Assessing Catfish Pond Effluent On Soil Physicochemical Properties and Its Suitability For Crop Production

Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September, 2018; Vol.
14(3):355-366
Copyright © Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
ASSESSING CATFISH POND EFFLUENT ON SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR CROP PRODUCTION
O. E. Omofunmi1*, O. Ilesanmi1, and A. A. Alli2

1&2
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University Oye- Ekiti, Nigeria
3
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba Lagos,
Nigeria
*Corresponding Author Email address: olorunwa.omofunmi@fuoye.edu.ng
Abstract
Soil physical and chemical characteristics of catfish pond effluent land disposal at fish farm village in
Ikorodu district, Lagos State, Nigeria were investigated to determine its suitability for irrigation system
and for crop production. The physical and chemical properties investigated include: textural class, bulk
density, water holding capacity, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, total
phosphorus and potassium. The samples of soil were taken between 0 – 90cm at 30cm intervals and
analyzed for required physical and chemical properties. Results showed that the soil of the study area
belongs to two different textural classes: clay loam and sandy clay loam. The sandy clay loam was
dominant with (67%) soil textural class in the study area. The means ± S.D value across depth for bulk
density was (1.43 ± 0.22) g/cm3, water holding capacity (25.05±0.65) %, porosity (36.87 ± 10.55) %,
hydraulic conductivity (0.22 ±0.14) cm/hr, organic carbon (0.66 ± 1.55) mg/kg, nitrogen (24.30 ± 1.50)
g/cm3, phosphorus (6.93 ± 0.20) g/cm3 and potassium (3.40 ± 0.10) g/cm3 and they were within the
recommended critical values of 1.25 – 1.45 g/cm3, 26.25 – 35.50%, 26.25 – 50.00%, 0.20 – 0.30cm/h, 5.0
– 7.5, 10 – 12mg/kg, 20 – 30g/cm3, 6.6 – 18.0g/cm3 and 3 – 6g/cm3 for optimum agricultural production.
Findings indicated that the concentrations of nutrients in the site before catfish effluent discharge were
lower than concentration after discharge. Hence the soil physical and chemical properties obtained at fish
farm village showed that pond effluent are suitable for\ crop production.
Keyword: Assessment, Catfish, Effluent, Crop production Soil nutrients, Soil properties
1. Introduction
Soil is a thin layer that covers most of the Earth’s land surface and its volume and mass are
relatively small in comparison to the lithosphere. The roles that soil plays are as follows: (1) It
serves as source of food and materials as medium for grow (2) It provides food and energy crops
and the basis for livestock production (3) it serves as source of minerals like peat, a natural
reservoir for huge amounts of water and it is a natural seed bank (4) providing water and nutrients
for the entire plant kingdom (Brady and Weil, 2006). The catfish industry play very important
role in the Nigerian aquaculture as the largest segment of aquaculture in Nigeria. Most catfish are
grown in the southern part of Nigeria, and the industry is economically important to several other
states (Adekoya et al., 2006). Adekoya et al. (2006) found the most popular species that thrived
well in Nigerian environment to be the Clarias gariepimus, Heteroclarias spp., and
Heterobranchus spp.
There are two methods that have been observed in catfish effluents disposal namely, land disposal
and dilution technique. In the case of former method, effluent is allowed to flow over cultivable
land (integrated farming) or bare land, a part of effluent evaporates and some percolates into the
sub-surface. In the latter method, effluent is disposed into a body of water or water course
(Chatterjee, 2010). Chatterjee (2010) explained that the quantity (loading) of wastewater to be
applied on the land depends on the following factors: (i) nature of the soil being the most
important factor; loading may be higher in sandy, loamy and gravel hydraulic than fine clay. (ii)
the nature of wastewater (effluent): If effluent is primarily treated or diluted, loading can be
higher. (iii) Climate condition: in dry and hot climate, loading may be higher. Effluent
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Omofunmi et al.: Assessing Catfish Pond Effluent on Soil Physicochemical Properties and its Suitability
for Crop Production. AZOJETE, 14(3):355-366. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818,
www.azojete.com.ng
applications to the land by above methods not only affects intermediate environment, but also
contribute to fertilizing values of land. The impact of pond effluents on soils have been
highlighted many researchers such as (Boyd, 1990; 2001; 2003; Stickney, 2002; Tucker, 2000;
Tucker and Robinson, 1990; Tucker, et al., 2002, and Tomasso, 2002).They reported that it
affects the texture and mineral composition of the soil in intermediate vicinity. There are other
publications on the subject of catfish pond effluents but it is difficult to draw conclusions from
these studies because the characteristics of catfish pond effluents are unique, a function of
feeding, water source, location, season, farm management practice.
The catfish farmers at fish farm village, Ikorodu, Lagos dispose the effluents of their ponds on
land surface. The activities of these farmers are largely without scientific knowledge of physical
and chemical properties of the prevailing soil in the area. The soil properties of fish farm village
in Ikorodu are of importance in determining (i) the catfish pond effluent for re-use in irrigation
and (ii) type and extent of irrigation required for crop production. The objective of this study was
to determine the variability of the soil physical and chemical characteristics of the land where
catfish pond effluent is disposed for sustainable crop production.
2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Site Description
Ikorodu, town,Lagos state, south western Nigeria. It lies near the Lagos Lagoon, on the Bright of
Benin, 14 miles (23 km) northwest of Lagos. Ikorodu fall within longitudes 030 40`E and 030
35`E and latitudes 060 18`N and 060 15`N A traditional settlement of the Awori people (a
subgroup of the Yoruba), it became important in the mid-19th century as a trading post of the
Remo (Ijebu-Remo) kingdom on the trade route from Lagos to Ibadan. Ikorodu is a collecting
point for locally produced fish, poultry, cassava (manioc), corn (maize), vegetables, palm oil and
kernels, okra, cabbages, tomatoes, pineapples, and bananas that are shipped to Lagos. Many truck
farms are located in the vicinity of the town.
Figure 1: Map of Lagos State showing the study area.
2.2 Collection of Water and Soil samples

