Pace 4

Table of Contents
Title Page
Initiating Devices
About This PictureBook 1

Objectives 1
How to Use this PictureBook 2
Section One: Facility Types and Building Requirements 3

Classification of Occupancies 4
Detection, Alarm & Communication Requirements 6
Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment 12
Fire Detection, Alarm and Communications Systems 13
Section Two: Types of Initiating Devices 15

Manual Fire Alarm Boxes 16
Automatic Fire Detectors 18
Heat Sensing Fire Detectors 19
Smoke Sensing Fire Detectors 29
Ionization Smoke Detectors 30
Photoelectric (Light-Scattering) Smoke Detectors 33
Air Sampling Detectors 38
Flame (Radiant Energy) Sensing Fire Detectors 45
Gas Sensing Fire Detectors 49
Section Three: Detector Placement 51

Wall and Ceiling Placement for Spot-Type Detectors 52
Smooth Ceiling Spacing for Spot-Type Detectors 53
Corridor Ceiling Spacing for Spot-Type Detectors 55
Spacing for Sloped Ceilings 56
Spacing for Shed Ceilings 57
Side Wall Diffuser 58
Ceiling Diffuser 59
Spacing for Beam Detectors 60
Beam vs Spot Type Coverage - A Comparison 62
Flame Detector Placement 63
Simplex Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Title Page
Section Four: Detectors for Smoke Control 65

Code Requirements for Smoke Control 66
Section Five: Monitoring Automatic Extinguishing Systems 73

Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm - Initiating Devices 74
Supervisory Signal - Initiating Devices 76
Initiating Devices - Quiz 79

Answer Key 84
Index
Table of Contents Simplex

Initiating Devices
About this PictureBook
Introduction This PictureBook contains activities and information focusing on Initiating

Devices, and the implications of NFPA 72, 90A, 101, ADA, and NEMA.
Intended This document is intended for new hire Building Systems Sales Reps and
audience Project Engineers.
In this text This text is divided into five sections covering the following topics.
Topic See Page

Facility Types and Building Requirements 3
Types of Initiating Devices 15
Detector Spacing and Placement 51
Detectors for Smoke Control 65
Monitoring Automatic Extinguishing Systems 73
Objectives After completing this PictureBook, you should be able to:
l list the building requirements by type of classification

l identify the initiation, alarm and notification code requirements by classification
type
l differentiate between types of automatic fire detectors
l describe the operational capabilities of each detector
l explain the code requirements for each detector
l position detectors within specific applications
l using code guidelines, accurately determine detector spacing and placement.
Continued on next page
1
About this PictureBook, Continued
How to use this This PictureBook differs from the previous ones in that it is part PictureBook,
Picturebook part workbook. To complete this book, follow the directions throughout each
of the sections.
After you’ve completed all of the activities, proceed to complete the short
quiz at the end of the book, and review the answers provided in the Answer
Key. If you answered any questions incorrectly, go back to the individual
sections, refer to the code books and texts, and review the specific
requirements or descriptions.
Bring any remaining questions with you to the Fire Alarm Applications
Workshop.
Resources The following resources are required to complete these activities:

required
l Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR, Part 36, July 1, 1994
l Fire Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook
l NEMA Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications
April 1992
l NEMA Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors, April 1992
l NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code and Handbook, 1996 edition
l NFPA 90A Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems,
1993 edition
l NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Handbook, 1994 edition
2
Section One
Facility Types and Building Requirements
Overview
Introduction This section focuses on the types of facilities as defined by NFPA 101 (Life
Safety Code), and their specific requirements as they relate to Fire Alarm
systems.
In this section This section contains the following topics.
Topic See Pages

Classifications of Occupancies 4-5
Detection, Alarm and Communication Systems 6-11
Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment 12
Fire Detection, Alarm and Communications Systems 13-14
Resources l NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Handbook, 1994 edition

required
3
Classifications of Occupancies
Directions For the following classes of occupancies, identify the types of facilities
that fall within each category. Refer to NFPA 101, Chapter 4.
Classification of Occupancy Types of Facilities

Assembly
Educational
Health Care
Detection & Correctional
Residential
Mercantile
Business
4
Classification of Occupancies, Continued
Directions (continued)
Classification of Occupancy Types of Facilities

Industrial
Storage
Mixed Occupancies
5
Detection, Alarm & Communication Requirements
Directions Select 6 of the 10 classifications you completed in the previous activity. Be

sure to include at least: Assembly, Healthcare, and Educational occupancies.
In considering both new and existing facilities,
l identify the type of detection, alarm (Initiation) and communication

