ENGLISH CLASS WITH STUDENTS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

”The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.”

This sentence contains all the English letters (contribution of Nagy-Kasza Benjamin).

1. What`s your name? - Care este numele tău?

My name is Rodica?
2. How old are you? - Câţi ani ai?
I am 41. / I am 41 years old. - Am 41 de ani.
3. Where are you coming from? - De unde vii?
Where are you from? - De unde eşti?
I`m from Romania, Satu Mare city, Independentei street, 28.
4. What do you do for a living? - Cu ce te ocupi?
What is your job? - Ce lucrezi?
5. I am an office worker. - Sunt funcţionar. (clerk / officer)
I am retired / a retired person.
I work as an office worker. - muncesc ca şi funcţionar public.
6. Are you married? – Eşti căsătorit(ă)?
Yes I am married. / No I am not married. / I am divorced. / I am single.
7. Do you have children / kids?
I have one child. / five children. - Am un copil / cinci copii.

Yes. I have two children, a son and a daughter. (contribution of Claudia Takacs)

Spelling – ortografie, ortografiere

(to spell – a ortografia)
Can you spell your name? – Poţi să-ţi spui pe litere numele?
To you to (2 u 2) – şi ţie, de asemenea.

Pronumele personale: I = eu
You = tu
He/she/it = el, ea, el/ea pentru obiecte si animale
We = noi
You = voi
They = ei,ele

Verbul to be = a fi

Pronume: Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ Interogativ negativ

I I am = eu sunt I am not Am I ? Am I not?

You You are = tu eşti You are not Are You? Are you not?
He/she/it He/she/it is = el,ea este He/she/it is not Is he/she/it? Is he/she/it not?
We We are = noi suntem We are not Are we? Are we not?
You You are = voi sunteţi You are not Are you? Are you not?
They They are = ei sunt They are not Are they? Are they not?

Contracted forms - Forme contrase:

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 I am = I`m; You are = You`re; He is = he’s; She is = she’s; It is = it’s; We are = we’re;
They are = they’re; are not = aren’t (aren’t you?); is not = isn’t (isn’t she?)
Articolul hotărât, articolul nehotărât şi articolul „zero”
The definite, indefinite and ”zero” article

Articolele au menirea de a identifica, individualiza un anumit element dintr-o multime de elemente

similare. Articolul zero (sau fără articol) este cazul in care nu se utilizeaza nici un articol, intrucat
elementul in discutie este fie unic, fie a fost individualizat anterior.

Articolul nehotărât: a / an = un, o in RO

a [ə] - se utilizează în fața cuvintelor a caror pronuntie începe cu un sunet consonantic (a clock = un
ceas, a table = o masă)

an [ən] - se utilizează în fața cuvintelor a caror pronuntie începe cu un sunet vocalic (an engineer = un
inginer, an orange = o portocală)

Obs. Exista cateva exceptii de la aceasta regula.

I am an engineer = Eu sunt (un) inginer.

I am here = Eu sunt aici.

Obs. : Spre deosebire de limba romana in care nu este intotdeauna necesar, in limba engleza articolul
nehotarat se pune intotdeauna in fata unei profesii sa a unei calitati pe care o detine o persoana.

Ex.: El este inginer = He is an engineer. Maria este studenta = Mary is a student.

Articolul hotărât: The

Articolul hotarat ”the” se utilizeaza cu pronuntia:

[ðə] în fața cuvintelor a caror pronuntie începe cu un sunet consonantic ( the clock = ceasul, the table
= masa)

[ðiː] în fața cuvintelor a caror pronuntie începe cu un sunet vocalic (the engineer = inginerul, the
orange = portocala).

Obs. Exista cateva exceptii de la aceasta regula.

Exceptii de pronuntie ale articolelor:

a) Litera U se pronunta ca o semivocala [iu], de aceea in fata cuvintelor ce incep cu aceasta litera
articolele vor avea pronuntia: [ðə]; [ə].

the / a university; the / a union; the / a universe;

the United States of America

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b) Litera W se pronunta de asemenea ca o semivocala, de aceea in fata cuvintelor ce incep cu aceasta
litera articolele vor avea pronuntia: [ðə]; [ə].

the / a world; the / a war; the / a wall

c) Exista 4 cuvinte in limba engleza ce incep cu un “h mut”. Acestea sunt honest, heir, honour si
hour. Pronuntia articolelor in aceste cazuri este [ði] si respective [ən].

The / an heir; the / an honest man; the / an honour; the / an hour of truth.

d) Abrevierile: daca aceste abrevieri incep cu urmatoarele consoane; f, h, l, m, n, r, s, a caror

pronuntie in limba engleza se face cu ajutorul vocalelor e, a (in cazul lui R), pronuntia articolului
hotarat va fi [ði].

For instance / for example: (e.g.):

FA (Football Association), FAA (Fleet Air Arm), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization),
FBA (Fellow of British Academy), FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), FCO (Foreign and
Commonwealth Office), SOS (save our souls; an international code-signal of extreme distress and
urgent appeal for help).

Articolul „zero”

Articolul zero se utilizeza în următoarele cazuri:

- In cazurile de generalizare

Men are usually stronger than women.

Sugar is poison for your body.
Romanian engineers are skilled technicians.

- Cu nume de ţări (la singular)

Germany is an important economic power. - Germania e o importanta putere economica.
He's just returned from Argentina. - El tocmai s-a intors din Argentina
(Exceptie: I'm visiting the United States next week. - Vizitez Statele Unite săptămâna viitoare.)

- Cu numele limbilor.
French is spoken in Tahiti. - Franceza este vorbită în Tahiti.
English uses many words of Latin origin. - Engleza foloseste multe cuvinte de origine latina.

- Cu numele meselor.
Lunch is at midday. - Masa de prânz este la prânz (amiază).
Dinner is in the evening. - Cina este seara; Brunch
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. - Micul dejun e prima masa a zilei.

- Cu numele persoanelor (doar cele la singular).

John's coming to school. - Ion vine la scoala.
George King is my uncle. - Regele George este unchiul meu.

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- Cu titluri si nume proprii:
Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son. - Printul Charles este fiul reginei Elisabeta
Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend. - Dr. Watson a fost prietenul lui Sherlock Holmes.

(Titlurile generice, luate singure, au articol: the Queen of England, the Pope)

- Dupa genitivul saxon format cu 's.

His sister's car. - Masina surorii lui.
Laura's basket. - Cosul Laurei.

- Cu numele profesiilor (caz particular de generalizare).

Engineering is a useful career. - Ingineria e o cariera folositoare.
He'll probably go into medicine. - El probabil va merge la medicina.

- Cu nume de magazine:
I'll get the card at Smith's. - Am sa obtin cardul la magazinul lui Smith. (smith = fierar)

- Cu ani.
1978 was a wonderful year. - 1978 a fost un an minunat.
Do you remember 1995? - Iti amintesti de 1995?

- Cu substantive unice (uncountable nouns).

Milk is often added to tea in England. (alt caz particular de generalizare)
Laptele este adesea adaugat la ceai in Anglia.
Peace is good. - Pacea e buna.

- Cu numele unor munti, lacuri si insule:

Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.
Muntele McKinley e cel mai inalt munte din Alaska
She lives near Salty Lake. - Ea locuieste (traieste) langa Lacu Sarat.
Have you visited Long Island? - Ai vizitat Long Island?

- Cu majoritatea numelor de strazi, orase, statii pentru mijloacele de transport si aeroporturi.

Victoria Station is in the centre of London. - Statia Victoria e in centrul Londrei.
Can you direct me to Bond Street? - Poti sa ma directionezi spre strada Bond?
They're flying from Heathrow. - Ei zboara de la Heathrow.

- In unele expresii invariabile.

De asemenea = also / too / as well

Also sta in mijlocul propozitiei, in timp ce too si as well merg la sfarsitul acesteia.

Ex. Mark is also a very good engineer.

Mark is a very good engineer as well / too.

We are also his friends.

We are his friends too / as well.

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 Si Rodica merge maine in Franta.

Rodica goes also to France tomorrow.

Rodica goes to France tomorrow too / as well.

Rodica is also going to France tomorrow.

Rodica is going to France tomorrow as well / too.

Cateva cuvinte: door / day / pencil / pen ( ball point pen / fountain pen) / bright / class / hour
closed - open

floor-ceiling, value, item, high-low, new-old-young

morning, midday/noon, afternoon, evening, night, dawn

in the morning / in the afternoon / in the day/ in the evening / at night

fat - thin - lean (lean meat)

thing = obiect, lucru, aspect

This thing is a little bit difficult for me.

Verbul to have = a avea

Pronume: Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ Interogativ negativ

I I have = eu am I have not Have I ? Have I not?

You You have = tu ai You have not Have You? Have you not?
He/she/it He/she/it has = el,ea are He/she/it has not Has he/she/it? Has he/she/it not?
We We have = noi avem We have not Have we? Have we not?

You You have = voi aveţi You have not Have you? Have you not?
They They have = ei au They have not Have they? Have they not?

Contracted forms:

I have = I`ve; You have = You`ve; He has = he’s; she has = she`s; it has = it’s;
we have = we’ve; they have = they’ve; have not = haven’t; has not = hasn’t

To have + auxiliarul do

Pronume: Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ Interogativ negativ

I I have = eu am I do not have Do I have? Do I not have?

You You have = tu ai You do not have Do You have? Do you not have ?
He/she/it He/she/it has = el,ea are He/she/it does Does he/she/it Does he/she/it not

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 not have have? have?
We We have = noi avem We do not have Do we have? Do we not have?
You You have = voi aveţi You do not have Do you have? Do you not have?
They They have = ei au They do not Do they have? Do they not have?
have

Contracted forms:

I’ve, You’ve, He’s, She’s, It’s, We’ve, You’ve, They’ve

Don`t I have? / Doesn’t he have?

To do = a face

Pronume: Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ Interogativ negativ

I I do = eu fac I do not Do I ? Do I not?

You You do = tu faci You do not Do You? Do you not?
He/she/it He/she/it does = el, ea face He/she/it does Does he/she/it? Does he/she/it not?
not
We We do = noi facem We do not Do we? Do we not?
You You do = voi faceţi You do not Do you? Do you not?
They They do = ei fac They do not Do they? Do they not?

Contracted forms: do not = don’t; does not = doesn’t

Pronume şi adjective demonstrative:

Aproape Departe
Singular Acest/această/acesta/aceasta Acel/acea/acela/aceea
this that
Plural Aceşti/aceste/aceştia/acestea Acei/acele/aceia/acelea
these those

These flowers = aceste flori

Those flowers = acele flori
This is a woman = aceasta este o femeie
This women is my beloved mother = aceasta femeie este iubita mea mamă.
That is a stubborn child = Acela este un copil încăpăţânat.
That child is stubborn = Acel copil e încăpăţânat.
He gave me these flowers = El mi-a dat aceste flori.
These magnificent flowers come from India = Aceste flori magnnifice provin din India.
Who are those persones ? = Cine sunt acele persoane?
Those funny guys are our neighbours = Acei tipi hazlii/haioşi/ciudaţi sunt vecinii noştri.
Do you have those papers? = Ai acele documente/hârtii/acte?

Cateva exemple de substantive la plural

Man - barbat / Men - barbaţi

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Woman - femeie / Women - femei
Teacher - învăţător / Teachers - învăţători
There isn`t enough room in this room = Nu este spaţiu destul în această cameră.
Big - small tall - înalt (persoană)
Mare - mic high - înalt (munte, cladire)
Tall – short (înalt - scund)
Fat - thin (gras – slab / la oameni), suplu = slim, slender
subţire pentru obiecte = thin
One , two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten – unu, doi, trei, patru, cinci, şase, şapte, opt,
nouă, zece

I have seven apples – Am şapte mere

She has an apple – Ea are un măr
You are a tall person – Tu eşti o persoană înaltă
Are you a tall person? – Eşti tu o persoană înaltă?
He is a little child – El este un copilas.
It is a big car – (El/ea) Este o maşină mare
That mountain is high. – Muntele acela e înalt.

”W questions” - Întrebări cu W (pronume interogative)

Who? – Cine?
What? – Ce?
Why? – De ce?
Where ? – Unde?
When? – Când? When is your birthday? My birthday in on the 9th of may.
Which? – Care?
How? – Cum?
How much? – Cât? Cât de mult?
How much do you love me? – Cât de mult mă iubeşti?
How many ? Câti, câte?
How long ? Cât timp?
Whom? Pe cine?
To whom ?- Cui?
Whose? – Ale cui? (a, ai, ale, cui?)

Formulare intrebari in English

In general intrebarile incep cu un V, sau cu intrebari cu W.

1. Pentru verbele to be, to have, can, may, must (si celelalte verbe modale) intrebarile se
formuleaza prin inversare:

Ex. Father can lift the rock. - Can father lift the rock?
Your parents were last year to the seaside. - Were your parents last year to the seaside?

2. Daca intrebarea contine intrebari cu W (pronume interogative – what, where, why, etc.)
incepem cu acestea, apoi se merge pe schema de interogativ a timpului respectiv.
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 Ex. Why is it so cold today?

3. Daca intrebarea contine doua verbe, unul auxiliar sau modal si unul principal, intrebarea va
incepe cu verbul auxiliar sau cu cel modal.

My father did not wash the car yesterday.

Didn’t my father wash the car?

- To whom do you want to give the book?

Whom devine Who
- Who do you want to give the book to?

Who am I?- Cine sunt eu?

What are you doing? – Ce faci ?

What do you have there? - Ce ai tu acolo?

What have you there? – Ce ai tu acolo?
Why are you here?- De ce eşti aici?
Where are they?- Unde sunt ei?
When do they arrive? – Când sosesc?
When are they here?- Când sunt ei aici?
Which is your bag?- Care este geanta ta?
How is your mother? – Cum este mama ta?
Whose are those gifts? – Ale cui sunt acele cadouri?
Whom do you love?
To whom did they tell the story?
There (acolo) – here (aici)

Lesson no. 1 number

WHO AND WHAT ARE YOU ?

Good morning everybody!

Good morning teacher!
Who are you? I am Mrs. Smith.
What are you Mrs. Smith? I am a woman, an economist.
You are an economist and I am a teacher.
Who is he? He is Mr. Black.
What is Mr. Black? He is a man, an engineer, he is not an architect.
Miss Brown is a typist. She is an office worker. (to type / clerk / officer)
Isn’t she a doctor? No, she isn’t.
Is Miss Brown a student? Yes, she is a very good student.
Bob is a boy. He is a schoolboy.
What is he like? He is short and fat.
Mary is a girl. She is a schoolgirl.
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What is she like? She is tall and thin.
We are all students.
Are they also students? No, they aren’t. They are engineers.
Are you an Englishman? No, I am not, I am a Romanian, I am a Romanian citizen.
How are you? I’m fine, thank you.

Lesson no. 2

WHAT IS THIS? (WHAT’S THIS?) What are these?

Good afternoon, everybody!

Good afternoon, teacher!
What is this? This is a classroom. This classroom is large and bright. There are a lot of things in this
classroom: a table, a chair, many desks, a blackboard, a map, a picture and a lamp.
This is the door and that is the window. This door is closed and that window is open.
This is the table and that is the chair. This table is yellow and that chair is brown.
This is the floor and that is the ceiling. These are the books and those are the exercise-books (copy-
books; note-books). These books are open and those exercise-books are closed (shut).
These are the pencils and those are the fountain-pens.
Is there a bookcase in the classroom? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
Isn’t there a picture (painting) on the wall? Yes, there is.
There are many desks in the classroom.
Aren’t there many English books on these desks? Yes, there are.
Are there many tables in the classroom? No, there aren’t. There is only one.

Bookcase = biblioteca Library = biblioteca (institutie)

Book shop = librarie Bookshelf = raft, polita de carti

Lesson no. 3 (number three)

THIS IS MY BOOK

Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!

Good evening, sir!
This is my book. I have a new English book.
Have you an exercise-book too? Yes, I have.
You have a thick exercise-book. Your exercise-book is on your desk.
Have you a Romanian-English conversation guide-book? No, I haven’t.
He has new gloves. His gloves are brown.
Has he new shoes too? No, he hasn’t.
Hasn’t Mrs. Smith a new smart dress on? Yes, she has. Her dress is blue. Its colour is blue. All the
ladies in this room have nice dresses on.
This room has four walls. Its walls are white.
We all have wrist watches. They are our wrist watches.
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Haven’t you English-Romanian dictionaries? Yes, we have.
They are on those shelves.
Have those secretaries new typewriters? Yes they have.
They haven’t their English classes in the morning. They have their English classes in the evening.

Lesson no. 4

This is my pencil. It is mine.

