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Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Heat Transfer Rates – Conduction
• One-Dimensional, Steady conduction across a Plane Wall
of Constant Thermal Conductivity
1-D
approximation dT
q" = −k∇T q"= −k
dx
dT T2 − T1
q!!x = −k = −k
€ dx € L
T1 − T2
→ q""x = k
L
Heat ALWAYS flows downhill – 2nd Law!
sign convention
Ts > T∞ →
q" is positive (to fluid)
Ts < T∞ →
q" is negative (from fluid)
€
= εσ (Ts4 − Tsur
4
) assuming: α = ε
For this special case (α = ε), radiative heat transfer can be approximated by
an effective heat transfer coefficient
" = hr (Ts − Tsur )
q"rad
€
hr = εσ (Ts + Tsur )(Ts2 + Tsur
2
)
Heat Transfer Rates – Radiation Example
What are the net heat flux and the heat rate from a 1 m × 1 m sheet of aluminum if
the temperature of the aluminum sheet is 65 °C and the temperature of a facing
aluminum sheet is at room temperature? (Assume ε = 0.75 and α = 0.25 for the
hotter sheet and a perfect blackbody for the colder sheet)
Conservation of Energy: Fundamental Law
First law of thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy
dE ˙
= Qin − W˙ out
dt heat transfer across boundary
& mass transfer across
Heat transfer perspective: for a Volume boundary (advection)
€ €
Conservation of Energy: More Details
Conservation of energy is an important tool in heat transfer analysis, often
providing the basis for determining the temperature of a system.