(Notification) systems required
l note any exceptions or distinctions between new and existing facilities
l if any code references a pre-existing or secondary code, determine the
implications of that code.
Note: Refer to the individual NFPA 101 chapters for each classification.
Classification _______________________________
#1
New Facilities Existing Facilities Exceptions

Detection: Detection:
Initiation: Initiation:
Notification: Notification:
6
Detection, Alarm & Communication Requirements, Continued
Classification _______________________________
#2

7
Classification _______________________________
#3

8
Classification _______________________________
#4

9
Classification _______________________________
#5

10
Classification _______________________________
#6

11
Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment
Directions Refer to NFPA 101, Chapter 7, “Building Service and Fire Protection
Equipment.” Complete the table below.
Chart Identify the key sections contained within NFPA 101, Chapter 7.
Section Title
Section 7-1
Section 7-2
Section 7-3
Section 7-4
Section 7-5
Section 7-6
Section 7-7
12
Fire Detection, Alarm and Communications Systems
Directions Refer to NFPA 101, Section 7-6 to answer the following questions. Identify
the appropriate sub-section, then note the specifics or requirements as stated
by that code.
Sprinkler What are the requirements of a sprinkler system that provide automatic
system detection and alarm system initiation?
requirements
Section of Code Requirements
Complete If a complete smoke detection system is required, which locations must have
smoke detection automatic smoke detection?
required
13
Fire Detection, Alarm and Communications Systems, Continued
Partial smoke If a partial smoke detection system is required, which locations must have
detection automatic smoke detection?
required
Single station If single station smoke detectors are required, describe the requirements and
smoke detectors operating environment.
required
14
Section Two
Types of Initiating Devices
Overview
Introduction This section covers the two types of initiating devices: manual fire alarm
boxes and automatic fire detectors.
Topic See Pages

Manual Fire Alarm Boxes 16-17
Automatic Fire Detectors 18
Heat Sensing Fire Detectors 19-28
Smoke Sensing Fire Detectors 29
Ionization Smoke Detectors 30-32
Photoelectric Smoke Detectors 33-37
Air Sampling Detectors 38-44
Flame Sensing Fire Detectors 45-48
Gas Sensing Fire Detectors 49
Resources l Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR, Part 36, July 26, 1991
required l Fire Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook, Chapter 3
l NEMA Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors, April 1992
l NFPA 72, Chapter 5
15
Manual Fire Alarm Boxes
Directions Refer to NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-8 to answer the following questions. For
each question,
l cite the specific section of code, and

l specify the requirements outlined in the code.
Note: Refer to the Code of Federal Regulations for ADA specifics.
Purpose of Describe the purpose of a manual fire alarm box.

manual FA box
Mounting Specify the requirements for mounting a manual fire alarm box. Compare with the
ADA requirements.
Section of Code NFPA Requirements ADA Requirements
16
Manual Fire Alarm Boxes, continued
Distribution Describe the requirements for distributing manual fire alarm boxes.
17
Automatic Fire Detectors
Directions Refer to NFPA 72, Chapter 5 to answer the questions on the following pages
as they relate to the four (4) types of automatic fire detectors. Specify the
appropriate section of code and the stated requirements for:
l heat sensing (Chapter 5-2)

l smoke sensing (Chapter 5-3)
l radiant energy sensing (Chapter 5-4)
l gas sensing detectors (Chapter 5-5)
18
Heat Sensing Fire Detectors
3 Operating There are 3 operating principles that apply to heat detectors: fixed
principles temperature, rate compensation and rate-of-rise.
l identify the appropriate section of code that applies to each one

l describe each principle individually
l use the Fire Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook, Chapter 3 to explain
how each device works.
Principle 1: Fixed temperature detector
Section of Code Description/Function
19
Heat Sensing Fire Detectors, Continued
Bi-metallic
process
Figure 4-1
Description
Strip Type
Disc Type
(Figure 4-2)
20
Snap disc
operation
Figure 4-2
Example 2: Refer to NFPA 72, 1996, Appendix A-1-4

Electrical
conductivity
21
Example 3:
Fusible alloy
Example 4:
Heat-sensitive
(line-type)
detector
Figure 4-3
22
Example 5: Refer to NFPA.