That typewriter is yours, Mrs. Smith, isn’t it?
Yes, it is. It isn’t hers.
They have two children, a son and a daughter haven’t they? Yes, they have.
Those are their balls. His is brown, hers is red.
Whose is that white car. It is ours, it is not theirs, but where is yours?
The Browns have a new TV set. It is their TV set. It is theirs, not yours.
I am a teacher, am I not? Yes, you are.
You aren’t at the office now, are you? No, I am not.
This child has a lot of toys, hasn’t he? Yes, he has.
The man over there is not our manager, is he? No he isn’t.
Jack, hasn’t a new English book, has he? No, he hasn’t.
This woman is our colleague, isn’t she? Yes, she is.
These men are your friends, aren’t they? Yes, they are.
They aren’t very busy today, are they? No, they aren’t, to be sure.

Lesson no. 5 – THIS IS MR. SMITH’S CAR

Whose car is this? This is Mr. Smith’s car.

Isn’t it Mr. Brown’s car? No, it isn’t, it is Mr. Smith’s.
What colour is Mr. Smith’s car? His car is red. The colour of his car is red.
This is Mary’s handbag, isn’t it? It isn’t that typist’s. It isn’t the handbag of that typist.
All the students’ fountain - pens are on their desks.
The ladies’ ball point pens are in their handbags.
Have you got your own flat? Yes, we have. Our flat is modern and comfortable. It has four rooms.
The rooms of our flat are large and bright.
Is that your flat? No, it isn’t. It is the Smiths’. Ours is next to it.
I’ve got two children. The chlidren’s toys are in their room. The door of the children’s room is closed.
The man’s name is Bill. That woman’s name is Jane.
The men’s exercise-books are open. Those women’s copy-books are open too.

Mr. Smith, Mrs. Smith, Miss (Ms.) Smith

Michael Smith is a gentlemen. / Jane Smith is a lady
Yes, Sir / Madam

This cake is too big. thick/thin = gros/subtire

About, on = despre / on = pe / related to = in leg. Cu
Noon / midday at noon
midnight

EXPRESIILE THERE IS / THERE ARE

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Afirmativul:

Sg. - There is – există, se află, este (ne arată existenţa)

Pl. - There are – există, se află, sunt (ne arată existenţa)

On – pe
There is an apple on the table – Este un măr pe masă.
There are new words in this text – Sunt cuvinte noi în acest text.
There are many new words in this text – Sunt multe cuvinte noi în acest text.

A lot of – o mulţime de ... , o grămadă de ... , Lots of - foarte multe / multi

Many – multi, multe

Negativul:

There is not (isn`t) – nu se află, nu există, nu este, etc.

There are not (aren`t) – nu sunt, nu exista, nu se afla.
There aren`t apples on the table. Nu sunt mere pe masă.
There isn`t a pencil on the table. There are three. - Nu este un creion pe masă. Sunt trei.
There aren`t many new words in this text.- Nu sunt multe cuvinte noi în text.
There aren`t a lot of new words in this text. – Nu sunt o grămadă de cuvinte noi în acest text.

Interogativul:

Is there? – Există? Se află?Este?

Are there? Sunt? Există? Se află?
Is there an orange on that table? Este o portocală pe acea masă?
Are there dogs in the street? – Sunt câini pe stradă?

Interogativ negativul?

Isn`t there? - Nu este? Nu există?

Aren`t there? – Nu sunt? Nu există?
Isn`t there enough room in this room? – Nu este destul spaţiu în această încăpere?
I need more room in here – Am nevoie de mai mult spaţiu aici.
These china cups are made in China – Aceste ceşti din porţelan sunt făcute în China.
Isn`t there tea in the cup? Nu este ceai în ceaşcă?
Yes, there is – Ba da, este.
Yes, there are – Ba da, sunt. (plural)
No, there isn`t – Nu, nu este.
Still there is a little bit – Totuşi, mai este un pic.

I have eaten an orange – Am mâncat o portocală.

I ate an orange – Am mâncat ieri o portocală.

Who is that boy? – Cine este acel băiat?

That boy is my brother – acel băiat e fratele meu.
What is your brother? – ce este fratele tău?
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My brother is an engineer – Fratele meu este inginer.
Why are they here? De ce sunt ei aici?
Where are your parents? – Unde sunt părinţii tăi?
My parents are downtown – Părinţii mei sunt în centrul oraşului.
Which are your brothers? – Care sunt fraţii tăi?
How old are you? – Ce vârstă ai? – câţi ani ai?
I am 41 years old- Am 41 de ani.
She`s only five – Ea are doar 5 ani.

Pluralul substantivelor – The plural of nouns

Reguli:

R 1: + s
song - songs (cântece), sister - sisters (surori),
girl - girls (fete)

R 2: + es

Toate substantivele care, în forma singulară, se termină în -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -ss şi -zz, la plural primesc
terminaţia -es.

Church-Churches – biserică/biserici
Wrist watch- wrist watches - ceas de mână/ceasuri
Bench-Benches - bancă/bănci
Match-matches – chibrit/chibrituri
Bush-bushes – tufiş/tufişuri
Brush-brushes – perie/perii
Bus-buses-autobus/autobuse
Kiss-kisses- sărut/săruturi
Dress-dresses- rochie/rochii
Box-boxes – cutie/cutii
Fox-foxes – vulpe/vulpi
Buzz/buzzes- bâzâitură/bâzâituri

R 3: substantivele care la singular au terminaţia în f sau fe, la plural primesc terminaţia –ves.
f, fe devin ”ves” la pl.

Life/lives - viaţă/vieţi
Wife/wives - soţie/soţii
Shelf/shelves - raft/rafturi
Calf/calves - vitel/vitei

(I) myself – (eu) pe mine, mie însumi

(You) yourself – pe tine, ţie însuţi, însăţi
(He) himself – pe el, lui însuşi
(She) herself – pe ea, ei însăşi
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 (It) itself – se foloseşte la animale, pe ea, pe el, lui însuşi, ei însăşi.
(We) ourselves – nouă înşine, pe noi
(You) yourselves – vouă înşivă, pe voi
(They) themselves – ei înşişi, pe ei

I wash myself – eu mă spăl.

You wash yourself – tu te speli
He/she/it washes him/her/it self – el/ea se spală
We wash ourselves – noi ne spălăm
You wash yourselves – voi vă spălaţi
They wash themselves – ei se spală.

R4: substantivele care se termină în -y,

- y precedat de vocală primeşte la plural terminaţia - s

toy/toys - jucărie/jucării
boy/boys - băiat/băieţi
day/days - zi/zile

- y precedat se consoană, y devine ”ies” la pl

lady/ladies - doamnă/doamne
baby/babies - copilas/copilasi
body/bodies - trup/trupuri (corp/corpuri)

R5: substantivele care se termină în - o

- o precedat de vocală primeşte la plural terminaţia –s

folio – folios, foaie/foi

radio – radios, radio/radiouri
taboo – taboos, tabu/tabuuri

- o precedat de consoană primeşte la plural terminaţia - es

dominos/dominoes-domino/dominouri
volcanos/volcanoes-vulcan/vulcani

R6: substantive cu plural neregulat

Man/men - bărbat/bărbaţi
Woman/women - femeie/femei
Child/children - copil/copii
Mouse/mice - şoarece/soareci
Goose/geese - gâscă/gâşte
Foot/feet - picior/picioare
Ox/oxen - un bou/doi boi
13
Die/dice - zar/zaruri

The dice have been thrown – Alea iacta est – zarurile au fost aruncate (Alexandru Macedon)

R7: pluralul substantivelor preluate din alte limbi, s-au preluat cu plural cu tot din limbile de origine:

Bacterium/bacteria – bacteria/bacterii
Criterion/criteria – criteriu/criterii
Analysis/analyses –analiză/analize to analise/analize
Alga/algae – algă/alge
Larva/larvae – larvă/larve
Index/indices – index/indexuri (indiciu/indicii)
Cactus/cacti – cactus/cactuşi

R8: substantive cu forme identice la sg. si pl. :

fish - fish atentie fishes nu e corect !!!

sheep - sheep, dar ship - ships (vapor-vapoare)

GREETING FORMS – FORMULE DE SALUT

Good morning - bună dimineaţa

Good afternoon - bună ziua
Good day - buna ziua (o formă foarte rece)
Good evening - bună seara
Good night - Noapte bună
Hello, Hi - Buna, salut, ciao
Sleep tight/sweat dreams - somn uşor/vise plăcute
Noon - prânz
Midday – mijloc de zi

Hello e utilizabil pentru orice persoana pe care o salutam, este suficient de respectuos dar si apropiat.

Good morning everybody – Bună dimineaţa, tuturor.

Good morning teacher – Buna dimineaţa, profesore.
Who are you? – cine eşti tu?
I am Mrs. Smith – Sunt doamna Smith.

Mr./Mister - domn + nume

Mrs. - doamnă + nume
Miss (Ms.) - domnişoară + nume
A young lady – o doamnă tânără (fără nume !!)

What are you Mrs. Smith?- Ce eşti tu, doamnă Smith?

I a woman, I am an economist –Sunt femeie, sunt economist.
You are an economist and I am a teacher – Tu eşti economist şi eu sunt professor.
Who is he? - Cine este el?
He is Mr. Black – El este domnul Black.
14
What is Mr. Black?- Ce este domnul Black?
He is a man, an engineer, he is not an architect – El este un bărbat, un inginer, nu un architect.
Miss Brown is a typist – doamna Brown este dactilograf.
She is an office worker – Este un funcţionar (clerk – funcţionar public)
Isn`t she a doctor?- Nu este doctor?
No she isn`t – nu este.
Is Miss Brown a student ? Este domnişoara Brown studentă?
She is a very good student – Este o studenta foarte bună.
Bob is a boy. He is a schoolboy – Bob e băiat. El este şcolar.
What is he like? – Cum este (arata) el?
How does he look like? – Cum arată el?
He is short and fat.- El este scund (mic de statură) şi gras .
Mary is a girl. She is a schoolgirl. Mary este o fată. Este şcolăriţă.
What is she like? – Cum arată ea?
She is tall and thin - Ea este înaltă şi subţirică.
We are all students. Suntem toţi studenţi.
Are they also students? Sunt şi ei de asemenea studenţi?
No they aren`t. – Nu, ei nu sunt.
They are already engineers – Ei sunt deja ingineri.
Are you an Englishman? – Eşti englez?
No I am not. I am a Romanian citizen – Nu, nu sunt. Sunt cetăţean roman.
How are you? - Cum eşti?
I am fine, thank you. Sunt bine, mulţumesc.

Good evening ladies and gentlemen and welcome again to the free English course kept by Mr. Brown
at the library of our city.
Bună seara doamnelor şi domnilor şi bine aţi revenit la cursul gratuit de engleză, ţinut de domnul
Brown la biblioteca din oraşul nostru.

Bookshop - librărie
Library - bibliotecă
Bookcase- bibliotecă (mobilier)

I am from Romania Satu Mare city – Sunt din România, oraşul Satu Mare .
Village- sat
County- judeţ
Country –ţară
Peasant – ţăran

PRONUMELE SI ADJECTIVELE POSESIVE

Pron. Adjective posesive (lucrează împreună cu Pronume posesive

Pers. substantive)
I My = meu, mea, mei, mele Mine = al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele
You Your = tău, ta, tăi, tale Yours = al tău, a ta, ai tăi, ale tale
He His =lui, său, sa, săi, sale His = al lui, a lui, ale lui, ai lui
She Her = ei, său, sa, săi, sale Hers = al ei, ale ei, a ei, ai ei
15
It Its = lui/ei, (obiecte, animale) Its =al/a ei, al/a lui, ale/ai lui, ale/ai ei
We Our = noastră, nostru, noastre, noştri Ours = al nostru, ale noastre, ai noştri,
a noastră
You Your = voastră, vostru, voştri, voastre Yours = a voastra, al vostru, ai voştri,
ale voastre
They Their = lor Theirs = a lor, ai lor, al lor, ale lor

We have a nice house = Noi avem o casă frumoasă.

Its colour is yellow = culoarea ei este galbenă.
These beautiful flowers are mine . aceste flori frumoase sunt ale mele
My teacher is very good = profesorul meu este foarte bun
Your brother is my best friend = fratele tău este cel mai bun prieten al meu.
His name is very nice = numele lui este foarte drăguţ.
Her sister has three apples = Sora ei are trei mere.
He has a car. Its colour is red. El are o maşină, culoarea ei este roşie.
Our book is black = Cartea noastră este neagră.
Those books are hers = Acele cărţi sunt ale ei.
Those red apples are ours. Acele mere roşii sunt ale noastre.
I have a garden . It’s pretty small – Am o grădină. Este destul de mică.

Film Video - Formule de salut:

Textul propriu-zis:

Hello and welcome - Bună ziua şi bine aţi venit.

You’re back with Minoo at Anglo-Link. – Aţi revenit cu Mino şi Anglo-link.

Today we’re going to look at some useful expressions for introductions and greetings. – Azi urmează
să aruncăm o privire asupra a câtorva expresii utile pebtru formule de prezentare şi formule de salut.
I have divided these into two groups: Formal and Informal. – Le-am împărţit pe acestea în două
grupuri, formal şi familiar.
So, that by the end of the video you will have a clear idea of how to introduce yourself or another
person and how to greet people both in friendly, informal situations and in formal, business situations.
– Astfel încât, până la finalul acestui video veţi avea o idee clară despre cum să te prezinţi pe tine sau
o altă persoană şi cum să saluţi oamenii atât în situaţie prietenoasă, familiară, cât şi în situaţii formale.
So, when you’re ready, we can begin. Deci, când sunteţi gata, putem începe.

INTRODUCTIONS AND GREETINGS

Let’s start with introductions! – Să începem cu formule de prezentare.

And let’s look at how you introduce yourself! – Şi haideţi să aruncăm o privire asupra felului cum să
te prezinţi.
As I said, we look at two situations: Informal and Formal. – după cum am spus, ne aflăm în două
situaţii, familiară şi formală.
In an informal situation it’s really nice and simple. – Într-o situaţie familiară, este foarte drăguţ şi
simplu.
16
Just say “Hi” or “Hello”, or say “I am” or “My name is ...” and give your name: … – Doar spui Hi sau
Hello, sau spui Eu sunt sau Numele meu este ... şi vă daţi numele.

Hi, I am (I’m) .... / Hello, my name is ....

Now, in a formal situation it’s a little longer. Let’s have a look at some examples: -
Acum, într-o situaţie formal, formula e puţin mai lungă. Hai să vedem câteva exemple:
Hello, I don’t think we have (we’ve) met. Let me introduce myself. My name is – Bună ziua, nu
cred că ne-am mai întâlnit. Permiteţi-mi să mă prezint. Numele meu este---

an alternative: - o alternativă, o variantă:

Good morning / Good afternoon / Good evening. Allow me to introduce myself. My name is ...
Buna dimineaţa/Buna ziua/Bună seara. Permiteţi-mi să mă prezint. Numele meu este….

That’s right, formal situations require longer sentences and more advanced structures. Ok, let’s look
at how you can introduce someone else. – E drept, situaţiile formale necesită propoziţii mai lungi şi
structuri mai avansate. Ok. Haideţi să vedem cum putem să prezentăm pe altcineva.

HOW TO INTRODUCE SOMEONE ELSE

In an informal situation, again, it’s nice and easy. Just say: ”This is ...”. For example: - Într-o situaţie
familiară, din nou, este drăguţ şi simplu. Doar spuneţi “acesta/aceasta este ... De exemplu …

This is my friend, Sue. – Aceasta este prietena mea Sue.

or you could say: sau poţi spune
This is my brother, John. – Acesta este fratele meu, John

Let’s look at the formal expressions for introducing someone else. First example:
Hai să vedem expresiile formale pentru a prezenta pe altcineva. Primul exemplu:
May I introduce my colleague, Sue Halen?
Pot să v-o prezint pe colega mea, Sue Halen?
Allow me to introduce my colleague, Sue Halen. – Permiteţi-mi să v-o prezint pe colega mea,
Sue Halen.
I would like you to meet my colleague, Sue Halen. Aş dori să o întâlniţi pe colega mea, Sue
Halen.

Again, notice that in a formal situation the expressions are longer and we use more advanced
structures. – din nou, remarcaţi că într-o situaţie formală, expresiile sunt mai lungi şi se folosesc
structuri mai avansate.

