REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G.

Topics: System - group of atoms, molecules, particles or

1. Thermodynamics objects we wish to deal with.
a. Heat Engine
b. Heat Pump Heat – transfer of energy
2. Lights
a. Intro to EM Waves Temperature – Average Kinetic Energy
i. Spectrum
ii. Parts of a wave Heat Transfer – transfer of thermal energy
iii. Transverse and Mechanical between substances due to difference in their
wave temperatures.
iv. Propagation
v. Frequency, Energy Types of Heat Transfer
Wavelength
b. Reflection Conduction – transferred by direct contact
c. Refraction
d. Polarization Convection - transferred by mass motion of the
e. Dispersion molecule
f. Mirrors - Convection currents - cool air sinks, warm
i. CONVEX air rises
ii. CONCAVE
g. Lenses Radiation - transferred by electromagnetic
3. Formulas and Units radiation, does not rely on any contact between
the source and the receiver
ThermoDynamics
Substance + heat = ­ Temperature
The Universe is made up of either matter or
energy. Specific Heat Capacity – amount of heat needed to
increase the temperature of the substance by 1
Thermodynamics – study of the relationship degree, denoted by c
between heat and work. 𝑄
𝑐 =
- From the greek work “therme” that means 𝑚 (𝑇( − 𝑇* )
heat and “dynamicos” that means
movement c = specific heat (J/Kg•C°)
Q = amount of heat (J)
James Prescott Joule – concluded that heat can be m = mass (kg)
converted into work and vice versa Tf = final temperature (°C)
Ti = initial temperature (°C)
Fire – produced by rubbing objects
to quantify heat…
Internal energy (or thermal) - total energy of all Q = mc (Tf – Ti)
the particles in an object.
- Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy amount of heat being absorbed or released by a
substance based on the differences in temperature.
Thermal Energy - energy that comes from a
substance whose molecules and atoms are
vibrating faster due to a rise in temperature.

Sample Problems!

| ThermoDYnamics | EM WAVES | Lights | OPTICS |

 REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G. 😘

The specific heat of aluminum is 900 J/Kg•C°. How Processess in Thermodynamics

much heat is needed to change the temperature of
2.0 kg object made of aluminum from 25°C to Adiabatic - no heat transfer
35°C? Isothermal – constant temperature
𝑄 Isobaric – constant pressure
𝑐 =
𝑚 (𝑇( − 𝑇* ) Isochoric – constant volume
𝑄
900 = Reversible - can be reversed w/o leaving any trace
2 (35° − 25°)
Irreversible – depends on path, cannot be reversed
Q = 2 (900) (35° – 25°)
Q = 2 (900) (10°) Laws of ThermoDynamics
Q = 1800 (10°)
Q = 18000 J First Law
If a sample of chloroform is initially at 25°C, what is The heat added to the system equals to an increase
its final temperature if 150.0 g of chloroform in the internal energy of a system plus the external
absorbs 1250 joules of heat, and the specific heat work done by the system.
of chloroform is 960 J/kg•C°. ΔQ =ΔU + W
𝑄 + Q = heat added ON
𝑐 =
𝑚 (𝑇( − 𝑇* ) -Q = heat added BY
1250 + W = work done ON
960 = -W = work done BY
0.15 (𝑇( − 25°)
1250
(𝑇( − 25°) = Sample Problems!
0.15 (960)
1250 If 150 J of energy is added toa system that does not
(𝑇( − 25°) = applied external work, by how much thermal
144
6𝑇( − 25°7 = 8.68® 9° energy of the system raised?
𝑇( = 25° + 9° ΔU = ΔQ – W
𝑇( = 31° = 150 J – 0
= 150 J
Work - measure of energy transfer If 10 J of energy is added to a system that does 4 J
W = F(Δd) of external work, by how much will the internal
W = PΔV energy of that system be raised?
ΔV = Vf – Vi ΔU = ΔQ – W
P = pressure in pascal (Pa) = 10 J – (-4)
F = force in newtons (N) = 14 J
d = distance moved
ΔV = change in the volume in liter (L) Law of Conservation of Energy –
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it
Systems in Thermodynamics just changed into other form.”

