RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biotechnology experiment with title “VIRGIN

COCONUT OIL” that arranged by:
Name : Nur Hafri Mulyani
ID : 1114040204
Class : ICP of Biology B
Group : IV (FOUR)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was
accepted.

th
Makassar, December 2014

Asistant Coordinator Assistant

( Djumarirmanto, S.Pd ) (Hastuti Yani)

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Sustainable agriculture (sustainable agriculture) became a topic that
received great attention from environmentalists, agriculture and consumers.
One form is organic peranian generally applied in developing countries such as
Korea, Hong Kong, China, Thailand, and Indonesia. Prominent features in this
farm is the use of organic fertilizers or substances that characterize the natural
products. One alternative in the application of environmentally friendly farming
on the plantations is the use of biological fertilizers, such as Effective
microorganism 4 (EM4) and combined with liquid organic fertilizer, which the
microorganisms contained in this fertilizer can be mutually supportive in
improving the physical environment, chemical and biological soil and on the
growth and yield. Liquid organic
Some research indicates that EM4 topsoil can deepen and improve soil
aggregation, if EM4 is applied to the soil can increase the availability of P2O5
for plants. According to research and Wididana dilakuakn Higa (1991), the
leaves of citrus plants treated with EM4 have chlorophyll amount more than
untreated plants EM4, because EM4 contains a number of photosynthetic
bacteria which can tie up nitrogen or N free of air to in the leaves of plants
which can increase the nitrogen content in the leaves. Higher nitrogen content
(1,030 to 1,540%) compared to plants not given EM4 (0.854%) .. plant leaf
tissue analysis results showed that the leaf lemon given EM4 shows the
percentage content of N, P and K higher than the plants that are not given EM4).
In composting, the role of the community is quite high. Because of this
culture is more effective when started from the house itself, which cultivate the
habit to separate dry waste (non-organic) and wet waste (organic). Why should
be separated? because two different garbage utilization, namely: dry waste can
be recycled into a wide variety of goods, while the organic waste can be utilized
as compost and liquid fertilizer. Fertilizers produced from organic waste is
 commonly referred to as organic fertilizer. In the modern agriculture difficult to
be separated from the use of chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizer application is a
must. Bio fertilizers is a collection of microorganisms soil conditioner that can
remodel chemical fertilizers that we give to the plants into compounds that can
be consumed by plants. Without these microorganisms, the chemical fertilizers
that we provide will not be much beneficial for the plants.
Biological fertilizer application often also need to be given in conjunction
with the provision of lime or dolomite. Of lime or dolomite is required to create
the ideal pH environment necessary for microorganisms and plants can live after
the soil becomes acidic due to chemical fertilizer application in the long term.
EM-4 is a mixed culture of microorganisms that are beneficial for plant growth.
Most contain microorganisms Lactobacillus sp. lactic acid-producing bacteria,
as well as small amounts of photosynthetic bacteria Streptomyces sp.
EM-4 was able to increase the decomposition of waste and organic waste,
increase the availability of plant nutrients and suppress the activity of insect
pests and pathogenic microorganisms EM-4 applied as inoculants to increase
the diversity and population of microorganisms in the soil and plants, which can
further improve the health, growth, quantity and quality of crop production in a
sustainable manner. EM-4 can also be used to speed up the composting of
organic waste or animal waste, cleaning waste water, as well as improving water
quality in shrimp and fish. In addition to healthful environment, other
advantages of organic fertilizers is able to help revitalize soil productivity,
reduce the cost of farming, as well as improving product quality.
B. Purpose
To find out how to manufacture a simple EM4 from kitchen rubbish such as
(vegetable, fruit skin)
C. Benefit
Students are able To find out how to manufacture a simple EM4 from kitchen
rubbish such as (vegetable, fruit skin)
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

In the modern agriculture difficult to be separated from the use of chemical

fertilizers, bio-fertilizer application is a must. Biofertilizers is a collection of
microorganism’s soil conditioner that can remodel chemical fertilizers that we give
to the plants into compounds that can be consumed by plants. Without these
microorganisms, the chemical fertilizers that we provide will not be much
beneficial for the plants. Biological fertilizer application often also need to be given
in conjunction with the provision of lime or dolomite. Of lime or dolomite is
required to create the ideal pH environment necessary for microorganisms and
plants can live after the soil becomes acidic due to chemical fertilizer application in
the long term. EM-4 is a mixed culture of microorganisms that are beneficial for
plant growth. Most contain microorganisms Lactobacillus sp. lactic acid-producing
bacteria, as well as small amounts of photosynthetic bacteria Streptomyces sp
(Hadisuwito, 2007).
EM-4 was able to increase the decomposition of waste and organic waste,
increase the availability of plant nutrients and suppress the activity of insect pests
and pathogenic microorganisms EM-4 applied as inoculants to increase the
diversity and population of microorganisms in the soil and plants, which can further
improve the health, growth, quantity and quality of crop production in a sustainable
manner. EM-4 can also be used to speed up the composting of organic waste or
animal waste, cleaning waste water, as well as improving water quality in shrimp
and fish. In addition to healthful environment, other advantages of organic
fertilizers is able to help revitalize soil productivity, reduce the cost of farming, as
well as improving product quality(Sutanto, 2002)
The discovery of very valuable for these independent farms, originally
discovered by the Japanese, named Teruo Higa in 1970. It has now been widely
adopted by the modern farmer. But there are still many who have not do it because
it is believed the chemical fertilizers were deemed "more practical" but actually
unhealthy for the soil, plants and for us humans (Hadisuwito, 2007).
EM4 is a type of bacteria that is created to assist in the decomposition of organic
waste that can be utilized in the process of composting. The compost produced by
this extremely environmentally friendly way, in contrast to inorganic compost
derived from chemicals. Compost also contains substances that do not possess a
good organic fertilizer for plants. In this composting technique decomposed plants
with the help of bacteria EM4. With the help of these bacteria. Then the plant can
leave nutrients that are good for a variety of fields (Sutanto, 2002)
in addition to decompose the organic material in the soil, EM-4 Agriculture
also stimulate the development of other microorganisms are beneficial for plant
growth, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, bacteria and mycorrhizal phosphate
solvent. Mycorrhiza help plants absorb phosphate in sekilingnya. Phosphate ions in
the soil that are difficult to move causing soil phosphate deficiency. With the EM-
4 Agriculture hife mycorrhizae may extend darimisellium and move directly to the
host phosphate and microorganisms antagonistic to the plant. EM-4 Agriculture
also protect plants from disease as antagonistic to pathogens that can reduce the
number of pathogens in the soil or on the plant body (Purwendro, 2006).
Specific content Activators composition EM4 consisting of microorganisms live
and some very good nutrient levels are used as in addition to speed up the
composting, nutrient levels will increase even though the number of lower rate.
Some of the benefits and advantages of using EM4, Among others are:
1. Fixing the physical, chemical and biological soil.
2. Increasing the availability of plant nutrients, and suppress the activity
insect pests and pathogens.
3. Improve and maintain the stability of crop production and maintain
production stability.
4. Accelerate the fermentation process in composting. compost which made with
EM technology called Bokashi (Marsono, 2001)
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHODE

A. Time And Place

Day/Date : Tuesday, 23rd Desember 2014
Time : At 13.00 pm until 15.00 pm
Place : Biology Laboratory of UNM 2nd floor west of MIPA
B. Tool and Material
1. Tool
a. Basin and its top
b. Measure glass 1000 ml
c. Stirrer
2. Material
a. Vegetables rubbish, mainly for beans
b. Fruits (Papaya, banana, mango, etc)
c. Bran
d. Red sugar 100 gram
e. Rice water 1 liter
C. Work Procedure
1. Rubbish of vegetables, fruits, and bran was mixed. Placed them in a
special place such as basin and its top
2. The rubbish which had been mixed in 1st process was stirred, let them
for 1 week until composed, so it has been done as EM 1
3. The liquids from EM1 was mixed with rubbish of vegetables and
fruits. Then, let them for about 1 week. The new liquids which formed
by this process was called EM2
4. The liquid from EM2 was mixed with bran, red sugar, and rice water
then saved again for 1 week till formed EM3
5. Saved it again for 1 week without adding anything. The liquid which
produced was EM4 and prepared to used
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

B. Discussion
According to practicum result that has been done for about 1 week, it can
be seen that compos which is made by various treatments produce different
compos also. That was happen because every support substances in compos
process have function to help weathering the organic substances of compos, so
when one of that substance is disappeared, the process of compos will different
in time even in its affectivity.
In making compost is often added adjuvants such as urea, water, sugar, bio-
activator and bran. Urea function in the process of composting is as NH3
supplier used as an energy source for microbial fermentation in the poses. So
urea here not as a feed supplement your diet it can be categorized as a catalyst
in the composting process itself. Meanwhile, sugar serves as a source of food
for microorganisms, lime serves as neutralizing the pH and water acting as a
catalyst for biological processes in composting.
In making compost is also used black plastic for closure. The closure is
intended that water vapor can be restrained and the temperature rises so that
microbes can work well. The size depends black plastic compost heap, which is
critical throughout the heap covered everything.
As has been mentioned in the literature review, the characteristics of mature
compost is black, low temperature and odorless. The result of ours proofs it by
showing the dark color, and not pungent odor in the end of a week observations.
It is based on literature which said that Most likely in the composting of organic
materials from straw and bran has decayed completely. In making use of manure
compost by mixing usually done with more material that had C / N ratio is low,
for example bran, so that the process can be accelerated.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
After doing some research, it turns out we can conclude that the Yogurt is a
kind of drink usually made from fresh milk, soy milk, or other artificial milk.
However, yogurt can also be made from coconut milk. Coconut milk yogurt comes
from milk fermented by utilizing specific microorganisms. This product has a high
nutrient content.
Bye this practicum, we may conclude that compos is a partial/un
complete decomposition formed by mixing of organic materials which can be fasted
artificially by population amount of microbes in warm, placid, aerobic/anaerobic
environment.
B. Suggestion
1. Suggestion For Assistant
Hopefully the assistant could develop the material which they brought in
order apprentice could understand the work procedure and basic theory in
observation.
2. Suggestion for Laboratory
Hopefully laboratory could provide the tool and material for observation
completely to make the practicum easier and comfortable
3. Suggestion for apprentice
Hopefully the apprentice could build the teamwork with their partner in
practicum.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hadisuwito, S., 2007. Membuat Pupuk Kompos Cair. PT. Agromedia Pustaka,
Jakarta .
Marsono dan P. Sigit., 2001. Pupuk Akar. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta
Purwendro. S., dan Nurhidayat. 2006.Mengolah Sampah untuk Pupuk dan Pestisida
Organik. Seri Agritekno. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Sutanto, 2002. Penerapan Pertanian Organik. Kanisius, Yogyakarta
 COMPLETE REPORT
BASIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
SIMPLE EM4

Created by:
Nur Hafri Mulyani
1114040204
ICP B

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MAKASSAR STATE UNIVERSITY
2014