WHAT TO SAY AFTER THE INTRODUCTIONS – Ce să spui după prezentare:

Ok, let’s have a look at what we say after the introductions. Ok, hai să vedem să spunem după
prezentare.
You’ve just been introduced to someone in an informal situation and the most common expression in
this case is “Nice to meet you.” – Tocmai aţi fost prezentaţi cuiva într-o situaţie familiară şi cea mai
comună expresie în acest caz este “Încântat să te cunosc”
17
Hi, Sue. Nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you too. –Bună Sue, încântată să te cunosc. - R:
Încântată să te cunosc, asemenea.
You can also use words that mean nice, like happy or lovely, or pleased. So, you can say: -Poţi folosi,
de asemenea, folosi cuvinte care înseamnă ceva drăguţ, ca şi fericită să te cunosc, drăguţ sau
încântată.
Hello, Sue. I am happy to meet you. – Bună Sue. Sunt fericită să te întâlnesc.
Sue can respond by saying: - Sue poate să răspundă:
Lovely to meet you too. – Fericită/încântată să te cunosc, de asemenea.

Let’s look at the formal situation. – Să vedem o situaţie formală:

As before, the sentences are going to be longer and we are going to use more advanced structures. Ca
şi înainte, propoziţiile vor fi mai lungi şi urmează să folosim structuri mai avansate.
But probably the most surprising thing is this expression. Dar, probabil, cel mai surprinzător lucru
este această expresie:
You’ve just been introduced to someone in a formal situation and you will hear: Tocmai aţi fost
prezentat cuiva într-o situaţie formală şi veţi auzi:

How do you do, Ms. Halen. - ….

“How do you do” is a formal synonym for “Nice to meet you.” – How do you do este un sinonim
formal pentru “Încântat să te cunosc”
It is not a question. And the answer to “How do you do” is “How do you do”... Nu este o întrebare.
Iar răspunsul pentru How do you do, este tot How do you do.
Let’s look at another formal expression you can use when you’ve just been introduced to someone: -
Hai să vedem o altă expresie formală pe care o puteţi folosi când aţi fost prezentat cuiva:

It’s a pleasure to meet you Ms. Halen. – Este o plăcere să vă întâlnesc, Ms. Halen.
And Ms. Halen can respond by saying: Şi Ms. Halen poate răspunde prin a spune:
I’m very pleased to meet you too. – Sunt foarte întântată să vă întâlnesc, de asemenea.

HOW TO GREET SOMEONE YOU KNOW? – cum saluţi pe cineva pe care o/îl cunoşti?

Right, let’s look at the expressions that we use to greet someone we know. In an informal situation
it’s “Hi”, “Hello”, and of course, we ask them how they are:
Deci, hai să aruncăm o privire asupra expresiilor pe care le folosim să salutăm pe cineva pe care-l
ştim. Într-o situaţie familiară, este “bună” sau “hello” şi, bine-nţeles, îi întrebăm cum sunt.

Hi, Sue. How are you? – Bună Sue, Cum eşti?

“How are you” is a real question, it’s not an expression like “How do you do”,
which means “Nice to meet you.” It requires an answer. – “Cum eşti” este o întrebare reală, nu
este o expresie ca şi “How do you do”, care înseamnă “Încântat să vă întâlnesc”. Necesită un
răspuns.
Hi, Sue. How are you? – Bună Sue. Cum eşti?
The most common answer is: - Cel mai des întâlnit răspuns este:
Fine, thanks. And you? – Bine, mulţumesc. Şi tu?
Or, you could say or hear: - Ori, poţi să spui sau să auzi:
Hello, Sue. How are you doing? – Hello, Sue, Ce mai faci?
And the answer is very similar. It can be: - Şi răspunsul este foarte similar. Poate fi:
18
 Great, thanks. How about you? – Foarte bine. Dar tu?

Let’s look at the formal expressions when you greet someone you know: - Deci, hai să aruncăm o
privire asupra expresiilor formale , pe care le folosim să salutăm pe cineva pe care îl ştiţi.

Good morning Ms. Halen. How are you today? – Bună dimineaţa, Doamnă Halen. Cum sunteţi
azi?
Notice that we use “How are you” in both formal and informal situations. Thanks is quite an informal
word. In a formal situation it’s better to use “thank you”. – Remarcaţi că folosim “Cum sunteţi” în
ambele situaţii, familiar sau formală. “Mulţam”, este un cuvânt destul de familiar. Într-o situaţie
formală, este mai bine să folosim “mulţumim”
I am very well, thank you. And you? – Sunt foarte bine, mulţumesc.
Let’s look at another possible expression in a formal situation: - Hai sa vedem o altă posibilă expresie
într-o situaţie formală:
Hello, Ms. Halen. It is nice to see you again. – Bună, doamnă Halen. Mă bucur să vă văd, din
nou.
Now, Ms. Halen can respond by repeating: “It is nice to see you again too”. That’s a bit long and
repetitive. We have a really nice shortcut for that. - Acum, Doamna Halen poate răspude prin a repeat
“Si eu sunt încântată să vă vad din nou” . Asta este un pic lung şi repetitiv. Avem pentru asta o
scurtătură drăguţă:

Ms. Halen can return the compliment “It is nice to see you again” by just saying
And you. – Doamna Halen poate returna complimentul – Mă bucur să vă văd din nou, doar
spunând “And you” (un fel de şi eu)
Now, look at the two sentences again. In the first one: “Good morning Ms. Halen. –How are you
today?” the answer was “I am very well, thank you. And you?” “And you?”- here is a question. She’s
returning your question. She’s asking how are you.
Acum, hai să vedem, din nou, cele două propoziţii. În prima, Bună ziua, doamnă Halen – Cum
sunteţi azi, răspunsul a fost “sunt foarte bine, multumesc. Dar dumneavoastră?”

In the second example “It is nice to see you again” – “And you.”, “And you” is a statement. It has a
falling intonation. And it’s used to return the compliment or the greeting. – În al doilea exemplu “Mă
bucur să vă văd din nou” – “Şi eu” , “Şi eu” e o expresie. Are o intonaţie descrescătoare. Şi este
folosită să returnezi complimentul sau urarea.

HOW TO SAY GOOD BYE- cum să spui la revedere

Right, let’s move on and see how we say “Good bye” to people in an informal or formal situation.
Again, nice simple expressions for saying “Good bye” informally. – Deci, hai să trecem mai departe
şi să vedem cum spunem “La revedere” oamenilor într-o situaţie familiară sau formală. Din nou,
expresii simple şi drăguţe pentru a spune “La revedere”, familiar.

I must go. Catch you later. – Trebuie să plec. Ne auzim mai târziu.
A possible response: - un răspuns posibil:
O.K.. See you later. Bye. – Ok. Ne vedem mai târziu.
Another example: - Un alt exemplu:
I’ll be off now. Speak to you later. – Am plecat acum. Vorbim mai târziu.
You can answer:- Poţi răspunde:
Sure. Take care. – sigur, ai grijă.
19
Let’s look at saying “Good bye” in a formal situation. Again, you can expect longer sentences and
more advanced structures. Let’s have a look. – Hai să vedem cum spunem “la revedere” într-o situaţie
formală. Din nou, puteţi să vă aşteptaţi la o propoziţie mai lungă şi mai avansată.

Good bye. It has been a pleasure meeting you. – La revedere. A fost o plăcere să să întâlnesc.
Which requires a formal response: Care necesită un răspuns mai lung.
The pleasure is mine. I hope to see you again soon. – Plăcerea e de partea mea. Sper să ne
vedem din nou, cât de repede.
Let’s look at another example: - Hai să vedem un alt exemplu.
I must be on my way. It was nice seeing you again. – Trebuie să plec, A fost drăgut să vă
reîntâlnesc.
And to return the compliment: - Si să returnezi complimentul.
Likewise. I look forward to seeing you again soon. – Asemenea. Abia astept să ne vedem din
nou.

So, that’s it for introductions, greetings and saying “Good bye”. Before we leave let’s put all of that
together in two conversations. In conversation one we’re using the informal style. Let’s just read it
together. – Deci, acestea sunt pentru prezentare, salutări şi pentru a spune “la revedere”. Înainte să
plecăm hai să punem toate acestea în două conversaţii. În conversaţia întâi, vom folosi stilul familiar.
Hai să îl citim împreună:

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GREETINGS

INFORMAL FORMAL

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Hi, I am (I’m) John. / Hello, my name is John.
Bună, sunt John/ Salut, numele meu e John.
Hello, I don’t think we have (we’ve) met. Let me
introduce myself. – bună. Nu cred că ne-am mai
întâlnit. Permiteţi-mi să mă prezint.
Please allow me to introduce myself. My name is
John. – Permiteţi-mi să mă prezint. Numele meu
este John.

Good morning / afternoon / evening. Allow me to

introduce myself. My name is John. – Bună
ziua/dupăamiază/ seara. Permiteţi-mi să mă
prezint. Numele meu este John.

HOW TO INTRODUCE SOMEONE ELSE HOW TO INTRODUCE SOMEONE ELSE

This is my friend, Sue. / This is my brother, John. May I introduce my colleague Sue Halen? Pot să
Aceasta este prietena mea, Sue/ acesta este fratele v-o prezint pe colega mea, Sue Halen?
meu, John. Allow me to introduce my colleague Sue Halen.
Permiteţi-mi să v-o prezint pe colega mea, Sue
Halen.
I would like you to meet my colleague Sue
20

WHAT TO SAY AFTER THE
INTRODUCTIONS
Hi, Sue. Nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you
too. – Salut, Încântata să te cunosc. /Întântată să
te cunosc.
Hello, Sue. I am happy to meet you. - Lovely to
meet you too. – bună , Sue, sunt bucuroasă să te
întâlnesc. /şi eu, sunt bucuroasă să te întâlnesc.
HOW TO GREET SOMEONE YOU KNOW?
Hi, Sue. How are you? – Fine, thanks. And you?
– Bună Sue, Cum eşti? – Bine, mulţumesc. Şi tu?
Hello, Sue. How are you doing? – Great, thanks.
How about you? – Salut Sue. Cum eşti? –
Minunat, mulţumesc. Dar tu?
HOW TO SAY GOOD BYE
I must go. Catch you later. – O.K.. See you later.
Bye. – Trebuie să plec. Ne vedem mai târziu.
Bye.
I’ll be off now. Speak to you later. – Sure. Take
care. – Am plecat acum, Vorbim mai târziu. –
Sigur. Ai grijă.
Are you fresh, guys? Sunteţi „proaspeţi”?
Yes/ I am glad to hear that. – Da/ sunt încântat să aud asta
No/Well I think you should. –Nu/ei bine, ar trebui.
Well – ei bine
Definitely – fără îndoială, fără dubii, absolut
After such a nice vacation you should be definitely fresh. / După aşa o vacanţă, ar trebui, fără
îndoială, să fiţi proaspeţi.
21
Halen. – Aş dori să v-o prezint pe colega mea,
Sue Halen.
WHAT TO SAY AFTER THE
INTRODUCTIONS
How do you do Ms. Halen. - How do you do.
It’s a pleasure to meet you Ms. Jane - I’m very
pleased to meet you too.
HOW TO GREET SOMEONE YOU KNOW?
Good morning Ms. Halen. How are you today? –
Bună dimineaţa doamnă Halen. Cum sunteţi azi?
I am very well, thank you. And you? – Sunt
foarte bine, mulţumesc. Dar dumneavoastră?
Hello, Ms. Halen. It is nice to see you again.
And you. – Bună doamnă Halen. E o plăcere să
vă întâlnesc din nou. Asemenea.
HOW TO SAY GOOD BYE
Good bye. It has been a pleasure meeting you.
The pleasure is mine. I hope to see you again
soon. – La revedere. A fost o plăcere să vă
întâlnesc./plăcerea e a mea. Sper să vă întâlnesc
din nou.
I must be on my way. It was nice seeing you
again. – Trebuie să plec. A fost o plăcere să vă
întâlnesc din nou.
Likewise. I look forward to seeing you again.
Asemeni. Abia aştept să ne întâlnim din nou.
Team work – muncă de echipă

The most common English phrase is: - Cea mai comună frază în engleză este:
How are you? / Cum eşti?
And the response to How are you? Is I`m fine thank you. And you? – Şi răspunsul la cum eşti, este
bine, mulţumesc. Şi tu?
Well that`s not the only way that we greet each other in English, so I’m going to teach you the other
common ways.
Ei bine, acesta nu e singurul mod prin care ne salutăm unul pe celălalt, deci urmează să vă arăt şi
celelalte moduri uzuale.
So, the other common English greetings is „How are you doing” – Deci, celelalte moduri uzuale de
salut in engleza sunt: – Cum mai eşti?
The response to.... is - răspunsul pentru ... este ...
The best response would be – I`m doing well, thank you and you? – Cel mai bun răspuns ar fi – Sunt
bine, multumesc, si tu?
The thank you and you is a bit optional. „Thank you” şi „and you” sunt puţin opţionale.
We don`t always – We don`t even realy, often say that in English. - Noi nu întotdeauna spunem asta
in Engleza.
So, thank you and you is up to you whether you want to use it or not. It`s your choice. – Deci
multumesc, si tu, depinde de tine dacă doreşti să le foloseşti sau nu. E alegerea ta.

Whether – dacă
Weather – vreme

The next common English greeting is How `s it going? And the response to „how`s going” would be
it`s going well. Următorul mod comun de salut în engleză, este Cum îţi merge? . Şi răspunsul la cum
îţi merge ar fi: Imi merge bine.
Now, you`ll notice for „how are you doing” and „how`s going”, both the responses end with „well”. –
Acum, vei remarca că, pentru Ce mai faci şi Cum îţi merge, ambele răspunsuri se termină cu „bine”.
Now, in common Spoken English, when American English spreaker speak to each other a lot of times
you will hear them say „Good”. Acum, în engleza comună (vorbită), când vorbitorii de engleza
americană, vorbesc unul cu celălalt, de multe ori îi vei auzi spunând „good”.
Now, one of the most common English greeting is „What`s up” to which you would respond/you
could respond „not much” or „nothing” or „What`s up”. – Unul dintre cele mai comune moduri
engleze de salut este „Ce se întâmplă”, la care trebuie să răspunzi/tu poţi să răspunzi”nu multe” sau
„nimic” sau „Ce se întâmplă”
So if someone says „what`s up” you can just respond „what`s up” . It`s like saying „Hello/ Hello”.
Deci, dacă cineva spune „What`s up” tu poţi răspunde „what`s up” . Este ca şi cum ai spune
„Salut/Salut”

There you are/go = poftim, poftiti va rog ( cand servim pe cineva cu ceva)
Here you are/go = inseamna acelasi lucru - poftim, poftiti va rog ( cand servim pe cineva)
You are all set – eşti în regulă, am terminat
So, there you are
Among – printre (între mai multe elemente)
Between – între (între două elemente)

V1 V2 V3
to mean │ mean – meant – meant = a insemna
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 V1 – infinitivul scurt al verbului (fără to)
V2 – forma de past tense simple (trecut simplu)
V3 – forma de past participle (participiu simplu trecut)

to throw │throw - threw - thrown

The phone is thrown through the window by our boss.

to read │read - read - read

VERBELE MODALE AUXILIARE (I)

can, may, must

can = a putea, a fi capabil de

may = a putea, a-i fi permis, a avea voie

must = a trebui

1. Se utilizează fără particula „to” la infinitiv (forma de baza a V)

2. La conjugare, au formă invariabilă:

I can, you can, he/she/it can, we can, you can, they can

3. De obicei, se utilizează cu alte verbe; verbul care urmează după verbul modal se pune la
infinitivul scurt (fără particula „to”)

4. Interogativul, negativul şi interogativ-negativul acestor verbe se construiesc fără auxiliarul

„do”
Can you lift the stone? Poţi ridica piatra?
May I smoke here? Pot fuma aici?

5. Formele negative

can → cannot → can't

may → may not → mayn't
must → must not→ mustn't
OBS! must not = interdicţie
They must not drive = Lor le este interzis sa conducă.

6. Când ceva nu este necesar exprimăm prin verbul „to need” negat

Must we write all the exercises?

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 No, you need not/you needn't.
No, it is not necessary.
No, there is no need for you to do that.

7. Exista situaţii ]n care utilizarea verbelor modale nu poate fi făcută la forma lor obişnuită; în
aceste cazuri, vom recurge la formulele lor echivalente

can = to be able to, to be capable to = a fi capabil să ...

we are able to...= noi putem să ....

may = to be allowed to, to be permitted to = a-i fi permis, a avea voie să...

I am allowed to ... am voie sa ...

must = to have to, to be obliged to, to be compelled to = a trebui sa ...

he has to ... = el trebuie să ...

OBS!
Formula echivalentă „to have to” se neagă cu auxiliarul „to do”!

Tu nu trebuie să vii.
You don’t have to come.

Ei nu trebuie să plătească. Luna asta este gratuită.

They don’t have to pay; this month is for free.

Ea nu trebuie să facă asta.

She doesn’t have to do this.

Trebuie să repetăm toate lecţiile?

Must we repeat all the lessons?
Nu, nu trebuie.
No, we don’t have.

VERBELE MODALE AUXILIARE (II)

- trecut, prezent, viitor, must not -

1. can = to be able to = a fi capabil să

I can speak English.