Collection of Water samples
Four earthen fish ponds stocked with the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) sited at different
locations were selected based on the environmental (swampy and inter-land) and highest stocking
density. Water samples were taken on 24th and 25th of April, 2014. Water samples were collected
from top and bottom at a depth ranges from 10 cm to 25 cm at 5 cm intervals for each catfish
pond in the morning (10.00 am). 250 ml glass bottles were used for the sampling and the sampled
effluents were analyzed for BOD5, and other samples were collected in sterilized ten (10) of 1-
litre plastic bottles for characterization of the other physicochemical parameters.
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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September, 2018; Vol. 14(3):355-366.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
Collection of Soil samples

Twelve locations were chosen in the fish farm village in Ikorodu. Soil samples at specified
thickness of soil horizon were carefully collected in separated piles (to avoid mixing) and left for
12 hours to dry before they were packed in polythene bag. The bags were tied and tagged with
identification number for the location sampled. Other information on the tag include; the upper
and lower depth of the horizon sampled and the date of collection. The collected samples were
used for laboratory tests.
2.3 Soil Parameter measurements

Soil physicochemical properties measurements were taken on sites on the 15th and 16th march,
2014. Based on visual appearances on the site and vegetation, twelve pits were dug. The soil
sampling was done four times for each point. The physico-chemical soil quality parameters to be
measured include Textural class, Bulk density, Porosity, Water Holding Capacity, Hydraulic
conductivity, Organic matter, Total nitrogen, total phosphorus and Potassium. The required
physical and chemical properties were measured at various depth ranges from 00cm to 90cm at
30cm intervals by auger and were taken to the laboratory for the analyzed.. All treatments were
replicated four times
Bulk density of the Soil: Bulk density was determined by gravimetric method. The samplers was
weigh empty, and then weighed with the soil. The sample was later placed in an oven at a high
temperature of about 105°C for 24 hours and cool in a desiccator.
The bulk density was then be determined by the formula.
Bulk density of soil (g/cm3) = (FAO/IIASA. 2008)
Porosity (%): Three soil samples were randomly taken with soil auger at various depths ranges
from 00 cm to 90 cm at 30 cm intervals. Porosity was measured using the core sampler and
mathematically expressed as the percentage ratio of the total pore volume by the bulk soil volume
Porosity (%) = (APHA, 2005)
Soil Hydraulic Conductivity (cm/h): The double ring infiltrometer (version 10) was used.
Small obstacles such as stones were removed. The inner ring with the cutting edge faced down on
the ground . The rings are partially inserted into the soil and filled with water. The hydraulic
conductivity was measured by noted the time and the water level in the inner ring (reference
level) as indicated on the measuring rod (APHA, 2005).
Soil Texture: 100g of air-dried finely powered soil was put in a 500ml of conical flask and 15ml
of 0.5N sodium oxalate (Na2SiO3) was added. 200ml of distilled water was added to the mixture
and the entire mixture was shaken for 20 minutes. Hydrometer was dipped into the suspension
after 5 minutes given direct reading of the percentage of Clay + Silt. Hydrometer reading after 5
hours of sedimentation gives percentage Clay directly. Hydrometer given the reading in g/L.
percentage of sand was determined by deducting the percentage of Clay + Silt from 100.
