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(a)
Hi "a (b) (c)
-5
(d)
Fig. 2-1. Forms of solid gravity walls.
common forms are shown in (6) and (c), which have small toe pro
The wall in (c) also has a heel projection. The concrete for
jections.
all except very low walls is commonly poured in two or more oper
ations. Such a wall is illustrated in (c). When possible, the concrete
for the lower portion, called the base or footing, is poured in an ex
cavated trench and allowed to set. The forms for the upper portion
are erected with the base as a support. The horizontal projection
on the back provides support for the back form. Also,
a convenient
the portion of the top surface of the toe, adjacent to the face, is often
made horizontal to support the face form. One or more keys, whose
combined horizontal area occupies from one-third to one-fourth of the
horizontal section, are provided to resist the tendency for the upper
portion to slide on the base because of the lateral thrust of the re
tained earth. The contact surface may be roughened to accomplish
this result. Solid gravity walls are so proportioned that tensile