Isolated- can’t exchange their energy or matter
Closed - only energy is allowed to freely enter or
exit the system.
Open - freely exchanges energy and matter
*insulators or insulating materials are used to
prevent heat loss or gain
* Whenever energy is transformed from one form
to another, some energy is always wasted.
Efficiency - measure of how good a device is at
changing energy from one form to another.

| ThermoDYnamics | EM WAVES | Lights | OPTICS |

 REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G. 😘

𝑄; − 𝑄< - Impossible to reach absolute zero

𝐸 = 𝑥100
𝑄; temperature
Sample Problem! Zeroth Law
- If the first and second systems are in
If you have a radio and it is supplied with 300 J of thermal equilibrium with the third system
electrical energy which it converts to 96 J of sound then they have thermal equilibrium with
energy. How much energy is wasted? In what each other.
form is the energy wasted? What is the efficiency - System A = System B
of the radio? System B = System C
System C = System A
(a) Energy wasted is 204J in a form of heat
Input – Output Heat Engines
=300 J – 96 J Heat Engines - converts heat into mechanical
=204 J work.
Efficiency is W =QH - QC
>?@A?@
= <BA?@ QH= Heat source (high temperature reservoir)
CDE
= FGGE ∗ 100 QC= Heat sink (cold temperature reservoir)
W = Engine must perform useful work
= 32%
Cycle - series of processes that returns to its initial
Second Law state.
Has three statements
1. Kelvin – Planck Internal Combustion Engine – burns fuel inside the
- not 100% efficient, always have waste cylinder
energy - Examples are otto engines, and diesel
If you do work, if you use energy, if you convert it External Combustion Engine – burns fuel outsie
from one form to another, you will lose some of it. the engine
No machine can be 100% efficient. - Examples are steam engines
2. Clausius
- The natural process would be form Hot to Efficiency =
cold and the process are irreversible. 𝑸𝒉 − 𝑸𝒄
Heat can never pass spontaneously from a cold to a ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑸𝒉
hot body. As a result of this fact, natural processes
that involve energy transfer must have one Sample Problem!
direction, and all natural processes are irreversible. A certain engine turns 800 J of input energy into
3. Entropy Statement 560 J of useful work and the rest of the energy is
The entropy of the universe increases in a released to the surroundings. How much energy is
spontaneous process and remains unchanged in an released to the surroundings?
equilibrium process. W =QH - QC
560 =800 - QC
Entropy = how much energy is not available to do QC = 800 – 560
work QC = 240
A heat engine takes in 1200J of in each cycles , and
does 400 J of work in each cycle. What is the
efficiency of the engine?

E= W/QH *100
Third Law E = 400/1200 *100
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 REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G. 😘

E= 0.33 *100 Heat Pumps

E= 33% Heat Pumps – moves heat from a cold reservoir to
a hot reservoir by means of work
Four Stroke Engine - internal combustion (IC)
engine in which the piston completes four separate Parts of a Heat Pump
strokes while turning the crankshaft. Evaporator
Intake – air – fuel mixture is drawn in Expansion Valve
Compression – the mixture is compressed Compressor
Power – spark plug enacts as an explosion Condenser
that will force the piston down
Exhaust – Piston pushes out burned gases
EM Waves
Thermal Efficiency – ratio of output work to the
input energy, stated as percentage Waves - Rhythmic disturbances that carry energy
without carrying matter
Carnot Engine – ideal heat engine that undergoes
all reversible processes Types of Waves
Mechanical - need matter (or medium) to
Carnot Efficiency - maximum efficiency possible transfer energy
for any engines ElectroMagnetic Waves - do not need
Matter (or medium) to transfer energy, but
𝑻𝒉 O𝑻𝒄 it can transfer through medium
𝑻𝒉
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 where Th and Tc must be in Kelvin
( +273) Transverse Mechanical Waves - Energy causes the
matter in the medium to move up and down or
Sample Problems! back and forth at right angles to the direction the
A steam turbine takes in steam at a temperature of wave travels.
400°C and releases steam to the condenser at a
temperature of 120°C. What is the Carnot Parts of a Transverse Wave
Efficiency of this engine?
𝑻𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉
(𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑) − (𝟏𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑)
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑)
𝟔𝟕𝟑 − 𝟑𝟗𝟑
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟕𝟑
𝟐𝟖𝟎
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟕𝟑
𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Longitudinal Wave (Compressional Wave) – A
E= 41.6% mechanical wave in which matter in the medium
moves forward and backward along the same
A steam turbine takes in 500 kJ of heat in each direction that the wave travels.
cycle, what is the maximum amount of work that
could be generated by the turbine in each cycle?
E = W/Qh
W = eQh
W= (0.416)(500KJ)
W= 208 kJ

| ThermoDYnamics | EM WAVES | Lights | OPTICS |

 REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G. 😘

Factors to be protected against radiation

Time – don’t be too exposed
Distance – further distance
Shielding – use protective gears

