ME - 5101

Engineering Analysis &

Statistics
Lect. # 4
Data Presenting Techniques

Dr. Nazeer Ahmad Anjum

Mechanical Engineering Program
Engineering University Taxila

Data and Types of Plots 2

1. Pictograph
2. Tally Chart
3. Bar graph
4. Line graph
5. Pie Chart
6. Dot Plots
7. Percentile
8. Quartiles
9. Box and Whisker Plot
10. Stem and Leaf Plot
11. Scatter plot
12. Map Graph Cosmograph
13. Histograms
11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 3
Pictograph
The picture graph uses pictures or symbols to show data.
One picture often sands for more than one vote so a key is
necessary to understand the symbols.
Pictograph(Grades 1 and 2)
For Grade 1: The pictures/icons in the pictograph
represent a quantity of 1.

For Grade 2: The pictures/icons in the pictograph

represent more than 1 and a key is required to interpret the
graph.

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 4

Pictograph

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 5
Pictograph
Pictograph Advantages Disadvantages
A pictograph uses • Easy to read • Hard to quantify
an icon to • Visually partial icons
represent a appealing • Icons must be
quantity of data • Handles large of consistent
values in order to data sets easily size
decrease the size using keyed • Best for only 2
of the graph. A icons – 6 categories
key must be used
to explain the icon • Very simplistic

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 6

Tally Chart
Frequency Table

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 7
Pictograph made from the previous tally
chart and frequency table

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 8

Bar graph Advantages Disadvantages
A bar graph displays • Visually • Graph
discrete data in strong categories can
separate columns. A • Can easily be reordered to
double bar graph can compare two emphasize
be used to compare or three data certain effects.
two data sets. sets. • Use only with
Categories are discrete data
considered
unordered and can
be rearranged
alphabetically, by
size, etc.
11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 9
Vertical vs. Horizontal

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 10

Line Graph
(Grades 3, 4, 5)

Line graph Advantages Disadvantage

s
A line graph plots
• Can compare • Use only with
continuous data as continuous
multiple
points and then joins data
continuous
them with a line.
data sets
Multiple data sets
easily
can be graphed
together, but a key • Interim data
must be used. can be inferred
from graph
line. 11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 11
Pie Chart – Circle Graph
A way of summarizing a set of categorical data or
displaying the different values of a given variable (e.g.
percentage distribution).
A circle is divided into a series of segments. Each
segment represents a particular category.
The area of each segment is the same proportion of a
circle’s area as the category is of the total data set.
Quite popular. Circle provides a visual concept of the
whole (100%).
Best used for displaying statistical information when
there are no more than seven components – otherwise,
the resulting picture will be too complex to understand.
Pie charts are not useful when the values of each
component are similar because it is difficult to see the
differences between slice sizes.
11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 12

Pie Chart – Circle Graph (Grade 4)
Pie chart Advantages Disadvantages
A pie chart • Visually • No exact numerical
displays data as a appealing data
percentage of the • Shows • Hard to compare 2
whole. Each pie percent of data sets
section should total for • “Other” category
have a label and each can be a problem
percentage. A category.
total data number • Total unknown
should be unless specified
included. • Best for 3 – 7
categories
• Use only with
discrete data 11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 13
Pie Chart – Circle Graph
(Grade 4)

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 14

Dot Plots
The dot diagram is a very useful plot for displaying a small
body of data, up to about 20 observations. This plot allows
us to easily see two features of the data: the location, or the
middle, and the scatter or variability.
Dot plot Advantages Disadvantages
A dot plot can be used • Quick analysis of • Not as visually
as an initial record of data appealing
distinct categorical
data values. The • Shows range, • Best for under 50
range determines a minimum & data values
number line which is maximum, gaps • Needs small
then plotted with X’s & clusters, and range of data
(or dots) for each outliers easily
data value.
• Can determine
exact values. 11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 15
Dot Plots
How many of each color of M&M are in a package
Frequency

