien-ally have to be
improvised on time- spot with wimatever nmate-riais are- available.
A trip flare that imas been founni to work satisfactorily consists
of a balanced beard fixed imm a trench having at one end time flare
and at thue other a heavy weigiut wimich is tennporariiy supper-ted.
The trip wire Imaving been pulled, time smipjmort be-neatim-the weigirt
is withidr-awn, anni time e-nn! of time be-ann falls. By this- macinns the
- flare- appears- above- groumnnl, anti time jerk given to time beaumm fires a

friction tumbe attachment to time flame by instantaneous fuze-, anti so

lights tire- flare-. (Ste Fig. 33.) -

Time flare is composed of a mixtnure of nituate of potash, sulpimur

an(l orpinnent (jiighmts, G.S., homug, Mark III).
Fig. 34 shows a shniiam- (he-Vice for time- firing of a mine- or bonfire
outs-inle- the pit. A bounfim-e comunposeni of straw, dry woe-ti, &c., is-
readily set omi fire by a small one--ounce- cartridge composed of five.
pan.ts white- sugar and foumu parts chmlorate of potash enclosed
in grease--proof paper, fired by eitimer instantane-oums fuze or
electrically by ~‘to. 14 fuze-, with mime-ta! cap with time me-al powder
rennoved.
 71

APPENDIX D.
INFANTJnY Ann AmnTnLtannv INrEa-CoMrruNrcA~rmol~.
Apart fre-imi thug unreliability of telephones, a difficulty, lit the
eVe-lit of attack, is to ems-mime that a trained officer wino can gauge
the- Situmttioim is at tine infantry end. Infantry officérm~are liable at
tlnimês- to ëali pr-eummaturely for artmilery suppOft. Artillery are
therefore on occasion perhaps slow mu rendering the- necessary
assistance. Ircre the qrue~tionof wimure the- infmmntry end of the
wire- shmoumid be run to comnes iii. Soumme- are against its- being run
into a fire- tie-ne-hi, especially at night, for- tine- follOwing 1-easOns
cu) The tn-each comuumnaunder, who may be- a junior subaltern,
thinks- lie is- goimng to be attacked, calls for antihieuy fire,
and starts eve-ny gun in the Divis-iomm fuming. Time wine-lu
Division is tur-rmeni onit unmnecessarily anti moral suffers.
- All commmmmnanders am-c short circuited.
(b) Wire nun iumto a fire- tn-cue-in is cohstanthy being broken.
In ems-c of nmttaek it is mmlnmost inval-iabiy broken by the
- one-lily’s pn-e-pamntory s-hell ~
(c~Time tm-eumeim may be i-ms-med mined the hnstrnmmhent left iii it.
- - Thi~has- ae-tuunmhly hmnppeinenl intmd the cmnemy inrty ha~’e
listened to our nines-sage-s ummmtil it occuum-r-ed to - somebody,
soumme timmme- later-, to disconnect tire wire at battalion
hmeadquam-ter-s.
Therefore- it is best to run the wire to lneadquau-ters of battalions
in tue-aches, or at furthmcst to a support tm-each well in n-ear.
1’ime above is- quite- apart fm-em time question of runmninmg a wire
into an advanced tue-ne-hi for obs-ern’atwn pun-poses, but her-c agmnin
there is a teumnptmntion to use it unnecessarily, -