Similarly percentage of Silt was determined by subtracting the hydrometer reading for Clay from
Clay + Silt (APHA, 2005)
Nitrogen: About 10g of some air-dried soil was put in Kjehdahl flask. And 100ml of 0.32%
potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and 100ml of 2.5% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solutions
were added to the mixture. The mixture was distilled after adding 2ml of Paraffin and 10 – 15ml
of glass beads. 75ml of 0.02 mole of Sulphuric acid with a few drop of methyl red indicator were
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titrated with 0.02N NaOH to a colorless end point. Nitrogen (ppm) = (25-no. of 0.02N NaOH
required) × 2.8 (APHA, 2005).
Phosphate: 1.0g of dried and powered soil sample was put in a glass bottle with a stopper. 200ml
of 0.002N Sulphuric acid solution was added and shake for 30 minutes with a mechanical shaker.
The mixture was filtered using Whatman no.42 filter paper. 25ml of the clear filtrate were used to
find out the concentration of phosphate in that solution through the standard curve. Available
phosphate (ppm) = phosphate in solution × 20 (APHA, 2005).
Water Holding Capacity (WHC): Uniform plots of 1m × 1m were selected. The plot were filled
with sufficient water to completely saturate the soil and the plot were covered with polythene
sheet to check evaporation soil samples were taken after 24 hours of saturation and determined
moisture content daily till the values of successive days are nearly equal. Water holding capacity
is expressed as follows:
Percentage × moisture in soil = [(Y – Z) ÷ (Z –X) ×100].
Where:
X = weight of empty moisture box
Y = weight of moisture box + moist soil
Z = weight + moisture box + ordinary soil. (APHA, 2005)
Organic Carbon: 10g of soil samples were placed into vessel and oven dried at 105 oC and dried
for four days. The soil vessel from the dried oven was removed and placed t in air – dried. When
cooled, placed 0.01g of soil into furnace and bring temperature to 400oC for four hours.
Percentage of organic Carbon (OC) = [(W1 – W2) ÷ (W1) ×100].
Where: W1 = weight of soil at 105oC, W2 = weight of soil at 400oC (APHA, 2005).
Potassium (ppm): .5g of soil sample dissolved in water and diluted to make up 20µg K/ml
solution. 100mL of the ammonium acetate was added to the solution
Potassium (ppm): 10A
Where,
A = content of K (µg) in the sample was read from the standard curve (APHA, 2005)
2.4. Water Parameter measurements

Total Suspended solid (mg/l): 50 ml of samples through pre – weighted glass fibre paper dried
for 30 minutes and weighed again. The suspended solid content of the sample is the difference in
the weight of filters. For a given sample location, the experiments were repeated three times and
average reading were taken / (APHA, 2005)
Specific Conductance: 20 ml of water sample was put into Erlenmeyer flask and 80 ml of
distilled water was added. The mixture was placed on shaker for one hour and then filter through
Whatman No.1 filter paper. The conductivity electrode was washed with distilled water and
rinsed with standard KCL solution. EC was determined by dipped the conductivity meter into the
solution. The conductance is expressed n mmhos / cm. (APHA, 2005)
Turbidity (mg/l): Turbidity was determined by Jackson’s turbidity. Water sample was put into
calibrated glass tube which recorded the depth of the water (APHA, 2005)
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Alkalinity (mg/l): 100 mml of water sample was put into conical flask.3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator was added. Alkalinity of water sample was measured by titrated with 0.02 N of
Sulphuric acids (APHA, 2005)
Alkalinity (mg/l): 0. 02 of H2SO4 used X 1000/ ml of water sample (APHA, 2005)

