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Analysis

Sources of Error

― The loss of energy during the transfer of the metal into the prepared calorimeter.
― The surrounding temperature (air-conditioned room) may also affect the temperatures of the
apparatus used in the experiment.
― Miscalculations due to human error.
― Improper reading of the temperatures on the thermometer.
― Mistakes done while conducting the experiment i.e. letting the metal touch the beaker or letting
the thermometer come into contact with the metal

Concepts / Principles Used

1. Principles of Calorimetry
― The principle of calorimetry aims to find a quantifiable measurement of the amount
of heat energy that is transferred in a system with regards to its temperature.
― A principle of calorimetry states that if there is no loss of heat in surrounding the
total heat lost by hot body equal to the total heat gained by a cold body.
― Calorimetry is also known as a method of determining an unknown heat quantity by
using a calorimeter.
― heat loss = heat gain

2. Law of Heat Exchange


― The Law of Heat Exchange deals with the idea that when two or more substances are
mixed together in a calorimeter, heat moves from hotter to colder substances.
― It states that the sum of the quantity of heat released by a substance of higher
temperature and the quantity of heat absorbed by the substance of lower temperature
must be equal to zero.
― Qlost + Qgained = 0
3. Specific Heat
― The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature
of a substance by one degree Celsius.
― The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher
than any other common substance.
― Specific heat is also a ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
a body by one degree to that required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of
water by one degree.
― The term is also used in a narrower sense to mean the amount of heat, in calories,
required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.

Relation of Data to the Concepts and Principles used

― The data we gathered showed that the experimental specific heat of the metal was at 0.09 cal/g-C°
while the actual specific heat of the metal was at 0.0917 cal/g-C°.
― This shows that the percentage error for the specific heat of the metal in our experiment is 1.85%.
― By utilizing the Law of Heat Exchange in our experiment we can gather that the law can
accurately represent the transfer of heat between materials since it gave us a close to accurate
value of the specific heat of the metal with a 1.85 % percentage error.

Conclusion

Satisfaction of the Objectives of the Experiment

― With the experiment, we were able to successfully apply the Law of Heat Exchange wherein
the metal and the tap water, both when placed in the calorimeter, showed that heat flows from
the hotter substance (the metal) to the colder substance (water).
― Our group had successfully determined the specific heat of the solid metal by means of the Law
of Heat Exchange using the formula: Qlost + Qgained = 0
― At a 1.85% percent difference between the calculated and actual values, we have successfully
determined the specific heat of the solid metal by means of the Law of Heat Exchange.
― With all said, we have satisfied the objectives of the experiment and analyzed our data to justify
existing principles.
Concepts put to use in the Experiment

― The Law of Heat Exchange was applied in the experiment when the initial temperatures of the
metal and water were both measured alongside the final temperature of the mixture in the
calorimeter were used to determine the specific heat of the metal.
― The concept of specific heat was shown wherein the specific heat of the metal was presented in
comparison to the specific heat of water. We can observe with this that metal heats up faster than
water since its specific heat is lower than that of water.
― Our Group also utilized calorimetry in order to determine the unknown heat quantity by means
of a calorimeter.

Insights/Understanding

― I have understood how heat flows from hotter to colder substances as backed up by the Law of
Heat Exchange.
― The concept of specific heat had also become much more clear to me. I can see now how water
is used as a comparison for the specific heat of other materials.
― It is also clear to me now how calories are measured and how it is used in relation to specific
heat.

Application to Engineering Disciplines

― The concept of specific heat can be applied when engineers need to determine the best material
or substance to use for a certain purpose like whether they need a material that can easily
conduct heat or inversely, a material that can insulate heat.
― The specific heat of water makes it suitable as an excellent cooling agent in engines and also as a
means to keep warm in cold climates (when boiled).
― A bomb calorimeter was designed to measure the caloric value of fuels and applied to determine
the thermal efficiency of a heat engine.

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