A better- systenum at nigint is for an nm-tmllemy officem, an orderly

anmd tehephonists to s-lee-p at time headquarters of tine- battalion in
time- firing line. Time forimmeu conmumumnicates- with the- batten-y by
telephomnc and by orderly wire-n time battalion couuimmianmden- requires
artillery smnppom-t. Artillery fir-c us- mummiumeduately opemned on the
night lines while tine oflicer umnakes bus way to time observing
station, connects- nip the- comunmummicatuonms- wrtim time battahioum imead-
quarters anti the- battery, amid is- ieaJy to make alterations in the
dir-ectioum of fire whien required.
&-lection of batter,uj positiou.—A battery \vhmrcim shows itself or
allows its- fitmsimes- to be seen at ommce comnme-s unnler s-rue-in a hmcavy mmumd
conccmmtmatenl s-ire-il fire tinmut rummy effcctrve reply is out of tine question,
if, indeed, it is umot putt omit of nnctiomm e-mmtire-ly inn a few nuimiutes.
German artillery met/mods-.—The Geimmnamus- inave a good system of
observation, amid tmaincd observers wutbm telescopes am-c comustamntly
on tine watch for army sigmns of movcmnments in our positions and keep
a special hook out for an-tillcu-y observing parties. De-filading fronn
view of grommnd, \observers must, tine-re-fore-, take ire-count of the
 72

highest ground in the enemy’s position, ahthouglm it may be-

distaunt.
Our infantry in support and re-serve- rure- apt to be very can-chess
and often give themselves away, as the following extmacts- from a
re-Inert s-how :— -

(a) One mornilug I was coming auvay from a battery observing

station. Aftem- crawling alonng a. dirty ditcin for somuno
imnmndm-eds of-yards-, I camume to some houses, wine-re a few of
our infantry we-n-c loafing onmtside- their billets in view of
time Ge-n-minim login point, mules a-nvay. 1 warnned tine-tim,
burt did not loiter- in time vicinity. Time- billets- were s-lie-lied -
time s-anne nnmor-nhmm~.
(b) A few immfammtny showed one time skyline ne-ar clue of our
observiung stations-, ~v1uicim was pn-omrnpthy s-hue-lied.
(r) A battery comumummanuder iuncautiously showed iminmusehf - at a
window of the lions-c fronim winicin inc was observinmg. lIe
was- prommnptly s-hue-lied omut of it.
It is rumost inrmportant that time enemy’s- mmotice should not be
drawim to tire localities in which the artillery obsemvatiomm statiorms-
ane situmate-ni. Good observation stations are- very scarce, curl timey
are useful for tine battalion e-onnmnammnicrs to view tine- Inostile hue-s.
No one should be allowed to go to tine look-out place unless on
duty, and time-n tine greatest care- mumust be exercised to get there
unobserved.
 Pro. 1.

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 Pro. 3.
DIAGRAM OP A SECTION OF A FRONT LINE,
WITH SUPERVISION TRENCH, ‘DUG-OUTS,
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J”j(iflf /?I?f F/ce ‘/‘,t/c-e.

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M. IL

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 Pro. 0.

-SUPPORTING OR STRONG POINT.

SECTION ON m,e,f~

Portions a-b, c-d, e-f of Conmnnmnnnufcmrtion Trench ermfihmndeml from

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To increase flue effect tre-mmchmes slopinng gmadumally upwards unmay
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 Fec. 7.
SECTIONS OF FIRE TRENCH.
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SECTION OF FIRE TRENCH IN WET SOIL.

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BOMBING PIT.
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PLAN.

SECTION ON A.B.
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~ a-~
El

~
I~~4 mc
El
‘ml
 Fcc. 13.

~:

Eu -I

a,
-i

z
-~
-I
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E4
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‘-C -
 Fec. 14.
WIRE ENTANGLEMENT.
,I.5 -

~ SIDE VPEW.
~_

PIAN (weTnorJr aoos~ Winnie).

Fec. 15.
“KNIFE REST” OBSTAOJA~.

I$Pe~u.

-,

~° I ____

~ ~

Time- efficienicy of tire obstacle is itmcrease-d by adding

barbed wire wrapped inn loose spiral. coils roumnd it.
 Fm. 10.

DUG-OUTS.
FRAMES.

I.
— — 5to7’ ——~—~-‘

(A)

I-:!
I

L ~ZNJ

r
 - Fcc. 17.

TYPE OF DUG-OUT IN WET GROUND FOR

EIGHT MEN.

5 ;1::::1IJ” Co,,cr.cs

6
6

Lo
 - Fee. IS.
MACHINE-GUN EMPLACEMENTS
M.G.
of minimum dimensions as fixed by Commandant of Scinool.