Liquid
expansion
23
Principle 2: Rate compensation detector:
Example: Spot
type rate
compensation
detector
Figure 4-4
Reference Refer to the Fire Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook, pages 51-52, for
specifics.
Description

24
Principle 3: Rate-of-rise detector:
Section of Code Description
Description Pneumatic rate-of-rise tubing:
Reference Refer to the Fire Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook, pages 53-54.
25
Operating
principle: Spot-
type pneumatic
rate-of-rise
detector
Figure 4-5
26
Example:
Combination
R-o-R/fixed
Figure 4-6
Description
27
Example:
Combination
R-o-R/Fixed
Figure 4-7
Locations for Heat detectors are typically used in the following locations:
heat detectors
28
Smoke Sensing Fire Detectors
Directions Refer to NFPA 72, 1996, Appendix A-1-4 to answer the following questions
as they relate to the four (4) classifications of smoke sensing fire detectors:
l ionization
l photoelectric light scattering
l photoelectric light obscuration
l Cloud Chamber
29
Ionization Smoke Detectors
Directions Figures 4-8 and 4-9 show how an ionization smoke detector works.
Referring to both NFPA 72, 1996, Appendix A-1-4 and the Fire Alarm
Signaling Systems Handbook, pages 58-60, answer the questions on the
following.
Principle of
operation:
ionization
smoke detector
Figure 4-8
30
Ionization Smoke Detectors, Continued
Principle of
operation:
ionization
smoke detector,
continued
Figure 4-9
Principle What is the underlying principle of ionization smoke detection?
31
Ionization Smoke Detectors, Continued
Responsiveness Compare the level of responsiveness ionization detection has to invisible

vs. visible particles.
Do not use Areas containing:

ionization l aerosols
detectors in . . . l gases
l paint fumes
l cleaning fluids, or
l high incidence of smoldering fires—e.g. hotel rooms, janitor closets, etc.
32
Photoelectric (Light-Scattering) Smoke Detectors
Directions Below are illustrations depicting a photoelectric light-scattering smoke

detector. Referring to both NFPA 72, 1996, Appendix A-1-4 and the Fire
Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook, pages 59 and 62, answer the questions
on the following pages.
Figure 4-10
Figure 4-11
33
Photoelectric (Light-Scattering) Smoke Detectors, Continued
Principle What is the underlying principle of photoelectric (light-scattering) smoke

detection?
Responsiveness Compare the level of responsiveness photoelectric light-scattering detection

has to visible vs. invisible particles.
34
Photoelectric (Light-Scattering) Smoke Detectors, Continued
Cautions in Photoelectric smoke detectors should not be used where moisture, steam, or
using heavy concentrations of dust or lint is likely to be present. Name 6 to 8
photoelectric possible locations.
detector
Moisture or Steam Dust or Lint
35
Photoelectric (Light Obscuration) Smoke Detectors
Directions Below are illustrations depicting a photoelectric, light obscuration smoke

detector. Referring to both NFPA 72, 1996, Appendix A-1-4 and the Fire
Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook, pages 59-60, answer the questions on
the next page.
Photoelectric
light
obscuration
smoke detector
Figure 4-12
Figure 4-13
36
Photoelectric (Light Obscuration) Smoke Detectors, Continued
Principle What is the underlying principle of photoelectric (light obscuration) smoke

detection?
Responsiveness Describe the level of responsiveness photoelectric light obscuration detection

has.
Detector type Which type of detector is typically used as a light obscuration detector?
37
Air Sampling Detectors
Directions Below is an illustration of an air sampling detector. Refer to the Fire Alarm
Signaling Systems Handbook, pages 43, and 62-63, and answer the question
listed below.
Be sure to review the additional information on thermal particulation and air

sampling systems on the following pages.
Air sampling
detector
Figure 4-14
NOTE: An Air Sampling System, unlike smoke or heat detectors, can

detect combustion at its earliest stages, even before smoke or
flames erupt.
Function How does an air sampling smoke detector work?

38
Air Sampling Detectors, Continued
Definition Thermal particulation produces enormous numbers of invisible submicron

particles.
Thermal As material becomes heated, it reaches a temperature at which thermal

particulation excitation causes groups of molecules on its surface to gasify, leave the
process surface, and condense into energetic submicron-sized particles.
Thermal Below is a table listing different materials and the correlated air temperature
particulate at which point the materials produce invisible submicron particles.
point in air
Material Temperature (F)
PVC Insulation 290
Motor Oil SAE-30 310
Pine Board 320
Silicone Rubber 335
RTV 340
Acrylon Carpeting 340
Wool Carpeting 360
Vinyl Tile 370
Polyethylene 410
Non-metallic Cable Wire Insulation 420
Bond Writing Paper 500
Teflon 610
Polystyrene 710
39
Manufacturers Below is a chart listing manufacturers of air sampling systems, system

