The 2003 NEHRP

Recommended Provisions for

Structures with Damping
Systems
 CONTENTS
• Scope
• Design Philosophy
• Effective Damping
• Types of Design Procedures
• Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure
• Computation of effective damping
• Design of Damping Devices
• Testing Requirements
• References
 Scope
• Building structures equipped with all types
of damping systems
– Hysteretic, viscous, visco-elastic dampers
 Design Philosophy
• Seismic-Force-Resisting System (SFRS) that
provides a complete load path is required
• Damping of SFRS modified by damping devices
• Damping reduction applied at effective
fundamental period of SFRS (based on secant
stiffness)
• SFRS must be designed for not less than 75% of
the base shear of a conventional structure
• Damping devices designed and tested
(prototypes) for displacements, velocities, and
forces corresponding to maximum credible
earthquake (MCE)
 Effective Damping
• Damping system reduces the response of SFRS
based on effective damping
• Same approach as NEHRP provisions for base
isolation systems
• Effective damping is a combination of 3
components:
– Inherent Damping, βI - SFRS at or just below yield
– Hysteretic damping, βh – hysteretic dampers + SFRS
– Added viscous dampers, βv – viscous dampers
• Hysteretic and added viscous damping is
amplitude dependent
 Types of Design Procedures
• Nonlinear procedures (static + dynamic)
– Permitted for all structures with damping devices
• Response spectrum procedure
– At least 2 dampers in each story
– Effective damping in fundamental mode less than
35% of critical
• Equivalent lateral force procedure
– At least 2 dampers in each story
– Effective damping in fundamental mode less than
35% of critical
– SFRS does not have plan irregularity
– Rigid floor diaphragms
– Height of the structure does not exceed 100 ft (30 m)
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)

• Response is defined by two modes:

– The fundamental mode
– The residual mode
• New concept used to approximate the combined
effects of higher modes that may be significant to
story velocity
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)

• Seismic Base Shear for SFRS

V = V + V ≥ Vmin
1
2
R
2

V1 = Design base shear in fundamental mode

VR = Design base shear in residual mode
Vmin = Minimum design base shear

V
Vmin = ≥ 0.75V
Bv + I
Bv+I = Effective damping coefficient corresponding to the sum of viscous damping
in fundamental mode + inherent damping in SFRS

Note: if SFRS has less than 2 dampers in any floor level or is irregular, Vmin = V
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
V = V12 + VR2 ≥ Vmin

• Fundamental Mode Base Shear

V1 = CS1W1
CS1 = Fundamental mode seismic response coefficient
W1 = Fundamental modal weight (gravity load + portion of live load)
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
V1 = CS1W1

• Fundamental Mode Seismic Response Coefficient

⎛ R ⎞ S D1
For T1D < TS , CS1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Cd ⎠ Ωo B1D
⎛ R ⎞ S D1
For T1D ≥ TS , CS1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Cd ⎠ T1D Ωo B1D

T1D = Effective fundamental period at the design displacement

R = Response modification coefficient associated with SFRS
Ωο = Overstrength factor associated with SFRS
Cd = Deflection amplification factor
SDS = Short period design spectral acceleration
SD1 = 1-second period design spectral acceleration
B1D = Total effective first mode damping factor at the design displacement
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
⎛ R ⎞ S D1
For T1D < TS , CS1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Cd ⎠ Ωo B1D
⎛ R ⎞ S D1
For T1D ≥ TS , CS1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Cd ⎠ T1D Ω o B1D

• Determination of Effective fundamental period

T1D = T1 µ D
T1 = Fundamental period of SFRS
µD = Effective ductility demand of SFRS
under DBE
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
T1D = T1 µ D

• Determination of effective ductility demand at

DBE
D1D
µD =
DY
D1D = Fundamental mode design displacement at center of rigidity of the roof
level of the structure
DY = Displacement at the center of rigidity of the roof level of the structure at
the effective yield point of the SFRS
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
D1D
µD =
DY

• Determination of fundamental mode design roof

displacement
⎛ g ⎞ S DST1D ⎛ g ⎞ S DST1D
2 2
For T1D < TS , D1D = ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1 ≥ ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1
⎝ 4π ⎠ B1D ⎝ 4π ⎠ B1D
⎛ g ⎞ S T ⎛ g ⎞ S T
For T1D ≥ TS , D1D = ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1 D1 1D ≥ ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1 D1 1
⎝ 4π ⎠ B1D ⎝ 4π ⎠ B1E

Γ1 = Fundamental mode participation factor

B1E = Elastic First mode effective damping coefficient of SFRS
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
D1D
µD =
DY

• Determination of yield roof displacement

⎛ g ⎞ ⎛Ω C ⎞
DY = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ o d ⎟Γ1Cs1T1
2

⎝ 4π ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠
 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
(ELF) V = V +V ≥ V 2 2
1 R min

• Residual Mode Base Shear

VR = CSR WR
CSR = Residual mode seismic response coefficient
WR = Residual modal weight

WR = W − W1
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
VR = CSR WR

• Residual Mode Seismic Response Coefficient

⎛ R ⎞ S DS
CSR = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Cd ⎠ Ωo BR

BR = Total effective residual mode damping factor

Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
• Design lateral forces of SFRS

