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A

SEMINAR REPORT ON
“VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the


Requirement of the degree of
B.E. ( Mechanical )

By
Mr. YOGESH S.DANGLE
Examination No: B-2210812
Roll No: 4112

Under the guidance of

Prof . P. V. Deshmukh

Department of Mechanical Engg.


AISSMS’s College of Engineering
Pune-411001
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled

“VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM”

Submitted by

Mr. Yogesh S. Dangle

Exam no: B-2210812

For the partial fulfillment of the award of the degree

of

B.E.Mechanical Engineering of the University of Pune

is approved.

Prof. P. V. Deshmukh Prof. V. N. Phadkule

(Seminar Guide) (Guide & Head of the department)

(Examiner)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge sense of gratitude to all


those who have helped me in making this seminar a reality.

It gives me great pleasure to express my deep gratitude to my


seminar guide Prof. P. V. Deshmukh support and help from time to
time during seminar work.

Finally yet importantly I would like to thanks my entire teachers and


friends who assisted me directly or indirectly throughout the duration of
this seminar work.

YOGESH S. DANGLE
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.

1.0 INTRODUCTION. 1
2.0 VAV SYSTEMS
2.1 DESCRIPTION
2.2 APPLICATION CONSIDERATION 2
2.3 TYPES 3
2.3.1 REHEAT VAV
2.3.1.1 ADVANTAGES
2.3.1.2 DISADVANTAGES
2.3.2 PARALLEL FAN POWERED VAV SYSTEM 5
2.3.2.1 ADVANTAGES
2.3.2.2 DISADVANTAGES
2.3.3 SERIES FAN POWERWD VAV SYSTEM 6
2.3.3.1 ADVANTAGES
2.3.3.2 DISADVANTAGES
2.3.4 DUAL DUCT VAV SYSTEM 7
2.3.5 CHANGEOVER/BYPASS VAV SYSTEM 8
2.3.5.1 DESCRIPTION
2.3.5.2 APPLICATION CONSIDERATION
3.0 VAV ZONE CONTROL 9
4.0 DESIGNING MORE EFFECTIVE VAV 12
ZONE SYSTEM
5.0 INTEGRATING TEMPERATURE AND 15
OCCUPANCY CONTROL
6.0 ROLE OF INTEROPERABILITY IN 17
IMPROVING ZONE CONTROL
7.0 COST IMPLICATION OF INTEGRATED 18
ZONE CONTROL
8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 19
9.0 REFERENCES 20
1.0 INTRODUCTION

While the most important function of any variable air


volume (VAV) system is to provide a high quality environment for
building occupants, this critical function rarely receives the
attention it deserves. As a result, basic control strategies for
terminal VAV boxes have seen little significant change since the
introduction of pressure independent box control more than 30
years ago.

However, by applying more effective operating strategies


available with modern digital controls, designer can offer
enormous improvements in building comfort and occupant control
enhancement that will improve the comfort and climate in
commercial buildings.

2.0 VAV SYSTEM


2.1 DISCRIPTION:
VAV systems are designed to supply only the volume of
conditioned air to a space that is needed to satisfy the load. Fan
energy is saved when the volume of air handled by the fan is
reduced. Air volume control is accomplished by installing
modulating dampers, or in some cases, an air valve, in the supply
duct to each zone. As the room temperature demand becomes
satisfied, the thermostat signals the damper to move the supply air
zone valve toward the closed position.
When zone valves are throttled, the static pressure in the
supply duct changes. A static pressure sensor located in the supply
duct senses the static pressure change, and either increases or
decreases the airflow from the source, using variable speed control
or dampers on the main air supply fan.

A key component in the VAV system is the air valve. It is


commonly installed inside an insulated sheet metal box suspended
in a ceiling plenum. The air valve has a damper that regulates the
airflow in response to the room's thermostat. A multi-port
pressure-sensing ring provides both accurate airflow sensing and
control in response to duct static pressure. As VAV systems have
evolved, so have the terminals. There are six popular VAV systems.
They are:

• Shutoff

• VAV Reheat

• Parallel Fan Powered

• Series Fan Powered

• Dual Duct

• Changeover/Bypass

2.2 APPLICATION CONSIDERATION:


There are many factors to consider when designing VAV
systems. Here are a few:

1. VAV systems are popular because they can easily


accommodate added control zones.