Colors
11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 16

Dot Plot for the Number of M&M's™ in a Package
Frequency

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Number of M&M in a Package

Graph paper is a good idea for it is crucial that each recorded X
be uniform in size and placed exactly across from each other
(one-to-one) correspondence.
Notice the cluster at 17 & 18 as well as the gap at 13 and 22.
The mode is 18, the median is the second X from the bottom for
number 18, and the mean is 17.68 or 18. 11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 17
Dot Plot made from a Tally Chart

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 18

Line Plots (Dot Plot)

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 19
Dot Plot Problem
The following data are the viscosity measurements
for a chemical product observed hourly (read down,
then left to right). Construct and interpret a dot plot of
these data. Specifications on product viscosity are at
48±2. What conclusions can you make about
process performance?

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 20

Dot Plot Problem
The pull-off force for a connector is measured in a
laboratory test. Data for 40 test specimens follow
(read down, then left to right). Construct and interpret
a dot plot of these data. What conclusions can you
make about process performance?

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 21
Quartiles
When an ordered set of data is divided into four equal
parts, the division points are called quartiles.
The first or lower quartile, Q1, is a value that has
approximately 25% of the observations below it and
approximately 75% of the observations above.
The second quartile, Q2, has approximately 50% of the
observations below its value. The second quartile is
exactly equal to the median.
The third or upper quartile, Q3, has approximately
75% of the observations below its value. As in the
case of the median, the quartiles may not be unique.

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 22

Quartiles

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 23
Rules of Percentile  Quartiles
Step 1. Arrange the data in ascending order (smallest
value to largest value).
 p 
Step 2. Compute an index i, i n
 100 
where p is the percentile of interest and n is the number
of observations.
Step 3.
a. If i is not an integer, round up. The next integer
greater than i denotes the position of the pth
percentile.
b. If i is an integer, the pth percentile is the average of
the values in positions i and i + 1.
11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 24

Alternate Method: For Integral Data

 n  1th   n  1th   n  1 th 
Q1    Q2    Q 3  3 
 4   2   4 
     
For Float data type for example if value is 2.25, for Q1
Q1 = 2nd item + 0.25(3rd item - 2nd item)
For Float data type for example if value is 4.50, for Q2
Q2 = 4th item + 0.5(5th item - 4th item)
For Float data type for example if value is 6.75, for Q3
Q3 = 6th item + 0.75(7th item - 6th item)

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 25
Quartiles Example: The salary data is given below,
determined its quartiles.
3310, 3355, 3450, 3480, 3480, 3490, 3520, 3540, 3550,
3650, 3730, 3925. The median is 3505, that is Q2
The computations of quartiles Q1 and Q3 require the use
of the rule for finding the 25th and 75th percentiles. The Q1
is calculated as:
 p   25 
i n i 12  3
 100   100 
i is an integer, indicates that the first quartile, or 25th
percentile, is the average of the third and fourth data
values; thus, Q1 = (3450 + 3480)/2 = 3465.

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 26

Quartiles Example: The salary data is given below, determined its
quartiles.
3310, 3355, 3450, 3480, 3480, 3490, 3520, 3540, 3550, 3650,
3730, 3925. The median for this data is 3505, that is Q2

 75 
i 12  9
 100 
Again i is an integer, so Q3 or 75th percentile, is the
average of the ninth and tenth data values; thus, Q3 (3550
+ 3650)/2 3600.

