Kinematics in Two-Dimensions

1. Vectors
1.1. Vector Addition/Subtraction
1.2. Vector Multiplication:
× Cross Product
• Dot Product
2. Motion in 2-Dimensions
• Projectiles,
Projectiles maximum height,
height time,
time range
3. Relative velocity

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 Lesson Outcomes
Students should be able to:
1 define the components of displacement,
1. displacement velocity and
acceleration in both dimensions
2 define projectile motion
2.
3. derive the projectile equations of motion
4 apply
4. appl the projectile equations
eq ations of motion to determine
the maximum height and range and the total time of
motion
5. define the relative velocity

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 Vectors

• A vector quantity is any quantity with

magnitude and direction.

• Displacement, velocity, acceleration,

momentum andd force
f are examples
l off vector
quantities.

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 Let’s say
y yyou have 2 vectors a & b

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 Adding Vectors
Triangle Method
a b
a
a+b

Parallelogram Method a+b

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 Subtracting
g Vectors

-b
a - b = a + ((-b))

a b

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 Adding
g Vectors
Method 3: Resolving the vectors

2 2
a= ax + ay
a ay
i θ
ay = a sin θ = tan −1
ax
θ
ax = a cos θ

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 Adding Vectors
Method 3: Resolving the vectors
ax = a cos θa c=a+b cx = ax + bx
ay = a sin θa cy = ay + by

bx = b cos θb 2 2
c = cx + cy
by = b sin θb
−1
cy
θ c = tan
cx

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 a
ay by
ay

ax cy c=a+b
bx ax bx
cx
by
b

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 Vector Multiplication
There are two type of vector multiplication:-
• dot multiplication scalar

and

× cross multiplication vector

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 a
θ
b

Dot multiplication: a • b = ⎪a⎪⎪b⎪ cos θ

Scalar quantity

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Special cases:
Case 1: a
θ = 0o b

a • b = a b cos 0 = a b

Case 2:
θ = 90o a
b

a • b = a b cos 90° = 0

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 a
θ
b

Cross multiplication: a × b = ab sin θ

Vector q
quantity
y

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Special cases:
Case 1: a
θ = 0o b

a × b = a b sin 0 = 0

Case 2:
θ = 90o a
b

a × b = a b sin 90° = a b

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 y

i•i=1 i•j=0
ay
j•j=1 j•k=0
j a ax k•k=1 k•i=0
i
x
k
az i×j=k i×i=0
z j×k=i j×j=0
k×i=j k×k=0
a = ax i + ay j + az k

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 Displacement, velocity and acceleration
Displacement
Δr = r − r0
Average
g velocityy
r − r0 Δr
v av = =
t − t 0 Δt
Instantaneous velocity
Δr d
dr
v = lim =
Δt→ 0 Δt dt

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 Vector components of v are vx and vy
v x = v cos θ , andd v y = v sin
i θ
Average acceleration
v − v0 Δv
aav = =
t − t0 Δt
Instantaneous acceleration
Δv dv
a = lim =
Δt→ 0 Δ t dt

∗ The acceleration has a vector components ax and ay in x an y-directions.

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 Example
A spacecraft has initial velocity component of
v0x= +22m/s 24m/s2. In
22m/s and acceleration component ax = +24m/s
the y-direction it has v0y = +14m/s and ay = +12m/s2. The
di ti to
direction t the
th right
i ht andd upwardd have
h b
been chosen
h as
positive directions.
Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy and (c) the final velocity
(magnitude and direction) of the spacecraft at
time, t = 7.0 s.