Fi = Fi12 + FiR2
Γ1
Fi1 = wiφi1 V1
W1
ΓR
FiR = wiφiR VR
WR
Fi = Design lateral force at level i
Fi1 = First Mode Design lateral force at level i
FiR = Residual Mode Design lateral force at level i
wi = Seismic weight at level I
φi1 = Amplitude of fundamental mode shape at level i
φi1 = Amplitude of residual mode shape at level I
Γ1 = First mode participation factor
ΓR = Residual mode participation factor
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
Γ1
Fi1 = wiφi1 V1
W1
ΓR
• Modal properties FiR = wiφiR
WR
VR

2
⎛ n
⎞
⎜ ∑ wiφi1 ⎟
1 − Γ1φi1
; W 1 = ⎝ i =n1 ⎠
hi W1
φi1 = ; φiR = ; Γ1 = n
1 − Γ1
∑ i i1 ∑ i i1
hr
w φ w φ 2

i =1 i =1

ΓR = 1 − Γ1 ; W R = W − W 1
TR = 0.4T1
 Computation of Effective Damping
β mD = β I + β Vm µ D + β HD
β mM = β I + β Vm µ M + β HM

βmD, βmM = Effective damping in mth mode of vibration at design displacement and
maximum displacement, respectively
βI = Inherent damping of SFRS at or just below yield < 5% of critical for all modes
βVm = Damping provided by viscous dampers at or just below yield of SFRS
βHD, βHM = Damping provided by hysteretic dampers and SFRS at design
displacement and maximum displacement, respectively
µM = Effective ductility demand of SFRS under MCE
Computation of Effective Damping
β mD = β I + β Vm µ D + β HD
β mM = β I + β Vm µ M + β HM
• Hysteretic Damping

⎛ 1 ⎞
β HD = qH (0.64 − β I )⎜1 −
⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ µD ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
β HM = q H (0.64 − β I )⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ µM ⎠
T
q H = 0.67 S
T1
 Computation of Effective Damping

• Determination of effective ductility demand at

MCE
D1M
µM =
DY
D1M = Fundamental mode maximum displacement at center of rigidity of the roof
level of the structure
DY = Displacement at the center of rigidity of the roof level of the structure at
the effective yield point of the SFRS
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
D1M
µM =
DY

• Determination of fundamental mode maximum

roof displacement
⎛ g ⎞ S MST1M ⎛ g ⎞ S MST1M
2 2
For T1M < TS , D1M = ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1 ≥ ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1
⎝ 4π ⎠ B1M ⎝ 4π ⎠ B1M
⎛ g ⎞ S M 1T1M ⎛ g ⎞ S M 1T1
For T1M ≥ TS , D1M = ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1 ≥ ⎜ 2 ⎟ Γ1
⎝ 4π ⎠ B1M ⎝ 4π ⎠ B1E
 Computation of Effective Damping
• Viscous Damping
∑W mj

βVm =
j

2π ∑ F δ
im im
i

Wmj = Energy dissipated per cycle of jth viscous damper in mth mode of vibration
at displacement δim
δim = Deflection of Level i in mth mode of vibration corresponding to yield level of
SFRS
Fim = mth mode inertial force at Level i
 Design of Damping Devices
• Design forces in damping devices and
other elements of damping systems must
be determined on the basis of story drifts
and story velocities at DBE
 Design of Damping Devices
• Design interstory drift at DBE

∆D= ∆ 2
1D +∆ 2
1R

∆1D = First mode story drift at DBE

∆1R = Residual mode story drift at DBE
 Design of Damping Devices
• Design story velocity at DBE

vD= v + v 2
1D
2
1R

v1D = First mode story velocity at DBE

v1R = Residual mode story velocity at DBE

∆1 D
v1D = 2π
T1D
∆1 R
v1R = 2π
T1R
 Design Steps
1. Calculate minimum base shear, Vmin
2. Develop trial design of SFRS for Vmin
3. Establish first and residual modal properties
4. Select target first mode supplemental damping
value (βv1 ) to meet drift limits as if SFRS
responds elastically
5. Assume trial value of µD (in the range of 1.5 to
2.0) calculate β1D and T1D
6. Calculate B1D, CS1 and V1
7. If V1 is approximately equal to Vmin, proceed to step
8, otherwise revise value of µD in step 5
 Design Steps
8. Calculate DY, D1D, and µD
9. Calculate BR, CSR and VR
10. Calculate design base shear V and design lateral
forces
11. Design dampers for design interstory drifts and
velocities.
12. Verify components of SFRS under maximum
forces generated by dampers (maximum
displacement, velocity and acceleration)
 Testing Requirements
• Prototype testing
– Two full-size dampers of each type
– Wind tests (if applicable)
– 5 fully reversed sinusoidal cycles at MCE
displacement and at frequency 1/T1M
– 3 different temperatures (minimum, ambient,
and maximum) if dampers are temperature-
sensitive
– 15% changes allowed in fore-displacement
properties
 Testing Requirements
• Production testing
– All dampers to be installed
– Verify force-velocity-displacement
characteristics
– Protocol to be determined by engineer-in-
record
References