1. Emplacement with Over-hut-ad Cover, to fir-c Sitting.

Scale ~“ = 1’.

I’TAN.

~--—27~--~--—~ ~

-‘I

SECTION ON A—13.

~ --

- .~. ~OG’o,,ndLev./ \
Y .The IeveloPt/,~~iI/imtel—en as±Q.
~
-
 Fro. 19.
MACHINE-GUN EMPLACEMENTS
of minminnnmm dimensions as fixed by Commandant of M.G. School.
2. Eunplacement with Overhead Cover, to fire Standing.
Scale- ~“ = 1’.

PLAN.

-i

SECTION ON A—B.
 Pro. 20

MACHINE-GUN EMPLACEMENTS,
of mmmiuminmuum.m dimmneunsiouis ms fixed by Conurnaundanut of Iu1.G. Scimool.

3. ()~cc-nemmmjeimncement, to fire Stammulinug.

I’LAN.

SECTION A—B.
P,n,-ados ~/-t~ Par~spet~-/~ I;-’
I 17”- ‘~ti~Z~t.tf~7/7tI/,ttfl
-
- r - --

~od~Thbf~~
- -RecCssfQrle9Of
Tripod.
 Pro. 21.
MACHINE-GUN EMPLACEMENT. -

Scmde-—~”= 1’.

ocSi~S~
t~ b~ ca,--’cd So—C this ~fope as --‘C

P LAN
 Fee-. 2~.

- TYPE OF MACHINE-GUN EMPLACEMENT

WITHOUT PARAPET FOR USE BEHIND
FRONT LINE.
P’ VERTICAL SECT1ON P

PLAN ~‘ /

- P’ /26VIEW
PERSPECTIVE P 3•/~~
—~---- ~

Timis euemplacemmue-mut consists of two slnafts, P and P’, rectangular-

inc section. The firing sluaft P is 4’ 3” x 2’ 7” x 7’ 8”, and the entiamuce
sire-ft P’ is 4’ 3” x 2’ ~“ x 10’ 0”.
‘flue-so two shafts are 12’ 0” apart and are connected by a shueltem
A, Il, 0, D, dug on- mnimecd, 5 with a easirmg of 2” planks. Ocee of time
walls of the firinng sine-St i is provided with are-ce-s-s e,f, g, h, c’,f’, g’, Is’,
\vhichu serves for storing ammunition.
To fir-c, the machine gunner chinmbsup in ladder placed in slnaft 1’
and rests the rniaclmimre- gun on the natural sum-f ace of the gronnuci.
There is no par-apet, etc., showing above the ground, as the wimoic
of t)uo e~ccavatedean-th is m-enmovcd to a comnsirlen-able distance. Time
- emplacement is constructed away from any communication on- otluem-
trench, and it is impossible for the most skilled observer- to
discover- it.
 I”mu 23.

WINTE~ AVENUE.
GENERAL TRACE.
Not to Scale.

A, ii, U, D.—Points at which goner-al directiop clue-ages.

p, p, p, p.—Traverses aurd passing places.
ci, d.—Fire hreastnvork to cover, berm-ow ditcimes ; 12 to
18 ft. long.
Of same profile as Fig. 24, but no back parapet
to give room for bombinug.
e, e.—fle-turns left open to allow fire fr-em reserve trench
down tine avenue.

11
~. ,.. /7 P

,‘ f/P
c
.A\ ~P

. 8

‘I

- ~i7/p
1_a /

P0851b!y not,f\
fleces*ary ~O ?
naar Rese(veTranct\\

ch
 -Fro. 21.

zrsl
C-)
12

El
z
-4 C-)

-~ c40
_t~ IL-’
~ em’ —,
~

Q~6,+. I

-‘‘4

.0 ~
 Fee-. 2~i.
WINTER AVENUE.
DETAILS OF PASSiNG PLACE.
Scale—i” = 2”.

H
(0

- 6 -
 Fee. 2(3.
WINTER AVENUE.

DETAILS OF FLOORING.