I am able to speak English.
PREZENT
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Aff. I can speak English.

Neg. I cannot / can’t speak English.

Int. Can I speak English?

I.N. Can’t I speak English?

TRECUT vb. „can” are forma de trecut „could”

Aff. I could speak English at the time. at the time = la vremea respectivă

Neg. I could not / couldn’t speak English at the time.

Int. Could I speak English at the time?

I.N. Couldn’t I speak English at the time?

OBS!

Forma „could” a verbului „can” se utilizează atât pentru trecut, cât şi pentru condiţional.
I could eat = Am putut mânca = Aş putea mânca.
Sensul corect rezulta din context.

VIITOR: vb. can nu are formă de viitor, deci folosim formula echivalentă!

Aff. I shall be able to speak English.

Neg. I shall not / shan’t be able to speak English.

Int. Shall I be able to speak English?

I.N. Shan’t I be able to speak English?

2. may = to be allowed to = a-i fi permis (cuiva)

Mary may leave now.

PREZENT

Aff. Mary may leave now.

Neg. Mary mayn’t leave now.

Int. May Mary leave now?

I.N. Mayn’t Mary leave now?

TRECUT: are formulă echivalentă

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Aff. Mary was allowed to leave.

Neg. Mary was not/wasn’t allowed to leave.

Int. Was Mary allowed to leave?

I.N. Wasn’t Mary allowed to leave?

VIITOR: are formulă echivalentă

Aff. Mary will be allowed to leave.

Neg. Mary won’t be allowed to leave.

Int. Will Mary be allowed to leave?

I.N. Won’t Mary be allowed to leave?

3. must = to have to = a trebui

They must read this book.

PREZENT

Aff. They must read this book.

Neg. They don’t have to read this book.

Int. Must they read this book?

I.N. Don’t they have to read this book?

TRECUT: are formulă echivalentă

Aff. They had to read this book.

Neg. They didn’t have to read this book.

Int. Did they have to read this book?

I.N. Didn’t they have to read this book?

VIITOR: are formulă echivalentă

Aff. They will have to read this book.

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Neg. They will not / won’t have to read this book.

Int. Will they have to read this book?

I.N. Won’t they have to read this book?

Gradele de comparatie ale adjectivelor

Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ

- de superioritate de egalitate de inferioritate absolut relativ
frumos mai frumos la fel de frumos mai putin frumos foarte frumos cel mai frumos
beautiful more beautiful as beautiful less beautiful very beautiful the most beautiful
pretty prettier as pretty less pretty very pretty the prettiest
cute cuter as cute less cute very cute the cutest

Exemple
Pentru adjectivul dulce - sweet

1.Sweet - dulce
Love is a song that never ends Iubirea e un cantec fara sfarsit
Life can be sweet and easy Viata poate fi dulce si usoara
Cantecul cu care incepe filmul pentru copii "Bambi"

2. Sweeter - mai dulce

Every day with You Lord Fiecare zi cu tine Doamne

Sweeter than the day before Mai dulce decat ziua precedenta

3. As sweet - la fel de dulce

What's in a name? That which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as
sweet
Ce e intr-un nume? Ceea ce noi numim trandafir, cu orice alt nume ar mirosi la fel

27
de dulce.
William Shakespeare - Romeo si Julieta

4. Sweetest - cel mai dulce

It's a long way to Tiperarry E un drum lung pana la Tiperarry
It's a long way to go E un drum lung de mers
It's a long way to Tiperarry E un drum lung pana la Tiperarry
To the sweetest girl I know Pana la cea mai dulce fata pe care o cunosc
Cantecul soldatilor englezi in primul razboi mondial

1. Formarea gradului comparativ de superioritate

La formarea comparativului de superioritate conteaza daca adjectivul considerat e lung sau scurt

1.1 Adjectivele lungi: ex beautiful, interesting, formeaza comparativul de superioritate prin adaugarea
cuvantului more
Adjectivele lungi sunt adjective formate din cel putin 2 silabe.

beautiful - more beautiful frumos - mai frumos

interesting - more interesting interesant - mai interesant
boring - more boring plicticos - mai plicticos

Exceptie fac adjectivele terminate in y.

De exemplu: pretty, happy, lively, silly, funny care formeaza comparativul de superioritate ca
adjectivele monosilabice.

1.2 Adjectivele scurte (monosilabice) si cele terminate cu y formeaza comparativul de superioritate

prin adaugarea terminatiei er.

sad - sadder trist - mai trist

dumb - dumber prost - mai prost
happy - happier fericit - mai fericit
funny - funnier nostim - mai nostim

Adjectivele terminate in y precedat de o consoana, transforma pe y in i inaintea lui "er".

Daca insa y e precedat de o vocala y se pastreaza: gay - gayer (vesel - mai vesel)
Adjectivele scurte dubleaza consoana finala daca aceasta are inainte o singura vocala.
Ex: big - bigger (mare - mai mare), red - redder (rosu - mai rosu)
Asa cum se vede, decat = than. He is taller than you - El e mai inalt decat tine.
Alte exemple pentru gradul comparativ de superioritate:
See you later, alligator Ne vedem mai tarziu aligatorule

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In a while crocodile Raspuns:Pe curand crocodilule

later rimeaza cu alligator si e un schimb de replici care inseama "la revedere" spus
mai glumet.

Some people are taller, taller than Unii oameni sunt mai inalti, mai inalti decat
me mine
Some people are shorter, shorter Unii oameni sunt mai scunzi, mai scunzi decat
than me mine
I'm the only me as far as I can see Eu sunt unic pe lume
I'm the only me as far as I can see Eu sunt unic pe lume

Cantec care ii invata pe copii sa fie mandri de cine sunt, fiindca fiecare e unic in
felul lui.
Se pot folosi orice alte adjective.

Dumb and dumber Prost si mai prost. (Film tradus: Tantalaul si

gogomanul)

Faster than the speeding Mai rapid decat glontul in zbor

bullet

2. Formarea gradului comparativ de egalitate:

Indiferent de forma, toate adjectivele din limba engleza formeaza in acelasi mod gradul comparativ de
egalitate.
Asa cum am vazut se poate spune:
These two roses smell as sweet Acesti doi trandafiri miros la fel de dulce

Insa este mult mai uzual sa se spuna: These two roses smell just as sweet

Daca vrem sa spunem:

Tarandafirul din stanga miroase la fel de dulce ca cel din dreapta

The rose on the left smells (just) as sweet as the one on the right.

Deci: la fel de dulce ca = as sweet as

Alte exemple pentru gradul comparativ de egalitate:
As good as gold (La fel de) cuminte ca aurul - adica foarte cuminte
As clean as a pack of new pins (La fel de) curat ca un pachet de ace
As funny as a barrel of monkeys (La fel de) nostim ca un butoi cu maimute
As pretty as a button (La fel de) frumusica sau frumusel ca un nasture

Acestea sunt toate expresii care se folosesc in mod frecvent.

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3. Formarea gradului comparativ de inferioritate:
Indiferent de forma, toate adjectivele din limba engleza formeaza in acelasi mod gradul comparativ de
inferioritate:
Se formeaza cu ajutorul constructiilor:
not so ... as... nu atat de...ca
less...than ... mai putin...decat

John is not so fat as George John nu este atat de gras ca George

John is less fat than George John este mai putin gras decat George

4. Formarea gradului superlativ absolut:

Indiferent de forma, toate adjectivele din limba engleza formeaza in acelasi mod gradul superlativ
absolut:
Se foloseste cuvantul very echivalentul lui foarte care ca si in romana se pune in fata adjectivului
Exemple pentru gradul superlativ absolut:
Thank you very much Multumesc foarte mult
Rudolph the red nosed reindeer Rudolph renul cu nasul rosu
Had a very shiny nose Avea un nas foarte lucios
Aceste doua versuri sunt dintr-un cantec de Craciun: Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer
5. Formarea gradului superlativ relativ:
Gradul superlativ relativ imparte adjectivele in aceleasi categorii ca si comparativul de superioritate
Adjectivele care au terminatia er pentru comparativul de superioritate in acest caz au terminatia est
Adjectivele care primesc in fata more pentru comparativul de superioritate in acest caz primesc most
Adica:
tall-taller-the tallest inalt-mai inalt-cel mai inalt
friendly-friendlier-the friendliest prietenos-mai prietenos-cel mai prietenos
tired-more tired-the most tired obosit-mai obosit-cel mai obosit
Exemple pentru gradul superlativ relativ:
Mirror, mirror on the wall Oglinda, oglinjoara
Who is the fairest of us all? Cine-i cea mai frumoasa-n tara?
With a little bit of sugar Cu putin zahar
Make the medicine go down Faci sa se duca medicamentul
In the most delightful way! In cel mai incantator mod!

6 - Adjective speciale
Unele adjective pot avea 2 forme cand formeaza gradele de comparatie:

common commoner / more common commonest / most common

likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely
pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest / most pleasant

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 polite politer / more polite politest / most polite
simple simpler / more simple simplest / most simple
stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid
subtle subtler / more subtle subtlest
sure surer / more sure surest / most sure
Recapitulare reguli de ortografie:
Adjectivele monosilabice terminate într-o consoană precedată de o vocală scurtă dublează consoana:
big – bigger – the biggest
Adejctivele monosilabice terminate în –y precedat de o consoană transforma pe –y în –i:
dry – drier – the driest.
Adjectivele monosilabice terminate în –e sau –ee pierd pe –e final înaintea terminaţiei:
free – freer – the freest; nice – nicer – the nicest

Present simple tense – Timpul prezent simplu

I. CONSTRUCTIE
- Orice propoziţie în engleză are 4 forme:

1. A – afirmativ
2. N – negativ
3. I – interogativ
4. IN interogativ negativ

Afirmativul - La timpul prezent simplu afirmativ, tot ce trebuie să ştim este că la persoana a
III-a singular, (he/she/it) verbul primeşte terminaţia: - s, - es, - ies

all over = peste tot; except = cu excepţia

Majoritatea verbelor primesc – s, la persoana a III-a singular

To work – I work, you work, he/she/it works, we work, you work, they work

Verbele cu terminaţiile - ch, - sh, - s, - ss şi - z la infinitiv la persoana a III-a sg, primesc – es.
To teach – teaches /a învăţa
To wash – he/she it washes/ a spăla
To dress – she dresses /a îmbrăca
To pass – he/she/it passes /a trece
To cross – he/she/it crosses /a trece dincolo
To buzz – he/she/it buzzes / a zumzăi
To catch – I catch, You catch, he/she/it catches a prinde

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 Verbele care se termină în final cu –y precedat de consoană se transformă în –ies

To fly – he/she/it flies – a zbura

To apply – he/she/it applies – a aplica

Obs. Verbele ce se termina in y precedat de vocala primesc un simplu s

Ex. to play – he plays

II. Negativul interogativ şi interogativul negativ le tratăm la pachet.

R. Trebuie să ştim dacă dacă utilizăm auxiliarul „to do” sau nu

Nu trebuie
My parents are in Sweden. Părinţii mei sunt în Suedia.
My parents aren`t in Sweden. Părinţii mei nu sunt în Suedia.
Trebuie
The plain flies at 10.000 m high. Avionul zboară la 10.000 m altitudine.
The plain doesn`t fly at 10.000 m high. Avionul nu zboară la 10.000 m altitudine.

Din acest punct de vedere, al utilizarii sau neutilizarii auxiliarului ”to do” la N, I si IN
timpului prezent simplu, clasificam verbele in trei categorii:

a) Verbe care nu cer utilizarea auxiliarului „to do” la N, I, IN, prezentului simplu:
1. to be – a fi

2. to have – a avea

3. verbele modale: can (a putea), may (putea), must (a trebui), need (a trebui). Mai exista si
alte verbe modale ce vor fi studiate ulterior.

b) Verbele cu două feţe: funcţionează şi cu auxiliarul „to do” şi fără auxiliarul „to do”
ex. to have

c) toate celelalte verbe, cer obligatoriu auxiliarul „to do” la N, I, IN.

Exemple:

The plane doesn’t fly high. / Does the plane fly high? / Doesn’t the plane fly high?

Copiii lui nu au minge - His children have not a ball.

- His children don`t have a ball.
Are mama ta timp mâine? - Does your mother have time tomorow?
- Has your mother time tomorow?
Tatăl tău nu are maşină? - Hasn`t your father a car?
- Does your father not have a car? / Doesn`t your father have a
car?
Ion cântă o melodie simpatică - John sings a nice song.
- John doesn`t sing a nice song. - Ion nu cântă o melodie simpatică.
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 - Doesn`t John sing a nice song? – Nu cântă Ion o melodie
simpatică?

Construcţia prezentului simplu pentru verbele ce cer utilizarea auxiliarului „to do”:

A : Subiect (S) + Verb (V1) + s/-es/-ies la persoana a III-a singular (he/she/it)

N : S + do/does + not + V1 (don`t/doesn`t)
I : Do/does + S + V1?
IN : Do/Does + S + Not + V1? (Don’t /Doesn’t)?

A: Noi învăţăm engleză în fiecare vineri, de la 5 la 6 după masa: We study english every Friday from
5 to 6 p.m.
(de la ... la ... = from ... to ...)

N: Noi nu studiem engleza. We don`t study English.

El are o casă. He has a house.

El nu are o casă. He doesn`t have a house.
El chiar are o casă. He does have a house.
Mary plays in the yard. Mary doesn`t play in the yard.
Mama te iubeşte foarte mult. Moter loves you a lot/very much.
Mother does love you a lot. Mama chiar/într-adevăr te iubeşte mult. (Când subliniem ceva)
I do want to go to America. Eu chiar îmi doresc să merg în America.

Regulă:

La prezentul simplu, verbul principal va fi întotdeauna la V1 atunci când e după auxiliarul

„do/does”.

Tata poate conduce o maşină. Father can drive a car.

My father cannot drive the car. Tatăl meu nu poate conduce maşina.
Can my father drive the car?

VERBUL „to have”

Fratele meu are un pian nou.
A: My brother has a new piano.
N: My brother doesn`t have a new piano./My brother hasn`t a new piano.
I: Has my brother a new piano?/Does my brother have a new piano?
IN: Hasn`t my brother a new piano?
Doesn`t my brother have a new piano?

II. UTILIZARE

Simple Present Tense

USE EXAMPLE
33
 1. Habitual actions (+ adverbs such as: My mother usually goes to market on Sunday
often, usually, never, always, every mornings. I never get up late (in the morning)
day, in the morning, on Sundays, etc.)
2. General truths or characteristics The Earth moves round the sun.
3. Momentary actions, completed almost A tailor makes clothes.
at the same time they are performed (in Bill gets out of bed, comes downstage a bitt,
contexts such as: cooking, demonstra- and stands attentively.
tions, ceremonial utterances, stage
directions, radio or TV commentaries, Our winter holiday begins on December 22nd.
announcements, headlines ) I leave Bucharest at 8 a.m. and arrive in Brasov
4. Planned future actions, when the future at 11.a.m.
action is considered part of an already
fixed programme (with verbs of Have something to eat before you go.
motion: come, go, leave or verbs If you don’t hurry we shall be late.
expressing planned activity: begin,
start, end, finish. The adverbials
indicating future time obligatory)
5. In temporal and conditional clauses,
when there is o future/ present/
imperative in the main clause.

I`m alive – Celine Dion

Mmm, mmm Mmmm,mmm

I get wings to fly Am aripi să zbor … Oh, oh
Oh, oh, I'm alive, yeah Sunt în viaţă, da …da

When you call on me Când mă chemi

When I hear you breathe Când te aud respirând
I get wings to fly Primesc aripi să zbor
I feel that I'm alive Simt că sunt în viaţă

When you look at me Când te uiţi la mine

I can touch the sky Pot atinge cerul
I know that I'm alive Ştiu că sunt în viaţă

When you bless the day Când binecuvintezi ziua

I just drift away Mă îndepărtez
All my worries die Toate grijile dispar
I'm glad that I'm alive Mă bucur că sunt în viaţă

You've set my heart on fire Tu mi-ai aruncat inima în aer

Filled me with love Copleşindu-mă cu dragoste
Made me a woman Făcându-mă o femeie
On clouds above deasupra norilor

I couldn't get much higher Nu am putut să mă ridic mai mult

My spirit takes flight Spiritul meu îşi ia zborul
34
'Cause I am alive Pentru că sunt în viaţă

When you call on me Când mă chemi

[When you call on me]
When I hear you breathe
[When I hear you breathe]
I get wings to fly
I feel that I'm alive
[I am alive]
[Când mă chemi]
Când te aud respirând
[Când te aud respirând]
Primesc aripi să zbor
Simt că sunt în viaţă

When you reach for me Când ajungi la mine

[When you reach for me] [Când ajungi la mine]
Raising spirits high Spiritele se înalţă
God knows that Dumnezeu ştie că

That I'll be the one Că voi fi acea persoană

Standing by through good and Stând la bine şi la greu
through trying times Şi prin timpuri care ne încearcă
And it's only begun Şi care …
I can't wait for the rest of my life! Nu pot aştepta tot restul vieţii mele!