EM Spectrum - scheme that often classifies by

frequency the EM waves.
v=fλ
v = speed, m/sec
f= frequency, Hz
λ = wavelength, m

ElectroMagnetic Wave – has oscillating magnetic

and electric fields

Propagation of EM Wave – oscillate in

perpendicular planes and in phase, the speed of
the EM wave is 3.00 x 10^8 m/s Frequency : low ® high
Energy : low ® high
Anatomy of a Wave
Wavelength : high ® low
Wave Frequency- measure how often
something happens over a certain amount
Energy of a Photon
of time.
E = hf
Wave Period- time it takes for one cycle to
H= planck’s constant ® 6.63 x 10^34 J*sec
complete.
F = frequency, Hz
Wave Speed - how fast a wave is moving.
E= energy, J
Photon - packets of energy or bundles of energy in
Conversion
every particle
1 megahertz = 1x10^6 Hz
1 kilohertz = 1x10^3 Hz
Radiation – process of emitting energy by any of
these two basic carriers: photons and waves.
- The basic unit for radiation is Siver Light
Light is an energy and a particle.
Non Ionizing Radiation – has enough So, why can we only see a small portion of these
energy to move around atoms or cause EM waves?
them to vibrate but not enough to remove Our eyes can only see 380 – 700 nm of wavelength
electrons.
Ionizing Radiation – form of radiation that Ray Model of Light - illustrate the travel of light in
can break apart atoms and molecules a straight line, arrows show the source of the light
causing severe damang in living organisms. and the direction of light travel.

Half – Life - the time taken for the radioactivity of Opaque - do not allow light to pass
a specified isotope to fall to half its original value Transparent - allow light to pass through
Translucent - Objects in between

