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‫گروه ‪ PTE SELF STUDY‬در تاریخ ‪ 3‬تیر ‪ 6331‬توسط فرزین غفارنژاد‪ ،‬فراز تاج فیروز‬
‫و علیرضا پلویی تاسیس شد و رسالتش از آنروز تا به امروز کمک به هموطنان برای کسب‬
‫نمره زبان از طریق آزمون ‪ PTE Academic‬بوده و خواهد بود‪.‬‬

‫کلیه متریال و روش ها برای اولین بار در ایران توسط موسسان این گروه و دیگر دوستان‬
‫در همین گروه و کانال مربوط به آن که در زیر آورده شده است به رایگان برای هم وطنان‬
‫عزیز به اشتراک گذاشته شده است و ارتقای همیشگی این متریال و روش ها در حال انجام‬
‫است‪.‬‬
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:‫ توجه‬
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Contents
Templates ............................................................................................................................................. 10

SST Real Exam Questions ..................................................................................................................... 12

1. Biology........................................................................................................................................... 12
2. Talent shortage ............................................................................................................................. 12
3. Typhoid Fever - Mary Mallon ........................................................................................................ 12
4. Prescription medicine ................................................................................................................... 12
5. Sound receptor ............................................................................................................................. 12
6. Cocoa beans .................................................................................................................................. 13
7. Seed & pesticide in India ............................................................................................................... 13
8. Mr. Green - Amory Lovins ............................................................................................................. 13
9. Government Use Trick .................................................................................................................. 13
10. Language distinguish or Small Language extinction .................................................................. 14
11. International environmental legislation and law ........................................................................ 14
12. Modification of governments or democracy .............................................................................. 14
13. Computer and artificial intelligence............................................................................................ 14
14. Famous novelist .......................................................................................................................... 14
15. Globalization ............................................................................................................................... 15
16. Competition faced by LSE ........................................................................................................... 15
17. Stanford university conference................................................................................................... 15
18. Student loan ................................................................................................................................ 15
19. CEO opinion in companies .......................................................................................................... 15
20. Population growth and resource consumption .......................................................................... 16
21. Marshmallow test ....................................................................................................................... 16
22. Bomb calorimeter ....................................................................................................................... 16
23. Animal surviving .......................................................................................................................... 16
24. Urbanization and agriculture ...................................................................................................... 16
25. Einstein theory and universe ...................................................................................................... 17
26. Humor and laugh ........................................................................................................................ 17
27. Sea creatures............................................................................................................................... 17
28. Citizenship curriculum................................................................................................................. 17
29. Vitamin D..................................................................................................................................... 18
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30. Coffee industry ............................................................................................................................ 18

31. Pavlov’s experiments with dogs.................................................................................................. 18
32. Dogs tell growls ........................................................................................................................... 18
33. (Edmund Wilson) American literature ........................................................................................ 19
34. Melk Monastery, Austria ............................................................................................................ 19
35. Fossil Fuels .................................................................................................................................. 19
36. ATM ............................................................................................................................................. 19
37. Role of Language ......................................................................................................................... 19
38. Visual culture in science .............................................................................................................. 19
39. Tea & Coffee in London............................................................................................................... 20
40. Three primary Colors .................................................................................................................. 20
41. Kids in Museums ......................................................................................................................... 20
42. Social Contract ............................................................................................................................ 20
43. The utilization of robots .............................................................................................................. 20
44. Similarity between music and language ..................................................................................... 21
45. Space time................................................................................................................................... 21
46. Water purification ....................................................................................................................... 21
47. Socialism ..................................................................................................................................... 22
48. Wildlife in Africa .......................................................................................................................... 22
49. Happiness .................................................................................................................................... 22
50. Taking wrong drugs ..................................................................................................................... 22
51. Bad architecture.......................................................................................................................... 22
52. Genes .......................................................................................................................................... 23
53. Children's Depression ................................................................................................................. 23
54. Two types of spectacles .............................................................................................................. 23
55. HTML ........................................................................................................................................... 23
56. Description .................................................................................................................................. 24
57. Writing Quality History and Journal ............................................................................................ 24
58. Why the Australian housing is so expensive ............................................................................... 24
59. Implicit and Explicit Memory ...................................................................................................... 24
60. Human Rights in UK .................................................................................................................... 24
61. Civil Society ................................................................................................................................. 25
62. Adam Smith theory ..................................................................................................................... 25
63. Faults and Earthquake ................................................................................................................ 25
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64. The Definition of Risk .................................................................................................................. 25

65. Body fat Change .......................................................................................................................... 26
66. Industrialization .......................................................................................................................... 26
67. Are we animals? .......................................................................................................................... 26
68 Water challenge ........................................................................................................................... 26
69 Big Bang Theory ........................................................................................................................... 27
70 Prevention of epidemic transmitting ........................................................................................... 27
71 History of Epigenetic ................................................................................................................... 27
72 Flower temperature ..................................................................................................................... 28
73 Energy consumption .................................................................................................................... 28
74 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 28
75. Smart Consumer ......................................................................................................................... 29
76. Market economy ......................................................................................................................... 29
77. Global warming ........................................................................................................................... 29
78. New energy ................................................................................................................................. 29
79. Face recognition.......................................................................................................................... 29

RL Real Exam Questions ....................................................................................................................... 30

1. Air pollution .................................................................................................................................. 30
2. Thermodynamics........................................................................................................................... 30
3. Monkeys and Typewriters theorem .............................................................................................. 30
4. Joseph Lister.................................................................................................................................. 30
5. Frogs .............................................................................................................................................. 30
6. Schizophrenia ................................................................................................................................ 31
7. Community service ....................................................................................................................... 31
8. Winston Churchill .......................................................................................................................... 31
9. Watching TV .................................................................................................................................. 31
10. Truck space ................................................................................................................................. 31
11. Development of physics .............................................................................................................. 32
12. Eukaryotes & prokaryotes........................................................................................................... 32
13. Similarities between language and cognitive skills ..................................................................... 32
14. Hallucination ............................................................................................................................... 32
15. Creativity ..................................................................................................................................... 32
16. Making Error ............................................................................................................................... 33
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17. DNA ............................................................................................................................................. 33

18. Learning more than one language .............................................................................................. 33
19. Sea trouble .................................................................................................................................. 33
20. Nutrition guideline ...................................................................................................................... 33
21. Wind power................................................................................................................................. 34
22. Grand project in Paris ................................................................................................................. 34
23. Welsh Language .......................................................................................................................... 34
24. Boys and Girls performance ........................................................................................................ 34
25. Expenditure in UK ....................................................................................................................... 34
26. Darkness between galaxies ......................................................................................................... 35
27. Brain Development ..................................................................................................................... 35
28. Remote technology ..................................................................................................................... 35
29. Rat Experiment............................................................................................................................ 35
30. Economic Development .............................................................................................................. 35
31. Opening borders ......................................................................................................................... 36
32. Multi dimension .......................................................................................................................... 36
33. Childbirth rate in Europe............................................................................................................. 36
34. Australia’s changing role ............................................................................................................. 36
35. Universe civilization .................................................................................................................... 36
36. Immigration effects ..................................................................................................................... 37
37. Earth's last climate shift .............................................................................................................. 37
38. The business essence .................................................................................................................. 37
39. Light speed .................................................................................................................................. 37
40. The economic structures change of Europe ............................................................................... 37
41. Black Hole.................................................................................................................................... 37
42. Human behaviors ........................................................................................................................ 38
43. Climate change............................................................................................................................ 38
44. Media .......................................................................................................................................... 38
45. Australian Migration ................................................................................................................... 38
46. Narratives .................................................................................................................................... 38
47. Children Overweight ................................................................................................................... 39
48. Metal and heat ............................................................................................................................ 39
49. Dissociation of Personality .......................................................................................................... 39
50. Loggerhead Turtles ..................................................................................................................... 39
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51. Tanks ........................................................................................................................................... 39

52. Conscious Competence Model ................................................................................................... 40
53. The use of web 2.0 ...................................................................................................................... 40
54. How human use materials around us ......................................................................................... 40
55. The increasing productivity ......................................................................................................... 40
56. The comparison between wages, consumption, and household ............................................... 40
57. English language change ............................................................................................................. 41
58. Poverty in rural and urban areas ................................................................................................ 41
59. Stari Most .................................................................................................................................... 41
60. Armor .......................................................................................................................................... 41
61. Sigmund Freud ............................................................................................................................ 41
62. City of literature “Melbourne”.................................................................................................... 42
63. Randomness of flipping coin ....................................................................................................... 42
64. Biological Engineering ................................................................................................................. 42
65. Journal ......................................................................................................................................... 42
66. Straight Sales ............................................................................................................................... 42
67. Water on Mars ............................................................................................................................ 43
68. Bee Dance ................................................................................................................................... 43
69. Bilingual education...................................................................................................................... 43
70. Traffic Light, Food System ........................................................................................................... 43
71. The Large Hadron Collider .......................................................................................................... 43
72. Tree Rings .................................................................................................................................... 44
73. Healthcare Workers .................................................................................................................... 44
74. The Challenge for Conservation .................................................................................................. 44
75 Education Equality or Quality ...................................................................................................... 45
76 DNA AND RNA .............................................................................................................................. 45
77. Chest x-ray .................................................................................................................................. 46
78. Absolute zero .............................................................................................................................. 46
79. The Myth of the Overqualified Worker ...................................................................................... 46
80. Government Blogging ................................................................................................................. 47
81. Linguistics .................................................................................................................................... 47
82. Hans Krebs .................................................................................................................................. 47
83. practicing..................................................................................................................................... 47
84. Britain Press ................................................................................................................................ 48
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85. clouds .......................................................................................................................................... 48

86 Soot .............................................................................................................................................. 48
87 Superhuman strength .................................................................................................................. 48
88 Green Revolution ......................................................................................................................... 49
89 Night sky darkness ....................................................................................................................... 49
90 New equipment &old equipment ................................................................................................ 50
91 New Musical Instrument .............................................................................................................. 50
92 Shy Fish Prefer to Follow Other Shy Fish ..................................................................................... 50
93 caterpillars ................................................................................................................................... 51
94 Smartphone apps ......................................................................................................................... 51
95 melatonin ..................................................................................................................................... 52
96 Knee Sounds ................................................................................................................................. 52
97 Building Better Cities.................................................................................................................... 52
98 Australia immigration history ...................................................................................................... 53
99 Trade-off ...................................................................................................................................... 53
100 Government Blogging ................................................................................................................ 54
101 Sweet smell of books ................................................................................................................. 54
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Templates
SST Template by Faraz Tajfirooz:
The lecture was about N1, which comprised N2 as well as N3. The
spokesperson described N4, and the fundamental essence of N5 emphasized
the significance of N6. Ultimately, although both N7 and N8 could be inferred
evidently from N9, the corresponding impacts of N10 were acknowledged .
( 46 words (
Grammarly score : 100
N= Noun phrase

‫ این کار باعث‬.‫ فراز هم برای این بخش می توان استفاده کرد‬SWT ‫ از تمپلیت‬:‫نکته‬
.‫ را برای هر دو تسک امتحان حفظ كرده و استفاده كنید‬SWT ‫خواهد شد فقط تمپلیت‬

SWT Template by Faraz Tajfirooz:

Whereas the fundamental essence of N1 emphasizes the significance of N2,
the corresponding impacts of N3 such as N4 and N5 are acknowledged, and N6
could be inferred evidently from N7, which the potential implications of N8 as
well as N9 are presumed.
( 43 words (
grammarly score : 100
N= Noun phrase
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RL Template by Faraz Tajfirooz:

This lecture shows CONTENT
It also shows CONTENT
.
.
.
It also shows CONTENT
Overall it can be seen that CONTENT
In addition to this information you may notice that
CONTENT
On the other hand another visible feature is that CONTENT
From the lecture it is quite clear that CONTENT
Lastly it's very surprising to see that CONTENT
To conclude it is quite clear that CONTENT

‫ استفاده کرد و حتی چه‬RL ‫ فراز هم میتوان برای بخش‬DI ‫ از تمپلیت‬:‫نکته‬

ً‫ مثال‬.‫ فقط میتوانیم یکی از جمالت فوق الذکر را بگوییم‬RL ‫ و چه در‬DI‫در‬
‫ را بگوییم و‬Finally it is ‫ و یا‬Lastly it is ‫ و یا‬It also shows ‫جمله‬
‫ را جلوی آن بگذاریم و یا هر جمله دیگری که بتوانیم به صورت‬content
‫ فقط اعتماد به نفس و نحوه بیان صحیح‬.‫ هیچ تفاوتی نمی کند‬،‫صحیح بیان کنیم‬
.‫این جمالت حائز اهمیت می باشد‬
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SST Real Exam Questions

1. Biology 

 The lecture was about biology, which studies life and living organisms. Although all the
creatures such as humans, butterfly, and dolphin look different, they are tightly
interconnected. They all rely on DNA and RNA, which are used to pass and store energy. In
the end, the speaker stressed that cells are the foundation of building organs, and they react
similarly to use and convert energy. 