When you call on me Când mă chemi

[When you call on me] [Când mă chemi]
When you reach for me Când ajungi la mine
[When you reach for me] [Când ajungi la mine]
I get wings to fly Primesc aripi să zbor
I feel that Simt că...

When you bless the day Când binecuvintezi ziua

[When you bless, you bless the [Când binecuvintezi ziua, binecuvintezi
day] ziua]
I just drift away Mă pierd
[I just drift away] [Mă pierd]
All my worries die Toate grijile dispar
I know that I'm alive Ştiu că sunt în viaţă

I get wings to fly Am aripi să zbor

God knows that I'm alive Dumnezeu ştie că sunt în viaţă

Verbe frazale
To look at - a privi pe cineva
To stand by- a fi alături de cineva
I drift away - plutesc în derivă departe de tine

FROZEN - MADONNA

V1 V2 V3
35
To freaze: a îngheţa freaze –froze – frozen
You only see what your eyes want to see
How can life be what you want it to be
You're frozen
When your heart's not open
You're so consumed with how much you get
You waste your time with hate and regret
You're broken
When your heart's not open
Mmmmmm, if I could melt your heart
Mmmmmm, we'd never be apart
Mmmmmm, give yourself to me
Mmmmmm, you hold the key
Now there's no point in placing the blame
And you should know I suffer the same
If I lose you
My heart will be broken
Love is a bird, she needs to fly
Let all the hurt inside of you die
You're frozen
When your heart's not open
Mmmmmm, if I could melt your heart
Mmmmmm, we'd never be apart
Mmmmmm, give yourself to me
Mmmmmm, you hold the key
You only see what your eyes want to see
How can life be what you want it to be
You're frozen
When your heart's not open
Mmmmmm, if I could melt your heart
Mmmmmm, we'd never be apart
Mmmmmm, give yourself to me
Mmmmmm, you hold the key
If I could melt your heart
Mmmmmm, we'd never be apart
Mmmmmm, give yourself to me
Mmmmmm, you hold the key
If I could melt your heart
36
Tu vezi numai ce ochii tai vor sa vada
Cum poate fi viata asa cum vrei tu sa fie
Esti inghetat
Când inima ta nu se deschide
Esti atat de distrus ca nu mai stii ce sa obtii
Iti pierzi timpul cu ura si regrete
Esti ruinat
Când inima ta nu se deschide
Mmmmmm, de-as putea topii inima ta
Mmmmmm, niciodata nu ne-am mai despartii
Mmmmmm, daruiestete mie
Mmmmmm, tu detii cheia
Acum nu mai e rost sa-ti repari greaseala
Si tu ar trebui sa suferi la fel
Daca te pierd
Inima mea e impietrita
Iubirea e ca si o pasare, are nevoie sa zboare
Inlatura toate ranile pe care le-ai tinut inauntrul
tau
Esti inghetat
Când inima ta nu se deschide
Mmmmmm, de-as putea topi inima ta
Mmmmmm, niciodata nu ne-am mai despartii
Mmmmmm, daruiestete mie
Mmmmmm, tu detii cheia
Tu vezi numai ce ochii tai vor sa vada
Cum poate fi viata asa cum vrei tu sa fie
Esti inghetat
Când inima ta nu se deschide
Mmmmmm, de-as putea topi inima ta
Mmmmmm, niciodata nu ne-am mai despartii
Mmmmmm, daruiestete mie
Mmmmmm, tu detii cheia
Mmmmmm, de-as putea topi inima ta
Mmmmmm, niciodata nu ne-am mai despartii
Mmmmmm, daruiestete mie
Mmmmmm, tu detii cheia
De-as putea topii inima ta....
Copiii noştri sunt acum în New York.
A. Our children are now in NY
N. Our children aren`t now in NY.
I. Are your children in NY now?
IN. Aren`t our children in NY now?

To have:

Noi avem ore de engleză seara.

A.We have English classes in the evening.
N. We don`t have English classes in the evening
We haven`t English classes in the evening.
I. Have we English classes in the evening?
Do we have English classes in the evening?
IN. Don`t we have English classes in the evening?
Haven`t we English classes in the evening?

Ea cântă o piesă de Madonna.

A. She sings a Madonna Song. She sings one of Madonna`s songs.
N. She doesn`t sing one of Madonna`s songs.
I. Does she sing one of Madonna`s songs?
IN. Doesn`t she sing one of Madonna`s songs?

Tag Questions - Întrebarea „Nu-i aşa?”

shift
R: În general, întrebarea „Nu-i aşa?” se aşează după o afirmaţie sau negaţie, care e propoziţie
principală.
Ex. română:
Calul mânâncă ovăz, nu-i aşa?
Calul nu mânâncă ovăz, nu-i aşa?

R: Construirea întrebării „Nu-i aşa?” se face prin negarea verbului din principală şi adăugarea
pronumelui personal corespunzător subiectului din propoziţia principală.

Ex: Ei au doi copii, un fiu şi o fiică, nu-i aşa?

They have two children, a son and a daughter, haven`t they?

Mary and John have two children, haven`t they?/Mary şi John au doi copii, nu-i aşa?
Tom isn`t my friend, is he?/Tom nu este prietenul meu, nu-i aşa?
My sister has new shoes, hasn`t she? Sora mea are pantofi noi, nu-i aşa?
Părinţii lor nu sunt acasă, nu-i aşa?/ Their parents aren`t at home, are they?

Acasă = at home, când persoana e acasă şi nu pleacă de acolo (static)

home, când cineva merge acasă (dinamic)
37
John îi scrie mamei o scrisoare, nu-i aşa?
John writes a letter to his mother, doesn`t he? (Write e verb care cere auxiliarul do)

They don`t eat icecream, do they?/ei nu mananca încheţată, nu-i aşa?

Eu sunt inginer, nu-i aşa?

I`m an engineer, am I not?

Tu nu eşti la birou acum, nu-i aşa?/You are not at the office now, are ypu?

Tu eşti la birou, nu-i aşa?/You are at the office now, aren`t you?

Copii joacă jocuri frumoase, nu-i aşa?

The children play beautiful games, don`t they?
Verbul cere auxiliarul „do” la negare.
Bărbatul de acolo nu este directorul nostru, nu-i aşa?
The man, over there, isn`t our manager, is he?

Avionul aterizează pe pista nr. 3, nu-i aşa?/ The airplane lands on lane no. 3, doesn`t it?
Bunicul nostru mulge vaca, nu-i aşa?
Our grandfather milks the cow, doesn`t he?

Oamenii citesc cărţi în bibliotecă, nu-i aşa?

People read books in the library don`t they?

Îmi place foarte mult să călătoresc cu trenul, nu-i aşa?

I love to travel by train, don`t I?

Acum ne permitem o maşină mai bună, nu-i aşa?

Now we can afford a better car, can`t we?

Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in engleza

Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere

-forma 1- -forma 2- -forma 3- verb
to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui
to arise arose arisen a se ridica
to awake awoke awoken a se trezi
awaked awaked

38
 to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a incepe
to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea
to bend bent bent a indoi, a curba
to beseech besought besought a implora
to bet bet bet a paria
to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
can could been able to a putea
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a despica
to cling clung clung a se lipi
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tara
to cut cut cut a taia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig dug dug a sapa
to do did done a face
to draw drew drawn a desena
to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
39
 to drive drove driven a conduce masina
to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a gasi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
to foretell foretold foretold a prezice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
to forgo forwent forgone a renunta la,
a da uitarii
forsake forsook forsaken a parasi
to freeze froze frozen a igheta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grind ground ground a macina
to grow grew grown a creste
to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a tine
to hurt hurt hurt a rani
to keep kept kept a pastra
to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia
to knit knit knit a tricota
to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
to lay laid laid a aseza
to lead led led a conduce
to lean leant leant a se sprijini de

40
 to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata
to leave left left a parasi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat
to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a intalni
to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere
to mislead misled misled a induce in eroare
to mistake mistook mistaken a intelege gresit
to outdo outdid outdone a intrece
to overcome overcame overcome a invinge
to overdo overdid overdone a face exces
to pay paid paid a plati
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe
to ride rode ridden a calari
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cauta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a regla, a fixa
to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase
to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clatina
to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri
to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)
to shine shone shone a straluci
to shoe shod shod a icalta, a potcovi
to shoot shot shot a împusca
to show showed shown a arata
41
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange
to shut shut shut a inchide
to sing sang sung a canta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a sta (pe ceva)
to slay slew slain a ucide
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azvarli
to slit slit slit a despica
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
to sow sowed sown a semana
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to speed sped sped a accelera
to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera
to spend spent spent a cheltui
to spill spilt spilt a varsa
to spin spun spun a toarce,
a se roti
to spit spat spat a scuipa
to split split split a despica
to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica
to spread spread spread a intinde
to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni
to stand stood stood a sta in picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a infige, a se lipi
to sting stung stung a itepa
to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat
to strike struck struck a lovi
to string strung strung a insira,
a incorda
to strive strove striven a se stradui
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a matura
to swim swam swum a inota
to swing swung swung a se legana

42
 to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a invata, a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gandi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci
to tread trod trodden a calca
to underlie underlay underlain a sustine
to understand understood understood a intelge
to upset upset upset a supara
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weave wove woven a tese
to wet wet wet a uda
to win won won a castiga
to wind wound wound a se rasuci
to wring wrung wrung a frange,
a smulge
to write wrote written a scrie

PAST TENSE SIMPLE (trecutul simplu)

V1 V2 V3

To be : be – was/were - been

Pronume Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ Interogativ negativ

I I was I was not (wasn`t) was I ? Was I not?
You You were You were not (weren’t) were You? Were you not?
He/she/it He/she/it was He/she/it was not was he/she/it? Was he/she/it not?
We We were We were not were we? Were we not?
You You were You were not were you? Were you not?
They They were They were not were they? Were they not?
V 1 V2 V3

To have: have – had – had = a avea

Pronu Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ Interogativ negativ

me:
I I had = eu am avut I had not/did not have Had I ?/Did I Had I not?/Did I
I didn`t have have? not have?/ didn`t I
43
 have?
You You had = tu ai avut You had not/ You did not Had You? Had you not? Did
have/You didn`t have Did You You not have? /
have? didn`t You have?
He/she/ He/she/it had = el/ea a He/she/it had not/ Had Had he/she/it not?/
it avut He/she/it did not have/ he/she/it? Did Did he/she/it not
He/ she/it didn`t have he/she/it have?/ didn`t
have? he/she/it have?
We We had = noi am avut We had not/ We did not Had we? Had we not?/ Did
have/We didn`t have /Did we we not have?/
have? didn`t we have?
You You had = voi aţi avut You had not/You did not Had you? Had you not?/ Did
have/You didn`t have Did you you not have?/
have? didn`t you have?
They They had = ei/ele au avut They had not/ They did Had Had they not?/ Did
not have/They didn`t they?/Did they not have?/
have they have? didn`t they have?

V1 V2 V3
To do: do – did – done : a face

Pronume: Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ Interogativ negativ

I I did I did not do (didn`t) did I do ? Did I not do?

You You did You did not do (didn`t) did you do? Did you not do?
He/she/it He/she/it did He/she/it did not do did he/she/it Did he/she/it not
do? do?
We We did We did not do did we do? Did we not do?
You You did You did not do did you do? Did you not do?
They They did They did not do did they do? Did they not do?

Tema de casă e făcută - The homework is done.

II CONSTRUCTIE
Schemă Past Tense Simple pentru verbe care cer auxiliarul „do”:

A.: S + V2 go - went - gone

N.: S + did + not + V1 (didn`t) eat - ate - eaten
I. : Did + S+ V1?
IN: Did + S+ not + V1? (didn`t)

We ate a delicious / tasty pizza. taste = gust / to taste = a gusta

We did not eat pizza. / didn’t eat
44
Did we eat pizza?
Didn’t we eat pizza?

We ate a pizza yesterday.

We have eaten a pizza.

Pete, have you done your homework?

Did Mary not eat?

Mary did not eat two bannanas.
Mary ate two bannanas.
Verbul „to be” nu funcţionează după schemă (nu necesită auxiliarul „do”) : weren`t

I was born in Israel. Eu m-am născut în Israel.

Where you were born? Unde te-ai născut?
He was a doctor. El a fost doctor.
She was in the USA. – Ea a fost în SUA.
It was cold yesterday. – A fost frig ieri.
We were at home yesterday – Noi am fost acasă ieri.
You were right. Tu ai avut dreptate.
They were in Italy last summer. Ei au fost în Italia vara trecută.

Sora mea a băut un pahar de vin

A. My sister drank a glass of wine.
N. My sister didn`t drink a glass of wine.
I. Did my sister drink a glass of wine?
IN. Didn`t my sister drink a glass of wine?

Noi am fost în Washington

A. We were in Washington
N. We weren`t in Washington.
I. Were we in Washington?
IN. Weren`t we in Washington?

Eu am băut un pahar cu wiskey.

A. I drank a glass of wiskey.
N. I didn`t drink a glass of wiskey.
I. Did I drink a glass of wiskey?
I.N. Didn`t I drink a glass of wiskey?
Mama a mâncat îngheţată.
A. Mother ate ice cream.
N. Mother didn`t eat ice cream.
I. Did mother eat ice cream?
I.N. Didn`t mother eat ice cream?

Fiul meu a condus maşina lui John.

A. My son drove John’s car.
N. My son didn`t drive Johns car.
I. Did my son drive John’s car?
45
I.N. Didn`t my son drive John’s car?

Obs. La Past Tense Simple respectam regula de la Present Simple, care spune ca dupa utilizarea
auxiliarului „to do” (forma de trecut = did) la N, I si IN vom utiliza forma V1 a verbului.

Ex. : A: We ate (V2) bananas.

N: We didn’t eat (V1) bananas.
I: Did we eat (V1) bananas?
IN: Didn’t we eat (V1) bananas?

Ieri am studiat Engleză, nu-i aşa?

A. Yesterday we studied English, didn`t we?
N. Yesterday we didn`t study English, did we?

Copiii noştri s-au jucat în curte, nu-i aşa?

A. Our children played in the yard, didn`t they?
N. Our children didn`t play in the yard, did they?

Am cumpărat trei scaune , nu-i aşa?

A. We bought three chairs, didn`t we?
N. We didn`t buy three chairs, did we?
I. Did we buy three chairs?
I.N. Didn`t we by three chairs?

Ei au avut o casă frumoasă.

A. They had a beautiful house.
N. They didn`t have a beautiful house.
I. Did they have a beautiful house?
I.N. Didn`t they have a beautiful house?

Noi am jucat poker, nu-i aşa? / We played poker, didn`t we?

Ei au fost prietenii mei, nu-i aşa?/ They were my friends, weren`t they?

Casa noastră a fost vândută, nu-i aşa? / Our house was sold, wasn`t it?
Casa noastră nu a fost vândută, nu-i aşa? / Our house wasn`t sold, was it?

Eu am scris o scrisoare.
A. I wrote a letter.
N. I didn`t write a letter.
I. Did I write a letter?
I.N. Didn`t I write a letter?

Mary a cântat un cântec minunat.

Mary sang a wonderful song.
Mary didn`t sing a wonderful song.
Did Mary sing a wonderful song?
Didn`t Mary sing a wonderful song?

Fata a citit o carte .

46
A. The girl read a book
N. The girl didn`t read a book.
I. Did the girl read a book?
I.N. Didn`t the girl read a book?

Copacii au fost tăiaţi.

A. The trees were cut.
N. The trees weren`t cut.
I. Were the trees cut?
I.N. Weren`t the trees cut?

El a luat microfonul
A. He took the microphone.
N. He didn`t take the microphone.
I. Did he take the microphone?
IN. Didn`t he take the microphone?

M-am odihnit 3 ore ieri?

A. Yesterday I rested for three hours.
N. Yesterday I didn`t rest for three hours.
I. Did I rest for three hours yesterday?
I.N. Didn`t I rest for three hours yesterday?

Am pus o carte pe masă.

I put a book on the table.
I didn`t put a book on the table.
Did I put a book on the table?
Didn`t I put a book on the table?

Mi-am sunat părinţii, nu-i aşa?

I called up my parents, didn`t I?.
I didn`t call up my parents, did I?
Did I call my parents?
Didn`t I call my parents?

Elefantul a ridicat o piatră.

The elephant lifted a rock.
The elephant didn`t lift a rock.
Did the elephant lift a rock?
Didn`t the elephant lift a rock?