2. Small zones contribute to precise temperature control,


which facilitates occupant comfort. However, the costs increase
with the number of zones.
3. Air distribution by diffuser at varying velocities is another
important consideration with VAV systems.

4. One method of increasing zone airflow during light cooling


loads is to design an intelligent control scheme that resets the
leaving air temperature off the coil upward. This method will
circulate more air at higher temperatures, and will save energy.

5. Building pressure control is especially important in VAV


systems. The exhaust fan is modulated, as necessary, to maintain a
fixed, slightly positive space pressure.

2.3 TYPES OF VAV SYSTEM:

2.3.1 REHEAT VAV:


This system is generally used in cooling-only applications,
that is, areas not normally needing heat during occupied hours.
Where significant skin heating loads are common, perimeter
radiant heat is added under windows to prevent cold down drafts.

Instead of locating heat within the zone, a VAV reheat


system places heat within the VAV terminal, most commonly in the
terminal's outlet. The heat can be supplied by hot
water, steam or an electric coil.

To ensure sufficient airflow, the air valve damper will


typically have an adjustable minimum stop. This system type is
often selected when system first cost is a primary driving force.

2.3.1.1 REHEAT VAV – ADVANTAGES:


1. The major equipment is centrally located. This permits
operation and maintenance to take place outside of occupied areas.

2. Temperature control for even a large number of zones is


relatively inexpensive. Plus, this system can accommodate
simultaneous heating and cooling. Heating and cooling coils won't
be fighting each other.
3. It's very flexible. The system can be subdivided or expanded
into new zones to fit building remodeling or additions easily and
inexpensively.

4. This system can save money by:

o Modulating the fans. Fans consume a significant portion of the


energy in the building, and VAV system fans run at substantially lower volumes
most of the time. This offers the potential for significant energy savings.

o Taking advantage of a building's heating and cooling diversity.


This can lower the system's first cost, as well as reduce energy consumption
because it is using smaller equipment at more efficient part-load conditions.

o And, isolating and shutting down unoccupied areas of the building.

5. Since the system will most often operate below the design
condition, noise levels will usually be lower than specifications.

6. VAV boxes with high minimum stops may be ideal for areas
where constant airflow and dehumidification are required.

2.3.1.2 REHEAT VAV – DISADVANTAGES:


1. Accessibility to terminal units is important. This means
architects and mechanical and structural designers must carefully
coordinate their work.

2. Each terminal unit has an air valve, which requires either


electrical or pneumatic service.

3. Each terminal unit has a heating coil, which requires utility


service and maintenance.

4. The system requires diffusers that can provide adequate


distribution characteristics over a wide range of airflows.

5. During the heating mode, the primary airflow is first cooled


and then reheated resulting in increased energy consumption.
2.3.2 PARALLEL FAN POWERED VAV:
The parallel fan powered VAV terminal is a common
system design. In this configuration the cooling air valve is first
modulated to a predetermined minimum position (it can be
completely closed). Then the terminal fan and heat are energized
consecutively as the temperature in the space continues to drop. In
this configuration, the primary air does not pass through the
terminal unit's fan.

When no heat is needed, the local parallel fan is off and a


back draft damper is closed to prevent cool air entry into the
return plenum. When little or no air is flowing to the VAV zone,
and the zone temperature drops below set point, the local parallel
fan is turned on and the back draft damper opens. Warm
recirculated plenum air is then mixed with the minimum flow of
cool primary air and delivered to the zone at a predetermined
minimum constant air volume. Additional heat can also be
provided, when specified, by a heating coil located at the leaving
airside of the unit.

A major benefit of parallel fan powered terminal units is


that the secondary fan motor runs only when primary air
tempering is required. Also, the terminal fan requires no special
interlock with the central air handler because it sits outside the
primary air stream. Another benefit is that the heat of the plenum
(due mainly to lighting) can be used for zone tempering.

2.3.2.1 PARALLEL FAN POWERED VAV –


ADVANTAGES:
1. The major equipment is centrally located.

2. Temperature control for even a large number of zones is


relatively inexpensive. Plus, this system can accommodate
simultaneous heating and cooling. Heating and cooling coils won't
be fighting each other.
3. The fan powered VAV box can take advantage of the
heating effect of lights to reduce building heating requirements.

4. It's very flexible.

5. This system can save money by:

o Modulating the fans.

o Taking advantage of a building's heating and cooling diversity.

o And, isolating and shutting down unoccupied areas of the building.

