Fluid Kinematics: Description of the motion of fluid without considering

the forces and moments that cause the motion

Fluid Kinematics How fluid particles move with time

CE2201 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Dr. B. M. L. A. Basnayake

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of Ruhuna

E2016Batch-2017

Descriptions Flow visualization

Lagrangian Description (Joseph Louis Lagrange 1736-1813) • Visual examination of flow field features
- Follow the path of individual particle • Useful for physical experiments and for numerical solutions (Computational
Fluid Dynamics- CFD) as well
- Difficult to apply for fluids (cannot easily define or identify particles, fluid is
continuum, get deform as moves)

Eulerian Description (Leonhard Euler, 1707-1783)

- Finite volume or control volume is considered through which fluid flows in
and out
- Common method of describing fluid flow

Flow pattern

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Definitions Definitions
Streamline: A continuous curve tangentially to the local instantaneous Pathline: Actual path travel by a fluid particle
velocity in the flow field.
- Can be different at each instant (for unsteady flows)
- Represents the direction of the flow at a given instant

Streamtube: A bundle of streamlines

Streakline: A streakline is the locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially
through a prescribed point in the flow

If the flow is steady, streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines are identical

Governing equations System Boundary

Surrounding

System: a quantity of matter or a region in space System

Fundamental laws of physics Fundamental laws of fluid dynamics chosen for study

Conservation of matter
Control Mass System Isolated system Control Volume System
Matter can be neither created nor
destroyed (Closed System) fixed mass, fixed energy (Open System)
fixed mass fixed boundary
Conservation of momentum
A body in motion cannot gain or lose
momentum unless some external force is
? Boundary
Energy out Energy out
Mass out
applied
Control mass system Boundary
Conservation of energy Control volume system
Energy may be neither created nor Energy in
destroyed. It can be transformed from one Thermodynamics and Solid Mechanics Energy in
state to another Mass in Fluid Dynamics

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 Property: Any characteristic of a system
Extensive properties (B) : Properties depend on size-or-extent-of the system
Examples: Mass, Momentum, Energy

Intensive properties : Properties do not depend on the mass

Reynolds Transport Theorem Examples: Velocity, Temperature, Pressure, Density
(RTT)
Control Volume Specific property (β) = Extensive property per unit mass
System Approach Approach Examples: Specific volume (v=V/m), Specific energy (e=E/m)
(Solid Mechanics) (Fluid Dynamics)
Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912)
Mass (M)
M/2 M/2 Extensive
Volume (V) V/2 V/2 Properties
Temperature (T)
T T
Pressure (P) P P Intensive
ρ ρ Properties
Density (ρ)

Criteria to differentiate intensive and extensive properties

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

T= t Control volume (CV) at time t T= t+dt For small element of 𝑑∀
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝐵𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝐵 = 𝛽. 𝑑𝑚 = 𝛽. 𝜌. 𝑑∀
= + 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐵𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
(I) (II) (III) 𝑩= 𝜷. 𝝆. 𝒅∀
Mass flow rate: 𝑪𝑽
Volume of fluid passing the control surface Flow rate for any extensive property:
System coincides with control volume Control volume (CV) at time t+dt System at time t+dt Consider an elemental area;
Consider an elemental area;
B = extensive property (Mass, energy, momentum, etc.) Volume flow rate 𝑑𝐵 = 𝛽. 𝑑𝑚
𝑑∀
𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡 = 𝐵𝑆,𝑡 ……………………………(1) 𝑑𝑄 = = 𝑉. 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵 = 𝛽. 𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐵 = 𝛽 𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴
𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 = 𝐵𝑆,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 + 𝐵𝐼,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 − 𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 ……(2) Mass flow rate
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴 The flow rate of B across control surface

(𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 −𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡 )/𝑑𝑡 = (𝐵𝑆,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 −𝐵𝑆,𝑡 )/ 𝑑𝑡 + (𝐵𝐼,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 )/𝑑𝑡 − (𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑡+𝑑𝑡 )/𝑑𝑡 𝐵= 𝛽𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴
𝒅𝒕 → 𝟎 The mass flow rate across control surface 𝐶𝑆

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝐵𝑐𝑣 𝑚= 𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴 𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑩𝒊𝒏 = 𝜷𝝆𝑽. 𝒅𝑨

𝐶𝑆
= + 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐵𝑖𝑛 𝑉. 𝑑𝐴 +ve for outflow, -ve for inflow
𝑪𝑺
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡

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 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝝏𝑩𝒄
= + 𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑩𝒊𝒏
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕
Rate of change of any Rate of change of B net flux of B through the
extensive property B of a within the C.V. control surface
system
𝐵= 𝛽. 𝜌. 𝑑∀
𝐶𝑉

𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐵𝑖𝑛 = 𝛽𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴

𝐶𝑆

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
= 𝛽𝜌𝑑∀ + 𝛽 𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

This theorem applies to any transportable property