Scale-—i” 1-

- 8’.O

Should be cover-ed with exluauuled mnietmni to serve nvean- aumd tear (arid “flu-c”).
‘l’irENclI (mATING.

--t-.

TiIESTn~E.

DETAILS OF HURDLES.

Scale—~” 1.

LowErs HtJRPLE.
 Pie- 27.

WINTER AVENUE.
EXTENSION OF A SQUAD.

(a) 8~ 7. 6. S. 4, 3. 2. I.
o- o-o~ o-o-o-o~ o-
.SapperO-u I ~n L~1 C-Supper
0 C 8 A

(b) çç ç~
87 4-3.

_I, 9 L~~’ ___.

I -- -

I c I

(c) 98. 94..

EoIoJ
-o7.~O3.
-

-OS- -0’-

OG O~

Cd) -

98. 94. 93.

*- ,( *

DI ‘a
-07. -Ct.
C’ IA’
0-
mc mc -

66. ~5. 62
a
‘,i
N
N

1-’
N

0
a
-1

0 Oi
01
.— 0
‘xi
‘-I
0

N
/ ‘~-‘-

MLf~1O[) (fl PUTTING UF IRAPIP LNTI\NL ( E ‘\1~ LI

F! R~1 ~IA(-~F

~iq 3/. IL
 CGMP ~ ti [NE ANCLF7MEE-4T.

1- -/ -

-‘ - - I -

.-‘-

- H -‘j- -

tt j / [)tji IJf \(~/‘[~

I-
A~1\1’l F\(, 1(111’ \N1 ‘iT.

/ Th
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v ‘ / ]/
f_il
I ,~ / ~‘~r

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r /1/ ‘ej~ f_

H\ /‘ ‘C”
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// / C
/4 , a

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~H ,/// ~

IV

~.
4
//

3’ ~‘i±~’~’ I

FLArIE 11’I’.
PS
a~Friction tnbc placed so that
nil comes at a right ii ogle.
b. Quick match.
c. liistnntat,cous ftizo to flare.
<7. i’i-op stick.
~. (3ulo stalcc.
1 l’ivotteci arm 2’ 6” x 2” x 2”.
y. Weight attached to arm and
connected by flexible wire or
spOil varii to friction tube.
li Flexible IV ire oi spun yarn.
1/Rl. 34.
i’Jxi Id~wire or ~i’~” yarn from
I rep stick to iveigli1.
I’. \Veiglit connected by flexible
lvi r~ or spuii yarn to prop stick
a iid thence to wire “ 7.’’
1. Wire connected to ‘cut” or
flip “ wire.
in. W’ ill put through two uprights
~uulnoting as pivot for arm en
which weight fl” rests.
Cut” or “trip” wire,
 73

INDEX.
A.
Advamice-d posts, occnnpation of ... ... ... ... ... 14
Alan-mum signmai for enmeirny’s gas ... ... ... ... ... .~

,, ,, inn case of attack ., ... ... ... ... 50

Ammmnnunitionu, loose, imucluding flied cases-, to be collected . -. 39
supply and stor-age of ... ... ... ... 40, 58
,, taken into trenches ... ... ... ... .36
An-nnus, standing to, befou-o dusk ameni dawn .. ... ... .39
Assault, preicarations for ... ... ... •.. ... 6
A~scumublytie-ne-lies ... ... ... ... ... ... 57
Attacks, mume-aums of assisting ... ... .. •.. -.. 6
,, luours wire-ui usually mirade ... ... ... ... 38
B.
Bayonets, fixinng of ... ... ... . . - 38
Blankets, niot to be taken to tine ti-ce-clues 3(3
liourmbineg tie-niches, function amnd siting of - -. 113, 22, 40
iiu-eastwou-ks, design of .. 23, 28
,, wine-re ruse-cl .. . -. 1-~,,2:3
Buildimugs, prepauatiorm for- (lefemuce- - . -. :32
Iiummster- layer ... ... - -. 23, 29