Since the majority of the operation will be below design conditions,


the noise level will often be lower than specified at design.
2.3.2.2PARALLEL FAN POWERED VAV–
DISADVANTAGES:
Accessibility to terminal units is important. This means
architects and mechanical and structural designers must carefully
coordinate their work.

1. Each terminal unit has a fan and filter, which require


electric service as well as periodic maintenance.

2. Each terminal unit has an air valve, which requires either


electrical or pneumatic service.

3. The system requires diffusers that can provide adequate


distribution characteristics over a wide range of airflows.

2.3.3 SERIES VAV:


Series fan powered terminal units are commonly used in
VAV zones that not only require heat during occupied hours, but
also constant volume air delivery. With this system the terminal
unit fan is in series with the central fan. Therefore, primary air
from the central fan always passes through the terminal unit fan.
The local series fan is generally sized for 100 percent zone airflow
since all primary airflow passes through it. This secondary fan
operates whenever there is a call for airflow to the zone. This
ensures a constant flow of air, but the temperature of the air varies.

As the zone is cooling requirement decreases, the valve's


damper closes. As the damper closes, the air mixture supplied to
the zone contains less cool air and more warm recirculated plenum
air. The heating coil located at the leaving airside of the unit can
provide additional heat.

Series fan powered terminals are often selected due to the


advantage of constant air delivery to the zone, while still benefiting
from the energy saving associated with VAV at the main air
handler. Series terminal may be used throughout the entire
building or they may be selectively applied in areas where constant
airflow is desirable, such as washrooms, entranceways, hallways,
atriums, and conference rooms.

2.3.3.1 SERIES VAV –ADVANTAGES:


1. The major equipment is centrally located.

2. Temperature control for even a large number of zones is


relatively inexpensive. Plus, this system can accommodate
simultaneous heating and cooling. Heating and cooling coils won't
be fighting each other.

3. The fan powered VAV box can take advantage of the


heating effect of lights to reduce building heating requirements.

4. It's very flexible.

5. This system can save money by:

o Modulating the fans.

o Taking advantage of a building's heating and cooling diversity.


o And, isolating and shutting down unoccupied areas of the building.

6. Since the majority of the operation will be below design


conditions, the noise level will often be lower than that specified at
design.

2.3.3.2 SERIES VAV – DISADVANTAGES:


1. Accessibility to terminal units is important. This means architects and
mechanical and structural designers must carefully coordinate their work.

2. Each terminal unit has a fan and filter, which require electric service as
well as periodic maintenance.

3. Each terminal unit has an air valve, which requires either electrical or
pneumatic service.

2.3.4 DUEL DUCT VAV:


Dual duct terminals units have two air valves in a common
VAV box enclosure: one controls cool primary air and the other
controls warm air. This system provides variable air volume as
well as variable temperature. With the dual duct system,
adjustable air mixing point is provided to minimize air movement
when the unit changes over between cooling and heating, and vice
versa. Terminals are connected to temperature sensors located in
the zone.

Dual duct systems can be very energy efficient when there is


little call to mix cool and heated air, and separate supply fans are
utilized for heating and cooling. A major shortcoming of single-
zone systems is that the heating and cooling capacity supplied to
each comfort zone cannot be adjusted to match changing load
conditions within the zone. As a result, although the central
thermostat can be satisfied, individual zone comfort is often
compromised.
2.3.5 CHANGEOVER/BYPASS VAV SYSTEMS:
When first cost is key, the changeover/bypass systems can
provide temp. Control to each zone in the building, while using a
typical single-zone air conditioning unit. This system is called
changeover/bypass because it changes over between heating and
cooling operation and uses a bypass loop to allow constant volume
fans on air conditioning equipment while delivering variable air
volume to the zone. Many single-zone applications utilize direct
expansion refrigeration systems that will not tolerate large
reductions in airflow. A central system controller monitors the
heating and/or cooling needs of all comfort zones and automatically
changes system operation from heating to cooling, or vice versa as
necessary, to satisfy the needs of the zones. Instead of using a
single-zone sensor to determine heating or cooling, each zone has a
thermostat.

The central system controller can be programmed to weight


zones in order of importance to decide if the central air
conditioning unit should be providing heating or cooling. The
central system controller also senses the supply airflow rate and
modulates a supply air bypass damper to maintain the required
airflow through the air conditioning unit. The air terminal unit
used with this system is similar in function to the shutoff terminal.
The unit controller is typically connected to a zone thermostat that
provides input for the zone controller to modulate the zone control
damper.