Hardness (mg/l): 100 ml of water sample was put in a conical flask. 1 ml of Ammonia buffer and
6 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator to the flask Wine red colour was developed and then
titrated with standard EDTA solution till the colour changed from wine red to blue.
Hardness (mg/l): ml of EDTA used X N X 1000 / ml of water sample (APHA, 2005)
Chloride (mg/l): 20 ml of water sample was put into a porcelain dish by pipette and same amount
of distilled water into a second dish for a colour comparison. 1 ml of potassium chromate
indicator was added to each dish. Standard silver nitrate solution was added to the sample by
burette drops by drops by drop with simultaneous gentle stirring with a glass rod till the color
changed reddish
Chloride (mg/l): (ml of AgNO3 used – 0.02) X 500 / ml of sample (APHA, 2005)
Total Nitrogen (TN): 100 ml of filtered water sample was collected in Kjeldahl flask fitted with
distillation unit. 1g of Magnesium oxide (MgO) was added and distillation started; 25 ml of the
solution was collected. 1g of devards alloy was added to the remaining volume of the flask and
distillation started again. 25 ml of distilled was taken and distributed into two separate Nessler
tubes and 0.5 ml Nessler reagent added to each tube. The mixed solution started developing
colour. This colour after 10-15 minutes was compared with the colour discs of a Nesslenizer
(BDH Nesslenizer). The determination of nitrogen content (mg/l) of the solution is expressed as
follows:
TN = Number of matchng division of the standard dics × 100 × 0.01 (APHA, 2005).
Total Phosphorus (mg/l): 50 ml of filtered water sample was put in a nessler tube. 2 ml of
sulphomolybdic acid and 5 drops of stannous chloride solution were added. The mixtures were
mixed thoroughly. The developed blue colour after 3-4 minutes was compared with nesslenizer
standard colour discs. The phosphate content (P205) in mg/l is expressed as follows:
Phosphate (mg/l) = disc reading for 50 mm × 2 × 0.01 (APHA, 2005).
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5): The BOD was determined by Winkler’s method. Water
samples for BOD were collected from each location in 100 ml BOD bottles without agitating. The
initial DO content is determined as stated; stopper was carefully removed. 1 ml each of sodium
iodide (Nal) solution and magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) solution were added with aid of 1 ml
pipette, the stopper was replaced and the content was thoroughly mixed, 2.0 ml of concentrated
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) was then added to the mixture, 50 ml of the solution was titrated with
0.025 N of Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) with starch solution as indicator of the colourless end
point. After 5 days in the incubated bottles, DO was determined using the above procedure
The BOD5 (mg/l): Initial DO of sample – DO of sample after 5 days X 100 /
ml of percentage of sample added (APHA, 2005).
Dissolved oxygen (DO): The dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined by Winker’s method. Water
sample for DO were collected at each location in 100 ml DO sample bottle without agitating. The
stopper was carefully removed. 1ml each of sodium iodide (Nal) solution and magnesium
Sulphate (MgSO4) solution were added with aid of 1ml pipette, the stopper was replaced and the
content was thoroughly mixed, 2.0 ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) was added
mixture, 50 ml of the solution was titrated with 0.025N of Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) with
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starch solution as indicator of the colorless end point. The dissolve oxygen (mg/l) is expressed as
follows:
DO (mg/l) = ml of 0.025(N) Na2S2O3 used x 4 (APHA, 2005).
Calcium and Magnesium (mg/l): 50 ml of filtered water sample was put in 150 ml conical flask
and 25 ml of ammonium acetate was added. The mixture was shaken on mechanical shaker for 5
minutes and then filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1.5 crystals of carbamate and 5 ml of
ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide buffer solution. 4 drops of Eriochrome black T
indicator was added to the mixture and then titrated with 0.01N versenate (EDTA) till colour
changed from orange red to purple and green to wine red respectively
Potassium (mg/l): .50 ml of filtered water sample and diluted to make up 20 μg K/ml solution.
100 mL of the ammonium acetate was added to the solution
Potassium (ppm): 10A
Where,
A = content of K (μg) in the sample was read from the standard curve (APHA, 2005)
2.5. Data Analysis.
Physical and chemical properties of soil samples were determined in accordance with the
American Public Health Association Standards (APHA, 2005). Data were analyzed using
descriptive statistics. Means of each parameter was compared using Duncan`s multiple range test.
The statistical inference was made at 0.05 (5%) level of significance.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Analysis of Water from Earthen Catfish Pond
The type of fish farming was intensive and four ponds were sampled, and physicochemical
properties of the catfish culturing pond are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Physiochemical analysis of water from earthen catfish ponds