models, and method of operation.
Manufacturer Model Method of Operation

I.E.I., Inc. VESDA Light Scattering - Xenon Light
Kidde/Fenwal HSSD Light Scattering - Laser Beam
Environment One IFD Light Obscuration - Wilson Cloud
Cirrus Chamber - LED
Chemetron IFD Light Obscuration - Wilson Cloud
(Environment One) Chamber - LED
Research Equipment Monitor Light Obscuration - Wilson Cloud
Corp. Chamber - LED
Example Below is a VESDA (Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus) air sampling
detector.
Figure 4-15
40
Description Below is an illustration of the components within a cloud chamber.
Figure 4-16
41
Process An incipient smoke detector (cloud chamber):
l draws an air sample containing sub-micrometer smoke particles through a

humidifier where it is brought to 100% relative humidity
l the sample then passes to an expansion chamber where the pressure is

reduced with a vacuum pump, causing condensation of water on the
particles
Figure 4-17
Result: The droplets quickly grow to a visible size.
42
Process
(continued)
Figure 4-18
l Comparatively, Figure 4-18 illustrates air with a large number of small

particles that is common during thermal particulation of a material when
it is being overheated.
43
Process
(continued)
Figure 4-19
l A light beam passing through the cloud droplets measures the

concentration of droplets that are formed. As more droplets are formed
the cloud becomes more dense, blocking the beam—thus generating an
alarm (similar to a protected beam detector).
44
Flame (Radiant Energy) Sensing Fire Detectors
Directions Refer to NFPA 72, 1996, Appendix A-5-4.2 to answer the questions listed
below. Describe “radiant energy” and the two types of detectors. Cite
the specific code that applies.
Radiant energy
Flame detector
Spark/ember
detector
45
Flame (Radiant Energy) Sensing Fire Detectors, Continued
Description Below is an illustration of ultraviolet and infrared radiation.
Figure 4-20
Operating What are the underlying principles of an ultraviolet flame detector?

principles
Section of Code Principle
46
Description Below is an illustration of the distribution between Ultraviolet and Infrared

radiation for UV/IR detectors.
Figure 4-21
47
Description Below is an example of an Ultraviolet/Infrared flame detector. Refer to

NFPA 72, 5-4 and answer the question below.
Figure 4-22
Operating What are the underlying principles of a combination UV/IR detector?

principles
Section of Code Principles
48
Gas Sensing Fire Detectors
Definition Gas sensing fire detectors are fire detectors that sense gases produced by
burning substances, and are referred to as fire-gas detectors.
Notes l This document does not discuss nor directly reference fire-gas detectors
as Simplex currently does not manufacture nor sell them.
l For further explanation of fire-gas detectors, refer to NFPA 72, 1996,
Chapter 5-5, where they are classified as “Other Fire Detectors.” Because
these are highly specialized devices, an accurate analysis of the
environment and the desired detection platform must be carefully
reviewed.
49
50
Section Three
Detector Placement
Overview
Introduction This section discusses the location and spacing of spot-type heat and smoke
detectors and beam detectors.
Topic See Pages

Wall and Ceiling Placement for Spot-Type Detectors 52
Smooth Ceiling Spacing for Spot-Type Detectors 53-54
Corridor Ceiling Spacing for Spot-Type Detectors 55
Spacing for Sloped Ceilings 56
Spacing for Shed Ceilings 57
Side Wall Diffuser 58
Ceiling Diffuser 59
Spacing for Beam Detectors 60-61
Beam vs. Spot-Type Coverage - A Comparison 62
Flame Detector Placement 63-64
Resources NFPA 72, Chapter 5 (Appendix A)

required NEMA Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors, April 1992
Note Before applying the information in this section, a thorough understanding of

NFPA 72, Chapter 5 is strongly recommended.
51
Wall and Ceiling Placement for Spot-Type Detectors
Description Below is an illustration of the code requirements for the wall or ceiling
placement of spot-type detectors.
Figure 4-23
Reference NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-2.2.1 for heat detectors

