Trường Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội

Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông

Thông tin di động

Mobile Communications

TS. Đỗ Trọng Tuấn

Bộ môn Kỹ thuật thông tin

Hà Nội, 10-2010
 Mạng thông tin di động 3G
UMTS / W-CDMA

(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)

ξ 2. Nguyên lý trải phổ và sử dụng mã trong UMTS

2
 Multiple Access Schemes
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Cod
e

1
2
… Frequenc
N y
Tim
e

 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different

users
 example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots
for different users,
 example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
 GSM also uses FDMA
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are
separated from each other with orthogonal codes
 Shannon Equation

C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
 B = Bandwidth
 C= Channel
 SNR = Signal-to-noise ratio
CDMA
• Multiple users occupying the same band simultaneously by
having different codes is known as Code Division Multiple
Access or CDMA.
• This leads to universal frequency reuse.
• CDMA is a Spread Spectrum technique.
• Direct Sequence - CDMA is used in mobile communication.

Carrier
Data X Spread Data
Modulation

Code
 Spread Spectrum
 Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the
information bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider
bandwidth
 Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
 Benefits
 More secure communication
 Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due
to processing gain
 Classification
 Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
 Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
 Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
 Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
 Spread Spectrum
 Where does spread spectrum come from
 First publications, late 40s
 First applications: Military from the 50s
 Rake receiver patent 1956
 Cellular applications proposed late 70s
 Investigations for cellular use 80s
 IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)
 1997/1998 3G technology choice
 2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA
technology
 Direct Sequence
 In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary
sequence i.e. with spreading/channelization code
 The bits of the channelization code are called chips
 Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
 Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each
other.
 Length of a channelization code
 defines how many chips are used to spread a single
information bit and thus determines the end bit rate
 Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal
to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is required
 Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
 Different bit rates have different geographical areas
covered based on the interference levels
 Direct Sequence
 Transmission (Tx) side with DS
 Information signal is multiplied with
channelization code => spread signal
 Receiving (Rx) side with DS
 Spread signal is multiplied with channelization
code
 Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then
integrated (i.e. summed together)
 If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the
signal is meant for the receiver
Direct Sequence
Direct Sequence