Parameters Earthen Pond
pH 6.86 ± 0.06
Conductivity (MS/cm) 2.92 ± 1.1
Turbidity (NTU) 112. 5 ± 4.6
TDS (mg/L) 602. 60 ± 15. 80
TSS (mg/L) 486.20 ± 11.60
BOD (mg/L) 1.82 ± 0.12
DO (mg/L) 7.50 ± 1.10
Alkalinity (mg/L) 101.12 ± 2.12
Hardness (mg/L) 4.42 ± 0.75
Calcium (mg/L) 15.52 ± 1.21
Magnesium (mg/L) 1.78 ± 0.55
Chloride (mg/L) 24.75 ± 1.21
Sulphate (mg/L) 0.56 ±0.08
Phosphate (mg/L) 1.34 ± 0.05
Nitrate (mg/L) 2.32 ± 0.09
Copper (ppm) 0.05 ±0.01
3.2. Average Concentration of Physicochemical Properties of Soil before Catfish Effluent

Discharge
The fish farm location and the physicochemical properties of soil the studied area is presented in
the Table 2
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Table 2: Physical and Chemical properties of the Study area before Catfish Effluent discharge
Parameters Site
Textural Class Sandy loam
Bulk density (g/cm3) 1.64 ± 0.12
Water holding capacity (%) 16.20 ± 2.13
Porosity (%) 55.80 ± 2.80
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/h) 0.45 ± 0.03
Organic matter (mg/kg) 6.80 ± 0.53
Total nitrogen (g/cm3) 15.10 ± 1.02
Total phosphorus (g/cm3) 4.50 ± 1.14
Potassium (g/cm3) 3.02 ± 0.01
3.3 Textural Classification of Fish Farm Village in Ikorodu, Lagos State