2.3.5.1 CHANGEOVER/BYPASS VAV SYSTEMS

- APLLICATION CONSIDERATIONS:

A changeover/bypass VAV system has many of the same


application guidelines as the more traditional VAV systems.
However, there is one additional consideration, thermal zoning. A
changeover/bypass VAV system cannot accommodate simultaneous
cooling and heating demands on the same unit, For applications
requiring heat on demand when the air conditioning unit is in the
cooling mode, duct heating coils can be installed and controlled
from the zone damper controller and zone thermostat.

This does not limit this system to small buildings. Larger


office buildings, schools, and manufacturing facilities can be served
as long as the building can be thermally zones to accommodate the
systems capabilities, i.e. zones should have similar thermal loading
characteristics. Each thermal zone is then assigned a heating and
cooling unit, which serves a number of individua1
changeover/bypass VAV terminals.

3.0 VAV ZONE CONTROL:

VAV systems use terminal VAV boxes that typically serve


zones consisting of two or more offices or open areas of five or
more occupants. The average VAV zone size in commercial office
buildings is usually between 500 and 800 sq ft. in areas, and most
zones are controlled with a single space temperature sensor. This
space temp sensor regulates the flow of primary air from the VAV
box in response to space temperature compared to a zone
temperature set point. Pressure independent VAV box controls
modulate the airflow in range bounded by minimum and
maximum airflow rates. Many VAV systems are designed to
operate with a fixed supply air temperature (usually 13ºC), or with
a supply air temperature reset over a limited range (e.g.13 ºC to 15.
5ºC). Fig. 1 & 2 show typical VAV zone configurations used in
commercial building. In fig.1 VAV box serves perimeter offices and
in fig.2 it serves open office area. In both figures, a single
temperature sensor is used to control the VAV box. Occupancy
sensors may exercise lighting control as shown in figure 1 & 2, by
wall switches, or by a separate digital lighting control system.
Regardless of the method of lighting control, it is most commonly
completely separate from HVAC control at the zone level as
shown in figures 1 & 2.

As they lay out VAV zones, designers should be mindful


that comfort issues continue to be the no one complaint occupants
have about their office space. Furthermore, actual thermal
conditions in large areas of commercial buildings are often outside
accepted comfort limits. Simple steps that can improve zone
comfort should always be considered. The layouts in figures 1 &2
have many problems that can adversely affect comfort and can be
mitigated with improved controls.

Location of the temperature sensors for each VAV box is a


common problem. In office areas, the largest or more
representative office usually is chosen. In open areas without fixed
partitions, a nearby wall or building column as shown in fig. 2 is
generally selected. Using only a single temperature sensor for
multiple offices risks extended periods of poor comfort in the
offices without sensors. Offices are often located around perimeter
of the building. When VAV systems were first introduced, the
building envelope dominated the variability of thermal loading of
these spaces. So long as long offices were on the same exposure, a
single sensor was adequate to regulate conditions in all the offices
because the thermal load was expected to be pretty much same for
all the offices due to their common exterior exposure. That logic is
no longer valid for modern designs Envelop losses have been much
reduced in recent years. While lighting loads and many office
appliance loads have also decreased, the density of people and
appliances in offices has generally increased, and the variability in
internal loads among offices is far greater due to improved local
controls such as occupancy sensors for lighting and standby modes
for office equipments.

Imagine an occupant is away for the day & the temperature


sensor is located in his or her office (fig 1). The office is vacant with
lights off & door & Window blinds close. It is likely the other
offices will be out of acceptable comfort range & their occupants
will have comfort complaints during that day due to the significant
variance of heat loads in those spaces compared to the one in witch
the sensor is located.

Another problem is the isolation of the HVAC& lighting


systems typical of most building controls. In fig1&2, the lights will
react promptly to occupancy. However, because of building
thermal inertia & the nature of zone controls, substantial portion
of a building must become unoccupied for long periods before the
reduced cooling load leads to a reduction in HVAC energy. This
wastes energy & leads to discomfort from swings & variations in
temperature throughout the building. Furthermore, no mechanism
exists to direct comfort cooling resources specifically to the areas of
the building that are occupied.

