.

17-4. Which molecular processes correspond to the energies of

microwave, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet photons?
Absorption of Light and Measuring Absorbance
17-6. Explain the difference between transmittance, absorbance,
and molar absorptivity. Which one is proportional to
concentration?
Transmitansi adalah...
Absorbansi adalah...

17-7. What is an absorption spectrum?

Spektrm absorbsi merupakan
17-8. Why does a compound whose visible absorption
maximum is at 480 nm (blue-green) appear to be red?

The Spectrophotometer
19-1. Describe the role of each component of the
spectrophotometer in Figure 19-1.

24-2. What is the relationship between

*(a) absorbance and transmittance?

A = - log T

(b) absorptivity a and molar absorptivity e?

24-6. Calculate the frequency in hertz of
*(a) an X-ray beam with a wavelength of 2.65 Å.
ν = c/λ = 3 x 108 ms-1 / 2,65 x 10-10 m = 1,13 x 1018 Hz

(b) an emission line for copper at 211.0 nm.

*(c) the line at 694.3 nm produced by a ruby laser.
24-8. A sophisticated ultraviolet/visible/near-IR instrument
has a wavelength range of 185 to 3000 nm. What
are its wavenumber and frequency ranges?
24-13. What are the units for absorptivity when the path
length is given in centimeters and the concentration is
expressed in
*(a) parts per million?
(b) micrograms per liter?
24-14. Express the following absorbances in terms of percent
transmittance
*(a) 0.0356 = 10-Abs
(b) 0.895 =
*(c) 0.379
24-15. Convert the accompanying transmittance data to
absorbances.
*(a) 27.2% = -log (0,272) = 0,5654
(b) 0.579 = - log (0,579) = 0,2373
*(c) 30.6% = - log (0,306) = 0,5142

*24-21. At 580 nm, the wavelength of its maximum absorption,

the complex Fe(SCN)21 has a molar absorptivity
of 7.00 3 103 L cm2 1 mol21. Calculate

(a) the absorbance of a 3.40 3 10–5 M solution

of the complex at 580 nm in a 1.00-cm cell.
(b) the absorbance of a solution in which the concentration

24-26. A compound X is to be determined by UV/visible

spectrophotometry. A calibration curve is constructed
from standard solutions of X with the
following results: 0.50 ppm, A 5 0.24; 1.5 ppm,
A 5 0.36; 2.5 ppm, A 5 0.44; 3.5 ppm, A 5
0.59; and 4.5 ppm, A 5 0.70. Find the slope and
intercept of the calibration curve, the standard
error in Y, the concentration of the solution of
unknown X concentration, and the standard deviation
in the concentration of X. Construct a
plot of the calibration curve and determine the
unknown concentration by hand from the plot.

R2= 0,9967
y= ax + b = 0,115x + 0,1785
-
C A
(ppm)
0,5 0,24
1,5 0,36
2,5 0,44
3,5 0,59
4,5 0,70

Standar deviasi y = 0,1824

Standar error y = 0,0815
Std deviasi x = 1,5811

25-1. Describe the differences between the following pairs of

terms and list any particular advantages possessed by one over
the other:
*(c) filters and monochromators as wavelength
selectors.
2
25-6. Describe the differences between the following pairs of
terms and list any particular advantages of one over the other:
*(a) spectrophotometers and photometers.
(b) spectrographs and polychromators.
*(c) monochromators and polychromators.
(d) single-beam and double-beam instruments for
absorbance measurements.
28-1. Describe the basic differences among atomic emission,
atomic absorption, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.

28-5. Why is source modulation used in atomic absorption

spectroscopy?

20-2. State the advantages and disadvantages of a furnace

compared with a flame in atomic absorption spectroscopy.

20-4. State the advantages and disadvantages of the inductively

coupled plasma compared with a flame in atomic spectroscopy.