C.
Cellars, pmeparationn of, for- defence- 18, :~
Conumnunaunication tr-enclme-s .. ... 7, 17, 58
,, ,, des-igmi unued number of ... 25, 213, 40, (34
27
~, ~~reparatioun fm flank dcfcmice-
- (‘olcupanies to be self-coumtainc-d .. ... . .- 49
C’onccr-e-te .. - . -. . . - ... 31
Counter-attacks, imnmedinntc attacks de-sinable... - 52, 53

(in-ate-n-s to be- occupied . -. ... ... ... 5:3

1).
Dead, disposal of .. ... 45
I)cfence, m,ueas-ur-es enuployed by time- 7
l)mruimmage- of connunnnimicuntron tr-eumcire-s 20
,, of tie-ne-hues ... 31
Dug-outs, site- of ... ... ... ... . -. 25, 28
se-c “Smelters”
E.
Entamiglemunent, -u-ire ... 15, 27, 40
,, ,, rnnpuri 68
Entrennelmimig tool, need for pnaeticc jut ins-c of... 19
 74

rAe-N
Equipument carried in attack Sc)
,, wearing of, in tr-enmclmes :58
F.
Flooring of comnnuneication trerlclnc-s 26
,, of trenches ... ... 20, 24, 31
Finzes of euieney’s sine-Il to be sent to artillery 4-1

U.
Gare-ison, distribution of 48, -19
Gas-, niarnu signal to be ar-range/i :38
Grenades, storage of, in trencines ...40,58
Grenade-throwing 9
Ground-simeets to be- taken to time tree-clues 3(3
Guides on relief of tn-i-ne-he-s 35, 36, :37
II-
Headquarters not to be changed runnece-rIsil-ily -. 47
- L.
Lattinie~ . - - . -. ... ... ... 17, 31,
. .- 45
Lewis guns ... . -. ... ... ... 51, 52,
..- 62
Linime, dubs-ate- of, to be kept inn cue-It tree-elm ... ... ... 31, 45
Listening posts ... ... ... .. ... ... 7, 34, 38, 40
Locality, defended (s-ce “Strong points”), clelinitioni of, ann/i
organization for defence .. ... ... ... 17, 18
,, garrison always to be mmiaimutamned .. ... ... 53
Log-book, trench,, need for- ... ... .. - ... ... 34
Looplmoles ... ... ... .--. ... ... . . - ~s,:32, 33, 42
i~r. -

Macmime grins .. .., ... •. ... ... 49, 50, 51, 62

,, siting and design of euumpiaccments 16, 18, 30, 50, 5]
,, to be loaded and in position at night ... 38
,, company, 0.C., to reconnnoitn-e line before
taking oven- ... ... ... .. . -- 35

N.
Niglut lines for aitilleu-y, se-lee-tie-rn of ... ... ... ... 44, 54

0.
Obserm’atioun, arrangemune-ats to be nuns/ic for- ... ... 41, 52
,, stations ... ... ... ... ... 7, 25
Obstacles ... ... ... ... ... . -, 15, 27, 40
,, design o~ .. ... ... ... .. 27, 08
,, mmeed for constri’ctiomm of .. . -. ... 19
 75
- PAGN
Officers of a coumnvany not to live inn one chug-out .. ... 38
,, on duty in trenches ... ... ..- ... .. - 38
,, to visit artillery observatiote stations ... - . -. 45
Order-lies, ruse- of .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 46, 47
Over-head cover not to be use-il in fire tn-cure-lies- .. .. 25

P.
Packs, can-c of, (Inuring attack ... ... ... ... ... 59
- ,, wire-n take-in to the trenches ... . -. ... .. 36
Pan-ndos- ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 20, 22, 2-1
Parapet, nnde-r-cnuttimrg of, for-bidden ... ... ... .. 28
Parties for carrying s-ton-es to be detailed fuomn tr-oops mm
rear .. ... ... ... ... . .- ... ... 39
Periscopes ... ... ... . -. ... ... ... .. 25
R. -