Cool & cold weather operation also can cause comfort


problems. Unless fan-powered VAV box or high minimum airflows
are used, “dumping” often occurs at low cooling load conditions.
Dumping occurs if diffusers are not carefully selected for the
minimum flow and the flow among the diffusers is not kept in
balance. In such conditions, the lower temp primary air fails to mix
with room air due to the low exit velocities from the diffuser at
minimum flow conditions. Without mixing, the dense primary air
falls directly on the occupants, causing discomfort. Even when
dumping does not occur, the low supply airflow may cause supply
air to inadequately mix with room air. Comfort problems
associated with VAV systems have become more pronounced in the
last decade.

4.0 DESIGNING MORE EFFECTIVE VAV ZONE


SYSTEM:

Research and testing has shown that


operating VAV systems with a minimum supply temp of 10°C that
is adjusted upward when cooling demand falls usually results in a
much more efficient and cost effective system than employing a
fixed 13°C supply air temp. Field experience indicates when the
controls of poorly performing VAV systems are reconfigured with
optimization control to maximize operating efficiency under all
condition; the result is a supply air temperature that changes with
cooling load. Such optimization frequently yields the lower supply
air temperatures suggested by this research along with reduced
airflow at peak load Conditions.

Freely optimized controls of conventionally designed


systems yield supply air temperature that usually vary from about
10°C to 16°C. This optimized operation with adjustable or floating
supply air temp. Offers improved comfort conditions due to
greater air circulation & less risk of dumping during cooler
weather, which leads to more uniforms space conditions at all
times. Also, lower temp air may be used to reduce in door humidity
during humid outdoor conditions. Finally for many system type,
the implication of floating supply air temp strategies significantly
improves the energy performance of the over all comfort system.

When VAV systems are designed with


adjustable or floating supply air temp control strategies, thought
has to be given to how the VAV zones and boxes are sized.
Currently, VAV boxes usually are sized based on a singe point of
operation: maximum zone load at designed supply air temp.
However, we can adjustable supply air temp and optimized
control, the greatest zone airflow requirement may not occur at
pick load conditions. Table 1 shows air flow requirements at
various load conditions for typical zones in a VAV system with
adjustable supply air temp .The figures ware developed assuming
the same pick load for each zone. Airflows have been calculated by
first estimating the highest supply air temp that could occur at
70% zone cooling load and that air flow requirement at this load
point is about 25% greater than at peak load. For interior zones,
the peak airflows requirement is about 40% greater than at
designed conditions.

When designing for adjustable or floating


supply air temp, the designer needs to develop charts like these for
typical perimeter and interior zones. Then, designers must size
VAV boxes that serve those zones for the highest airflow that may
be required. While the supply air reset scheme should be developed
so that the peak airflow demand can always satisfy the building,
some areas of the building may require higher airflows under non-
design conditions when the supply air temp has been reset upward.

Designers also need to take care when sizing


system duct work and zone components to ensure that they are
adequate to provide properly distribute the require air flow at
park load conditions when the supply air temperature may be
above the minimum. Unless the reset scheme is developed carefully
to minimize the higher part load air flow requirements in areas of
the building, the potential savings from smaller size fan and duct
work possible with the lower design supply air temperature can be
compromised.

When a VAV system with adjustable supply air


temperature is used, the control of the VAV box dampers must also
be given special attention. Control of the primary air damper is
typically bounded by preset minimum and maximum airflows, and
the airflow set point is based on space temperature vs. Set point for
the zone. The minimum airflow rate is usually based on outdoor air
ventilation requirements. However, when the outside air content of
the primary air stream and the temperature of the primary supply
air are both design to be variable, neither of these air flow limits
nor the damper control algorithm should be fixed. Instead the box
maximum and minimum and damper control can be continuously
calculated and adjusted based on the status of the space served, the
percent outside air in the primary air stream, and the temp of the
primary air. Such calculation and adjustment can be easily made
since the information required to make such adjustments is readily
available over the control network. The resulting box damper
control for the South Perimeter zone analyze in table 1 is shown in
figure 3.

Figure 3 illustrates the use of “cooling effect” damper


control to replace conventional box damper control when
proportional-only control is used to modulate airflow with respect
to space temp error from set point. However, the technique also
can be used when full PID or other control techniques are applied
to modulate the VAV box damper. Cooling effect control results in
more stable VAV system operation and better comfort stability
throughout the building when adjustable primary air temp is used
because it maintain a constant rate of cooling into those VAV zones
that are in balance while supply air temp is changing.

9.0 REFERENCES

1.ASHRAE Journal, June 2003.