Mi-am găsit cartea.

I found my book.
I didn`t find my book.
Did I find my book?
Didn`t I find my book?

Am muncit din greu săptămâna trecută, nu-i aşa?

I worked hard last week, didn`t I?
47
I didn`t work hard last week, did I?

Am adunat toate documentele pentru acest proiect.

I gathered all the documents for this project.
I didn`t gather all the documents for this project.
Did I gather all the documents for this project?
Didn`t I gather all the documents for this project?

Am prins o găină în curtea noastră.

I caught a hen in our yard.
I didn`t catch a hen in our yard.
Did I catch a hen in our yard?
Didn`t I catch a hen in our yard?

Artista a fost aici ieri.

The artist was here yesterday.
The artist wasn`t here yesterday.
Was the artist here yesterday?
Wasn`t the artist here yesterday?

Adriana şi-a făcut temele.

Adriana did her homework.
Adriana didn`t do her homework.
Did Adriana do her homework?
Didn`t Adriana do her homework?

Mama mi-a zis să închid uşa.

Mother told me to close the door.
Mother didn`t tell me to close the door.
Did mother tell me to close the door?
Didn`t mother tell me to close the door?

Săptămâna trecută am fost în New York.

Last week I was in New York.
Last week I wasn`t in New York.
Was I last week in New York?
Wasn`t I last week in New York?

II UTILIZARE

The Simple Past Tense is used:

Use Example
1. For actions completed in the past at Lucy phoned me: - at six o’clock.
defined time : - as soon as I got home.
a. When the time/ place or other - from school.
circumstances are given
b. When the ttime is asked about When did you read Hamlet?
c. When the action clearly took place I read It last year.
48
 at a definite time even if this time is The train was five minutes late.
not mentioned
d. When the time becomes definite as Have you found that letter yet?
a result of a question and answer in Yes I have.
the present perfect When did you find it?
I found it – a moment ago.
- When I tidied up my
drawer.
e. When there is a sequence of past
events – narrative use I met Philip yesterday and we talked for a few
2. For past habitual or minutes.
characteristicactions: When Mr Barton taught as our school, he rode
his bike to classes.
3. In indirect speech, instead of the simple
present, when the introductory verb Paul told me he had a new camera.
(say, tell, ask) is in a past tense

Future tense simple –Viitorul simplu

I CONSTRUCTIE

A. S+ shall / will + V1
N. S + shall / will + not (shan`t/won`t) + V1
I. Shall / will + S + V1?
I.N. Shall / will + S + not + V 1 (Shan`t / Won`t) + S+ V1?

R: Folosim „shall” la persoana I singular şi plural.

I shall work. – Eu voi munci

You will work. – Tu vei munci
He/she/it will work. – Ea/el va munci.
We shall work. – Noi vom munci.
You will work. – Voi veţi munci.
They will work. – Ei vor munci.

!!În legislaţie se utilizeaza preponderent shall, pentru a atrage atenţia asupra caracterului
clar impus de lege !!

Toţi proprietarii de magazine vor introduce noua metodă începând cu 1 ianuarie.

All shop owners shall introduce the new method starting with january the 1 st.

Atât „I will”, cât şi „I shall” se prescurtează cu I`ll :

I`ll,
You`ll
He`ll
She`ll
It’ll
We`ll
49
You`ll
They`ll

Simplu /simple/plain
Please talk to me in plain English.
!! În limbajul uzual, shall s-a cam pierdut.

Acei oameni sunt familia mea.

Prezent:
Those people over there are my family.
Those people over there aren`t my family.
Are those people over there my family?
Aren`t those people over there my family?

Past tense:
Those people over there were my family.
Those people over there, weren`t my family.
Were those people over there my family?
Weren`t those people over there my family?

Future:
Those people over there will be my new family.
Those people over there won`t be my new family.
Will those people over ther be my family.
Won`t those people over there be my family?

Link-uri:
linguee.com – traduceri
most used 5000 English words.

Fratele tău are o maşină nouă.

Prezent:
Your brother has a new car.
Your brother hasn`t a new car./ Your brother doesn`t have a new car.
Has hour brother a new car?/ Does your brother have a new car?
Hasn`t your brother a new car?/ Doesn`t your has a new car?

Past tense:
Your brother had a new car.
Your brother hadn`t a new car – nu se foloseşte uzual. Mai des se utilizeaza: Your brother didn`t
have a new car.
Did your brother have a new car?
Didn`t your brother have a new car?

Future
Your brother will have a new car.
Your brother won`t have a new car.
Will your brother have a new car?
Won`t your brother have a new car?
50
Present Continuous Tense – Prezentul continuu

Past Present Future

I am reading./Eu citesc.

I CONSTRUCTIE

A. S + am/are/is + V ing
N. S + am/are/is + not + V ing
I. Am/are/is + S + V ing ?
IN. Am/are/is + S + not + V ing ?

Mary citeste. (actiune in desfasurare)

Mary is reading.
Mary is not reading.
Is Mary reading?
Is Mary not reading? (aren`t, isn`t)

În fiecare sâmbătă eu joc tenis (actiunea nu e in desfasurare in prezent – utilizam prezent simplu)
– I play tennis every Saturday.
I don`t play tennis every Saturday.
Do I play tennis every Saturday?
Don`t I play tennis every Saturday?

Acţiunea îmbracă momentul de vorbire (adică a început înainte de momentul vorbirii şi va

continua şi după acesta).

Fratele meu doarme.

My brother is sleeping.
My brother isn`t sleeping.
Is my brother sleeping?
Isn`t my brother sleeping?

Calul aleargă prin curte.

The horse is running in the yard.
51
 The horse isn`t running in the yard.
Is the horse running in the yard?
Isn`t the horse running in the yard?

Plouă. It`s raining.

It`s not raining./ It isn`t raining.
Is it raining?
Isn`t it raining?

Cânt în ploaie.
I`m singing in the rain.
I`m not singing in the rain.
Am I singing in the rain?
Am I not singing in the rain?

II UTILIZARE

The Present Continuous Tense

Use
1. An action happening at the moment of
speaking (the action has durationand is
not complete)
2. An action that extends over a (slightly)
longer period of time, including the time
of speaking
3. A temporary, limited action/ behavior (+
an adverbial indicating present time)
4. One’s immediate plans for near future
(the time of the action must be
mentioned)
5. A frequently repeated action which
annoys the speaker (+ always, forever,
continually, all the time)
6. In subordinate clauses temporal /
conditional clauses ()
Example
The wind is blowing (now).
I am not wearing a coat as it isn’t cold.
I am reading a novel by John Fowles.
Mother is Knitting a pullover for me.
I live in Brasov but I’m living in Bucharest this
year.
Victor usually walks to school but today he is
going by bus.
You are being naughty.
Why are yoy being nude?
We’re going to the cinema tonight. (I’ve
already bought the tickets).
Ann is always doing her homework. (She
spends too much time on it). They are
complaining about neighbours all the time.
We’ll go for a walk while the baby is sleeping.

GENE KELLY - SINGIN' IN THE RAIN

Doo-dloo-doo-doo-doo
Doo-dloo-doo-doo-doo-doo
Doo-dloo-doo-doo-doo-doo
Doo-dloo-doo-doo-doo-doo...
52
I'm singing in the rain/cant în ploaie
Just singing in the rain/doar cant în ploaie
What a glorious feelin'/ce sentiment glorios
I'm happy again/sunt fericit din nou
I'm laughing at clouds/râd la norii
So dark up above/aşa de negrii deasupra
The sun's in my heart/soarele e în inima mea
And I'm ready for love/si sunt pregătit pentru dragoste
Let the stormy clouds chase/lasa norii de furtună să alerge pe cineva
Everyone from the place/oricine din acest loc (?)
Come on with the rain / Vino cu ploaia
I've a smile on my face/Am un surâs pe faţă
I walk down the lane/ Mă plimb pe bulevard
With a happy refrain/cu un refren vesel
Just singin',/doar cânt
Singin' in the rain/cant în poaie

Dancin' in the rain/dansez în ploaie

Dee-ah dee-ah dee-ah
Dee-ah dee-ah dee-ah
I'm happy again!/sunt fericit din nou
I'm singin' and dancin' in the rain!/cant şi dansez în ploaie

I'm dancin' and singin' in the rain.../dansez şi cant în ploaie

Why am I smiling/ De ce zâmbesc?

And why do I sing?/şi de ce cânt?
Why does September /De ce septembrie
Seem sunny as spring?/pare asa de insorită ca primăvara?
Why do I get up/de ce mă trezesc
Each morning and start?/in fiecare dimineaţă şi încep
Happy and head up /Fericit şi cu capul sus
With joy in my heart/cu bucurie în inima mea
Why is each new task/şi e usoară fiecare sarcină
A trifle to do?/o bagatelă să o faci
Because I am living/pentru că trăiesc
A life full of you./O viaţă plină cu tine

Past Continuous Tense – Trecutul continuu

Past Present Future

II CONSTRUCTIE
53
A. S+ was/were + Ving
N. S + was/were + not + Ving
I. Was/were + S + Ving?
IN. Was/were + S+ not + Ving (wasn`t + S + V ing/weren`t + S + V ing)

Este un caz mai fericit pentru că are timp corespondent în limba română (imperfectul -
citeam).
Cel mai adesea trebuie să avem un punct de referinţă concret în trecut. Acel moment de
referinţă poate fi o altă acţiune din trecut.

Luni la ora 3 după masă, copiii noştri jucau tenis de masă.

Monday at 3 o clock in the afternoon our children were playing table tenis.
Monday at 3 o clock in the afternoon our children weren`t playing table tenis.
Were our children playing table tenis Monday at 3 o clock in the afternoon?
Weren`t our children playing table tenis Monday at 3 o clock in the afternoon?

Ieri la prânz călătoream spre Bucureşti cu trenul.

Yesterday at noon/midday I was traveling to Bucharest by train.
Yesterday at noon I wasn`t traveling to Bucharest by train.
Was I traveling yesterday at noon to Bucharest by train?
Wasn`t I traveling yesterday at noon to Bucharest by train?

If you want your dreams come true, you must wake up!!!
Dacă vrei să ţi se împlinească visurile, trebuie să te trezeşti.

Yesterday, when father arrived, mom was sleeping / Ieri, când tata a sosit, mama a dormit.

II UTILIZARE

The Past Continuous tense is used to express an action in progress in the past, whose exact limits are
not known and are not important.

Use Example
1. With a point in time it expresses an At 12.30 yesterday we were having a walk in
action in progress (going on) precisely the park.
at that moment
2. With a period of time it expresses an Yesterday morning I was jogging through the
action that continued for some time park.

3. During a period of time it expresses the From six to eight yesterday evening we were
beginning and ending an action playing tenis.

4. With another action in the simple past it While / As I was jogging, a man stopped me
expresses an action that began before and asked me the time.
and probably continued after the other
(shorter) action which interrupted it The boys were playing football while the girls
were watching them
54
 5. With another action in the past Victor was always ringing me up late in the
continuous it expresses an action going night.
on the same time with the other past
action Daniel was busy packing, for he was leaving
6. With ALWAYS it expresses a the next day.
frequently repeated past action, which
often annoys the speaker
7. With an adverb of (future) time it He told us he was staying at the “LIDO” Hotel.
expresses a define future arrangement
seen from the past (a sort of near-
future-in-the-past)
8. After a reporting verb in the past it is
used as a equivalent of the present
continuous

Future Continuous Tense – Viitorul continuu

Past Present Future

Trebuie să avem neaparat un moment de referinţă din viitor.

A. S + will + be + Ving
N. S + will + not + be + Ving
I. Will + S + be + Ving?
IN.Will + S + not + be+ Ving?/Won`t S + be + V ing?

Tomorow, at 3 o clock pm, I will be flying to London./Mâine, la ora 3 pm, voi zbura la Londra.
Măine când avionul tatei va ateriza, noi îl vom aştepta la sosiri.
Tomorrow when dad`s plain wil land, we will be waiting for him at arrivals.
Tomorrow when dad`s plain will land, we won`t be waiting for him at arrivals.
Will we be waiting for him at arrivals, tomorrow when my dad`s plain will land?

Site pentru exerciţii:

Englishexercises.org sau future continuos exercises (căutare google).

Free dictionary.com

Adele "Hello" lyrics

Hello, it's me, I was wondering

If after all these years you'd like to meet to go over everything
They say that time's supposed to heal, yeah
But I ain't done much healing
55
Hello, can you hear me?
I'm in California dreaming about who we used to be
When we were younger and free
I've forgotten how it felt before the world fell at our feet

There's such a difference between us

And a million miles

Hello from the other side

I must've called a thousand times
To tell you I'm sorry, for everything that I've done
But when I call you never seem to be home

Hello from the outside

At least I can say that I've tried
To tell you I'm sorry, for breaking your heart
But it don't matter, it clearly doesn't tear you apart anymore

Hello, how are you?

It's so typical of me to talk about myself, I'm sorry
I hope that you're well
Did you ever make it out of that town where nothing ever happened?

It's no secret
That the both of us are running out of time

So hello from the other side

I must've called a thousand times
To tell you I'm sorry, for everything that I've done
But when I call you never seem to be home

Hello from the outside

At least I can say that I've tried
To tell you I'm sorry, for breaking your heart
But it don't matter, it clearly doesn't tear you apart anymore

Ooh, anymore
Ooh, anymore
Ooh, anymore
Anymore...

Hello from the other side

I must've called a thousand times
To tell you I'm sorry, for everything that I've done
But when I call you never seem to be home

Hello from the outside

At least I can say that I've tried
56
To tell you I'm sorry, for breaking your heart
But it don't matter, it clearly doesn't tear you apart anymore

Exerciţii:

Până acum am avut două maşini –

Till/Until now I had two cars (until – cu un l, iar till – cu doi l)
I did`t have only two cars until nou.
Did I have two cars until now?
Did`t I have two cars until now?

Up to the present- până acum

Up to this moment – până în acest moment
Up to this very moment – până fix în acest moment (întăreşte)

Eu voi avea curând o nouă casă.

I shall have a new house soon/ I shall soon have a new house.
I shan`t have a new house soon/ I shan`t soon have a new house.

We are studying/learning English/Noi studiem Engleză acum.

We are not studying English now.
Are we studying English now?
Aren`t we studying English now?

Yesterday afternoon I was walking through the park.

Yesterday afternoon I wasn`t walking through the park, I was reading a book instead.

All of the sudden – dintr-o dată

A sudden movment – o mişcare bruscă
Sudden – brusc
Adverbele în limba engleză, primesc un ly la sfârşit (suddenly).

UTILIZARE PRESENT SIMPLE VS. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE

 Actiuni obisnuite, care se intampla in prezent sau in mod regulat, dar nu neaparat in momentul
exact al vorbirii:

Mina plays tennis every weekend. –

Mina joaca tenis in fiecare sfarsit de saptamana.

The Post office opens at 8:45.

57
 Posta se deschide la 8:45.

 Adevaruri sau realitati general acceptate.

Vegetarians eat milk, but they do not eat meat.

Vegetarienii mananca lapte, dar ei nu mananca carne.

Winds carry weather balloons around the earth at the height of 24 kilometers.

Vantul poarta baloanele meteorologice in jurul pamantului la inaltimea de 24

kilometri.

 Exprimarea opiniilor.

I think India is beautiful.

Cred ca India e frumoasa.

Some believe everything they read.

Unii cred tot ce citesc.

 Exprimarea preferintelor.

Peter likes cats and dogs.

Lui Peter ii plac pisicile si cainii.

Jim prefers maths.

Jim prefera matematica

 Exprimarea asa numitului prezent istoric, facand astfel referire la actiuni care s-au intamplat
de fapt in trecut.

58
 We were watching the back door when, all of a sudden, comes Diana.

Ne uitam la usa din spate când, dintr-o dată, vine Diana.

Diana tells me that she took her brother to the dentist.

Diana îmi spune că ea a luat pe fratele ei la dentist.

 Prezentul simplu poate avea valenta de viitor mai ales cu verbe ca: arrive (soseste), come
(vine), leave (pleaca); care sugereaza evenimente planuite sau programate.

The train from Boston arrives this afternoon at three o'clock.

Trenul din Boston soseste in dupamiaza aceasta la ora trei.

The lesson starts at 8:15.

Lectia incepe la 8:15.

 Expresii care semnaleaza frecvent actiuni obisnuite exprimate prin prezentul simplu:

All the time (tot timpul), always (mereu), every day (in fiecare zi), every holiday (in fiecare vacanta),
every hour (in fiecare ora), every month (in fiecare luna), every semester (in fiecare semestru), every
week (in fiecare saptamana), every year (in fiecare an), most of the time (in majoritatea timpului),
never (niciodata), often (adesea), rarely (rar, rareori), sometimes (cateodata), usually (de obicei).