2. Talent shortage

 The lecture was about the main reasons for the talent shortage. The speaker explained an
increase in the retirement of baby-boomers, which has led to a significant decrease in the
number of skilled people. Also, the collapse of loyalty has deteriorated the situation because
people would change their job because of higher income. In the end, there was a conflict
between what education produces and what business needs.

3. Typhoid Fever - Mary Mallon

 The lecture was about Mary Mallon's life, who moved to New York in 1893. She was
working as a cook for wealthy families, but she infected her employee's family members to
typhoid fever. Although Mary was diagnosed with Typhoid fever with minor symptoms, which
could transit through water and food, she always denied her sickness. She arrested and
hospitalized by public health authorities. Hence, she died after nearly thirty years living in
isolation. In the end, the speaker concluded that Mary had infected 21 people, and one of
them died with more severe symptoms.

4. Prescription medicine

 The lecture was about the advertisement for prescription medicine. The speaker stressed
about a significant increase in the number of medicine advertisements, and people will buy a
product if they have seen its advertisement. Although these advertisements might be
technically accurate, they are misleading in the tones. In the end, the speaker concluded that
buying medicine is not like buying soap and TV is a mass marketing.

5. Sound receptor

The lecturer explained the Sound receptor, which is a little spiky device to translate an
ear vibrational energy into fluid and physical motion. Meanwhile, it can hurt an eardrum. He
delineated that it is very impressive that the physical motions of sound can be translated to
electric signals in the ear. Hence, the speaker invited MIT students to learn more about this
remarkable device and genetic neuron.
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6. Cocoa beans
During the Aztec and Maya era, Cocoa bean was used for various aims. Cocoa was
consumed as a hot and cold beverage with different flavors and additional ingredient.
Moreover, Cocoa bean was also counted as a currency and for tax payment, and it was used
for religious and medical purposes such a propitiating God or skin care. Furthermore, it was
a popular drink at wedding ceremonies, and it was a sign of wisdom.

7. Seed & pesticide in India

 The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand
rupees of peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when they
accumulate that kind of debt. They never able to pay back. Where is the debt coming from?
It’s coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees
per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free, used to be theirs.
Pesticides each time, they more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20
sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of India has showed up by
2000 percent. That’s why the free market and globalization have brought and since we are
talking about peasants, who have no money, who have no capital, they can only by expensive
seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing. And who lend that money? The seed
companies that sell the pesticides, which are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you
know, are now also the major creditors.

8. Mr. Green - Amory Lovins

The lecturer talked about Amory Lovins, an American consultant experimental physicist,
and he has been active at the nexus of energy, resources, economy, environment,
development, and security in more than 50 countries for over 40 years. Also, he pays
attention to energy saving and how to use energy in a more efficient and sustainable way.
Hence, the speaker concluded that he built a house with plenty of energy-saving concepts.

9. Government Use Trick

The lecture is about the government information disclosure. Citizens should be well
informed about their rights and people take it granted in liberal and western democratic
countries. However, the government uses tricks to deliberately hide the information and
mislead the people in the wrong direction and people are deliberately hidden from the truth.
Governments always interfere with social affairs and deny those events that have occurred.
In the end, the speaker concluded that politicians use tricks in the policymaking-rule book to
cover up their mistakes.
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10. Language distinguish or Small Language extinction

The lecture was about small language extinction. Now language accelerates to, and little
languages are disappearing at an accelerated rate that has never been before in history. The
main reason for the distinction is urbanization where people are moving to cities and urban
area to find more work opportunities, and being influenced by mainstream language. The
ideal place for little languages to survive is in isolated areas.
11. International environmental legislation and law
The lecture was about new environmental law, which is launched by the British
government to control the humans' impact on the environment. The law enforcement was
an aggressive regulation innovation aiming to improve the environment both locally and
globally. Companies applied the Adam Smith theory to increase their profitability. However,
managers were unsatisfied, as they would pay more money to meet law requirements and
ensure the health of their employees making them less competitive in the market.

12. Modification of governments or democracy



The lecturer explained the modification of governments. He/she stated that there is a
need to modify government powers, and this can be achieved by devolution. One aspect is
devolution, transfer power from the federal government to state government. He also
highlighted the different opinions holding by both Democratic and Republican Parties. While
the Democratic Parties claim that the big power and entitlements should be held by the
government, the Republicans believe that the power should be shared between states and
people.

13. Computer and artificial intelligence



This lecture is about artificial intelligence. Before computer invention, people have been
talking about computers symbolic representation of them as a human brain that is similar to
the computer processor, which acts as the brain for the computer. In term of operation. The
human brain is a symbol processor. Both the human brain and computer are similar since
human works with symbols and computer manipulate bits and bytes. Computer reply on
analyzing messages into work, similar to the human brain. It then followed by addressing the
human’s brain mechanism, which operates based on symbols. Finally, from speed and
accuracy aspect, the computer has high potential to develop intelligence.

14. Famous novelist



The lecture was about a famous novelist who started writing in 1951. She wrote non-
fiction novels, and she has detours 10-12 years until she was inspired and encouraged by a
renowned novelist from Mississippi. Although she took detours along the way, she never gave
up because she truly believed in what she was doing. In the end, in 1992, the first chapter of
her novel named the Secret Life of Bees was finished.
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15. Globalization


 The lecture was about the main definitions of globalization. There are various definition
and meaning, and three of them would be mentioned. First of all, it would mean international
communication and trading between countries, which consequently leads to significant
growth in traveling and the relationship of international companies. Secondly, the speaker
stressed the importance of having an integrated economy strategy, which increases the
interdependence between the economies of different countries. Finally, he explained the
transaction, consuming and producing goods.
16. Competition faced by LSE
The lecture was about fierce competitions faced by LSE University. The speaker
mentioned that there are two main factors there. The first one is to speak English, and the
other is the funding of government. He also argued that there are five main kinds of
competitions: for students, academic staff, research funding, research contracts, Pound
against other currencies. Finally, the lecture provided some information about the
competition faced by LSE.
17. Stanford university conference


A lecture held by Stanford University stressed the importance of management and
leadership in the business school. Learning management and leadership was introduced as
the educational purposes by the lecturer. Students should be responsible and accountable
for the quality and management performance and identify how it could happen appropriately
and learn how it could be properly achieved. In the end, the speaker concluded that
accomplishments should be attained by people themselves instead of depending on the
others.
18. Student loan


The lecture was about a woman faced with massive repayment of student loans. She
explained that she is 43 years old and has ten thousand dollar student debt from her school,
which is three times more than she paid for her car. She also mentioned that her children
went to financial classes to use the governmental support. In conclusion, she clarified that
although 4-year college study helps to find her current job, it would be better to study in an
affordable college. Although she believed having a college degree plays a pivotal role in
finding a job, she claimed this could happen at a high cost. She explained that her kids would
join the class of citizens who cannot rely on their parents' income. In the end, she concluded
that her debts would pale in comparison to her future career.

19. CEO opinion in companies



The lecturer explained a survey to identify the CEO opinion on a company’s operations.
The speaker stressed the main question of the survey, which was which area of activity, is the
essential part of the company. He also mentioned that 58 percent of CEO agreed on IT, which
is the most time-consuming and complex part of any organization. Finally, he described the
other two aspects, marketing, and financial management.
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20. Population growth and resource consumption


The lecture was about population growth and resource consumption. It first stated that
the population has increased from 1.5 million to 6 million between 1900 and 2000. It then
followed by addressing the increase in the energy consumption, which is about 16 folds. In
the end, the speaker concluded that megacities have 50 percent of the population, but they
consume 70 percent of energy sources and produce tons of waste.

21. Marshmallow test


The lecture was about a Marshmallow test to measure the ability of children against
temptation. It first stated that the kids who could resist to not eating the candy for a long
time are more likely to achieve high competency later in life. This ability is not necessarily
innate and highly depends on the environment. In the end, the speaker concluded that
previous experiences could delay the gratification longer.

22. Bomb calorimeter


The lecture was about bomb calorimeter used to calculate the amount of calorie. It first
stated that the food chamber is used to measure the heat, whereas the water chamber could
absorb the heat when food is burned. It then argued that the thermometer, and insulation
are deployed to calculate the energy as well as preventing the heat loss. In the end, the
speaker concluded that this device could not measure the exact amount that absorbed.

23. Animal surviving


The lecture was about animal surviving and reproducing in general conditions. It was
argued that animals could adjust their body temperature under water, and tolerate different
temperatures and seasons. It then explained the research that indicates a frog could adjust
its body temperature according to the change of water temperature. In the end, the speaker
concluded that animal’s habitat, daily activities, and behavior.

24. Urbanization and agriculture


 The lecture was about the relationship between urbanization and agriculture. It first
stated that a tremendous number of people move to the city to find more opportunities. It
then followed by giving an example about agriculture, farmers could grow food in the
countryside, which could benefit many families in the city. In the end, the speaker concluded
that many people tend to live in the city even if they lose their jobs.
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25. Einstein theory and universe


 The lecture was about the motion of the universe and the Einstein theory. Although
people used to believe that the world is fixed and unchangeable, Einstein claimed that stars
and planets are continuously expanding and changing over the time. In the end, the speaker
concluded that while some people know this theory as a discovery of Einstein, Edward Hubble
was the first person who proposed this theory.

Philosophers and scientists from 100 years ago and prior believed that the universe is
fixed and unchangeable, all planets, people, earth and sky are all in one place without any
change, but it was until Einstein prediction about our thick universe, and he believed
everything is evolving, but Einstein hadn’t the honor to see it for himself, as Edwin Hubble
has made this discovery in 1920s.

26. Humor and laugh


 The lecture was about the importance of laughing at people’s health. It mentioned that
laughing existed in Europe a long time ago, and jokes of the Berlin wall were used as an
effective therapy method. The lecturer also argued that laughing is both the simplest and
cheapest method to deal with stress because it could relieve the blood pressure. In the end,
the speaker stressed the importance (significance) of self-respect and identity.