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 27
Quartiles Example:
1. Consider a sample with data values of 27, 25, 20, 15, 30, 34, 28,
and 25. Compute the 20th, 25th, 65th, and 75th percentiles.
2. Consider a sample with data values of 53, 55, 70, 58, 64, 57, 53,
69, 57, 68, and 53. Compute the mean, median, mode, 1st, 2nd, &
3rd Quartile.
3. In automobile mileage and gasoline-consumption testing, 13
automobiles were road tested for 300 miles in both city and
highway driving conditions. The following data were recorded for
miles/gallon performance.
City: 16.2, 16.7, 15.9, 14.4, 13.2, 15.3, 16.8, 16.0, 16.1, 15.3, 15.2,
15.3, 16.2
Highway: 19.4, 20.6, 18.3, 18.6, 19.2, 17.4, 17.2, 18.6, 19.0, 21.1,
19.4, 18.5, 18.7.
Use the mean, median, and mode to make a statement about the
difference in performance for city and highway driving, also evaluate
the Quartiles.. 11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 28

Quartiles Example:
4. Noise is measured in decibels, denoted as dB. One
decibel is about the level of the weakest sound that can
be heard in a quiet surrounding by someone with good
hearing; a whisper measures about 30 dB; a human
voice in normal conversation is about 70 dB; a loud
radio is about 100 dB. Ear discomfort usually occurs at
a noise level of about 120 dB.
The following data give noise levels measured at 36
different times directly outside of HMC fabrication shop.
82, 89, 94, 110, 74, 122, 112, 95, 100, 78, 65, 60, 90, 83,
87, 75, 114, 85 69, 94, 124, 115, 107, 88, 97, 74, 72, 68,
83, 91, 90, 102, 77, 125, 108, 65.
Determine the quartiles.
11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 29
Quartiles Example:
5. The following table gives the number of pedestrians,
classified according to age group and sex, killed in fatal
road accidents at Karachi, Pakistan in 2014.
Age No. of Males No. of Females
0–5 120 67
5–10 184 120
10–15 44 22
15–20 24 15
20–30 23 25
30–40 50 22
40–50 60 40
50–60 102 76
60–70 167 104
70–80 150 90
80–100 49 27 11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 30

Quartiles Example:
a) Evaluate the sample means of the ages of the males.
b) Evaluate the sample means of the ages of the females.
c) Evaluate the quartiles of the males killed.
d) Evaluate the quartiles of the females killed.

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 31
Interquartile Range (IQR)
The "Interquartile Range" is from Q1 to Q3

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 32

Box and Whisker Plot
Steps
1. Order the data from least to greatest.
2. Find the minimum and maximum values.
3. Find the median.
4. Find the lower and upper quartiles (medians of the lower
and upper half).

5. Plot these five numbers below a number line.

6. Draw the box, whiskers, and a line segment through the
median.
11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 33
Box and Whisker Plot
Box plot Advantages Disadvantages
A box plot is a • Shows 5-point • Not as visually
concise graph summary and appealing as
showing the five outliers other graphs
point summary. • Easily • Exact values
Multiple box plots compares two other than min,
can be drawn side or more data max and
by side to compare sets median can not
more than one • Handles be determined
data set. extremely from box plot.
large data sets
easily.
11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 34

Box and Whisker Plot
If there is an even data set…

11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 35
Box Plot
A box encloses the middle half of the data and whiskers
extend to the minimum and maximum data values

median
min max

Q1 Q3

11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 36

We can show all the important values in a "Box and
Whisker Plot", like this:

Plot Box and Whisker Plot and determine Interquartile

Range for 4, 17, 7, 14, 18, 12, 3, 16, 10, 4, 4, 11
Put them in order:
3, 4, 4, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18
Cut it into quarters:
3, 4, 4 | 4, 7, 10 | 11, 12, 14 | 16, 17, 18
11/20/2018
 Data and Types of Plots 37
3, 4, 4 | 4, 7, 10 | 11, 12, 14 | 16, 17, 18
In this case all the quartiles are between numbers:
Quartile 1 (Q1) = (4+4)/2 = 4
Quartile 2 (Q2) = (10+11)/2 = 10.5
Quartile 3 (Q3) = (14+16)/2 = 15
The Lowest Value is 3,
The Highest Value is 18
So now we have enough data for the Box and Whisker Plot

The Interquartile Range is:

Q3 − Q1 = 15 − 4 = 11
11/20/2018

Data and Types of Plots 38

Example Problem: Consider a sample with data

values of 27, 25, 20, 15, 30, 34, 28, and 25.
a. Provide the five-number summary for the data.
b. Show the Box Plot for the data.