Rations for fou-ty-eight lmonr-s to be taken into the trenches 36, 39

Ration pan-ties to be arnie/i ... ... ... .. ... 39
Reliefs, imours to be varied .. ... ... .. ... 35
Reports to be i-endercd of connpbnrtion of i-elk-f - -. ... :37
Re-s-es-yes-, ne-tie-rn of ... ... ... ... ... ... 53, 54
Rn-serve line, design ammd siting of ... ... ... . -. 16, 20
frrnction of... ... ... ... ... ... 16
Bevettimug of comtmnnunicrstioun trcurctmcs - -. ... ... ... 26
of trcncines ... ... ... ... .. ~0, 22, ‘23
,, training of cue-a inn .. ... ... . . - . -. 41
Rifles to be ins-pc-etc/i twice daily ... ... ... ... :3!)
Rifle battc-n-ies, tixenl ... . .- ... ... ... ... 43
ltimhhisiu to be- buried ... . . - - ... ... ... ... 45

S.
Salie-uts, advantage-s ann/i disadvantage-s of ... ... ... 12
Sandbags, advanituiges are/i (lisadvmimetage-s of .. ... ... ‘23
,, e-nsrtln for- fill in” of - . - ... ... ... ... -10
,, urne-thod of laying ... ... ... ... ... 24
,, to be- available ready filled... ... ... ... ‘24
,, to lie car-r-ied by rehievinug troops ... ... 313
Sche-nnc-s of defemuce, to be prepared - . - ... . . - .--

Sentries- in tree-clues .. ... ... ...

Shelters, bonunb.proof and splinter-proof ... ... 28, 29, 30, 10

Shoeuniaker-s, in ienttaliomus ... .. - ... ... .. 46
Signallinng, visunal, to be auran~ed ... ... ... ... 46
Signposts, to be provided ... ... ... ... ‘213, 40, 58
Slut tr-enclmes, fuumictions- ann/i (lesi”un of... ... ... 1)3, 29, :33
Snipe-n-s ... ... .~. ... ... ... ... 9, 25, 41, 4!)
., ichief of ... .. ... ... ... ... ..- 34, ~
Socks, du-y, to be carried .. ... . -. ... .. 4(3
Staffs, to r-cnmmniinu till relief of tn-ce-clues- is cone-pIe-ted... ... .37
 70

r~orr
Standing orders, points whuich sliomild be eurnbodied ... ... 36
Stores, lyieeg about to be- collected .. ... ... . -. 311
,, tree-elm .. ... ... ... ... ... . . 3-1, 37
Strong points, garrisons- always to be nuainmtained ... . -. 53
,, ,, ins ti-each lines ... ... ... ... 10, 17, 18
,, ,, to resist to time- last ... .. ... 52
Supervisiomu trejucimes, functions of ... - ... ... ... 15
Suppoi-t treunclies, fnnnctions- of .. ... .. ... ... 16
,, siting mmcd designn of .. .. 16, 20, 2.1

T.
Tactical poirmts, occupation of ... ... ... ... ... 12
ability to recognize- .. ... ... ... 13
Telephone lines, civilians to be arm-cs-ted if seen totrclmimug ... 47
Time, to be obtained fronn the- sigunab sen-vice ... .. 47
Tracks, visibility to aircraft ... .. ... . . - ...

Travem-se-s, (lesignm and construction of ... ... ... 21,22

,, jun eounmniunidatmou tree-chum-s -. ... ... ... 21;
Tu-e-muc-}ues, des-ignn of .. ... - . -. ... 6, 7, 10, 12, 20, 22
,, u-dative advantage-s of forward and back positions 11
siting of ... ... .. ... ... 10, 12, 13, 15

Tm-one-lu feet, pu-ccautionus agaummst .. ... ... ... 4(3

- V.
Villages defence of ... ... ... ... is
Very lights, to be mae-dod over- on me-lie-f of trennelmes - -. 37

w.
Whistles, not to be us-c/i in gas alarms ... ... -.. 3~
Wind, direction of, to be reported ... . . - ... .. 47
Working par-ties, numniben-s- available- ... ... ... ... 41
We-c-ks-hops-, bu-igade, foiunuing of .. ... . . - ...