27. Sea creatures



The lecture was discussing sea creatures, which are the latest devices to generate power
from ocean waves. First is Oyster installed on the ocean floor and generate power from
closing and opening when waves pass over it. The second is Anaconda, which looks like a
snake made of rubber and has 200-meter length. The last one is like Anaconda but made from
steel. The speaker concluded that these three devices power generators from green sources
of energy.

28. Citizenship curriculum


The lecture was discussing the importance of teaching citizenship curriculum. However,
it is neglected by many schools. There are only 1/5 of schools introduced the course to
campus and allocated less time than other subjects. Students are more likely to feel confident
when they face the changing world, and it also helps students to build up their leadership
skills. Criticism about citizenship education in schools argues that merely teaching students
about the theory is ineffective unless schools involve students in the process of making a
decision. The competition has compelled universities to raise more funding from both the
private and public sectors. In the end, he concludes that the lack of capacity and expertise
are the main problem of skipping this syllabus.
 18

29. Vitamin D



The lecture is about the vitamin D concentration in people. Vitamin D is not a real
vitamin but one type of pro-hormone, it is produced by the skin when skin is exposed to
sunlight, then it can travel via the bloodstream to have effects on other parts of the body.
There have been advancements in technologies that could measure the fat content of
Vitamin D, which has shown that people often suffer from Vitamin D deficiency because of
their diet or reducing the sun exposure. In the end, the speaker stressed that we should be
aware of fat-soluble vitamins, which could produce intoxication. The formation of Vitamin D
can be affected by climate. For example, people need more Vitamin D supplements during
winter when they wear more clothes due to the lack of sunshine. Some regions where people
are less exposed to sunlight don't have enough Vd compared to those who live near the
equator.

30. Coffee industry


The lecture is about the changes that have taken place in the coffee industry. The
speaker mentioned coffee production has increased from 6 billion to 30 billion during the ten
years and America has made Vietnam the second biggest producer, which has greatly
affected Columbia’s production. He discussed the output of Central America is witnessing a
significant decrease; however, people’s drinking habits have also been changed. In
conclusion, the lecture was related to the changes that the coffee industry has witnessed.

31. Pavlov’s experiments with dogs


This lecture talks about a phenomenon, which described how the brain works. It
answers an old question of how motivation works. In an experiment, Pavlov studied a dog.
When the dog hears sounds, the salivation increases with the noise. This is an experiment
that tries to reveal why the brain works in this way.

32. Dogs tell growls

The lecture introduces an experiment showing that dogs use different barks and growls
to communicate different things. In this video, when a dog approaches some food, different
snarls are played back. Researchers recorded an "alone bark," a "stranger growl." A dog was
growling at the approach of a stranger and a "food growl" where a dog was growling to
protect a plate of food. Sometimes a dog doesn’t stop from taking the bones when hearing
the voices, in other cases, it will be deterred. Therefore, a dog can fell different growls. The
dogs were more hesitant to approach if they heard the food growl rather than the stranger
growl or the alone barks. The experiment shows that dogs could distinguish between
different types of growls, and react to them accordingly.
 19

33. (Edmund Wilson) American literature

This lecture talks about Edmund Wilson, an American writer, and critic who notably
explored Freudian and Marxist themes. Edmund Wilson was He influenced many American
authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose unfinished work he edited for publication. His
scheme for a Library of America series of classic national works came to fruition through the
efforts of Jason Epstein after Wilson's death. He comes from a very different world and is the
focal point an American culture. He believes that literature is a part of life for everyone as for
conversation. In over 50 years, he is a dedicated literary journalist.

34. Melk Monastery, Austria

 This lecture mainly talks about Melk Monastery is not typical. There are four reasons:
Firstly, it is very grand. Also, it is found in the countryside. Thirdly, it has substantial land.
Lastly, it lies in Austria.
35. Fossil Fuels
The lecture is about the use of fossil fuels in developing countries. There are different
motivations for them to utilize fossil fuels, which include financial incentives and easy access.
However, the detrimental effect of fossil fuels on the planet should not be ignored, such as
climate change. As fossil fuels are running out very fast, we should look for a green source to
replace it to achieve sustainable development.

36. ATM
Some people forget to take their cards after receiving the money from ATM because
they focus on the money only. The United Kingdom has restructured the new ATM, and cards
will be released by machine before cash are dispensed. Although you would forget to take
your money, it is more catastrophic to lose your card because it can access your account.

37. Role of Language

 Languages develop unconsciously when people try to communicate with each other.
The rule of language is the convention. Every language is unique, valuable and not
translatable since the meaning of a word in different languages is not the same. Language
reflects own culture, represents personal thinking and understanding. It is important that a
simple language should be documented for human beings. Different languages need to be
documented as they are of human heritage.

38. Visual culture in science

It is said that the visual culture is a minor, sub-culture, but a change since the
introduction of a movie called Star War. Although the story/logic of the movie is stupid and
aggressive, the visual/special effect is distinctive. Lastly, the speaker said the visual effect is a
significant factor in the fiction movies.
 20

39. Tea & Coffee in London

Coffee is popular in London. Coffee is becoming expensive to buy. People in the coffee
house have conversations, meet friends and do businesses. The use of Coffee is easy to take
home. For example, a man can take a cup of coffee to his wife. Three hot drinks in the UK:
tea, coffee, and hot chocolate Which one is the most favorite?

40. Three primary Colors

 Almost all visible colors can be obtained by the additive color mixing of three colors
that are in widely spaced regions of the visible spectrum. If the three colors of light can be
mixed to produce white, they are called primary colors and the standard additive primary
colors are red, green and blue.
Two colors that produce white when added together are called complementary. The color
complementary to a primary color is called a secondary color. The complementary or
secondary colors for red, green and blue are cyan, magenta and yellow respectively. These
three colors are often referred to as the subtractive primary colors. When the three are
combined in subtractive color mixing, they produce black.
This lecture mainly talks about magic natural color. To answer where natural colors
come from, Firstly, the yellow comes from many plants. Secondly, reds come from the
ground, and some insects can provide reds. Finally, the only natural source of blue is indigo.

41. Kids in Museums

Special museums are open for families with kids since sometimes it is hard to control
kids’ behavior. There was a mom with three kids visiting the British Museum but were asked
to leave because one of the kid was scared by a statue and screamed out loud. The mom was
angry and complained. As a result, she receives more than 500 emails from families who had
the same experience and requested the right of kids.

42. Social Contract

Firstly, this lecture mentioned the definition of social contract, which refers to the
interactions between people. Secondly, it mentioned the example of animals. Lastly, it said
that people enjoy working together on the same project.

43. The utilization of robots

The lecture talks about robot application and developing of robots which applied to car
manufacturers in the factories. Many robots service in the home for the general purpose. The
special purposes change. The robot can replace human doing many heavy and hard works.
Instead of robots for general use, robots for particular purposes such as vacuum cleaner.
Robots have been purchased by many bachelors. The number of the robot will increase
rapidly in the next few years, and 25000 robots have been sold out in a year.
 21

New (97/06)
44. Similarity between music and language
Transcript:
Every human in culture we know the music and language, these are universe, genuine human
universe when they go way back in our specie’s history. So the question what these two things
might have been common has occurred a lot of people when it’s two of them both involve
complex sequences that afford in time both forms in communication, it’s interesting,
philosophers since Plato going back over 2000 years, scientists including Darwin who wrote
about possible evolutionary links between music and language in his book “The Descent of
Man”, an artist including Leonard Bernstein who gave a set of lectures Harvard in the 70s
about possible connections between the grammar of music and the grammar of language
according to Noam Chamsky theories.
So it’s a persist question and I think it continuously at from scientists today, because they are
just in basic obvious similarities. For example, both music and language have rhythm by
which I mean systematic patterns of timing, accent and grouping. They both have melody,
meaning structure patterns of pitch over time. And they both have syntax, mean ... elements
like notes, words and principles where combining those elements of sequence sentences are
just random sequences verbs, music is nowadays compositions of far from random sequences
of notes, their principles. And they both convey emotion or affect using sound, you can tell
somebody’s emotions ... their voices, you can get a lot of emotional information about music
is conveying happiness, sadness or mixed emotions ...happy.

45. Space time

If we want to talk about relativity, we have to talk about space-time. Space-time is the
four dimensional world we live in We need four numbers to specify a point in space. Also,
the four dimensional world is the arena of physics, everything happens physically in space-
time.

46. Water purification

We use science to solve problems to change the world, so we should choose harder
questions to answer such as water purification and human health improvement and health
standards across the world and social private. We are fortunate because we can buy bottled
water but this is not the case if you are not living in a developed country. This is still a global
issue, and we want to find solutions to this problem. CBAM is a foundation working on this
problem and focusing on human health and mainly working on the issues of clean water
resources in individual and collaborative research. Hence, the nanotechnology would be
used to find corresponding solutions.
 22

47. Socialism
The lecture demonstrated the origin and concept of political ideology in terms of right
and left wing. The concepts of the socialism and communism began in the eighteenth
century. Socialism originated in 1880s, communism originated in 1840s. Whereas they
become conceptualized since ideologies after the French Revolution. The left side of the
speaker podium in the national assembly became the political left wing which tended to be
aggressive, while the right wing represented conservative and old regime.

48. Wildlife in Africa

The lecture demonstrated research regarding the relationship between food and
income in Africa. Their main livelihood is from wildlife, especially the fish which can provide
a high level of protein. Although most of the people grew fish to live, they were still suffering
from the poverty. Therefore, their income is closely associated with food.

Wildlife is important for people's livelihood, especially fish. Billions of people in the
world rely on fish as their main food source, the source of protein, and source of income. As
the food source, fish is beneficial to health, whereas a source of income, it alleviates poverty.
It is expected that fish industry will become the prime source of foreign income.

49. Happiness
The survey of happiness, followed a pattern and contained large samples of the
different regions, country, and even worldwide. According to the lecture, the core factors
which result in people feel happy include health, marriage, employment status, and that
other factors also consist of the environment, quality, and instinct. However, the later
provides more critical influence on happiness.

50. Taking wrong drugs

People usually take wrong drugs for several reasons, especially when kids accidentally
take wrong drugs. Since it is extremely dangerous, the parents should prevent this
occurrence by using the lidded and closed box. Moreover, they choose wrong medication
because of the wrong prescription which results in the allergic reaction in some situations,
and that the different resistance and duration of drugs also can be the causations.

51. Bad architecture

The lecture demonstrated a book regarding the design of architecture. An awful design
of the building is negatively influential on the mood of people, and that it results in
frustration and anger. Nonetheless, architects have different perspectives on beauty which
is an arrogant word since it is in the eye of the beholder, and thus it is difficult for architects
to realize a bad architectural design.
 23

52. Genes

The lecture demonstrated the correlation between human behavior and physical
features. Genes are not the only factor in determining the physical appearance such as
height and hair, but also the behavior can change it. According to the recent research, the
psychological features can be altered by person’s habits which resulted in tremendous
interests among the variety of scientific fields such as biology, psychology, sociology, and
neuroscience.

53. Children's Depression

The lecture demonstrated children’s depression which was discovered in the sixteenth
century. Specifically, the disease results in increased risk of life on children who suffer it, and
that it also causes diabetes and heart illness. Hence, the perspectives on children’s
depression have been changed significantly among specialists, whereas it still requires
resolution since kids behave and respond differently to medical treatment.

