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Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Angle Modulation
1 d (t ) f (t ) : Instantaneous Frequency
f (t )
2 dt
d (t )
A typical carrier signal: (t ) 2 f c t (t ), f (t ) f c
dt
• Phase Modulation (PM):
(t ) s (t ) sPM (t ) A cos(2 f c t s (t ))
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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1 d (t )
Instantaneous Frequency f (t ) f c ks (t ) Hz
2 dt
max | ks (t ) | is called the maximum (peak) frequency deviation
Peak frequency deviation represents the maximum departure
of the instantaneous frequency from the carrier frequency.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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t A cos(2 f c t x(t ))
sFM (t ) A cos(2 ( f c t k s ( )d ))
dx(t ) FM
dt Modulator
FM Signal
s(t)
sFM(t)
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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A False Start
Instantaneous Frequency f (t ) f c ks (t )
FM Sinusoidal Signal
max[ s (t ) c] min[ s (t ) c]
AM-DSB-C -- with a message signal s(t): m
max[ s (t ) c] min[ s (t ) c]
( Am c) ( Am c) Am
s AM DSB C (t ) A( s (t ) c) cos(2 f c t ) m
( Am c) ( Am c) c
=Ac(m cos(2 f mt ) 1) cos(2 f c t )
Jn() is called the Bessel Function of the first kind and of order n, which
is defined by
1
j ( sin x nx )
J n ( ) e dx
2
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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n
For small values of : J n ( )
2n n !
2 n
For large values of : J n ( ) cos
4 2
J ( ) n even
Symmetry property: J n ( ) n J n ( ) J n ( )
J n ( ) n odd
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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n
2 n 2 n
A A
S FM ( f )
2 n
J n ( ) ( f f c nf m )
2
n
J n ( ) ( f f c nf m )
4 n 4 n
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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A 2
A2 2 A2
n1 J n2 ( ) n J n2 ( ) 2
1
Pt J 0 ( )
2 2
J 02 ( ) 2 n 1 J n2 ( ) 1
Power at carrier Power at sidebands
A2
sFM (t ) A cos[2 f c t sin(2 f mt )] Pt
2
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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98% power
2(1+fm
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Larger :
• Bandwidth Efficiency of FM signals:
Lower bandwidth efficiency
Bs 1
FM 50% Better fidelity performance
2(1 ) Bs 2(1 )
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Direct FM
The carrier signal used in a direct FM system can be generated by
a sinusoidal oscillator circuit where the oscillator frequency is
controllable.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Indirect FM
In practice, it is very difficult to construct highly stable oscillators
that can be voltage-controlled accurately. Therefore, direct FM is
not commonly used in FM broadcast transmitters. It is only used in
applications where low equipment cost is more important than
frequency stability, e.g. radio control.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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t
sFM (t ) A cos(2 f c t ) A sin(2 f c t ) 2 k s( ) d
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Armstrong FM Modulator
A cos(2 f c t )
sFM (t ) A cos(2 f c t )
t
A sin(2 f c t ) 2 k s( ) d
t
A sin(2 f c t )
2 k s ( )d
s(t)
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Frequency Multiplier
The main advantage of Armstrong FM modulator is its high
frequency stability. While the Armstrong modulator is only suitable
for FM with a small . For large , a frequency multiplier can be
used at the output of the Armstrong modulator.
In particular, let us consider a frequency doubler defined as:
eo(t) = ei2(t).
If ei(t) is an FM signal, e.g., ei(t) = cos(2fct + sin2fmt), we have
eo(t) = cos2 (2fct + sin2fmt) = 0.5[1+cos (22fct + 2 sin2fmt)]
Both and carrier frequency have been doubled.
A frequency multiplier can be formed by cascading several doublers.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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f c t k s ( )d :
dsFM (t )
dt
t
2 f c 2 ks (t ) A sin 2 f c t k s ( )d
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4
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Summary of FM and AM
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 4