2.Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by Arora and


Domkundwar.

3.www.hvctraining.com/varairvolsys.htms

4.www.esparkinfotech.com/vissim/tutorials/HVAC.PDF

5.0 INTEGRATING TEMPERATURE AND


OCCUPANCY CONTROL:

Upgrading VAV system design with adjustable supply air


temp and “cooling effect” control of VAV boxes has the potential to
yield large zone comfort improvements. Today’s high level and low
cost of control technology is a mandate for designer to do much
more to promote comfort in commercial buildings. The use
multiple pace temp sensors to control each VAV box has been
shown to be an effective and low cost upgrade to VAV terminal
control. Consider the benefit of adding space temp sensors in each
of the zones represented in the fig 1 and 2. In fig 1,adding temp
sensors in the other two offices would permit the conditions in
those offices to be incorporated in the control of VAV box and lead
to generally more comfortable conditions in the office spaces.

In open office areas, multiple temp sensors also are helpful


in improving comfort conditions. When fully configured and
occupied, modular partitions and variation in loading often make
the addition of space temp sensors helpful in open office areas.
Also, it is often difficult to locate sensors optimally in open offices.
Multiple sensors can help achieve more uniformly comfortable
conditions throughout large office areas. For the open office area in
fig 2, adding another temp sensor on the building column on the
left may improve the comfort level in that zone.

However, the real benefits of improved sensing are most


effectively realized when lighting and occupancy controls are
incorporated along with additional temp sensors. Consider fig 4
and 5 in which the occupancy sensing and lighting control has been
integrated into the VAV zone control along with additional temp
sensors. The result is the development of “sub zones,” each of
which has individual temp and occupancy sensing and lighting
control. These “sub zones” permit a substantial increase in the level
of comfort in buildings.

Consider the example cited earlier in which the large office


in fig 1 is unoccupied. In the fig 4 configurations, the unoccupied
condition of that office is included in the box control as well as the
lighting control logic. Thus, not only is the lighting shut down in
that office, but also the temp sensor in the office is removed from
the zone comfort control algorithm. Only the temps of occupied
offices (or open areas) are included in determining the box cooling
effect required for the zone, leading to better comfort in the
occupied spaces. If all three offices are become unoccupied, the box
minimum airflow limit can be reduced or eliminated depending on
conditions, and the cooling effect reduced to keep the offices in a
“standby” condition to await the return of the occupants.

Integrating lighting and comfort control as shown in fig 4


and 5 can substantially improve building comfort at a small cost.
Consider that the only additional devices required for the zone
layouts shown in fig 1 and 2 are the extra space temp sensors. The
occupancy sensing and lighting controls are already included in the
fig 1 and 2 designs-they are just configured differently than in
those designs. The primary change from fig 1 and 2 to fig 4 and 5 is
from application-specific controllers with simple, fixed functions on
each VAV box to programmable custom application controllers that
permit each zone to adequately accommodate the number and
variety of “sub zones” it serves. This change to more functional box
controllers is fundamental to success of improving zone control.

6.0 ROLE OF INTEROPERABILITY IN IMPROVING


ZONE CONTROL:

The primary purpose of interoperability at the zone level is


to provide grater choice for the zone control in each tenant’s space.
Many DDC system manufacturers have a limited selection of
controllers for zone control. Some offer only application specific
controllers that lack the programming flexibility to implement
cooling effect airflow control or to implement multiple “sub zones”
with integrated lighting control. To improve the lighting and
comfort control options available for building tenant’s, designers
needs to specify and ensure the implementation of a true standard
communication network at the zone level in order to broaden the
zone controls choice to a variety of custom application control
products that can be applied for zone control. Many new products
incorporate standard communications such that they can
interoperate with system of various manufacture, offer flexible
programmability and incorporate sufficient I/O capabilities to
work well in integrated lighting /comfort control strategies. Using
recognizes standard for the zone communication network permits
different zone control products of various manufacture and
capabilities to serve the needs of individual tenants in multi-tenants
buildings.

Some never zone control products include a


dedicated “sub network” for connecting sub zone devices such as
occupancy sensors, temp sensors and lighting ballasts. This sub
network approach to zone integration is shown in fig 6. Less wiring
is involved in the sub network approach. Its costs compared to the
hardwired solutions illustrated earlier depend on factor such as the
levels of occupant interface and function that are desired from the
sub network.