11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 39
Stem and Leaf Plot
A stem-and-leaf display organizes data into groups (called
stems) so that the values within each group (the leaves)
branch out to the right on each row.

Age of College Students

Day Students Night Students
Stem Leaf
Stem Leaf
1 67788899
1 8899
2 0012257
2 0138
3 28
3 23
4 2
4 15

11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 40

Rules for Stem and Leaf Plot
1. Divide each number xi into two parts: a stem, consisting
of one or more of the leading digits, and a leaf,
consisting of the remaining digit.
2. List the stem values in a vertical column.
3. Record the leaf for each observation beside its stem.
4. Write the units for stems and leaves on the display.

11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 41
Stem and Leaf Advantages Disadvantages
Plot
Stem and leaf • Concise • Not visually
plots record data representation appealing
values in rows, of data
and can easily be • Does not easily
made into a • Shows range, indicate
histogram. Large minimum & measures of
data sets can be maximum, centrality for
accommodated by gaps & large data sets.
splitting stems. clusters, and
outliers easily
• Can handle
extremely
large data sets
11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 42

Stem and Leaf Plot

11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 43
Stem and Leaf Plot

11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 44

Create a stem and leaf plot for this data:
50, 37, 48, 52, 51, 47, 38, 44, 39, 40, 41, 36, 32, 50, 44,
37, 45, 29.

11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 45
Compressive Strength (in psi) of 80 Aluminum-Lithium
Alloy Specimens is shown below, construct Stem and
Leaf diagram.

11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 46

Median is at 40th & 41st as 160 and 163, that is (160

+ 163) / 2 = 161.5. The sample mode = 158
Q1=(n+1)/4= (80+1)4 = 20.25, 20th & 21st
observation, Q1 = 143.50
Q2 = 3*Q1 = 60.75, 60th & 61st observation = 181
IQR = Q3 − Q1
11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 47
Scatter plot Advantages Disadvantages
A scatter plot • Shows a trend • Hard to
displays the in the data visualize results
relationship relationship in large data
between two • Retains exact sets
factors of the data values and • Flat trend line
experiment. A sample size. gives
trend line is used • Shows inconclusive
to determine minimum/maxi results.
positive, negative mum and • Data on both
or no correlation. outliers axes should be
continuous.

11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 48

Scatter diagram is
a useful way of
graphically display for
the potential
relationship between
two or more variable
A scatter diagram is
constructed by
plotting each pair of
observations with one
measurement in the
pair on the vertical
axis of the graph and
the other
Beverages of more intense color generally
measurement in the
have a higher quality rating.
pair on the horizontal
axis. 11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 49
Scatter Plot

11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 50

Scatter Plot

11/20/2018
 Matrix of scatter diagrams is useful when two or more variables
exist. It is helpful in looking at all of the pairwise relationships
between the variables in the sample.

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 52

No Correlation
If there is absolutely no correlation present, the value given is 0.

11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 53
Perfect linear correlation:
A perfect positive correlation is given the value of 1.
A perfect negative correlation is given the value of -1.

11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 54

Strong Linear Correlation:
The closer the number is to 1 or -1, the stronger the correlation, or
the stronger the relationship between the variables. A positive
correlation means that if one variable gets bigger, the other
variable tends to get bigger.

11/20/2018
 Plotting Data and Types of Plots 55
Weak Linear Correlation:
A weak correlation means that as one variable increases
or decreases, there is a lower likelihood of there being a
relationship with the second variable The closer the number
is to 0, the weaker the correlation.

11/20/2018

Plotting Data and Types of Plots 56

Weak Linear Correlation:

11/20/2018