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The spacecraft motion is two–dimensional motion

X-part of the motion is independent of the y-part. Similarly

the yy-part
p is independent
p of x-part
p of the motion.
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 v0x = +22m/s ax = +24m/s2
Solution v0y
0 =+14m/s
+14m/s ay = +12m/s2
a) x and vx
1 1
x = v0 x t + a x t = 22 m / s × 7 s + × 24 m / s × (7 s ) = +742 m
2 2

2 2
vx = v0 x + axt = 22 m / s + ×24m / s × 7.0s = +190 m/s

b) y and vy
1 1
y = v0 y t + a y t = 14 m / s × 7 s + × 12 m / s × (7 s ) = +392 m
2 2

2 2
v y = v0 y + a y t = 14m / s + 12m / s(7 s ) = +98 m/s

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The magnitude and the direction of spacecraft are

v = vx2 + v y2 = ( 190m / s )2 + ( 98m / s )2 = 210m / s

vy -1 ⎛
98 ⎞
tan θ = or θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 27°
vx ⎝ 190 ⎠

+x

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 Projectile Motion
• Projectile motion is a motion of object in the 2-D plane
under the influence of gravity, as shown in Fig. 2.
• To analyze a projectile motion we need to consider the
components
p of the motion in the x- and yy- directions
separately.
• We note that the x-component
p of the acceleration is zero
(ax= 0), and the y-component is constant and equal to – g or
g, (ay= g), depending on whether we take upwards to be the
di ti or –ve y-direction,
+ y-direction
+ve di ti respectively.
ti l

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Fig. 2: The trajectory of a body projected with an initial velocity vo at an angle θ above the
horizontal. The distance R is the horizontal range, and h is the maximum height to which
the particle rises.
rises
vx= vox
y
vy= 0
vy
vx
h
vo
vy= voy
θ vx
x
O vx= vox
R
v 0 x = v 0 cos θ and v 0 y = v 0 sin θ vy= - voy

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 Projectile
j Motion
In projectile motion we can express all the vector
relationships in terms of separate equations for the
horizontal and vertical components. The components of
the acceleration are:

ax = 0 and ay = - g

Therefore we can still directly use the previous

equations of motion with constant acceleration.

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The components of initial velocity, v0 are
v0 x = v0 cos θ and v0 y = v0 sin θ

x-direction y-direction

A
Acceleration
l ti ax = 0 ay = −g

V l it
Velocity vx = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
1 2
Displacement Δx = v0 x t Δy = v0 y t − gt
2

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 P ojectile Motion
Projectile
• Using
U i theth information
i f ti given
i i the
in th table
t bl above
b andd the
th
equations of motion, you can solve any problem dealing
with motion in a plane,
plane provided you make an assumption
that there is no air resistance.

• And always remember that there is no acceleration in the

x-direction.

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 Time taken for a p
projectile
j to reach the
maximum height.

• You can see that the object in the projectile changed its
direction from going upwards to coming downwards.
• That clearly indicates that it reached a point whereby the
vertical velocity was zero.
• The maximum height occurs when vy is equals to zero.
• But the horizontal velocity remained constant.
constant

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 Projectile
j Motion
• Time taken to reach maximum height, when vy=0,
• The
h equation
i to beb usedd is
i
v y = v 0 y − gt and vy=00

v 0 y = gt
v0 yv 0 sin θ
t= =
g g
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 Projectile
j Motion
• Maximum height when vy=0
• The
Th equation
i to be
b usedd is
i

v =v
2
y
2
0y − 2 g (Δ y ) and vy=0
0

Thus
Thus, 2
v sin θ
v 0y
2 2
Δy = h = = 0
2g 2g

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 Projectile Total Flight time
When the projectile reach the ground, the y-component of
the displacement is zero.
zero
1 2
Δy = v0 yt − gt = 0
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
t⎜ v0 y − ggt ⎟ = 0 t = 0, or v0 y − gt = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
2v0 sinθ
2v0 y
t= =
g g

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 Projectile Total Flight time
• The total flight time will be 2t.
2 v 0 sin θ
T = 2t =
g
• The time taken to reach the maximum height is
the same as the time taken to reach the ground
after achieving the maximum height.

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 NOTE

• You are advised not to memorize the general

equations above Instead you must train
above.
yourself to derive the equations to be used
whenever it is necessary.
necessary

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 Example 1
A handball is thrown with an initial vertical velocity component
of 18.0 m/s and a horizontal velocity component of 25.0 m/s.
(a) How much time is required for the handball to reach the
highest point of the trajectory?
(b) How high is this point?
(c) How much time (after being thrown) is required for the
h db ll to
handball t return
t t its
to it original
i i l level?
l l? How
H d
does thi compare
this
with the time calculated in part (a)?
(d) How far has it traveled horizontally during this time?