The use of sub network to connect the temp and occupancy


sensors has a number of advantages compared to allocating a
separate I\O point on the box controller for each device.
Comparing fig 6 to fig 4 for show that the wiring is somewhat
simpler. More important is the potential for additional device
functionality. For example, a network-connected temp sensor may
easily and in expensively in corporate user interface buttons and a
display that permits the occupant to operate lighting independently
of the occupancy sensor or to adjust the temp set point. With such
network- connected devices, light can be shutdown for
presentations, or dimming ballast lighting can be used to set the
lighting level.

While the zoning shown in the figures does not provides true
individuals control of thermal conditions in each sub zone, these
simple configurations provide the ability for individuals occupants
to express thermal comfort preferences, which are then consider by
logic in the VAV box controller in establishing the cooling effect to
be delivered to the zone. These “preference adjustments” will soon
be accomplished over networks connected to the occupants ’PCs.
But for the presents, a network connected local temp sensor device
that incorporates pushbuttons and a small display is a simple, low-
cost method of effectively connecting occupants to their
environments to improve occupant comfort.

7.0COST IMPLICATIONS OF INTEGRETED

ZONE CONTROL:

VAV zone control cost can vary substantially


among buildings, but traditional zones control generally
cost about $1.5 per sq feet in class “A” office building.
Code compliant lighting controls about another $1 per sq
feet. When VAV and lighting control is intergraded
according to confirmations shown in fig 4 through 6, it is
often possible to provide the superior environment and
individual preference adjustment capabilities for a
premium of as little $0.5 sq feet. This small premium can
pay very substantial rewards for building owners in
terms of attracting and retaining tenant’s.

However, most enticing to the building owners is that the


decision as to whether or not the cost is justified can be made on a
tenant-by-tenant or zone by zone basis, and the premium can be
included as a tenant cost. If the VAV system is designed with and
effective adjustable or floating supply air temp controls strategy
and with a zone control communication network that employees
established communication standards, there is no need to
incorporate a single HVAC and lighting control scheme in every
zone. Rather, integrated lighting and HVAC with individual
thermal and lighting level preference adjustment may be applied
only where their applications will compare additional value for the
tenant to justify its cost.

8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

VAV zone control strategies have not changed significantly


in recent years, so change in overdue. To enhance energy
optimization and comfort, and to make the important move toward
connecting occupants with their comfort system, designers need to
consider in corpora ting adjustable supply air temp and recognized
standard control communications trunks in their VAV system
design. Implementing a VAV system with adjustable supply air
temp permits the use of a smaller air distribution system that saves
cost without compromising building comfort or operating
efficiency. Implementing zone control on a recognized standard
network allows building owners and tenants to select from a
growing variety of options for zone control that may include sub
zone operation and individual preference adjustments. Once such a
system is installed, it is up to the designer to help the building
owner and tenants to select the right mix of lighting integration,
occupant interface, and zone sensing to fit each zone control
application.

REHEAT VAV:
PARALLEL FAN POWERED VAV :
SERIES VAV :

DUEL DUCT VAV:


South perimeter VAV zone airflow North and east perimeter VAV zone
demand airflow demand

Zone load Max VAV box Zone load Max VAV box
primary airflow primary airflow
supply air requirement supply air requirement

60% 16°C 500 L/s 60% 14°C 400 L/s

70% 16°C 580 L/s 70% 13°C 420 L/s

80% 14°C 530 L/s 80% 12°C 440 L/s

90% 12°C 500 L/s 90% 11°C 460 L/s

100% 10°C 470 L/s 100% 10°C 470 L/s

West perimeter VAV zone airflow Interior VAV zone airflow demand
demand

Zone load Max VAV box Zone load Max VAV box
primary airflow primary airflow
supply air requirement supply air requirement

60% 13°C 360 L/s 60% 16°C 500 L/s

70% 13°C 420 L/s 70% 16°C 580 L/s

80% 12°C 440 L/s 80% 16°C 660 L/s

90% 11°C 460 L/s 90% 14°C 600 L/s

100% 10°C 470 L/s 100% 10°C 470 L/s


TABLE:VAV box airflow requirements at various zone load conditions

9.0 REFERENCES

1.ASHRAE Journal, June 2003.

2.Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by Arora and


Domkundwar.

3.www.hvctraining.com/varairvolsys.htms

4.www.esparkinfotech.com/vissim/tutorials/HVAC.PDF

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