NFPA 72, Chapter 5-3.5.2 for smoke detectors
NEMA Guide, pp. 18-19
Explanation Spotting a detector in a center position is not always possible. In the event a
smoke detector must be placed near or on a wall, you must take care in
positioning the device. A triangle shaped dead air space is formed where the
wall and ceiling intersect, interfering with a detector’s capability to function
properly (see Figure 4-23). For this reason, no part of the ceiling spot
detector should be within 4 inches of the wall. If the detector is listed for
wall mounting, no part of the detector should be within 4 nor more than 12 inches
from the ceiling.
52
Smooth Ceiling Spacing for Spot-Type Detectors
Description The figure below illustrates a method for calculating detector spacing in
rectangular areas.
Figure 4-24
Reference l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-2.4.1

l NEMA Guide, p. 22
Explanation The circular pattern shown in Figure 4-24 shows the typical coverage pattern
of a spot detector listed for 900 square feet. Since most rooms are square or
rectangular and not round, different room sizes have been incorporated into
the circle of coverage. As you can see, the typical 900 square feet pattern is
within the circle of coverage and is actually less than what the detector can
monitor. All these different rectangular patterns fit into the circle ensuring
even the furthest corner of the room is covered. This is why spacing between
devices in corridors can be larger than in general purpose rooms which
provide a footprint shaped closer to a square.

53
Smooth Ceiling Spacing for Spot-Type Detectors, Continued
Description Below is an illustration of the maximum spacing between detectors.
Figure 4-25
Reference l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-2.4.1 for heat detectors

l NFPA 72, Chapter 5-3.5.5 for smoke detectors
Explanation Figure 4-25 shows a top view of a room that measures 120 feet square. The
detectors are placed at their listed spacing “S” (which usually measures 30
feet). The first detector is placed in the corner of the room at 1/2 the listed
spacing from each wall, which calculates at 15 feet from the wall. As in
Figure 4-24, the actual coverage of the detector is more than the 30 feet
square inside. By applying simple mathematics and multiplying the listed
spacing by .7, we determine that the radius of the circle is a little more than
21 feet (e.g., 30 feet x .7 = 21 feet). Consequently, the distance from the
corner of the room to the first detector can be no more than the radius of the
coverage circle.
54
Corridor Ceiling Spacing for Spot-Type Detectors
Description Below is an illustration of detector spacing in corridors.
Figure 4-26
Reference l NFPA 72
l NEMA Guide, p. 22-23
Explanation Figure 4-25 represents a top view of a corridor 82 feet long and 10 feet wide.
Since a smoke detector covers a circular pattern with a radius of 21 feet, the
detectors can be spaced 41 feet apart and still cover the entire corridor. This
is possible because the corridor is only 10 feet wide. Refer back to Figure 4-24
to see how this is accomplished. Also notice that the detector actually
covers less square footage in this application which is 410 square feet.
55
Spacing for Sloped Ceilings
Description Below is an illustration of the code requirements for the location and spacing
of spot-type detectors on sloped ceilings.
Figure 4-27
Reference l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-2.4.4 for heat detectors

l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-3.4.6.2 for smoke detectors
l NEMA Guide, pp. 23-24
Explanation Figure 4-27 shows how to apply spot detectors in a peaked ceiling
application. The key here is to start the detector mounting within 3 feet of
the peak measured horizontally from a vertical line dropped from the peak.
Using the manufacturer’s specified spacing, this horizontal measurement is
continued down the slope of the ceiling. If you ever have this application, do
NOT measure down the slope of the ceiling.
56
Spacing for Shed Ceilings
Description Below is an illustration of the code requirements for the location and spacing
of spot-type detectors for shed ceilings.
Figure 4-28
Reference l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-2.4.4.2 for heat detectors

l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-3.4.8 for smoke detectors
Explanation As depicted in Figure 4-28, a shed ceiling requires the first detector to be
mounted within 3 feet of the high end of the ceiling, also measured
horizontally from a vertical line dropped from the peak. Again, using the
manufacturer’s listed spacing along the horizontal line, place detectors down
the slope until they are 1/2 the specified spacing to the opposite wall.
57
Side Wall Diffuser
Description Below is an illustration of correct and incorrect smoke detector placement

when using a side wall Air Handling Unit (AHU).
Figure 4-29
Reference l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-3.5.1
Explanation A smoke detector should never be placed within 10 feet of a wall mounted
supply air vent. The supply vent could keep smoke away from the detector
preventing early warning of the fire.
58
Ceiling Diffuser
Description Below is another illustration of correct and incorrect smoke detector