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 Solution to Example 1
a) The time required to reach the maximum height is obtained from
0 − v0 y 0 − 18 m/s
v y = v 0 y − gt = 0 , Thus, t = = 2
= 1 .8 s
g − 9.
9 81 m/s
b) At max height, vy = 0, v 2 = v 02 y − 2 gy = 0 ,
0 − v0 y 0 - (18 m/s) 2
Thus y = = = 16 .5 m
− 2g - 2 × 9 .81 m/s 2

c) The time taken to reach its original level y=0,

1 2 2 18
y = 0 = v 0 y t − gt = 18 t − 5t Thus t = = 3 .6 s
2 5
(which is twice with that calculated in (a).
d) It traveled horizontally during this time a distance of
R = Δx = v0 x t = 25 m/s × 3.6 s = 90 m.

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 Projectile Range
• Range, R, is actually x-displacement just as the maximum
height is the vertical displacement.
• The
h equation
i used
d for
f calculating
l l i the h range is
i
Δ x = x − x0 = R = v0 x t
• Range R, here represents the maximum horizontal
displacement, the time will be the total flight time 2t.
⎛ 2 v 0 sin θ ⎞ v 02 sin 2 θ
R = (v 0 cos θ )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ g ⎠ g
• Using the trigonometric identity sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

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 Which launch angle, 30, 45 and 60° gives
greatest
t t range??
• This equation
q shows R varies with angle
g as sin2θ.
2
v
R= sin 2θ
0
g
• Thus R is largest when sin 2θ is largest, that is when
sin 2θ=1.
• Since sin 90 = 1, its follows that 2θ = 90 °, thus θ =45°
gives the maximum range. 2
v0
Rmax =
g
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 Projectile
j Motion
The distance r of the projectile from the origin at any time (the
g
magnitude of the p
position vector r)) is g y
given by:
2 2
r= x +y
The projectiles speed at any time is v= v 2x + v 2y
vy
Th direction
The di i off the
h velocity
l i is i given
i b
by tan θ =
vx
The velocity vector v is tangent to the trajectory at each point.
point

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 Conceptual Question
• A wrench is accidentally dropped from the top of
the mast on a sailboat. Will the wrench hit at the
same place on the deck whether the sailboat is at
the rest or moving with a constant velocity? Justify
your answer.
answer

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 REASONING AND SOLUTION
• The wrench will hit at the same place on the deck of the ship
regardless
g of whether the sailboat is at rest or moving
g with a
constant velocity.
• If the sailboat is at rest, the wrench will fall straight down
hitting the deck at some point P.
P
• If the sailboat is moving with a constant velocity, the motion
of the wrench will be two dimensions. However, the
horizontal component of the velocity of the wrench will be the
same as the velocity of the sailboat.
• Therefore, the wrench will always remain above the same
point P as it is falling.
falling

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 Discussion
• Suppose you are driving in convertible with the top
down. The car is moving to the right at a constant
velocity.
y You ppoint a ggun straight
g upward
p and fire it. In
the absence of air resistance, where would the bullet
land- behind you, ahead of you, or in the barrel of the
gun?

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 Conceptual
p Question
• A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a cliff
andd eventually
ll hits
hi the
h ground
d below.
b l A second d stone
is dropped from rest from the same cliff, falls
through the same height,
height and also hits the ground
below. Ignore air resistance. Discuss whether each of
the following quantities is different or the same in
the two cases; if there is difference, describe the
difference: ((a)) displacement,
p , ((b)) speed
p jjust before
impact with the ground and (c ) time of flight.