54. Two types of spectacles


Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall
look. In fashion terms, they are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewelry, handbags or
watches. But in healthcare terms, they are called a medical device and, in many languages,
other than English, they are often described as a prosthesis, an artificial part of the body, part
of you, making you who you are and choosing your spectacles is therefore your major
decision. Increasingly, people own two or more pairs for different occasions or times of the
day and there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called lifestyle dispensing. And it dates
back to the 1950s. The idea is that you wear one type of spectacles in the workplace and quite
other at leisure or on the beach.

55. HTML

Tim Berners-Lee is an inventor who invented and designed HTML and WWW. HTML
stands for Hypertext Markup language and WWW means World Wide Web. During the first
decade, there were lots of extraordinary creativity and people created plenty of websites and
online contents. However, they did these without advertisements, profits, or traditional and
motivational incentives. They did these only because they enjoy it.
 24

56. Description

The abstraction is an important layer of computers which was originated from the
symbolic system. Especially, when people try to communicate with each other, the language
has been developed. Furthermore, language also facilitates the development of sign
language such as hand words.
Additional keywords: Abstraction Symbol, pterosaur and bat

57. Writing Quality History and Journal


The lecture demonstrated the important factors of quality academic writing. The
qualities of a good history and journal are similar since they all require the resource and
evidence, the attention to logic, style, and writing, and that these factors are crucial for
academic and journal papers. Hence, there is no clear line between them.

58. Why the Australian housing is so expensive

The lecture demonstrated the reasons why the Australian housing is expensive. As an
illustration, the economy has been increased significantly during past years, and that the
changes in policy of home loan contributed to facilitating the housing price. Furthermore,
the rising demands due to immigration from the purchasing power also push up the price.
People can borrow money to buy house.

Additional keywords: 90%， 15years, accommodation cost.

59. Implicit and Explicit Memory

The lecture illustrated the two major categories of memories which include explicit and
implicit memory. The implicit memory is an experimental or functional form of memory
which cannot be consciously recalled since people can use language naturally, whereas the
explicit memory is relevant to a great deal of highly personal memories such as
remembering the birthday and answering multiple questions on the test.

60. Human Rights in UK

The UK was the first country to announce conservational human rights after the
Second World War, and that the rights consist of positive and negative sides. Furthermore,
the positive rights include the right to marry, free religion, free trade, and right to vote, while
the negative rights are considered about equality of sex.
 25

61. Civil Society


In the face of disempowerment, there is surprisingly no decline in involvement of
people in organization sharing wealth and opportunities. Most of these organizations are
struggling with financial problems. These nonprofit sections worth more than one trillion
dollars and 700000 of them are in Australia which only 37000 of them are recognized by UN
which just 3500 of them received accreditation. He also explained that the best predictor of
governmental success is the strength and density of these associations.

62. Adam Smith theory

Adam Smith theory included manufacturing industry. Industrialization is output and

outcomes as well as incomes should be equal. Adam Smith's wealth theory, development is
output, and output is equal. Adam Smith's theory also includes handmade manufacture.
Democracy in developed countries, the industrial revolution, affect an entire society, living
expectancy and standard were declined. Therefore some legislation about working conditions
and environmental conditions were introduced to rectify our behavior. Some damages have
been reversed, and we Have more benefits compared to 100 years ago.

63. Faults and Earthquake


The dislocation of the rock occurs from the earth’s surface seven kilometers to several
hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. It refers to the epicenter which located
vertically to the focus or hypocenter, and the energy releases and transfers through
epicenter. It will result in a seismic wave which decreased as it moved away from the
epicenter.

The location below the earth's crust where the earthquake starts is called the
hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the
epicenter Faults are fractures in the earth's crust. By using fault maps, we could identify the
location of the earthquake.

64. The Definition of Risk

The lecture demonstrated the definitions of risk and safety. Specifically, the word of
risk has two different meanings include the situation of being in danger and the
consequence or the possibility of being in danger. However, the definition of safety has
opposite meaning of risk, which refers to being out of dangerous situations or a condition
of being safe.
If we look up the dictionary, there are different literal definitions of risk. The first
definition is consequences of some kinds, like injuries. The second definition is possibility or
chance of loss or injury. The speaker also compares the definition of safe and safety, which
means being free from risk.
 26

65. Body fat Change


The lecture demonstrated an experiment of body fat challenge which was volunteered by
thirty-one women in a program conducted by Canadian researchers. In which they are
provided with the healthy diet and asked not to change diet and regular exercise for six
months so they could burn 2000 calories weekly. After six months, some people lost weight,
some remain the same, while others gain weight and did not have a significant change. There
are two explanations. One is that they ate a lot and cheated on the diet, and the other is
they ate subconsciously and disliked the challenge.

66. Industrialization

The lecture illustrated the influence of industrialization on European society in the

18th and 19th centuries. Specifically, the creation of power machines and factories provided
numerous job opportunities, and it facilitated production efficiency and ability to transport
raw materials. Industrialization also resulted in the urbanization movement, and that
citizens prefer to live closer to the factories. Thus, the western world changed from rural
and agricultural to urban industrial.

67. Are we animals?

Far too many people, hmmm….often say things like animals do this but we don’t, or else
this animal does this and that animal does this, but the humans don’t do things like that.
Those statements have some hidden assumption that we are not animals. When we say
animals do this animals do that, we often assume that we're not animals. If we are not
animals, what are we? Are we plants or trees or flowers? No, we are not. Then okay, we are
not plants, are we microorganisms, really tiny microscopic things? No, we are not. Then the
natural conclusion must be we are not living things. That’s not true. Yes, we are animals and
I see animals in us and I see humans in animals. So, I'm going to talk about the animal behavior
and human nature. In order to understand human nature, we can look into animals’ eyes and
animal behavior and find something about what made us who we are.

68 Water challenge
Today I want to talk about water, and the…the law that surrounds drinking water, to
talk about its quality, talk about what your rights are to clean water, to also give you a sense
of what key threats are to drinking water, what your exposure might be, and what we might
do about it, both legally but also personally.
Water is a critical component of our environment and our bodies, your body is close to 70%
water. You can go for several weeks two to three on average without food, you can only go
for about four minutes without air, and you can go for maybe four or five days without water
before you die. So water is absolutely critical, and one of the key arguments I want to make
today is that it's a largely neglected area of environmental law, given the rapid increase in
our knowledge about chemical threats to water quality, and where those threats come from.
 27

69 Big Bang Theory

The lecture is about dark energy. Dark energy Is an unknown form of energy, which is
hypothesized to permeate all of space and accelerate universal expansion. Dark energy
constitutes most of the total energy in the observable universe though its density is low. Two
proposed forms of dark energy are cosmological constant and inconstant scalar fields. A field
that is similar to dark energy and could inflate early universe is called the big bang.
The lecture is about the Big Bang Theory which is a cosmological model for the universe.
The detailed measurements regarding the expansion are at around 13.7 billion years ago,
which is far before then the first estimation of about 10 – 20 billion years. The newest found
star is roughly 30 billion years old, and thus it can be matched with the current prediction
regarding the expansion.
Our universe was in a hot dense state, then about 1.4 billion years ago, the expansion
started. People usually think Big Bang happened 10-20 billion years ago but study indicated
that it actually happened x billion years ago. The universe is a little older than the oldest stars,
the observation is perfectly matched with the big bang theory. However, we still don't know
how the big bang happened.

70 Prevention of epidemic transmitting


In the developed world, like the United States, it uses various methods to prevent
epidemic transmission with a wide range of resources such as the invention of antiviral
drugs and vaccines and health management. However, epidemic prevention can be a big
challenge for some less developed countries since they do not have the same level of
resources and technology as rich countries do. Hence, it is the significant challenge in the
future.

71 History of Epigenetic

Now I like the history and one thing I want to go over briefly is a history of epigenetic
research and this is from my perspective now. I got into this field in the early 90s. and what I
have here is plotted publications total publications and function of time here. and on a linear
graph. so what I did for this is I wanted to show that basically up untill around the year 2000.
There's an inflection point right around two thousand five right in here where it looks like
basically nothing really is happening much in the field of epigenetics. To the point where it's
actually going vertical and a lot is happening in field of epigenetics. Now if you plot this rather
than on linear paper semi-log paper. what you will find is that what I'm showing is an
exponential growth curve for publications in the field of epigenetics. and that in the scientific
community. There's a doubling of the epigenetics papers every one and a half to two years.
Last year alone we put into publication summers between fifteen and twenty thousand
papers which took us 15 years from 1992 to 2005.

 28

72 Flower temperature

Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a
while that flower’s color can be a signal. Color in short hand that says to a bee: hey, I get some
good quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show that bees also use
color to get clues about a flower’s temperature. And according to a study from a British
research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot. Bees use up a lot of energy
just stay in warm on some days. In fact, they can’t even fly if they are too cold. So if one flower
is warmer than another, a bee can save some of its fuel by basking on that flower while it’s
doing its pollinating business. And it turns out that bumble bees consistently do choose
warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when the two flowers offer up the same quantity and
quality of nectar. Some plants seem to be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer
because the warmer ones get visited more by the chilly bees. When it comes to getting
pollinated, apparently the heat is on, and that is the buzz.

73 Energy consumption

This is a 40-watt light bulb. If you leave it on all the time, it uses one kilowatt every day.
And it’s possible to express all forms of power consumption using this unit of the light bulb. I
started measuring everything around my house, around my office. And I found some
surprising things. First, I plug in a phone charger. And it didn’t even register on this power
meter. It uses one hundredth of a light bulb of power. So I don’t think the phone chargers can
be our NO.1 phone energy consumption. Just taking one hot bath everyday uses the same
energy, same power of five light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. And I found I’ve been steadily
using 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating, making hot air or hot water. And that surprises
me. Transport is one of the biggest forms of energy consumption, and it uses about a third
about our energy. If you drive an average car 50 kilometers a day, that corresponds to adding
40 light bulbs on all the time. Today, the average British person is using 125 light bulbs of
power. That’s 125 light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. That’s huge.

74 Conclusions

The good thing is people began to be aware of the problem and have taken some
actions. It declines, documents are the only evidence, it occurs in various species, it results
in huge loss and maybe will have catastrophe, the positive thing is people began to be aware
of it and are taking actions to fix it. Those conclusions are real and well documented, and they
declined. Conclusions have been supported by strong evidence, which is the only one. The
drivers contributed to the decline are varied depending on the species There is a possibility
of a huge loss, but the positive thing is that people began to be aware of this and take some
actions to fix the problems
 29

75. Smart Consumer


The consumers are smart, consumer values are important for business. They are smart
in choosing the product, brand image; it is essential for the business to create value. An
advertisement regarding the softest product which is also strong can fulfill demands of the
smart consumer. Majority of people are using only a few seconds to decide whether to buy.
This is fundamental engineering contradict. You don't want it to be separated when you put
it in the washing machine.

76. Market economy


The market economy appeared in developed countries. It was documented, and
scientific evidence supported it. The worker classes emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries.
The market economy decreases the worker’s living standards and life expectancy, so the
regulation was released to protect the benefits, and the working environment condition is
far better than that 100 years ago.

other keywords: pragmatism, democracies, negative impacts of the industrial revolution,

revising the damage

77. Global warming

The constant presence of greenhouse gases drains into the atmosphere is harmful. Can
we take risks to ignoring the prediction of global climate change? After 11 years of
continuous global warming, climate change takes place on the worldwide scale.