| ThermoDYnamics | EM WAVES | Lights | OPTICS |

 REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G. 😘
Flux – how strong light is
LUMINOUS FLUX (P) - rate at which a
source emits light, lumen (lm) is the SI unit
Illuminance - illumination of a surface
Luminous Objects - objects that generate
their own light.
Illuminated objects - capable of reflecting light to
our eyes.
Theories about Light
Wave theory (1690)
- Christian Huygens
proposed that light is a wave propagating in ether
Particle Theory (1704)
- Isaac Newon
proposed that light is composed of tiny particles
emitted by a luminous object
Electromagnetic Theory
- James Maxwell
His equations revealed that light is an
electromagnetic wave, that is, a transverse wave
that is partly magnetic and partly electrical in
nature.
Quantum Theory (end of 19th Century)
- Max Planck
theorized that light is emitted in discrete packets of
energy called quanta. Einstein called each quantum
of energy as “photon”
Reflection
Reflection - bouncing back of light into the same
medium it has been travelling after striking a
surface.
Incident Ray is the ray that strikes the surface
Reflected Ray is the ray that rebounds from the
surface.
Normal line is an imaginary line perpendicular to
the surface at the point of incidence.
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Angle of incidence (Өi) is the angle between the
incident ray and the normal.
Angle of Reflection (Өr) is the angle between the
reflected ray and the normal.
Law of Reflection – angle of incidence must be
equal to angle of reflection
Types of Reflection
Specular - reflection from smooth surfaces
Diffuse Reflection - reflection from rough
surfaces.
Refraction
Refraction - light bends as it experiences a change
in speed when it passes through a different
medium
- Causes : change in speed, in medium and in
density
*most of the fraction occurs in the cornea , not
in the lens.
Index of refraction - how speed of light in a
vacuum can compare to the speed of light in that
medium
- n = c/v
- From lower to higher index, the angle of
refraction bends towards the normal line.
Snell’s Law – ni(sin θi) = nr(sin θr)
- inverse relationship of the sine of the angle
to the index of refraction of a medium.
Critical Angle – 90 degrees = Sin (90) = 1
- When light passes from glass to air there is
an angle beyond which light cannot escape
from the glass.
Total Internal Reflection - angle of
incidence = angle of reflection when the critical
angle is used
Optical Fibers - Each fibre is a thin piece of glass,
coated with a thin layer (or cladding) of another
glass.
Endoscopy – a procedure that uses small tubes
with a small camera to see the insides of your body
 REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G. 😘
Type of Image
Real - image appears in front of the mirror
(could be projected onto a screen)
Virtual – image appears behind the mirror
Properties of an Image
Attitude
Size – Reduces, Enlarged, Same
Type – Real or Virtual
Polarization
Polarization - Light vibrates in all directions.
A polarizing filter acts like a picket fence. It only
lets certain direction vibrations pass through it.
Therefore, if you pass light through two of them
you can completely block the light from passing
through.
Dispersion
Dispersion - the separation of light into
colors arranged according to their frequency
Rainbow - The rainbow takes the concept of
Refraction, TOTAL Internal Reflection & dispersion
and multiples it through the atmosphere
Mirages - caused by the refracting properties of a
non-uniform atmosphere.
Inferior Mirages – hot air is below the line
of sight
Superior Mirages – hot air is above the line
of sight
Lenses
Lenses – refracts light
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Convex lens is one which is thicker in the middle
than at its edge. It bulges out. Converged or
focused.
- The rays meet at a point called the
PRINCIPAL FOCUS
- for the farsighted people
Concave lens is one which is thinner in the middle
than at its edge. It “caves” in. Diverged or spread
- used by the nearsighted
Mirror - any polished surface that exhibit reflection
Types of Mirror
Plane Mirror – with flat surface.
Spherical Mirror - has a reflecting surface
taken from the surface of a sphere. It may
be concave or convex.
Convex mirror - bulges outward to
the incident rays.
Concave mirror - curves inwards in
the direction of the incident rays.
Center of curvature - center of the sphere from
where the mirror was taken.
Vertex - center of the mirror. It is sometimes called
the pole of the mirror.
Radius of curvature - radius of the sphere. It is the
distance between C and V.
Radius of curvature - radius of the sphere. It is the
distance between C and V.
Aperture - width of the mirror.
Focal length - distance from the pole to the
principal focus. Since the principal focus is midway
between C and V, the focal length is one-half of the
radius of curvature.
Asymmetric lens - used to correct astigmatism. It
compensates the asymmetry of the eye’s lens.
 REVIEWER FOR Science 10 – second quarter ~ Ysa G. 😘

Formulas and units W = Qh – Qc

QH= Heat source (high temperature reservoir) (J)
Q = mc (Tf – Ti) QC= Heat sink (cold temperature reservoir) (J)
𝑄 W = Engine must perform useful work (J)
𝑐 =
𝑚 (𝑇( − 𝑇* ) E= HF
H = 6.63 x 10^34 J*sec
c = specific heat (J/Kg•C°) E= energy of a photon (J)
Q = amount of heat (J) f= frequency (Hz)
m = mass (kg) v=fλ
Tf = final temperature (°C) v= 3.00 x 10^8 m/sec
Ti = initial temperature (°C) v = speed, m/sec
f= frequency, Hz
W = F(Δd) λ = wavelength, m
W = PΔV n = c/v
ΔV = Vf – Vi n = index of refraction
c= speed of light in a vacuum
P = pressure in pascal (Pa) v= speed of light in a medium
F = force in newtons (N)
d = distance moved
ΔV = change in the volume in liter (L) ni(sin θi) = nr(sin θr)
ni = index of incident
ΔU = ΔQ – W θi = angle of incidence
ΔU = change in internal energy nr = refractive index
+ Q = heat added ON θr = angle of refraction
-Q = heat added BY
+ W = work done ON index of air = 1.0003
-W = work done BY index of water = 1.33

𝑸𝒉 − 𝑸𝒄 1 megahertz = 1x10^6 Hz
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝑬𝒇𝒇 1 kilohertz = 1x10^3 Hz
𝑸𝒉
Siver is the unit for radiation
Eff = Efficiency (%)
Lumen for LUMINOUS FLUX
QH= Heat source (high temperature reservoir) (J)
QC= Heat sink (cold temperature reservoir) (J)
W = Engine must perform useful work (J)

𝑻𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝑬𝒇𝒇
𝑻𝒉
(+273) ® Kelvin
Woohooo! Sa wakas tapos na pagdadasal ko kayo
W = JQ
labyu so much 😘, ysa ©
W = JH
W= work (J)
J = 4.186 J/cal
H= Heat in Cal
Q= Heat in Joules

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