The textural class of the fish farm village is presented in Table 3. The textural classes found
within the study area were clay loam and sandy clay loam which proportionally measured about
33 % and 67% respectively. While the textural class in the site before catfish effluent discharge
was sandy loam. The presence of significant qualities of sand and clay as a major soil particle
element may be linked with periodic deposition of catfish effluent and also flooding during the
peak of rainy season. The variations in the clay and sandy contents have a significant effect in the
physical properties of the soil. The findings agreed with (Boyd, 2001; 2003; Stickney, 2002;
Tucker, 2000; Tucker and Robinson, 1990; Tucker et al., 2002, and Tomasso, 2002) that catfish
effluent affects the texture and mineral composition of the soil in intermediate vicinity
3.4 Bulk Density
The descriptive statistics for bulk density is presented in Table 4. The minimum and maximum
bulk densities were 1.14 ± 0.12 g/cm3 and 1.62 ± 0.12 g/cm3 respectively for the top soil (0 -30
cm). The mean bulk density for the depth (0-30 cm) was 1.34 ± 0.22 g/cm3. The mean bulk
density was within the critical range (1.25 – 1.45 g/cm3) for crop production, development and
yield (FAO, 1979). The bulk density across the depth showed that the mean bulk density values
increase as the depth increased. There was no significant difference (p ≥0.05) in the mean bulk
density values at the depths (30-60 and 60-90). But there was significant difference (p ≤ 0.05)
between depth 0 -30cm and others. The bulk density of site before catfish effluent discharge was
1.64 ± 0.12 g/cm3 and it is higher than the maximum value of 1.62 ± 0.12 g/cm3 after discharge
with catfish effluent.
3.5 Water Holding Capacity
The descriptive statistics for water holding capacity is presented in Table 5. The minimum and
maximum water holding capacity was 17.60 ± 0.12% and 35.60 ± 0.23 % respectively for the soil
depth (60 - 90 cm) while the mean value was 26.80 ± 1.45 %. This value was considered suitable
for crop production and also within the critical range (Franzmeier et al., 1995, FAO, 1979). The
water holding capacity across the depth showed that the mean bulk density values increase with
the depth. There was no significant difference (p ≤0.05) in the mean water holding capacity
values at the depths (00-30 and 30-60). But there was significant difference (p ≥0.05) between
depth 60 - 90cm and others. Water holding capacity of site before catfish effluent discharge was
16.02 ± 1.30 % and it is lower than the minimum value of 17.60 ± 0.12 % after discharge with
catfish effluent.
3.6 Soil Total Porosity
The descriptive statistics for total porosity is presented in Table 6. The soil total porosity showed
direct proportional to organic matter and inverse relationship to bulk density. These explain the
reasons for high porosity and organic matter and low bulk density. Organic matter content
influence soil pores. The more the organic matter contents the lower the bulk density value and
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more the soil total porosity values (FAO, 1979). The mean total porosity value for the depth (0 -
30 cm) was 42.80 ± 9.40 %. The mean total porosity was within the critical range (26.25 – 50.00
%) and also most of the porosity values fell within the optimum level for crop production. The
maximum value (53.20 ± 6.24) exceeded the critical value due to percentages of sandy and
nutrient content of catfish effluent. The porosity of site before catfish effluent discharge was
55.80 ± 2.80 % and higher than the maximum value of 53.20 ± 6.24% after discharge with catfish
effluent.
3.7 Soil hydraulic Conductivity
The descriptive statistics for soil hydraulic conductivity is presented in Table 7. The mean soil
hydraulic conductivity value for the depth (0-30 cm) was 0.23 ± 0.11cm/h. The mean total
porosity was within the critical range (0.20 – 0.30 cm/h) and also most of the hydraulic
conductivity values fell within the optimum level for crop production. The maximum value (0.38
± 0.11cm/h) exceeded the critical value due to high proportion of sand content prevalent within
the high soil hydraulic conductivity locations. The soil hydraulic conductivity of site before
catfish effluent discharge was 0.45 ± 0.03cm/h and higher than the maximum value of 0.38 ± 0.11
cm/h after discharge with catfish effluent.
3.8 Soil Organic Matter
The descriptive statistics for soil organic matter is presented in Table 8. The minimum and
maximum soil organic matter were 8.20 ± 1.45 mg/kg and 14.80 ± 1.45 mg/kg respectively for the
soil depth (00 -30 cm) while the mean value was 11.50 ± 1.50 mg/kg. This value was considered
suitable for crop production and also within the critical range of 10 – 12 mg/kg (Rich and Von,
2010). The soil organic matter across the depth showed that the mean values increase with the
depth. The soil organic matter of site before catfish effluent discharge was 6.80 ± 0.53 mg/kg and