78. New energy

There should be no reasonable denial regarding the climate change as its effects were
becoming apparent. Even though population bomb hypothesis, which population would
outpace agriculture production, did not become a reality, we should not ignore the
convincing scientific evidence of the changing climate.

79. Face recognition


How can people recognize human faces? This is a hard but brilliant question. People
should appreciate something. People can get visual information from faces and put a name
on it. We can tell one’s identity, age, work, health condition, politics, and friends. Recognizing
faces is amazing, difficult and a clever thing. In conclusion, people can get a lot out of faces.
 30

RL Real Exam Questions

1. Air pollution
The lecture was discussing the difference between air pollution in 1950s and recent years. She
explained that in 1950s, factories were the main source of air pollution releasing visible black smoke
and fog, which caused many diseases and even death; however, they stopped after imposing clean
act regulation. She also mentioned that these days, the source of air pollution has been changed
and people are still struggling with new invisible pollution released from cars and Lorries because
people are more vehicle dependent.

2. Thermodynamics
The lecture was discussing thermodynamics, which is about transferring of heat, temperature,
and their relation to energy and work. The speaker mentioned that most of the thermodynamics
laws are firmly constant and unchangeable; however, there are some exceptions. He mentioned
that these exceptions happen when kinetic energy of molecules takes into account, which is about
the random motions of atoms. In conclusion, the lecture described some of the thermodynamic
processes.

3. Monkeys and Typewriters theorem

The lecture was discussing the monkey and typewriter theorem, which express people belief
that if a monkey hitting random key of typewriter, a complete work of Shakespeare takes more than
600 million years, while computer can do this within a day. The speaker conclude that this
assumption is just possible in mathematics not in reality.

4. Joseph Lister
The lecture was discussing a non-famous academic person inventing medicine used to prevent
infection during operation process. The speaker mentioned that Lister successfully found carbolic
acid in order to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-
operative infections and made surgery safer for patients.

5. Frogs
The lecture was discussing experiments conducted in different regions which show that frog’s
metamorphosis have existed for many years. The speaker exemplified the case that frogs have more
limbs or less limbs, the number of mutated frogs is increasing, which has become a global issue. In
conclusion, human beings are worrying about the quality of water, which may have impact on
human's health.
 31

6. Schizophrenia
The lecture was discussing schizophrenia epidemiology. The speaker mentioned that one-half
of all hospital bed, one out of ten thousands of people are diagnosed by schizophrenia. She
explained that millions of people in US are suffering from Schizophrenia once or twice during their
life, while the age is different for men and women. In the end, he concluded that although
schizophrenia seems to be a mental disorder, its risk factors are as the same as diabetes.

7. Community service
The lecture was discussing the importance of providing training for community service
workers in India. The speaker mentioned the community workers require some advice about some
diseases, particularly HIV. Some large organizations and hospitals provide some consultation
preventing from spreading diseases, however seminars are not necessarily and suitable in some
cities.

8. Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill was a British statesman, known as prime minister the United Kingdom
during the Second World War. Some of his peacetime decision was disastrous as restoring the Gold
standard in 1924. Churchill saw himself as a champion of democracy and was profoundly aware of
his role and destiny.

9. Watching TV
The lecture was discussing the impacts of TV on children under 3 years old. The speaker
mentioned that children under 2 years old are not recommended to see TV and more than two years
should watch less than 1 hour. He explained that in the first 2 years of life, the brain is tripled in size
and its extraordinary period of brain growth. He also added although children can learn to speak
language fluently, if they are not exposed to certain sounds early years in life, they will never sound
like a native speaker. He concluded that the more television that children watch before age 3, the
more likely they have attentional problems at school age and also later in their life.

10. Truck space

The lecture was discussing a shuttle designing to be a space truck used as a multi-purpose
vehicle. The speaker mentioned that the main application of this incredible vehicle is launching
satellites, repairing them and bringing them back in orbit or even the earth to repair. In the end, he
concluded that this space truck is used internationally to build an international space station.
 32

11. Development of physics

The lecture was discussing three major developments of physics in 19th-century. Firstly, it is
energy conservation law, which means the total energy of isolated system remains constant.
Secondly, the law of Thermodynamics which are related to temperature, energy and entropy
characterizing thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium. In conclusion the last one is Kinetic
theory means that to accelerate a body of a given mass energy is needed.

12. Eukaryotes & prokaryotes

The lecture was discussing two different types of cells with different functions, which are
eukaryotes, and prokaryotes. The speaker mentioned that human body cells are eukaryotic, and
bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. He explained that Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-
celled which organized different functions during the organelles, while this structure is not exist in
prokaryotes. In the end he conclude that the biggest difference between two different types of these
cells is that Eukaryotes have nucleus.

13. Similarities between language and cognitive skills

The lecture was discussing the similarities between language and other cognitive skills. The
speaker mentioned that it is wrong to exaggerate the similarities between cognitive skills and
language, because they stand apart in several ways. First of all, using language is universal, even
children can speak at east on language. Secondly, not everyone can be proficient in mathematics
skill or even painting wall. Since everyone can speak one language it seems to be simple, however it
is one of the most complex cognitive abilities.

14. Hallucination
The lecture was discussing the different types of hallucination. The speaker mentioned most
of the people who are diagnosed by schizophrenia experiencing hallucination. The speaker
explained that there are two types of hallucination including auditory or visual. He exemplified that
auditory people may hear voices and sound around themselves and visible counterparts see
movement in their peripheral. In the end, he concluded that experiencing both hallucinations is
common in schizophrenia.

15. Creativity
The lecture was discussing the definition of creativity, which is the phenomenon of generating
new valuable ideas. The speaker mentioned that there are three Ps representing people, process
and product, which the process is the key. He explained that existing things are assets as sometimes
new idea comes from the existing things. In the end, he concluded human can survive due to the
creativity.
 33

16. Making Error

Thinking of doing the right thing or wrong thing. For example, if a task is well designed, people
are likely to do the right things, otherwise they are prone to make mistakes. Distractions: People will
forget they are in the middle of doing something. For example, we usually forget to take the original
copy after using the copy machine if something disrupt the thinking process. There are two
strategies to avoid making mistakes. The chance of making mistakes depends on the quality of task
design so you could polish the instructions. If the task is well designed, people are likely to do right
things. People are likely to make mistakes. Remember to avoid distractions. The people who do
photocopying might leave the original copy in the machine if the thinking process is disrupted.
17. DNA
The lecture was discussing the genes development. The speaker mentioned that DNA has
two lines and genes provides proteins.

He also explained that each cell has two million proteins, however we cannot conclude which cell
perform what types of function. He clarified although cognitive skills development is the main
differences between present and our ancestors, only a small number of genes are different between
present and our ancestors from 5000 years ago. He also concluded people piss exactly in the same
way of our ancestors.

18. Learning more than one language

The lecture was discussing the importance of learning language. The speaker mentioned that
there is a controversial debate among people that learning second language is beneficial in some
ways. He mentioned that firstly it would enhance communication skills. Secondly, it is advantageous
in terms of employment because it is one of the valuable skills that employers looking for. In
conclusion, second language is one of the most valuable skills in the fact-changing world.

19. Sea trouble

The lecture was discussing about the article that clarified what happen in the ocean and seas
during the last decades. She also explained that we managed to consume almost 90 percent of big
fish like swordfish and sharks during the last decade. She also mentioned that human changes the
nature of the ocean and now they try to back the atmosphere to the oceans. In conclusion she
emphasized that the ocean is in trouble and it is not a minus problem.

20. Nutrition guideline

The lecture was discussing the best simple nutrition guideline, which is offered by American
Cancer Society. She explained that first guideline is eating more plant sources food, second is limiting
animal and high fat source of food, third is keeping the normal weight by increasing physical activity
level and the fourth is limiting the alcohol and beverage consumption. She also added some
information about a five a day recommendation, which means five serving of various fruit and
vegetables, should be consumed per day. In conclusion, she told these guidelines could reduce the
risks of cancer.
 34

21. Wind power

The lecture was discussing the wind turbine device, which can convert wind into mechanical
energy as a main source of power to generators and pumps. He explained that the amount of
generated power is based on wind speed, number of sails and the angle of the sails. He discussed
that if the blade was flat; they just bent, while if they had an appropriate angle, wind can turn them.
In the end, he concluded that he wants to build a small windmill to generate electricity.

22. Grand project in Paris

The lecture was discussing about a grand project in Paris in 1890, which was commissioned by
Napoleon and directed by Husman. The speaker mentioned that Nap instructed the Husman to bring
air and light to the center of city and also plant more trees, build boulevard and drain sewages to
make the city more clean and beautiful. The reason for doing this was that Paris had many problems
such as overcrowding, diseases, and crimes. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the
constructions that napoleon had done.

23. Welsh Language

The lecture was discussing about welsh language in the year 2005. The speaker talked about
a recent survey which indicated that many people were able to read, write and speak this language,
however, there is a number of people who were able to understand this language but cannot write
and read. He explained that welsh speaking percentage improved from 2% to 30% from 1987 to
2005. In conclusion, the lecture was related to a current survey, which showed that there has been
a significant increase in the number of people who could speak welsh language.

24. Boys and Girls performance

The lecture is about how boys and girls score marks in English and Math. He mentioned that
girls perform better than boys in English around 10 percent higher, however, there is no clear
difference for math exam. He discussed their performance highly depends on their cognitive,
physical and social factors. He explained that they develop the cognitive knowledge during pre-
schools. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the performance of girls and boys in math and
English exam.

25. Expenditure in UK
This lecture is about the education expenditure of UK, compared with other European
countries. The speaker mentioned that UK has only spent 1% of its total GDP on the tertiary
education, which was insufficient as compared with other European countries such as Finland and
Denmark. He discussed the expenditure of Spain is close to UK however, Denmark and Finland spent
much more than the other European countries. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the
education expenditure of UK in compare to the other countries.
 35

26. Darkness between galaxies

The lecture is about darkness between galaxies. The speaker mentioned that the gaps
between galaxies are not dark. He explained the reason why we cannot see is that our eyes are not
able to detect the infrared light. He discussed that the darkness between galaxies still remain
mysterious to us. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the reason behind the darkness between
galaxies.

27. Brain Development


 The lecture is about brain development. The speaker mentioned that different brain regions
with different functionalities appear to develop on different times. He discussed that low
development such as sense and touch begins at the embryo phase and stop around 1 year, and last
for longer. He explained that high development such as cognitive would take longer time and low
development will have impact on the future high development. In conclusion, the lecture was
related to the steps that will take place in the process of brain development.

28. Remote technology

The lecture is about the development of remote technology. The speaker mentioned that
remote technology plays a pivotal role in observing fish reactions without being physically there. He
discussed that these detectors could be installed underwater to monitor fish reaction to feeding. He
concluded that this technology also helps to identify the water quality as well as change the feeding
strategy when fish do not react to the feeding.

29. Rat Experiment

The lecture is about rat experiments with low and high LG. The speaker mentioned that some
mother rats spend a lot of time for licking, grooming and nurturing their off springs, while others
seem to ignore them. He discussed that highly nurtured off springs tend to grow up to be calm adult,
while some others who received little nurturing has proven to be anxious. He finally concluded that
the offspring of high LG rats have better ability to deal with stress and alcohol, but low LG did not.