placement when using a ceiling AHU.
Figure 4-30
Reference l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter A-5-3.5.1
Explanation A smoke detector should never be placed within 3 feet of a ceiling mounted
supply air vent. The supply vent could keep smoke away from the detector
preventing early warning of the fire.
59
Spacing for Beam Detectors
Description Below is an illustration of the code requirements for the spacing and location
of beam detectors. This is a typical beam detector with a typical listed
spacing and should not be used for actual application. Always follow the
manufacturers’ recommended spacing.
Figure 4-31
Reference l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapters 5-3.4.4 and 5-3.4.5.2
60
Spacing for Beam Detectors, Continued
Explanation Figure 4-31 illustrates a projected beam-type detector. The manufacturer of

this specific device recommends that a detector be placed every 45 feet.
This layout would begin by coming in 22.5 feet from the side wall, and
placing a transmitter every 45 feet until you are within 22.5 feet of the far
side wall. This beam detector’s receiver can be positioned up to 350 feet
away from the transmitter.
Locations List some common applications (possible locations) for beam detectors.
61
Beam vs. Spot Type Coverage - A Comparison
Description Below is a comparison of beam vs. smoke detectors.
Figure 4-32
Explanation Figure 4-32 shows how many spot detectors would be required to cover the
same square footage as the beam detector on the previous page. It would
require two rows of 11 spot detectors to cover the same area if each was rated
for 900 square feet.
62
Flame Detector Placement
Description Below is an illustration of a typical flame detector cone of vision.
Figure 4-33
Reference l NFPA 72, Chapter 5-4
Explanation As illustrated above, a flame detector’s coverage pattern is cone shaped with
an angle of about 80o. When laying out this device, you must take care to
provide complete coverage of the protected area. It is highly recommended to
contact experts in this field for design help.
63
Flame Detector Placement, Continued
Description Below is an example of the placement of flame detectors in a hanger.
Figure 4-34
Reference NFPA 72, A-5-4.4.2.1.
Typical l Aircraft hangars

applications l Storage tank farms
l Transport loading facilities
l Offshore oil platforms
l LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) transfer stations
l Power generating stations
l Loading terminals
l Storage facilities
l Pumping stations
64
Section Four
Detectors for Smoke Control
Overview
Introduction This section focuses on detectors that are specifically used for activating
smoke control and their requirements as specified by code.
Topic See Pages

Code Requirements for Smoke Control 66-71
Resources l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapter 5-10

required l NFPA 90A, Chapter 4
l NEMA Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications, 1995
65
Code Requirements for Smoke Control
Directions Answer the following questions on the control of smoke spread by referring
to NFPA 72, Chapter 5, NFPA 90A, Chapter 4, and the NEMA Guide.
Smoke control Identify the types of initiating devices and equipment that are used for smoke
equipment control. (Refer to Chapter 5.)
Definition Define “duct smoke detector.” Use the NEMA Guide, Section 1.
Section Definition
Purpose of duct Describe the purpose of duct smoke detection. Include any exceptions
smoke detection or notes that might clarify its purpose. Refer to the NEMA Guide, Section 2.
Section Purpose
66
Code Requirements for Smoke Control, Continued
Smoke density Describe the consequences as smoke travels away from a fire source. Refer
and detection to Sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 of the NEMA Guide.
Section Consequences
Detection Which of the smoke detectors you have covered up to this point can better
capabilities detect the large, cool, and light colored smoke particles?
Non-detection Which detectors are unlikely to detect these particles?

capability
67
Description Below are illustrations of typical duct and in-duct detectors.
Duct detector
Figure 4-35
68
In-duct
detector
Figure 4-36
69
Duct detection Describe how duct and in-duct detectors work. Refer to Section 4 of the
process NEMA Guide.
Air duct Can duct detectors be used for open area detection? (Refer to NFPA 72, 1996
detectors Chapter 5-10.)
Section of Code Restrictions
Detection for What requirements are there for duct smoke detectors in the event an
protective approved protective signaling system is installed in a building? (Refer to
signaling system NFPA 90A, 4-4.4.)
70
Detection On the other hand, in the event a protective signaling system is not installed
without in a building, what requirements exist for duct smoke detectors? Note any
protective exceptions. (Refer to NFPA 90A, 4-4.4.)
signaling
system
Fan control What is required of smoke detectors upon detecting the presence of smoke?
Note any exceptions.
71
72
Section Five
Monitoring Automatic Extinguishing Systems
Overview
Introduction This section describes the codes and provisions as outlined in NFPA 72,
Chapter 5.
Topic See Pages

Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm - Initiating Devices 74-75
Supervisory Signal-Initiating Devices 76-77
Resources l NFPA 72, 1996, Chapters 5-6, 5-9

required l Fire Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook, pages 80-83
73
Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm - Initiating Devices
Directions Specify the appropriate NFPA 72 chapter and sections, and the requirements
that apply to Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm Initiating Devices.
Description Below is an illustration of a waterflow indicator switch.
Figure 4-37
74
Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm - Initiating Devices, Continued
Directions Describe how the vane type waterflow switch works. Refer to pages 80-83 in
the Fire Alarm Signaling Systems Handbook.
Notes
75
Supervisory Signal - Initiating Devices
Directions Explain each of the following supervisory signal-initiating devices. Cite the
section of code for each one.
Control valves
Pressure
sources
76
Supervisory Signal - Initiating Devices, Continued
Water level
Water
temperature
Room
temperature
77
78
Initiating Devices - Quiz
Directions: Below are several multiple choice items for each statement or
question. Circle the appropriate letter that best matches each item.
1. According to the NFPA, which of the following are supervisory signal initiating devices?
a. electronic devices
b. water temperature switches
c. water level indicators
d. a and b
e. b and c
2. In new health care occupancies, fire alarm pull stations in patient sleeping areas are
not required if:
a. located at the control panel

b. located approximate to equipment room
c. located at all nurses’ control stations
d. located at approximate distances from rooms
e. all of the above
3. Where a “partial smoke detection system” is required by another section of code, automatic
detection of smoke shall be provided in common areas, such as:
a. corridors
b. cafeterias
c. equipment rooms
d. a and b
e. a and c
4. A rate-of-rise detector is different from a fixed temperature detector in that the first:
a. measures temperature below and above a predetermined level

b. measures temperature at a predetermined level up to a percentage of volume
c. measures temperature at a rate exceeding a predetermined level
d. a and b
e. b and c
79
5. Typically heat detectors are used in:
a. mechanical rooms
b. janitorial closets
c. storage rooms
d. a and b
e. all of the above
6. Ionization detection is somewhat less responsive to the larger particles of most:
a. flaming fires
b. cool smoke
c. smoldering fires
d. a and b
e. b and c
7. The distinct advantage that an air sampling system has over heat and smoke detectors is its:
a. adaptability in varied environments

b. ability to detect combustion at its earliest stages
c. hyper-sensitivity to temperature and air
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
8. Smoke detectors in air distribution systems shall be located:
a. ahead of any branch connections in air supply systems

b. at each story prior to the connection to a common return
c. downstream of the air filters
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
9. Return system smoke detectors in closed air distribution systems are not required when the:
a. distance between two connections is less than 25 square feet

b. system is protected by a system of area smoke detectors
c. system is normally closed-supervised
d. air inlet connection is at greater than 15,000 cfm capacity
e. none of the above
80
10. Photoelectric detectors are best used in duct applications due to their ability to:
a. measure the volume of smoke

b. more readily intercept the large, cool colored smoke particles
c. quickly analyze the fire’s components
d. a and b
e. b and c
11. Flame detectors are intended to operate in environments that are:
a. ventilated and well lit

b. dense and normally dark
c. fluorescent lighting only
d. dark or normally lit
e. all of the above
12. Typically, flame detectors are most used in:
a. shipping and receiving docks

b. power generating stations
c. aircraft hangers
d. a and b
e. b and c
13. In the event of waterflow in a sprinkler system, an alarm signal shall be provided within:
a. 30 seconds
b. 45 seconds
c. 50 seconds
d. 60 seconds
e. 90 seconds
14. Per NFPA 72, what is the proper mounting distance for a wall mounted detector from its upper
edge to the ceiling?
a. 2 to 10 inches
b. 4 to 10 inches
c. 2 to 12 inches
d. 4 to 12 inches
e. 6 to 12 inches
81
15. How close can a ceiling detector be mounted to a wall?
a. 2 inches
b. 4 inches
c. 6 inches
d. 8 inches
e. 12 inches
16. When spacing multiple detectors in a large room, it is best to start by ______ where “S” is the
recommended spacing:
a. beginning in the middle of the room and work to the outside using “S” as the spacing
between detectors
b. beginning in the middle of a wall, come in .7s and work to the outside using “S” as the
spacing between detectors
c. beginning in the corner of the room, come in 1/2s from each wall and work across the room
using “T” as the spacing between detectors
d. beginning in the corner of the room, come in 1/2s from each wall and work across the room
using “S” or “s” as the spacing between detectors
e. b and c
17. By spacing detectors farther apart than normal in a corridor application, you are:
a. covering more square footage with each detector

b. covering less square footage with each detector
c. geometrically taking advantage of the way a rectangular space fits into a circle
d. a&c
e. b&c
18. Per NFPA 72, detector spacing on a sloped roof:
a. should be done the same way as a flat ceiling