lower than the minimum value of 8.20 ± 1.45 mg/kg after discharge with catfish effluent
3.9 Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
The descriptive statistics for total nitrogen, total phosphorus and potassium are presented in
Tables 9, 10 and 11 respectively. The minimum and maximum total nitrogen, total phosphorus
and potassium were (21.40 ± 1.4; 5.20 ±0.50; 3.00 ± 0.10) g/cm3 and (27.40 ± 1.4; 8.60± 0.40;
3.50 ± 0.10) g/cm3 respectively for the soil depth (0 -90 cm). The mean total nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium for the depth (0-90 cm) were (24.40 ± 1.50; 6.95 ± 0.41; 3.30 ± 0.10) g/cm3
respectively. The mean nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were within the critical ranges (20 –
30; 6.6 – 8.8; 3 – 6) g/cm3 for crop production, and all of their values fell within the optimum
level for crop production, development and yield (FAO, 1979). The total nitrogen, total
phosphorus and potassium across the depth showed that their mean values increase as the depth
increased. There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in the mean total nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium values at the depths (30-60 and 60-90). But there was significant difference (p ≤
0.05) between depth 0 -30cm and others. The concentrations of nutrients in the site before catfish
effluent discharge were lower than concentration after discharge. . There were significant
differences (P 0.05) between concentration values of physicochemical obtained at the site
before effluents discharge and after effluent discharge. The high values of total nitrogen and total
phosphorus concentration of the soil in the study area were due to nitrogen and phosphorus
contents of catfish effluent deposited while the potassium value was due to inherent property of
the soil in the study area. This finding collaborates with Omofunmi et al (2017) that catfish
effluent discharge had impact on intermediate environment.
In summary, the findings agreed with Boyd, et-al., 2000 and Boyd, 2003that water in catfish pond
effluents usually has higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter
and also affected soil physical and chemical properties in intermediate vicinity.
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Table 3: Soil textural classification of Fish Farm Village in Ikorodu, Lagos State
Sampling point Sand Clay Silt Soil Textural Class
1 23.8 40.4 35.8 Clay Loam
2 24.4 41.2 34.4 Clay Loam
3 22.5 43.4 39.1 Clay Loam
4 46.0 31.3 22.7 Sand clay loam
5 51.2 28.4 20.4 Sand clay loam
6 46.6 30.4 23.0 Sand clay loam
7 45.8 31.6 22.6 Sand clay loam
8 49.4 30.2 20.4 Sand clay loam
9 46.3 31.6 22.1 Sand clay loam
10 45.6 30.4 24.0 Sand clay loam
11 42.8 31.8 25.4 Sand clay loam
12 24.4 41.2 34.4 Clay Loam
Table 4: Descriptive Statistics for the Soil bulk density at various soil depths
Depth (cm) Minimum (g/cm3) Maximum (g/cm3) Mean (g/cm3) Critical range for Crop
production (g/cm3)
0 – 30 1.14±0.12 1.62±0.12 1.34a ±0.22
30 – 60 1.26±0.07 1.60 ±0.06 1.48b ±0.12 1.25 – 1.45
60 - 90 1.32±0.07 1.58 ±0.05 1.52b ±0.03
The means values with different superscript are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) while those with
the same superscript are not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05) as assessed by Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (vertical comparison only)
Table 5: Descriptive Statistics for the Soil water holding capacity at various soil depths
Depth (cm) Minimum (%) Maximum (%) Mean (%) Critical range for Crop
production (%)
0 – 30 16.60 ± 0.36 31.20 ± 0.44 23.90a ± 0.45
30 – 60 16.90 ± 0.32 32.40 ± 0.35 24.70a ± 0.50 26.25 – 35.50
60 - 90 17.60 ± 0.12 35.60 ± 0.23 26.80b ± 1.45
Range Test (vertical comparison only).
Table 6: Descriptive Statistics for the Soil total porosity at various soil depths
Depth (cm) Minimum (%) Maximum (%) Mean (%) Critical range for Crop
production (%)
0 – 30 25.60±3.34 53.20 ±6.24 42.80a± 9.40
30 – 60 30.20 ±2.12 48.60±5.45 40.60b± 6.70 26.25 – 50.00
60 - 90 28.60 ±2.22 46.80 ±7.45 39.20c± 8.15
Table 7: Descriptive Statistics for the Soil hydraulic conductivity at various soil depths
Depth (cm) Minimum (cm/h) Maximum (cm/h) Mean (cm/h) Critical range for Crop
production (cm/h)
0 – 30 0.08±0.10 0.38±0.11 0.23 a± 0.11
30 – 60 0.06±0.04 0.28±0.06 0.17 a± 0.08 0.20 -0.30
60 - 90 0.04 ±0.10 0.22 ±0.13 0.13 a± 0.16
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Table 8: Descriptive Statistics for the soil organic matter content at various soil depths
Depth (cm) Minimum (mg/kg) Maximum (mg/kg) Mean (mg/kg) Critical range for Crop
production (mg/kg)
0 – 30 8.20±1.45 14.80 ±1.45 11.50a±1.50
30 – 60 5.80 ±1.42 10.40±1.44 8.10b± 1.40 10 - 12
60 - 90 3.40 ±1.25 7.20±1.26 5.30 c± 1.40
Table 9: Descriptive Statistics for the soil total Nitrogen at various soil depths
production (g/cm3)
0 – 30 21.40 ±1.4 25.20 ±1.6 23.30a ± 1.50