30. Economic Development

The lecture was discussing about the economic development in Latin America. The speaker
mentioned that in the past 20 years, there is significant increase in the economic development at
about 80 percent, however, after globalization and reform, there is a considerable decrease from
80 percent to 10, which made the economic unsustainable. He explained that there are plenty of
others who begin to ask the question whether the reform is positive or negative. In conclusion, the
lecture was related to the development of economic in Latin America.
 36

31. Opening borders

The lecture is about border opening. The speaker mentioned that developed countries should
open borders for other countries, therefore people from developing countries could visit the
developed countries, which would consequently lead to an improvement in the economy of less
developed countries. He explained that that this would also result in promoting peace and freedom
in developing countries. In conclusion, the lecture was related to how border opening can benefit
the countries.

32. Multi dimension


The lecture is about multi dimension, which are required to describe a position. He talked
about four major dimensions, which are Longitude, Latitude, Altitude and Time. Longitude is
required for describing a position on equator. If describe a position on the earth, latitude and
longitude is required. Longitudes, latitude, and altitudes denote for a position over the earth. She
explained that when describing a position in the space, time will be taken into account. In conclusion,
the lecture was related to how different dimensions describe a position.

33. Childbirth rate in Europe

The lecture is about childbirth rate in Europe. The speaker mentioned that in the recent years,
European females have no interest to give birth to the babies. This particularly is the case for people
under age of 30. He explained that these phenomena have had serious detrimental effects on
development of males. He finally concluded that low birth rate causes some family issue and
unemployment.

34. Australia’s changing role

The lecture is about Australia’s changing role. The speaker mentioned that Australia has
changed its role in trading with the world. He discussed that in the past Australia was isolated from
UK and USA, but it has now become a famous destination due to rise of Asian countries especially
china. He explained that Japan is ranked in the first position and China will become the number one
in the future. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the role of Australia in trading with world.

35. Universe civilization

The lecture was discussing universe civilization. The speaker mentioned that the universe
produces 100 of planets annually, however, only an average of seven planets are suitable for high
civilization. He discussed that most of planets are not suitable for living since they are either so cold
or hot. He explained that only 20 percent of planets can support human to survive. In conclusion,
the lecture was related to the possibility of living in the other planets.
 37

36. Immigration effects

The lecture was discussing the immigration effects. The speaker mentioned that these days,
the immigrants who work in industrialized countries, are able to save and send money to their home
country about 200000 dollars. However, they money that they receive from their government is
about 100000 million dollars.

37. Earth's last climate shift

This lecture talks about the earth's last climate shift. The speaker first mentioned that climate
is defined as consistent pattern of weather over the significant periods of time and changes when
energy balance of the earth is disturbed. Then he said the system is complex and it would involve
several different mechanisms operating at the same time. Finally, one example is mentioned that
when volcanos erupt, they disperse particles into upper atmosphere and cools the earth's surface.

38. The business essence

The lecture was discussing the essence of business entity, which is exchange. He explained
that you exchange your goods to other goods. He also mentioned that the goal of marketing is
transfer products from supplier to consumers to meet the demands of customers. In the end, he
concluded that Capital gain is very important because only if by marketing profits, company would
reinvest and produce more.

39. Light speed

Many scientists tried to calculate and measure the speed of light last century but until
someone (name) designed a method (name) to figure it out. Then we have light speed. Later,
experiments found this is still not accurate.

40. The economic structures change of Europe
The lecture is mainly About a change in economy structures in Europe. After industrial
revolution around the 19th century, the machinery was widely used in the manufacturing, so the
production in factories increased. As a result, circulation of goods became faster, and this led to
more accumulation of social wealth. Because of this, the population of middle class expanded and
this resulted in the additional accumulation of wealth.

41. Black Hole

The lecture provides a virtual video of a black hole; it can be seen that middle area of the video
is dark, which is a black hole. We can see stars, planets and other heavy bodies are spinning around
the boundaries of the black hole. On the right side of the video, it can be observed that some planets
cannot escape from the black hole and are being drawn in. We can also observe a bright ring around
the black hole because that is the edge of the black hole so that the light can escape from it. Lastly,
the lecture mentioned that different theories could be experimented in the black hole and further
research should be conducted to better understand the facts of the black hole.
 38

42. Human behaviors

The lecture talks about human behaviors. There are so many psychologists are interested in
explaining that human behavior. The internal and external factors can affect human behavior. The
personal factors are internal, and the environmental factors are external. The personal factors
include people's belief and their thinking. The environmental factors include temperature, air
pressure and so on. In conclusion, human behaviors are determined by himself and environment.

43. Climate change

There are some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions because
some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa
in the future. Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing
countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues. There are many
people living in hunger especially in Africa. The climate change has devastating effects on world
economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food
production. The change of the climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood and
hurricane, which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in
food supply annually around 10-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continue in the future by
2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.

44. Media
Some media exaggerate the truth while reporting, although some news happens globally
they should be reported locally. People from different countries have the different understanding
about news, which depends on whether they have relevant knowledge or not.

45. Australian Migration

 Australia's location is essential for the world's export; its international trade is also vital as
Australia has a broad territory. Australia is the most urbanized country in the world, 58% of people
are living in major Australian cities such as Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. Perth is the largest
isolated city in the world, and there are two leading companies such as Telstra and Qantas which
are based in Perth.

46. Narratives
 The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description.
We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual
description, mainly when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War,
and my hometown is XX, for example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you
have mentioned this or that when you talked to me ... when asked her about the shelter, I asked her
what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response, I could get more
visual evidence as I can to write my book.
 39

47. Children Overweight

 The lecture talks about the overweight problem. There are 20% of children today have the
overweight problems, which bring the heart diseases are more and more common in children, the
smallest is five years old. This situation makes the heart attack and other health problems become
earlier and earlier. This issue needs to be solved because the overweight problems will result in more
severe situations such as diabetes type 2 and blindness.

48. Metal and heat

 This lecture talks about metal's response to the heat. At the beginning of the speech, the
speaker mentioned that people used to think that metal is supposed to blend under the heat, but
sometimes it doesn't behave so because atoms in the metal have random processes. The heat can
accelerate the processes but won't change the essence of random, so it could violate what we used
to think.

49. Dissociation of Personality

 The powerful influence of Stevenson's text on the discourse of dissociation is strikingly
apparent in the work of American physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince
with pioneering "the phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied in a spectacular case". Prince's
Dissociation of a Personality (1905) tells the story of Miss Christine Beauchamp, a pseudonym for
Clara Norton Fowler, who, according to Prince, "is a person in whom several personalities have
become developed".

50. Loggerhead Turtles

 Geomagnetic cues help young loggerhead turtles navigate the open ocean during their epic
8,000-mile journey between leaving their natal beaches in Florida, and returning 5-10 years later to
breed. Researchers have just worked out how they do it.
Hatchling loggerhead sea turtle is tethered via a soft cloth harness, or "bathing suit," to an electronic
tracking system that monitors its steering in response to different magnetic fields.

51. Tanks
 This lecture talks about two kinds of tanks. According to the speaker, there are two kinds of
tanks, one named panzer tiger, the other one named T-34. The panzer tiger is better than T-34 in
firepower, armor and mobility. But in the end, the T-34 defeated the panzer tiger because the
number of T-34 is larger than that of the panzer tiger.
 40

52. Conscious Competence Model

 The Four Levels of Learning describe how a person learns a new skill. Unconscious
Incompetence: you don't know that you don't know something.
Conscious Incompetence: you are now aware that you can't do the ability. Conscious Competence:
you develop skill in that area but have to think about it. Unconscious Competence: you are good at
it, and it now comes naturally.

53. The use of web 2.0

 (with a graph on the screen demonstrating the whole speech)
The lecture mainly talks about the use of web 2.0 on helping government functions better and serve
the public better.
There are three steps.
1. The web collects information from users.
2. Two government use the info to understand the public.
3. Make a better connection with citizens and response to their needs.

54. How human use materials around us

(With a picture of different medical machines, wounded hand stitched by medical thread)
The lecture mainly talks about how humans use materials around us to make our life better. Firstly,
we use materials to build simple machines and improve our health and life expectancy. Then when
life expectancy increases, we have more time to study and invent a more the complicated device,
and further, enhance the quality of life. Machine to scan and monitor brain activities.

55. The increasing productivity

 (With a line graph shown on the screen: the dropping cost of computer parts)
The lecture mainly talks about the growing productivity, which means for every input there is more
output_ To illustrate the theory, the speaker talks about the computer. It is a relatively new thing,
so the cost of units decreases even more.

56. The comparison between wages, consumption, and household

According to the speaker, the wage increase is 5%, which is very weak. The fluctuation of use
is about 15%, which seems decent. The housing debt is about 40%, which is unusual. But can be
understandable alter the wage and consumption increase.
 41

57. English language change

 2nd was Challenges to change English language why can't we changed it because it has some
standardized spelling and universal education format. So it's very hard to change the entire
language. Secondly, there is variety in the English language from the number of villages and regions,
so it's wise to have a universal one.

58. Poverty in rural and urban areas

Environmental problems including water pollution and the sanitation of drinking water, indoor
smoke and gas emission. Poor people are especially affected especially regarding their health. The
rising demand for energy consumption is likely to sustain until 2030, which will affect a range of
environmental problems.

59. Stari Most

 Stari Most (literally, "Old Bridge") is a 16th-century Ottoman bridge in the city of Mostar in
Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects the two parts of the city. The
Old Bridge stood for 427 years until it was destroyed on 9 November 1993 by Croat military forces
during the Croat—Bosniak War. Subsequently, a project was set in motion to reconstruct it, and the
rebuilt bridge opened on 23 July 2004.
One of the country's most recognizable landmarks, it is considered an exemplary piece of Balkan
Islamic architecture. It was designed by Mimar Hayruddin, a student, and apprentice of the famous
architect Mimar Sinan.

60. Armor
 The curator of the National Gallery of Art provides a brief introduction about the armor in
their exhibition. The exhibition includes some finest examples of Renaissance armor, which were
fabricated by master craftsmen and artists over a 15th-17th century.
Parade armor was made for the show, not combat. That armor represents the imperial ambition of
the Spanish monarchy.

61. Sigmund Freud


 For better or worse, we live in a world profoundly affected by Sigmund Freud. If I had to ask
you to name a famous psychologist, the answer of most of you would be Freud. He was the most
famous psychologist ever and he had a profound influence on the 20th and 21st century. Some
biographical information: he was born in the 1850s. He spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria, but
he died in London and he escaped to London soon after retreating there at the beginning of World
War Two as the Nazis began to occupy where he lived. He was one of the most famous scholars ever
but he was not known for any single discovery. Instead, he was known for the development of mind,
one that he developed over the span of many decades
 42

62. City of literature “Melbourne”

 In 2008, Melbourne joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Melbourne's designation as
a UNESCO City of Literature is an acknowledgment of the breadth, depth, and vibrancy of the city's
literary culture. Melbourne supports a diverse range of writers, a prosperous publishing industry, a
successful culture of independent bookselling, a wide variety of literary organizations and a healthy
culture of reading and engagement in events and festivals.

63. Randomness of flipping coin

 About a decade ago, scientists wanted to find out if the outcome of a coin flip is a matter of
chance. The result of research which is conducted on a mechanical coin flipper shows a coin lands
the exactly same way as it launched. The randomness in the coin toss is introduced by a human; this
is because, human-generated flip has a different height and speed, and is caught at the different
angle.