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Prezentul continuu (Present Continuous) exprimă in general o actiune în desfăsurare în momentul

vorbirii sau o actiune care nu a fost terminată la momentul vorbirii.
Acest timp se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be la prezent + forma de baza a verbului + -
ing (participiu prezent).

I am reading an English book.

Citesc (acum) o carte de engleza.

She is working through the holiday break.

Ea lucreaza in pauza de vacanta.

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Forma negativa - se adauga not dupa forma de prezent simplu a auxiliarului to be.

It is not raining.

Nu ploua. (acum)

Forma interogativa se obtine prin inversiunea auxiliarului to be cu subiectul.

Are they playing?

Ei se joaca (acum)?

Is he eating?

El mananca?

 Prezentul continuu se utilizeaza de asemenea pentru a descrie o tendinta sau o actiune care a
debutat recent.

More and more people are going to church.

Din ce in ce mai multi oameni merg la biserica.

 Actiuni planificate pentru viitor.

To meet the demand for vegetable food, they are planning to expand.

Pentru a satisface cererea de alimente vegetale, ei intenţionează să se extindă.

John is leaving for London next week.

Ion pleaca la Londra saptamana viitoare.

3. Verbe dinamice si statice

60
In general, numai anumite verbe pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu si acestea se numesc verbe
dinamice.

Aspectul continuu al unui verb arata ca o actiune este, era sau va fi in desfasurare. Formele verbale
progresive (aspectul continuu) se folosesc numai in cazul verbelor dinamice, de miscare, care exprima
calitati capabile de schimbare.

Nu se spune:
"He is being tall" sau "He is resembling his mother" sau "I am wanting spaghetti for dinner".

Corect se spune:

"He is tall" (El e inalt), "He resembles his mother" (El seamana cu mama lui), "I want spaghetti"
(Vreau spaghete).

Verbele dinamice sunt verbele care exprima:

o activitate - ask, beg, call, drink, eat, help, learn, listen, etc.
o I am begging you. - Te rog. (Te implor.)
 procese - change, deteriorate, grow mature, slow down, widen.
o The corn is growing rapidly. - Porumbul este în creştere rapidă.
 perceptii senzoriale - ache, feel, hurt, itch
o I am feeling well. - Ma simt bine
 actiuni tranzitive - arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose
o She is leaving tomorrow. - Ea pleaca maine.
 actiuni momentane - hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap
o He is jumping around the house - El sare (acum) in jurul casei.

Verbele statice utilizeaza forma de present simple (nu present continuous). Acestea sunt verbele:

 de perceptie, senzatie, activitate mentala - abhor, adore, astonish, believe, desire, detest,
dislike, doubt, feel, forgive, guess, hate, hear, imagine, impress, intend, know, like, love, etc.
o I love fruits. - Iubesc (ador) fructele.
 de relatie si posesie - be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve,
equal, owe, etc.
o My brother owes me a book. - Fratele meu imi datoreaza o carte.

De retinut:

- Imaginati-va diferenta de inteles dintre verbele statice si cele dinamice prin prisma intentiei, cele
statice exprima calitati neintentionate, pe cand cele dinamice calitati intentionate.

Two plus two equals four.

61
 Doi plus doi este egal cu patru.

Jane is leaving for Bucharest.

Jane pleaca spre Bucuresti.

Equals este un verb static si nu poate lua o forma continua; nu exista optiune sau intentie in acest caz.
Is leaving exprima optiunea si intentia subiectului de a efectua actiunea respectiva.

Verbul to have nu se utilizeaza niciodata in aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de "a suferi de".

I have flu. He has a fever.

Sufar de (am) gripa. El are (sufera de) febra.

Verbul to have se utilizeaza la aspectul continuu atunci cand nu are intelesul de a detine, a poseda
ceva.

I'm having my homework done on Wednesday.

Imi termin tema miercuri.

Verbul to have se mai utilizeaza la aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de "experienta".

You are having a lot of joy with this task.

Ai multa bucurie cu treaba asta

VIITORUL APROPIAT

Se formează cu expresia „going to”

To go on - a continua
To go off - a se opri

I am going to eat – eu urmează să mănânc (sunt pe punctul de a mânca)

You are going to eat – tu urmează să mămânci
He/she/it is going to eat –el/ea /el,ea- animal urmează să mănânce
We are going to eat - noi urmează să mâncăm
You are going to eat – voi urmează să mâncaţi
They are going to eat. – ei/ele urmează să mănânce.

62
 Pronumele personale în cazul dativ şi acuzativ

Pronume personale Acuzativ (pe cine?) Dativ (cui?)

I Me (pe mine) (to) me - mie
You You (pe tine) (to) you - ţie
He Him (pe el) (to) him - lui
She Her (pe ea) (to) her - ei
It It (pe el/ea obiecte, animale) (to) it - lui /ei
We Us (pe noi) (to) us - nouă
You You (pe voi) (to) you - vouă
They Them (pe ei/ele) (to) them - lor

Mother calls me – mama mă cheamă, (pe mine).

The teacher brought them the examination tests.

The teacher brought the examination tests to them.

R:
Dacă complementul direct se află în propoziţie după pronumele în cazul dativ, forma sa va fi fără
particula „to”. Dacă complementul direct se află în propoziţie in fata pronumelui în cazul dativ,
forma sa va include particula „to”

Father gives me the book. Tata îmi dă cartea (cartea- complement direct)

Father gives the book to me – tata îmi dă mie cartea.

Televizorul ne-a anunţat noile ştiri

The TV announced us the news.
The TV announced the news to us.

De asemenea/şi
Also/too/as well

R. Termenul „also” se introduce în propoziţie cam ca în română.

Varianta „as well” sau „too” merge la final de propoziţie.

Helen is also a student

Helen is a student, too. (street English)
Helen is a student as well. (varianta elevată).

To quote – a cita
Ex:In one of his master pieces Shakespeare said, I quote „To be or not to be”

Quotation/Proverb

Be as happy as you can whatever it takes !

63
 CONDIŢIONALUL ŞI GENITIVUL

CONDIŢIONALUL

Condiţionalul prezent
A. S + would + V1
N. S + wouldn`t + V1
I. Would + S + V1
I.N. Wouldn`t + S + V1

A. Marry would play guitar

N. Marry wouldn`t play guitar
I. Would Marry play guitar?
IN. Wouldn`t Marry play guitar?

I would like sau I`d like – Aş vrea, mi-ar plăcea

Forme contrase:

I would : I`d
You would : You`d
He/she/it would: He`d/She`d/It`d
We would : We`d
You would:You`d
They would: They`d

Ex:

De ce ar merge fiul tău la această şcoală?/ Why would your son go to this school?
De ce nu te-ar crede ea?/ Why wouldn`t she believe you?
Mamei tale nu i-ar plăcea această cameră, nu-i aşa?/ Your mother wouldn`t like this room, would
she?
Ea nu ar fi scris acea scrisoare./She would have written that letter.
Aş fi prins mingea/ I would have caught the ball (catch/caught/caught)
Fratele tău nu ar fi înţeles lecţia de engleză/ Your brother wouldn`t have understand the English
lesson.

Condiţionalul perfect (trecut)

A. S + would + have + V3
N. S + would + not + have + V3 (wouldn’t)
I. Would + S + have + V3?
I.N. Would + S + not + have + V3?

GENITIVUL
64
 1. Genitivul saxon sau sintetic
2. Genitivul prepoziţional

Genitivul sintetic se construieşte cu ’s sau numai ’

John`s car is red / Maşina lui John e roşie.

The students` books are on their desks / Cărţile studenţilor sunt pe birourile lor.

Curiozitate !
Cuvântul similare este cel mai lung cuvânt în limba română care este format din note muzicale.

Whatever happens – orice s-ar întâmpla

Genitivul sintetic

Regulă generală: genitivul sintetic se formează prin adăugarea unui ‘s (apostrof și s) la sfârșitul
substantivului respectiv: my sister’s cat, the neighbour’s house.

Excepții:

1. la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate se adaugă doar apostroful, fără s: the parents’
meeting, the boys’ team
2. la substantivele proprii terminate în –s se adaugă apostroful cu sau fără s: Dickens’s novels sau
Dickens’ novels. În limba engleză modernă se preferă a doua variantă (fără s). În ambele
cazuri însă, se citește cu [iz]: [dikinsiz]

Utilizarea genitivului sintetic

Ca o regulă simplă (și nescrisă), genitivul sintetic se folosește în general cu substantive nume de
persoană și cu personificări. Dar lista este mult mai lungă, așadar putem spune că genitivul sintetic se
folosește:

 cu substantive nume de persoane: her mother’s car, the teacher’s glasses

 cu nume de animale mari: the seal’s eyes
 cu nume proprii: Bill’s books
 cu substantive colective cu referire la persoane: people’s freedom
 cu personificări: the nature’s call
 cu unele denumiri de instituții: our school’s policy
 cu anumite unități de măsură, mai ales pentru timp și spațiu: a mile’s walk, an hour’s lecture
 cu pronume nehotărâte ca other, neither și pronumele compuse cu -body, -one, no-, every-:
anybody’s business, the other’s reply
 cu unele expresii fixe: a needle’s eye, a bird’s eye view
 pentru a numi anumite locuri și localuri: the barber’s (shop) – frizerie, frizer, the baker’s
(shop) – brutărie, brutar, St. Paul’s (Cathedral)
 în genitivul dublu: a poem of my friend’s – o poezie de-a prietenului meu

OBSERVAȚII:
65
  două substantive legate prin and pot primi ‘s astfel:

1. dacă amândouă reprezintă posesorii aceluiași obiect/persoană, etc., ‘s se adaugă la al doilea

substantiv: Mike and Tom’s brothers – frații lui Mike și Tom (Mike și Tom sunt frați la rândul
lor)
2. dacă fiecare are câte ceva, ‘s se pune la ambele substantive: Mike’s and Tom’s brothers – frații
lui Mike și ai lui Tom (Mike și Tom nu sunt frați, fiecare are alți frați)

 la substantivele compuse genitivul sintetic se adaugă la sfârșitul sintagmei: his brother-in-

law’s clothes
 dacă substantivul determinat este unul ca house, museum, shop, place, acesta poate lipsi: I
dropped by my friend’s (house). She visited M-me Tussaud’s (museum).

Genitivul analitic

Genitivul analitic se formează cu particula of și stă după substantivul determinat: the house of his
neighbour. Genitivul analitic se folosește în următoarele situații:

 cu numele de obiecte/fenomene ale naturii/etc. dacă nu este vorba de personificări: the door of
the car
 cu nume de animale mici: the nest of the cuckoo
 pentru întărirea unei situații: The departure of his mother upset him.
 cu denumiri geografice care conțin un nume propriu: the City of London
 cu nume de persoane:

1. dacă sunt mai multe substantive proprii legate prin and: This is the friend of Jane, Bill and
Jennifer.
2. pentru subliniere: the plays of G.B. Shaw
3. dacă substantivul nume de persoană are articol nehotărât sau un adjectiv demonstrativ: the life
of a soldier, a book of this poet
4. dacă substantivul propriu este fromat dintr-un grup de cuvinte: the period of Stephen the Great

În afară de cele două tipuri de genitiv, unele gramatici includ și genitivul dublu și genitivul implicit.

Genitivul dublu

este de fapt o combinație între genitivul sintetic și cel analitic. Genitivul dublu poate fi confundat cu
genitivul analitic în anumite situații. Comparați:

 a painting of Grigorescu’s – o pictură de/de-a lui Grigorescu /pictată de Grogirescu

 a painting of Grigorescu – o pictură cu/un portret al lui Grigorescu (care îl înfățișează pe
Grigorescu)

Genitivul implicit este un grup de cuvinte din care a dispărut marca genitivului: team building,
student lounge.

Mr Duncan`s English lesson – 1

66
Hi everybody this is Misterduncan in England.
How are you today?
Are you okay?...I hope so.
Are you happy?...I hope so.

Welcome to the very first episode of my series of English teaching videos Before I begin we will
take a look at some of the common questions that often arise when talking about learning the
English language. and more importantly, learning it as a second language.
So, the first question must be... "Why do we need to learn English?"

Of course one of the reasons why we need to be able to speak English nowadays
is because the world is becoming smaller. Thanks to the internet and our developing global
economy,more and more people are using English as a common way to communicate with each
other. So now it has become unavoidable that companies and large businesses will need to employ
people who can speak more than their own native language, that is where English comes in.

It is now officially considered as an international language.

Of course learning anything is difficult and English is no exception. However, there are ways to
make the situation easier. I have come up with my own list of general rules
for learning English Do you want to hear them?
Do you want to know what they are?
Ok...let's go!

Learning English takes time and patience.

It cannot be rushed
Try to relax and take it easy
The most important thing you need at the beginning
is a good vocabulary
Without words, you have nothing to work with
You must start with a strong foundation or base.
and slowly build on it, day by day!
You must view English as a part of your body...
just as you would an arm or leg
It must become a part of your everyday life.
Daily practise is very important.
Do not worry about making mistakes...
in fact the more mistakes you make...
The more you will learn from them
just like learning to ride a bike
sometimes you fall off.
So what do you do?
You get back on and try again.
Do not look at English as just another subject

Your attitude to English and the way you view it will decide how well you progress.
just as we say in English "No pain...no gain" The two most important words to remember
when learning English are...practise and confidence. Practise English everyday and be confident.
You will find that the more you use English...the better your English will become.
67
and the more confident you become...then the more you will want to use it.
Make it a rule to tell yourself...I can do it...I can do it...I can do it !

Please remember, my lessons are aimed at everyone, so hopefully you will find something useful
in each one. Maybe you will find some of the words I use very easy. But you will also see some
words that may be new to you. Remember...my lessons are aimed at everyone.
Even teachers are very welcome to join in.

Learning English should be a fun experience and I hope with the help of my videos lessons
you will discover just how much fun it can be. I hope you've enjoyed my first lesson.
This is Misterduncan in England saying Thanks for watching and bye-bye for now.

Cuvinte, expresii:
Reliable company- companie serioasă
To look for – a căuta
To look at – a arunca o privire asupra
Some – nişte
Seldom – rar
Often – des

To enter – a intra
To come in – a intra
Arise – a se ridica
Talking about –
Must- a trebui / expresie echivalentă –„ to have to”
Ori de câte ori avem cuvântul „must” , acesta se poate înlocui cu „to have to”
„Must” nu are formă de trecut
„Must not” este folosit pentru interdicţie:
You must not smoke in this room – Nu trebuie ( e interzis) să fumezi în această cameră.

To be able to – a fi cababil să
Nowadays – în zilele noastre
În zilele noastre, clima e mult mai caldă datorită încălzirii globale: Nowadays the climate is much
warmer because of global heating.
However – oricum, totuşi
Thanks to – datorită, din cauza (o influenţă pozitivă)
More and more- din ce în ce mai mulţi
Way- cale, mijloc, mod

What do you think would be the succesful formula to be used in order to become a good
(fluent ) English speaker?

1. Persoană – cel puţin una (Propria persoană)

2. Câteva linguriţe de gramatică
3. 2-3 lingurite de cuvinte
4. 100 tone practică
5. 3-4 picături de pasiune (passion !!, the most important, from my point of view)

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No pain no gain – Fără durere nu este câştig
Nu este apă în pahar – There is no watter in the cup.

You will find – vei constata

Aim – scop, ţintă, obiectiv
To aim- to target – a tinţi
Maybe – poate
Perhaps – poate
Eventaly – eventual
To join to – a se alătura
Fun – plăcut

CAZURILE SUBSTANTIVELOR:

Nominativ:
Răspunde la întrebările:
cine? /Who?
ce? / What?

Acuzativ:
Răspunde la întrebările
Pe cine? /Whom?
ce? / What?

Dativ:
Răspunde la întrebările : Cui?/ To whom?

P.P (N) pronume personal în P.P. (A) pronume personal în P.P. (D) pronume personal în
nominativ acuzativ dativ
I Me (to )Me
You You (to) You
He Him (to) Him
She Her (to) Her
It It (to) It
We Us (to) Us
You You (to) You
They Them (to) Them

Ex. Nominativ:

I have a beautiful life.

You are a great teacher
He has a new exquisit car
She writes something in her notebook
It`s a beautiful day. It eats milk every day.
We are at English class now.
We are having fun.

69
 You made it!
They work very hard to learn English.
They eat oranges.

Acuzativ :
My son loves me a lot.
Mary likes you very much./Mary is very fond of you. (fond/like)
She hate him because he is mean.
He loves her because she is beautiful.
The policeman notice her thar she is crossing the street uncorectly.
Mary has a car and now is washing it.
Our uncle calls us to watch the football game.
Our uncle calls you to watch the football game with us.
She loves them very much.