30 – 60 22.60±1.6 25.80±1.6 24.60b ± 1.50 20 - 30
60 - 90 23.40 ±1.4 27.40 ±1.4 25.40b ± 1.40
Table 10: Descriptive Statistics for the soil total Phosphorus at various soil depths
production (g/cm3)
0 – 30 5.20 ± 0.50 7.8.20 ± 0.45 6.50a ± 0.50
30 – 60 5.80 ± 0.60 8.80 ± 0.60 7.30b± 0.40 6.6 – 8.1
60 – 90 6.00 ± 0.50 8.60 ± 0.40 7.00b ± 0.50
Table 11: Descriptive Statistics for the soil Potassium content at various soil depth
Depth (cm) Minimum (g/cm3) Maximum Mean (g/cm3) Critical range for Crop
3
(g/cm ) production (g/cm3)
0 – 30 3.00 ±0.10 3.30±0.10 3.20a ±0.10
30 – 60 3.20 ±0.10 3.40 ±0.10 3.30a ±0.10 3-6
60 - 90 3.30±0.10 3.50 ±0.10 3.40a ±0.10
Range Test (vertical comparison only).
4 Conclusion
An investigation of Soil properties of fish farm village land in which catfish effluent was
deposited was carried out. Results from the study indicate that:
364
 The numerical values of the soil physical and chemical properties were within the critical
range/ optimum values for soil water movement, distribution within the soil strata, root
development and crop growth.
 The concentrations of nutrients in the site before catfish effluent discharge were lower
than concentration after discharge.
 Catfish effluent reduces the concentration of bulk density, porosity, and hydraulic
conductivity of the soil and also increases the concentration of organic matter and
nutrients of the soil
 There were significant differences (P 0.05) between concentration values of
physicochemical obtained at the site before effluents discharge and after effluent discharge
 The physical properties directly influence soil water infiltration and storability.
 Catfish effluent influence the variation of the soil physical and chemical properties
 Textural class was responsible for variation in soil water and organic matter content.
 The dominant textural class was sandy clay loam soil, hence micro-irrigation system (drip
or / and sprinkler irrigation) is recommended.
 Catfish effluent must be treated before disposed into environment.
 The impacts of catfish effluent on environment should be investigated.
 The effects of catfish effluent on plant growth should be investigated
References
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Fish Hatcheries in Ogun State, Ogun State Agricultural development programme, Abeokuta.
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Water and Wastewater, 16th and 17th Eds. Washington, DC; American Water Works Association,
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Boyd, CE. 1990. Water quality in ponds for agriculture.in Singh and Wheaton (CIGAR). Auburn
University, Albama, Agricultural Experimental Station, Auburn.
Boyd, CE. 2001. Role of Best Management Practices in Environmental Management of
Aquaculture. Aquaculture 2001, World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, Florida.
Boyd, CE. 2003. Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm level. Aquaculture,
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Boyd, CE., Queiroz, J., Lee, J., Rowan, M., Whitis, GN and Gross, A. 2000. Environmental
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FAO. 1979. Soil Survey investigation for irrigation soils. New York: John Wiley and sons Inc.
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Franzmeier, DP., Lemme, GD. and Miles, RJ. 1995. Organic Carbon in soils of North Central
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impact of wastewater generated from catfish ponds on the quality of soil in Lagos, Nigeria.
Annual Research and Review in Biology, 9 (5): 1 - 7
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Stickney, RR. 2002. Impacts of cage and Net-pen Culture on Water quality and benthic
communities. Pp 105 – 118
Tomasso, JR. 2002.Aquaculture and the Environment in the United State. Aquaculture Society
Louisiana center, USA. pp. 543 - 549
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Tucker, CS. 2000. Characterization and Management of Effluents from Aquaculture. Ponds in the
Southeastern United States. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Mississippi State University,
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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September, 2018; Vol.

ASSESSING CATFISH POND EFFLUENT ON SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL

O. E. Omofunmi1*, O. Ilesanmi1, and A. A. Alli2

2. Materials and Methods

Figure 1: Map of Lagos State showing the study area.

2.2 Collection of Water and Soil samples

Collection of Soil samples

2.3 Soil Parameter measurements

2.4. Water Parameter measurements

Alkalinity (mg/l): 0. 02 of H2SO4 used X 1000/ ml of water sample (APHA, 2005)

Table 1: Physiochemical analysis of water from earthen catfish ponds

3.2. Average Concentration of Physicochemical Properties of Soil before Catfish Effluent

3.3 Textural Classification of Fish Farm Village in Ikorodu, Lagos State

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