64. Biological Engineering

The first group of people that realize we can learn from ourselves is Engineers.
They invented machines to study the human body, to cure disease and study physiology. By using
those complex machines, they can study how human brains function and process. The result of their
studies can be utilized to benefit human can solve problems, such as**disease, etc.

65. Journal
 There are two kinds of the journal: peer-reviewed and non-peer reviewed. All articles sent to
publications should be testified to ensure all articles are original and high quality. For anything that
is below the standard, they will be sent back to authors to amend. Both two journals can be searched
and accessed from the library. Only "peer reviewed" can be used in this assignment; moreover, it
has some features, include footnotes of bibliography, no advertisements, and other features.

66. Straight Sales

Salary Plans are not very common; sales are usually paid a fixed salary, so the package doesn't
tend to offer motivation to salespeople, as there are no incentives for them to work harder.
Combination plan is the most common plan used today; the package offers motivation to increase
productivity and to achieve goals; moreover, it also provides more stability. Under Commission plan,
salespeople are paid in direct proportion to sales. There is no guarantee of income, so the package
tends to attract fewer candidates.
 43

67. Water on Mars

 The research conducted on the habitability of Mars indicates the prior existence of liquid
water. There are some similarities such as polar caps, atmospheres and water climate. The evidence
is that researchers found several elements which are essential to form water (hydrology), such as
calcium carbonate, salt, mineral, and perchlorate. Consequently, we can speculate that water used
to exist in liquid form on the surface and underground of of Mars and Mars may be a hospitable
planet long time ago.

68. Bee Dance

Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to the source of nectar. The dancing bees
like this one can be halted by a headbutt from another bee. Now research has found that this
headbutt is actually a warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the lab to mimic the a source
of nectar, then foraging bees were introduced to the dangers at the station, such as competition
from rival colonies. When foragers returned to the hive they stopped bees dancing. Scientists think
the behavior warns dancers of a dangerous source of nectar.

69. Bilingual education

Parents should not use two languages to educate their children. Most parents suppose bilingual
education can benefit children, but it is not always beneficial in reality. Bilingual education can easily
confuse children when parents explain and talk about the same content in two different languages.

70. Traffic Light, Food System

 We should categorize food and drinks into three colors including the red category, yellow
category and green category. Each color provides various health benefits, so labeling food with
different colors can help consumers choose the right type of food as their bodies need and develop
healthy diet habits. Retailers should introduce a color-coding system because traffic light labeling
can guide consumers to make a wise decision while doing grocery shopping.

71. The Large Hadron Collider

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator lies in a tunnel. The LHC
is a ring roughly 28km around that accelerates protons almost to the speed of light before colliding
them head-on. Protons are particles found in the atomic nucleus, roughly one thousand-million-
millionth of a meter in size. The LHC starts with a bottle of hydrogen gas, which is sent through an
electric field to strip away the electrons, leaving just the protons. Electric and magnetic fields are
the key to a particle accelerator.
 44

72. Tree Rings

Dendron- chronology indicates the years of trees through rings, but the year of tree cut
could be ambiguous. The width of rings illustrates the climate situation of rain and drought that
affects tree-growth. The sequence message of narrow and wide represents hidden information like
Morse code. The information is even richer and more diagnosable for it provides more various
possibilities than dash and dot.

73. Healthcare Workers

According to the World Health Organization, 400 million people worldwide have no access to
essential health care. That's a staggering number of people. Some of those services include things
like basic sanitation and clean water prenatal care and vaccinations or immunizations for children.
Many things contribute to this crisis sometimes people live to remotely to get timely care if the
emergency occurs even when living in a city the patient to doctor ratio can be as high as 50,000
people to just one doctor. Making it impossible for that doctor to meet the demands of health care
in that area. These are valuable people made in the image of God who are physically suffering many
of them without a personal relationship with Christ. So we do this with a week of hands-on training
consisting of a variety of topics like basic sanitation and hygiene taking vital signs wound care and
infection prevention basic birth assisting and emergency skills. Those who participate in the training
then have practical skills in supplies to care for others in their community in a way that glorifies God
and opens the door for sharing the gospel in a new way brought to you.

74. The Challenge for Conservation

 Professor Bill Adams works on relations between society and nature, particularly on rural
development and conservation. Much of his work focuses on Africa. His work on the history and
development of nature conservation, particularly about sustainability, is shaped by a primary
interest in the power of social constructions of nature to affect the way the environment is
understood, transformed and managed. His most recent book is Against Extinction The Story of
Conservation.

Poor people should not pay the price for biodiversity protection. As for the impact, it is about
whether it can achieve a win-win solution, which means we can achieve economic growth which
brings wealth to cut poverty without damaging biodiversity. The argument is that if you want to
protect biodiversity, you have to focus on that as a goal, by doing so, you run the risk of hurting the
poor and inconveniencing or reducing economic growth. The lecturer used developed countries or
industrialized countries to see this argument. For example, a government wishing to start drilling for
oil in place which is full of wildlife and wildlife conservation society is urging them not because it is
wilderness refuge.
 45

New (97/06)
75 Education Equality or Quality


 When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem to
accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time. Curriculum reforms intended to
improve equity often fail to do so because they increase breadth or differentiation in offerings in a
way that increases differences in quality. Further, these differences in quality often reflect
differences in students’ social backgrounds because the ‘new’ offerings are typically taken up by
relatively disadvantaged students who are not served well them. Evidence from New South Wales
will be used to illustrate this point.

The need to Improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and other countries as
they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern, knowledge economies.
Improved equity is also important for this purpose, since the demand for high—level skills is
widespread and the opportunities for the low—skilled are diminishing.

Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There are countries in which the
education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social arrangements, conferring privilege
where it already exists and denying it where it does not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might
be less extreme, the capacity of schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in
which schools separate individuals and groups.

76 DNA AND RNA

Your body’s composed of trillions of cells – lots of different types of cells that make up
different organs and other parts of your body. Your body is also where 10 times that number of
bacteria call ‘home sweet home.’ But don’t be afraid – these bacteria do more good than harm to
you. And besides, just in case you wanted to strike up a conversation with your tenants, you and
your bacteria do have a few things in common.

All cells share some common characteristics that make them living things. All organisms are
composed of cells, the basic fundamental unit of life. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic
material, and they can reproduce. They transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins on
ribosomes. They can also regulate transport across a cell membrane and require chemical energy
for some cellular processes.

Organelles are the biggest difference between bacteria and cells that make up the human body
Organelles
 46

77. Chest x-ray


This lecture talked about the bio-medical science and technology engineering. The picture of
the X-Ray was for a physiologist to study in the office. We can see the position of the lung, bones,
organs, ribcage, heart, and also the vessel in the heart. This act allows us to see what's inside our
body.

78. Absolute zero


Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal
vibrational motion. Absolute zero is not achievable and does not exist. But scientists are putting a
lot of effort in designing experience and trying to achieve or create absolute zero. The reason they
do so is not for a predetermined and they are not focusing on the goal of the experiment. Define in
this experiment is to find and prove whether something you don't know that exist or not and this is
the beauty of science that scientists fall in love with.

79. The Myth of the Overqualified Worker


If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near certainty in
this weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers.
Don’t reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look.
New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform better than other employees, and
they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate
any dissatisfaction they may feel.

The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who
is a “perfect fit” for someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed.
On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider
themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, overqualification
correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers
Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire
overqualified workers is perfectly legal.

But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global
problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers
more skills that are needed to supply the growing service sectors.

If managers can get beyond the conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a
great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found
that overqualified workers’ feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving them autonomy in
decision making. At stores where employees didn’t feel empowered, “overeducated” workers
expressed greater dissatisfaction than their colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention
to quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.
 47

80. Government Blogging


We usually see blogging as a two-way interaction, in which the blogger creates the content,
and the readers interact or challenge the author. But the case will be much difficult when it comes
to government, such as the White House. Because people will become more coarse and ride online,
especially in the comment area. Hence the governor blog may go wild and chaotic. So the
government will have to administrate the comment. Once the government starts administrating the
comment, citizens may find the government manipulating what should be said and what should be
shown, which contradicts the original intention.

81. Linguistics

Actually a woman in the class I’m teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career woman,
expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something else, she was distinguishing
expertise from authority. And certainly linguists because of our training we do have expertise in
certain very narrow areas of language, but we don’t have the authority over what to do with that
knowledge or what to do with other knowledge that the community produces.
I guess for me the bottom line is languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over
another. That’s not rocket science, it’s not hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in
working with language revival we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven’t done anything
towards undoing how languages are lost in the first place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if
the authority is still lost.

82. Hans Krebs


The lecture was about Hans Krebs, who published paper in 1937 showing the sequence of
chemical reaction by which energy is released in individual cells. Krebs is a perfect example of how
scientists who is determined can overcome all kinds of human obstacles. During his teenage years,
he was constantly discouraged by his father by being told that he possesses mediocre intelligence
and was less likely to have achievements in his life. Later on when he studied biochemistry at the
Otto Warburg, he was again told that he was only mediocre and he would never be a great scientist.
Despite the fact that people all hear how important it is for parents to encourage their children,
sometimes children will do great things no matter.

83. practicing (with a picture of a little girl playing Violin) 🎻

If you want to master a skill, you have to practice and make it perfect. For example, if you want
to learn to play the violin, you need practice. If you practice every day and solitary practices...
You have to understand your weakness during the practice. For example, when you learn
mathematics, and you find you are not good at geometry, then you will have to practice more on
geometry. Even for those who are talented, they also need to practice.

*practicing 10 thousand times

*Playing Violin
*Solitary practices
*becoming an expert
 48

84. Britain Press


Britain Press industry in the 18th century (with a painting of men in printing house)
* Britain press
* sophisticated press industry
*newspapers and pamphlet

85. clouds

Absolutely. There's a lot of interest in what forms those clouds. Why are those clouds there,
why do they stick around? At the center of every cloud drop is a particle. You can't grow a cloud
drop without having a particle there for the water to condense on. The key questions that people
have not directly addressed until very recently is what actually forms those clouds. And so the ones
that you're looking at over the ocean, it turns out sea salt is a very effective nucleator for forming
clouds, so there's a really good chance that those are loaded with sea salt.

But as you go inland you start to have pollution come from all different kinds of sources, and so
different sources form clouds more effectively than others and we're trying to unravel which sources
are actually contributing to the clouds. The clouds are incredibly important players in climate change
in that they reflect the light back to space, and so they're keeping things much, much cooler than
they would be if they weren't there. They also play a huge role in regional weather. So we're actually
starting to see shifts where having more pollution input into the clouds is affecting weather patterns,
and in particular it's actually reducing the amount of precipitation, so we're starting to see drought
in areas with super high levels of air pollution.

86 Soot

Soot, which comes from combustion of many different things, is black so it's a strong absorber.
In fact it's second only to CO 2 in terms of warming, so it's actually ahead of methane, which you
hear a lot about. The interesting thing about soot and aerosols' impact on climate is that their
lifetimes are so much shorter. So if we can reduce the soot we can make changes within months
versus tens of years. It's not to say we should ignore the CO 2 and the greenhouse gases but it could
buy us some time while we actually do the right strategies to reduce the greenhouse gases.