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 REASONING AND SOLUTION
a) The displacement is greater for the stone that is thrown
horizontally, because it has the same vertical component as the
dropped stone and,
and in addition,
addition has a horizontal component.
component
b) The impact speed is greater for the stone that is thrown
horizontally.
o o ta y. Thee reason easo iss tthat
at itt has
as tthee sa
samee ve
vertical
t ca
velocity component as the dropped stone but, in addition, also
has a horizontal component that equals the throwing velocity.
c) The time of flight is the same in each case, because the vertical
part of the motion for each stone is the same. That is, each
stone has an initial vertical velocity component of zero and
falls through the same height.

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Conceptual Example

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The package falling from the plane is a projectile motion

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 Relative Velocityy
• Relative velocity is the velocity of an object relative to the
observer
b who
h iis making
ki the
th measurement. t
• The velocity of object A relative to object B is written
vAB, andd velocity
l i off object
bj B relative
l i to C is i written
i as
vBC. The velocity of A relative C is (note the ordering of
subscript)
V AC = V AB + V BC

• While the velocity of object A relative to object B is vAB,

the velocity of B relative A is vBA=- vAB

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VPG = VPT + VTG Vector sum of the two- velocity-vectors.
y

VPT= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Train.

VTG= velocity of the Train relative to the Ground.
Ground
VPG= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Ground.

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 Relative Velocity
V PG = V PT + V TG
• VPT= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Train.
• VTG= velocity of the Train relative to the Ground.
Ground
• VPG= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Ground.
• Each velocity symbol contains two-letter subscript, the
1st for the moving body, the 2nd indicates the objective
relative to it the velocity is measured.

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 Example 1
• On a pleasure cruise a boat is traveling to the water at
a speed of 5.0
5 0 m/s due south.
south Relative to the boat,
boat a
passenger walks toward the back of the boat at a speed
of 1.5 m/s. ((a)) What is the magnitude
g and direction of
the passenger’s velocity relative to the water? (b) How
long does it take for the passenger to walk a distance of
27 m on the boat? (c) How long does it take for the
passenger to cover a distance of 27 m on the water?

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 REASONING
• The time it takes for the passenger to walk the distance on the
boat is the distance divided by the passenger
passenger’ss speed vPB
relative to the boat.
• The time it takes for the passenger to cover the distance on the
water is the distance divided by the passenger’s speed vPW
relative to the water.
• The passenger’s velocity relative to the boat is given.
However, we need to determine the passenger’s velocity
relative
l ti tot the
th water.
t

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 ANSWERS
a) passenger’s velocity relative to the water, vpw
v PW = vPB + vBW
= 1.5 m/s, north + 5.0m/s, south = 3.5 m/s, south
b) The time it takes for the passenger to walk a distance of 27 m
on the boat is 27 m 27 m
t = = = 18 s
v PB 1 . 5 m/s
c) The time it takes for the passenger to cover a distance of 27 m
oon thee water
wa e iss
27 m 27 m
t = = = 7 .7 s
vPW 3 .5 m /s

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 Example
p 2
• The engine
g of a boat drives it across a river that is
1800 m wide. The velocity vBW of the boat relative to
the water is 4.0 m/s, directed perpendicular to the
current, as shown in the Fig. The velocity vws of the
water relative to the shore is 2.0 m/s. a) What is the
velocity vBS of the boat relative to the shore? b) How
long does it take for the boat to cross the river?

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 v BS = v Bw + vWS
v BS sin θ = v BW = 4 .0 m/s

v BS cos θ = vWS = 2 .0 m/s

4 .0
tan θ = , Thus θ = tan -1 2 = 63 °
2 .0

a) v BS = v 2
Bw +v 2
WS = (4 .0 m/s ) 2
+ (2 .0 m/s ) = 4 .5 m/s
2

Width 1800 m
b ) time = = = 450 s
v BS sin θ 4 .0 m/s
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 Summary
The components of initial velocity, v0 are
v0 x = v0 cos θ and v0 y = v0 sin θ

X-Direction Y-Direction

Acceleration ax = 0 ay = -g

Velocity vx = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
1 2
Displacement Δx = v0 x t Δy = v0 y t − gt
2

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