b. should be done the same way as a flat ceiling except spacing should be measured on the
slope
c. should be done the same way as a flat ceiling except spacing should be measured on a
horizontal line
d. should be measured on a horizontal line with the first detector starting within 3 feet of the
peak
e. should be 1/2 the distance as specified for flat ceiling applications
82
19. Smoke detectors should not be located within how many feet of a ceiling supply air vent:
a. 2 feet
b. 4 feet
c. 6 feet
d. 8 feet
e. 10 feet
20. Beam detectors have the following advantages over conventional spot type detectors:
a. large open areas can be covered with less devices

b. use the light obscuration principle for smoke detection
c. maintenance costs are greatly reduced
d. installation costs are greatly reduced
e. all of the above
83
Answer Key
1. e 2. c 3. e 4. c 5. e
6. e 7. b 8. d 9. b 10. b
11. d 12. e 13. e 14. d 15. b
16. d 17. e 18. d 19. b 20. e
84
INDEX
—A— —L— —U—

ADA, 1, 16 LED, 40 ultraviolet, 45, 46
air handling unit (AHU), 56 UV/IR, 46, 47
alarm boxes, 15, 16, 17 —N—
alarm code, 2 NEMA, 1, 49, 50, 51, 53, —V—
54, 63, 64, 65, 68 VESDA, 40
—B— NFPA, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12,
beam, 40, 49, 58, 59, 60, 81 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, —W—
23, 29, 30, 33, 36, 44, Wilson Cloud Chamber, 40
—C— 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
CFR, 2 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,
Code of Federal 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68,
Regulations, 15, 16 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 80
Cirrus, 40
—P—
—D— photoelectric, 15, 33, 34,
detector, 1, 37, 49, 61, 62 35, 36, 37, 79
polyethylene, 39
—G—
gas, 15, 48
—R—
RTV, 39
—H—
HSSD, 40
—S—
smoke control, 1, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69
—I— smoke density, 65
I.E.I, 40 smoke detection, 13, 14,
IFD, 40 31, 34, 37, 64, 77, 81
ionization, 15, 30, 31, 32, 78 smoke detectors, 15, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 49, 63
sprinkler, 13, 71, 72, 73
85

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Table of Contents

About This PictureBook 1

Section One: Facility Types and Building Requirements 3

Section Two: Types of Initiating Devices 15

Section Three: Detector Placement 51

Simplex Table of Contents

Section Four: Detectors for Smoke Control 65

Section Five: Monitoring Automatic Extinguishing Systems 73

Initiating Devices - Quiz 79

Table of Contents Simplex

Introduction This PictureBook contains activities and information focusing on Initiating

Topic See Page

Objectives After completing this PictureBook, you should be able to:

l list the building requirements by type of classification

Continued on next page

Resources The following resources are required to complete these activities:

In this section This section contains the following topics.

Topic See Pages

Resources l NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Handbook, 1994 edition

Classification of Occupancy Types of Facilities

Detection & Correctional

Continued on next page

Classification of Occupancy Types of Facilities

Directions Select 6 of the 10 classifications you completed in the previous activity. Be

In considering both new and existing facilities,

l identify the type of detection, alarm (Initiation) and communication

New Facilities Existing Facilities Exceptions

Continued on next page

New Facilities Existing Facilities Exceptions

Continued on next page

New Facilities Existing Facilities Exceptions

Continued on next page

New Facilities Existing Facilities Exceptions

Continued on next page

New Facilities Existing Facilities Exceptions

Continued on next page

New Facilities Existing Facilities Exceptions

Continued on next page

Section of Code Requirements

In this section This section contains the following topics.

Topic See Pages

l cite the specific section of code, and

Note: Refer to the Code of Federal Regulations for ADA specifics.

Purpose of Describe the purpose of a manual fire alarm box.

Section of Code Requirements

Section of Code NFPA Requirements ADA Requirements

Continued on next page

Section of Code Requirements

l heat sensing (Chapter 5-2)

l identify the appropriate section of code that applies to each one

Principle 1: Fixed temperature detector

Section of Code Description/Function

Continued on next page

Example 2: Refer to NFPA 72, 1996, Appendix A-1-4

Continued on next page

Section of Code Description/Function

Continued on next page

Example 5: Refer to NFPA.

Section of Code Description/Function

Continued on next page

Principle 2: Rate compensation detector:

Section of Code Description/Function

Continued on next page