87 Superhuman strength

Today we're going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face
of disaster, some people are said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of
an accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing
beam to let the other miners escape. Are such stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting
the idea, but we're going to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an
adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength.
 49

88 Green Revolution

In 1943 what became known as the green revolution began with Mexico unable to feed this
growing population shouted for help. Within a few years the Fourth and Rockefeller Foundations
founded the international rice research institute in Asia and by 1962 a new strain of rice called IRAs
was feeding people all over the world.
IOH was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the
technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants and so IRH was created by
carefully crossing existing varieties. Selecting the best from each generation further modifying them
and finally finding the best. Here’s the power of modified crops. IR8 with no fertilizer straight out of
the box produce five times the yield of traditional rice varieties in optimal conditions with nitrogen
it produced 10 times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980 IR36 resisted pests and grew fast
enough to allow two crops a year instead of just on doubling the yield and by 1990 using more
advanced genetic manipulation techniques. IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The green
revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.

89 Night sky darkness



You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces
away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other
far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200
billion stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose
that that many stars would light up the night like daytime!

Until the 20th century, astronomers didn’t think it was even possible to count all the stars in the
universe. They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was
infinite.

Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where
you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree
trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with
light. This problem greatly troubled astronomers and became known as “Olbers’ Paradox.” A
paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself.

To try to explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the
stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn’t shine through to us. But later scientists
realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would
glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves.

Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe—that is, a universe of
limited size—even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn’t have enough stars to light up
all of space.
 50

90 New equipment &old equipment


The lecture mainly discusses about new equipment and old equipment. New equipment may
help to reduce business cost including salary paid to workers, but it can potentially damage the
reputation if any errors occur. If both equipment operates together, we can compare the efficiency
with less future potential damage to reputation, even if it can raise the depreciations.

91 New Musical Instrument


The Skoog is a new university accessible musical instrument. It is designed to use by children
or adults with special needs or in fact be used by anyone. It’s soft, it’s easy to play, it’s robust and it
can be customized to suit anyone’s abilities. The Skoog helps students with special needs by allowing
them to get involved in making music themselves. It’s an instrument that they can play it and they
can take ownership of and start creating their own sounds and music. Traditional instruments are
the shape and size and made of the materials they are because of the sound that they need to make.
If you want to make a sound like a plucked string, you need a string and it needs to be under tension,
whereas with a Skoog, because it’s a mixture of software and a sensor, then thus the computer can
handle making the sound. And so we can design an object that’s designed to be touched and
designed to be played with. In developing the screen and working with kids in the schools and in the
classrooms, it’s really helped us make the Skoog something that’s usable by the children themselves.
They’ve informed us massively on how it needs to work and they’ve given their opinions on colors
and designs. And just the feedback they’ve given to us has been just marvelous. It’s just so enriching
and it’s really inspiring to actually work with these kids, particularly when you can provide them with
an ability to start to playing their own music as opposed to just taking part through listening and
listening to other musicians and really learning from.

92 Shy Fish Prefer to Follow Other Shy Fish


When you think of a leader, you may think of an individual who is above all bold. But a new
study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are
similarly timid. Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader.
The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the
other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish
followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded
whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the
one that was different. What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from undercover
when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which
leader they followed. Of course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish
did lead more expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That’s
because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The findings are
in the journal Biology Letters. The researchers write that “when offered a choice of leaders,
sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals
may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through
greater effort.” We may soon see if such tendencies also hold true in humans, when Americans
decide who they’ll follow in November. Unless, of course, something fishy happens.
 51

93 caterpillars
The Earth's temperature is rising. And as it does, springtime phenomena—like the first
bloom of flowers—are getting earlier and earlier. But rising temperatures aren't the only factor.
Urban light pollution is also quickening the coming of spring. "So temperature and light are really
contributing to a double whammy of making everything earlier." Richard ffrench-Constant, an
entomologist at the University of Exeter.
He and his colleagues compiled 13 years of data from citizen scientists in the U.K., who tracked the
first bud burst of four common trees. Turns out, light pollution—from streetlights in cities, and
along roads—pushed bud burst a full week earlier. Way beyond what rising temperatures could
achieve. This disruptive timing can ripple through the ecosystem.
"The caterpillars that feed on trees are trying to match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of
bud burst. Because the caterpillars want to feed on the juiciest and least chemically protected
leaves. And it's not just the caterpillars, of course, that are important. But the knock-on effect is on
nesting birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the same time that there's the
maximum number of caterpillars." So earlier buds could ultimately affect the survival of birds, and
beyond. The findings are in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The world's becoming increasingly urbanized, and light pollution is growing—which ffrench-
Constant says could trick trees into budding earlier and earlier. But smarter lighting—like LEDs that
dial down certain wavelengths—could help. "Perhaps the exciting thing is, if we understand more
about how light affects this bud burst, we might be able to devise smarter sort of street lighting
that has less red components, and therefore less early bud burst." Thus keeping springtime an
actual springtime phenomenon.

94 Smartphone apps
Computer scientist Shwetak Patel and his team are developing new sensing systems. The initial
focus was really around energy and water monitoring. They built a new generation of smart sensors
that monitor electronic interference on a home’s power line or water pressure changes in the
plumbing. Most of this technology has already found industrial applications, and Patel and his team
turned their attention to adapting the technology for personal health monitoring. ‘So how do we
take this noise and make it into a signal interest was hard to us, hard to us in the core of what we
did for many years and we’re taking that work and applying it to other domains.’ They’re looking to
take advantage of all the functionality built in our smartphones. With the users’ permission, this app
can use the microphone built into most smartphones to listen to background noises, such as
coughing searching for patterns that suggest a trip to the doctor might be an order. ‘We’ve
constructed these models that try and understand how sound works, how it, what its patterns are
and we give it a whole bunch of examples of different kinds of audio, things like people talking,
things like people laughing, sneezing and of course coughing.’ This app uses a phone’s camera to
check hemoglobin levels in blood by analyzing the color of capillary fluid through the skin. ‘Generally,
what happens is if you’re anemic, your bloods maybe a little less red and we take advantage of that
by putting your finger over a camera of a phone, the camera of the phone can actually see the
coloration of the blood.’ and this test uses the camera to tell parents worried about jaundice in
newborn infants. ‘Now, jaundice is something that doctors who have seen tons of babies. He just
can figure out on a very basic level of it. Is this baby, do they need to get treatment or are they in a
good condition, while the first-time parent has no idea necessarily what jaundice might look like.’
The researchers say the built-in sensors found in smart phones are already commonplace, but their
applications and their implications for our health and well-being may be more far-reaching than we
ever imagined.
 52

95 melatonin

I’m just going to take on the stuff where left off. The whole I want to now talk about it’s called
melatonin. The synthesis is in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size of a pin in your brain.
The corpus is the site of the soul, and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And
in the sense, it is the opposite of the callosum. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone.
In every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it’s hormone that prepares you for
the things, that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like
rodents, they are awake. It’s hormone that is related to darkness behavior.
96 Knee Sounds

Inan's experience with cracking knees goes back to his days as an undergrad at Stanford, where
he threw discus. "If I had a really hard workout, then the next day of course I'd be sore, but I'd also
sometimes feel this catching or popping or creaking every now and then in my knee."A few years
later, he found himself building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company. So when he got to
Georgia Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted better
tech for knee injuries, he thought: [knee-cracking recording] Why not strap tiny microphones to
people's knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend? "What we think it is, is the cartilage and bone
rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing against each other, during the
movements." He and a team of physiologists and engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic
tape and a few tiny mics and skin sensors. And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy
sounds the device picks up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy
one. Which Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery. Details appear
in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering."The primary application we're targeting at first
is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them
understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can move to different
intensities of particular activities
97 Building Better Cities
So, let me add to the complexity of the situation we find ourselves in. At the same time that
we're solving for climate change, we're going to be building cities for three billion people. That's a
doubling of the urban environment. If we don't get that right, I'm not sure all the climate solutions
in the world will save mankind, because so much depends on how we shape our cities: not just
environmental impacts, but our social well-being, our economic vitality, our sense of community
and connectedness. Fundamentally, the way we shape cities is a manifestation of the kind of
humanity we bring to bear. And so getting it right is, I think, the order of the day. And to a certain
degree, getting it right can help us solve climate change, because in the end, it's our behavior that
seems to be driving the problem. The problem isn't free-floating, and it isn't just ExxonMobil and oil
companies. It's us; how we live. How we live. There's a villain in this story. It's called sprawl, and I'll
be upfront about that. But it's not just the kind of sprawl you think of, or many people think of, as
low-density development out at the periphery of the metropolitan area. Actually, I think sprawl can
happen anywhere, at any density. The key attribute is that it isolates people. It segregates people
into economic enclaves and land-use enclaves. It separates them from nature. It doesn't allow the
cross-fertilization, the interaction, that make cities great places and that make society thrive. So the
antidote to sprawl is really what we all need to be thinking about, especially when we're taking on
this massive construction project.
 53

98 Australia immigration history

The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous people.
Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive waves and distinct peoples is still
subject to academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely accepted time frame places
presence of humans in Australia at 40000to 43000 years Before Present, while the upper range
supported by others is 60000 to 70000 years BP. In any event, this migration was achieved during
the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were typically much lower than they
are today. Repeated episodes of extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some
100150 m. The continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the Timor Sea than
it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a single landmass( known as Sahul), connected
by an extensive land bridge across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait.

The ancestral Australian Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and continued to develop,
diversity and settle through much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus of
the most recent glacial period some 10000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a
separated landmass. However ,the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands
still provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape
York Penisula. During the 1970s and 1980s around 120000 southern Asian refugees migrated to
Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of
Immigration AI Grass by termed “multiculturalism”. In 2004-5, Australia accepted 123000 new
settles , 19 a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants (40000 in
200405) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.
99 Trade-off
Here are Steven Sanderson Kent Redford of WCS Wildlife Conservation Society, probably
pointing a finger at the poverty alleviation movement, and saying in its new incarnation it’s largely
subsumed or supplanted conservation.The trend has gone unnoticed but it poses a significant threat
to conservation objectives, and what they’re basically saying is if you’re interested in protecting the
biosphere you ought to get on with that job you shouldn’t be distracted by the equally significant
but different agendas of reducing poverty.

At the same time you’ve got to British social scientists, here Dilysrow works for the International
Institute for Environment and development in London and Joe Elliott actually works for wildlife
works for African Wildlife Foundation and nowadays .But she’s saying here poor people should not
pay the price for biodiversity protection.

So you can see this off the nature of the debate. what is the what is the impacts that they’re all
talking about well it’s about whether you can achieve a win-win solution, whether you can achieve
economic growth which brings wealth in order to cut poverty without damaging biodiversity, and
the argument is that if you want to protect biodiversity you have to focus on that as a goal, but if
you do that you have you run the risk of hurting the poor and you also run the risk of inconveniencing
or reducing economic growth. And we used in developer to develop country’s industrialized
countries to seeing this argument. This axis argued about with let us say a government wishing to
start drilling for oil in place X which is full of Wildlife and the Wildlife. Conservation Society is urging
them not to on the grounds, that it’s a wilderness refuge. We used to that debate what I’m saying is
it in the developing world there’s a third axis and it’s quite a complex one.
 54

100 Government Blogging

We normally see blogging as a two-way interaction, in which the blogger creates the content
and the readers interact or challenge the author.

But the case will be much difficult when it comes to government, such as the White House.

Because people will become more coarse and ride online, especially in the comment area.

Hence the governor blog may go wild and chaotic.

So the government will have to administrate the comment.

Once the government starts administrating the comment, citizens may find the government
manipulating what should be said and what should be shown, which contradicts the original
intention.

101 Sweet smell of books