Dativ:

Cazul dativ este cazul complementului indirect si este marcat prin trei procedee:

1. prepoziția to: Give it to your sister.

2. prepoziția for: She brought the book for her friend.
3. topică (ordinea cuvintelor): I gave her my pen.

Dativul este folosit în general după:

 verbe intranzitive: They came to my father. It happened to our teacher.

 verbe tranzitive ca deny, read, give, offer, tell, împreună cu un complement direct
(substantivele in dativ sunt urmate de prepoziția to): She gave the book (Ac) to her father (D).
I read a story (Ac) to my little sister (D).

OBSERVAȚIE 1: Dacă substantivul în dativ este înlocuit de un pronume, acesta va sta imediat după
verb și va fi urmat de complementul direct (în Ac):

She gave the book (Ac) to her father (D). dar She gave him (D) the book (Ac).

I read a story (Ac) to my little sister (D). dar I read her (D) a story (Ac).

OBSERVAȚIE 2: Unele verbe sunt urmate obligatoriu de dativul cu prepoziția to: announce, say,
communicate, address, explain, speak, reply, talk, lie.

 verbe tranzitive ca do, choose, make, save, buy urmate de complement direct și un
complement indirect introdus prin prepoziția for: I bought the CD (Ac) for my brother (D).
 adjective care stabilesc o comparație: equal, similar, inferior, superior, adequate: She is equal
to her brother (D) in languages.
 alte adjective ca: cruel, kind, affectionate, etc. He is kind to his little sister (D).

Exemple:
Mama ne găteşte o prăjitură gustoasă nouă / Mother cooks a tasty cake to us.
70
Poştaşul i-a adus plicul ei/ The postman brought the envelope to her.
Give me your hand – Give your hand to me.
Mary brings some coffe to me. – Mary gives the cofee to me.

My sister gives the book to you - My sister gives you the book.
I read him a letter. - I read a letter to him.
We give it a wash/We give the good wash to it (car)
The policeman gives us a fine (amendă) – The policeman give the fine to us.
My mother gives you some books – My mother gives the books to you.
I must hels them – I`ll give a hand to them.

LINKIN PARK - "Numb"

I'm tired of being what you want me to be

Feeling so faithless, lost under the surface
Don't know what you're expecting of me
Put under the pressure of walking in your shoes
(Caught in the undertow, just caught in the undertow)
Every step that I take is another mistake to you
(Caught in the undertow, just caught in the undertow)

[Chorus:]
I've become so numb, I can't feel you there
Become so tired, so much more aware
I'm becoming this, all I want to do
Is be more like me and be less like you

Can't you see that you're smothering me,

Holding too tightly, afraid to lose control?
'Cause everything that you thought I would be
Has fallen apart right in front of you.
(Caught in the undertow, just caught in the undertow)
Every step that I take is another mistake to you.
(Caught in the undertow, just caught in the undertow)
And every second I waste is more than I can take.

[Chorus:]
I've become so numb, I can't feel you there,
Become so tired, so much more aware
I'm becoming this, all I want to do
Is be more like me and be less like you.

And I know
I may end up failing too.
But I know
You were just like me with someone disappointed in you.

71
[Chorus:]
I've become so numb, I can't feel you there,
Become so tired, so much more aware.
I'm becoming this, all I want to do
Is be more like me and be less like you.

[Chorus:]
I've become so numb, I can't feel you there.
(I'm tired of being what you want me to be)
I've become so numb, I can't feel you there.
(I'm tired of being what you want me to be)

Mr Duncan`s English lesson – 2

Hy everybody this is Mr. Duncan in England.

How are you today?

Are you OK .. I hope so

Are you … happy… I hope so

In today`s lesson we are going to talk all about saying “Hello” and “goodbye”

When we first meet someone, whether is a person we know, or someone we are meeting for the
first time, we will normally use a simple sentence as a way to greeting them.

A greeting is a friendly way of opening a conversation, or is a way of letting the other person
know that we have seen them.

There are many ways to say hello.

“Hi”, “Hello”, “Hi there”, “Hello there”, “Hei, how are you doing?”, “Howdy friend”, “What`s
up?”, “How`s it going?”, “Wow, it`s good to see you!”.

We, sometimes use a double greeting.

For example .. “Hi there, , hey how are you doing?” , “It`s good to see you , how`s life been
treating you?”

If you are meeting someone for the first time , you can say “good to meet you” , “It`s nice to meet
you!”, “I`m pleased to meet you”, “It`s a pleasure to meet you”

These sentences are often used after the other person has been introduced.

If you are meeting someone you have not seen or heard for a long time, you can show real
surprise and shock “Oh my God, , it`s you!”, “Aaah, where have you been?”, “My goodness,
72
long time, no speak (see)”, “wow, it`s so good to see you again”, „It`s realy you? when did we last
meet?” , “Wow, as I live and breathe, it`s my best friend from school”.

If you are in a hurry, there are may only be a short time in which to make your greeting: “Hi, sorry
I can`t stop”, “Oh, hi there, look, I`m a bit pushed for time …. Here it`s my phone number.. give
me a call sometime..” , “Hello there, look I`m on my way to work… maybe catch up with you
again soon”, “Hey I would like to stop and chat.. but I really have to dash..”

This type of greeting is common these days, because we are all in such a big hurry to get some
place … fast !

We sometime use the word “hello” as a way of showing surprise or as a way of expressing a
sudden interest in something: “Hello, what`s going on here”, “Hello, I did not know he had a
girlfriend”, “Hello, what`s going on over there?”, “Hello, something is wrong here… he took my
money”.

Here in the UK, people will often greet each other , by talking about weather: “Hello, isn`t it a
lovely day?”, “Hello, what about this terrible weather?”, “Did you hear the storm last night?”

In many countries people will ask about the family :”Hello, how`s the family?”, “Hello, how`s
your wife doing?”, “Hello how are the kids?”,

In China, people will often greet each other by asking if they are eaten their lunch or dinner, or
asking them where they are going.

The word “Hello” can also be used informally as a way to express the sarcasm or annoyance
..”Hello, did you understand what I said?”, “Hello, was that too difficult for you to read?”, “Hello,
did you see me wawing at you?”, “Hello, do you not recognise me?” , “Hello , what time do you
call this?” “You are late!”

“Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say goodnight , till it be morrow ”, - That`s
Shakespeare, that is.

Saying “Goodbye”: there are many ways to say goodbye:”Bye”, “Bye for now”, “Bye-bye”, “See
ya”, “So long”, “Ciao”, “Later”, “Cheerio”, “See you around”, “Farewell”, “Ta-ra”, “See you
again”, “Ta-ta, for now”, “Catch you later”, “Goodbye”.

You will often say “ta-ta” at the end of my English lessons. This expression is mostly used in
certain parts of the UK. It`s a friendly, fun way to say goodbye.

Well I have come to the end of this lesson so I must bid you a fond farewell, until next time we
meet here on the super duper Internet highway.

This is Misterduncan in England saying, thankyou for watching me , teaching you .. and.. ta-ta for
now..

PHRASAL VERBS

73
 TO LOOK AT = A PRIVI, A SE UITA LA ....
TO LOOK FOR = A CAUTA
TO LOOK AFTER = A AVEA GRIJA DE ...
TO CATCH UP WITH FRIENDS

THE WALL’S COLOUR – WRONG!!!

THE COLOUR OF MY PEN’S BLACK.

Recapitulare:
Adjective/Pronume posesive

1. This pencil is mine – Acest creion este al meu.

2. This is my pencil – acesta este creionul meu.

3. It is mine. /El (ea) este al (a) meu (mea).

4. - Acea maşină este a ta, doamnă Smith, nu-i aşa?
- Da, este a mea.
- Ea nu este a ei, nu-i aşa?
- That car is yours, Mrs. Smith, isn`t it?
- Yes, it is.
- It isn`t hers, is it?
5. - Ei au doi copii, un fiu şi o fiică, nu-i aşa?
- Ba da, ei au.
- Acelea sunt mingile lor, nu-i aşa?
- Da, ele sunt.
- A lui e maro, a ei e roz.
– They have two children, a son and a daughter, haven`t they?
- Yes, they have.
- Those are their balls, aren`t they?
- Yes, they are.
- His is brown, hers is pink.
6. - A cui e această maşină albă?
- Ea este a noastră. Nu este a lor.
- Dar unde este a lor?
- La reparat.
- Whose is this white car?
- It is ours. It isn`t theirs.
- But where is theirs?
- It is in service.

7. Familia Brown are un TV nou. El este al lor şi nu al vostru.

The Browns have a new TV set. It`s theirs and it isn`t yours.

8. Acest copil are o mulţime de jucării, nu-i aşa?

Da, el are.
This child has a lot of toys, hasn`t he?
Yes, he has.
74
 9. Eu sunt profesoară, nu-i aşa. Da eşti.
I am a teacher, Im I not? Yes you are.
10. Eşti la birou acum, nu-i aşa? Da sunt.
You are at the office, aren`t you? Yes I am.
11. Această femeie e colega ta, nu-i aşa? Ba da, este.
This woman is your colleague, isn`t she? Yes she is.
12. Aceşti bărbaţi sunt prietenii tăi, nu-i aşa? Ba da, ei sunt.
These men are your friends, aren`t they. Yes they are.
13. Ele nu sunt foarte ocupate, azi, nu-i aşa? Nu, ele nu sunt.
They aren`t very busy today, are they? No, they aren`t.
14. Bărbatul de acolo nu este directorul vostru, nu-i aşa? Nu, nu este.
The man over there is not your manager, is he? No, he isn`t.
15. Jack nu are o carte nouă de engleză, nu-i aşa ? Nu, nu are.
Jack hasn`t a new English book, Has he? No, he hasn`t.
16. Al cui este creionul galben de pe masa aceea?
Whose is that yellow pencil on that table?
17. Toate doamnele din această cameră sunt colegele noastre, nu-i aşa? Da ele sunt.
All the ladies in this room are our colleagues, aren`t they? Yes they are.

Prepoziţii spaţiale

Regulă.
Atunci când descriem poziţionarea/localizarea în spaţiu a unui obiect (apa din pahar) folosim
“on” sau “in” şi nu “from”.

Când vrem să stabilim locul/ poziţia unui element:

În e “in” , când elemental e static:
Ex.
The boy is in the classroom/Băiatul e în clasă.

În e “into” cand elemental se mişcă:

Ex.
The boy gets into the classroom. Băiatul intră în clasă.

Jucătorul a băgat mingea în cos. The player put the ball into the basket.

“Pe”: “on” – static

Ex.
Pe masa verde sunt trei mere.
There are three apples on the green table.
“ onto” – dynamic
Ex. The rain falls onto the roof.

“afară din..” - “aut of… ”

în faţa - “in front of”

75
Mă aflu în faţa casei – I`m in front of the house.

în spatele - “behind”
vizavi – “opposite“
sub - “under”
dedesubt - “below”
deasupra - “above”
dincolo (în cealaltă parte) - “beyond” în cealaltă parte - on the other side
cu - “with”
fără - “without”
între – between
întredeschis – ajar
printre- among
de la … la – from … to
roată – arround/round
to cross – a traversa
dincolo (prin traversare) – across
sus – up
jos – down
spre - ward
- wards
!! E suffix, nu se foloseşte singur.
upwards – în sus
downwards – în jos
leftwards – spre stânga
rightwards – spre dreapta
towards – înspre
backwards – în spate
Northwards, Southwards, Eastwards, Westwards

PHRASAL VERBS

To catch up – a prinde din urmă

To look at – a se uita la
To look for – a căuta
To look after – a se îngriji de cineva, a avea grijă

Ex:
My friend is looking for her bag – Prietena mea îşi caută geanta.

To give up – a renunţa
To give in – a ceda

Nowadays – în aceste zile

76
 Such – aşa, astfel de, atât de ..
To get – a primi, a înţelege,
Sudden – brusc, deodată
To be wrong – a fi în neregulă

What about , how about - ce zici tu despre …

To have lunch - a lua masa
We have just have had dinner – noi tocmai am luat masa
To annoy - a irita, a enerva
Annoyance – iritare
To wave – a salute (cu mana)
Wave (ca substantiv) – val, undă (fizică, magnetic, radio)
USW – ultra short waves
To be fond of somethink – a ţine la ceva sau cineva
To bid a licita
For now – pentru moment

Recapitulare Genitivul

1. Ea este fiica prietenului mei – She`s my friend`s daughter.

She is the daughter of my friends.

2. Culoarea maşinii lui e roşie – The colour of his car is red.

!!! Fiind vorba despre un obiect, nu se poate folosi genitivul saxon !!!

3. Cărţile studenţilor sunt pe birourile lor – The students’ books are on their desks.
The books of the students are on their desks.

4. Fereastra clasei noastre e închisă. The window of our classroom is closed/shut.

5. Numele fetei drăguţe este Mary. The pretty girl`s name is Mary / The name of the pretty girl is
Mary.
6. El este fiul bărbatului de acolo. He is the son of the man over there !! Aici genitivul saxon nu
se potriveşte.
7. Culoarea pixului meu e neagră. The collour of my pen is black.

All I ask – Adelle

I will leave my heart at the door

I won't say a word...
They've all been said before
So why don't we just play pretend
Like we're not scared of what's coming next or scared of having nothing left!

Now, don't get me wrong

I know there is no tomorrow
77
All I ask is...

If this is my last night with you

Hold me like I'm more than just a friend
Give me a memory I can use
Take me by the hand while we do what lovers do
It matters how this ends

'Cause what if I never love again?

I don't need your honesty

It's already in your eyes and I'm sure my eyes, they speak for me
No one knows me like you do
And since you're the only one that matters
Tell me who do I run to?
http://Versuri.ro/w/ghdllm

Now
Don't get me wrong!
I know there is no tomorrow
All I ask is

If this is my last night with you

Hold me like I'm more than just a friend
Give me a memory I can use
Take me by the hand while we do what lovers do
It matters how this ends
Cause what if I never love again?

Let this be our lesson in love

Let this be the way we remember us
I don't wanna be cruel or unjust
And I ain't asking for forgiveness
All I ask is...

If this is my last night with you

Hold me like I'm more than just a friend
Give me a memory I can use
Take me by the hand while we do what lovers do
It matters how this ends

'Cause what if I never love again?

Numbers

Numerale: Cardinale:

1. One 1. First – 1st

2. Two 2. Second – 2nd
78
3. Three 3. Third – 3rd
4. Four 4. Fourth – 4th
5. Five 5. Fifth – 5th
6. Six 6. Sixth – 6th
7. Seven 7. Seventh – 7th
8. Eight 8. Eighth
9. Nine 9. Nineth
10. Ten 10. Tenth
11. Eleven 11. Eleventh
12. Twelve ...
13. Thirteen
14. fourteen
15. Fifteen
16. Sixteen
17. Seventeen
18. Eighteen
19. Nineteen
20. Twenty
21. Twenty one
...
30. Thirty
40. Fourty
50. Fifty
60. Sixty
70. Seventy
80. Eighty
90. Ninety
100 One hundred
1000 One thousand
1000000 million
1 miliard billion

Once – o dată, twice – de două ori, x 3 = de 3 x (three times..., four times ..)

Anii în engleză:
1875 – eighteen (hundred) seventy five
2000 - 2099 – 2000 şi ....

Expressing time

Could you please tell me the time?

What time is it, please?
What`s the time by your watch?
Could you tell me the right time, please?

4.30 - It`s half past 4.

3.15 - It`s a quarter past 3.
4.45 - It`s a quarter to 5.
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9.10 – It`s ten minutes past 9.
9 fără zece; 8.50 – It`s ten minutes to 9.

Este ora 8 fix . It is 8 o`clock sharp/exactly !!

Varianta digitala : 6.32 - It`s six thirty two.
In armata, politie se utilizeaza: Meet me at 18 hundred. (18.00)
a.m. – antemeridian
p.m. – post meridian

second –secundă
minute –minut
hour – oră
day – zi
week – săptămână
month – lună
year – an
a decade – deceniu
a century – secol
millenium – mileniu
an bisect – leap year
două săptămâni una după alta – fortnight

Weekdays:

Monday - Luni
Tuesday - Marţi
Wednesday - Miercuri
Thursday - Joi
Friday – Vineri
Saturday – Sâmbătă
Sunday - Duminică

Lunile anului:

Ianuarie – January
Februarie – February
Martie – March
Aprilie – April
Mai – May
Iunie – June
Iulie – July
August – August
Septembrie – September
Octombrie – Octomber
Noiembrie – November
Decembrie – December

80
 Boney M – Calendar Song

Pronumele relative

Ex. Bărbatul care

Femeia care
Câinele al cărui stăpân
Persoana căreia

Există două situaţii:

Fiinţe vii (persoane) – un grup
şi Obiecte
Pronumele relative după cazuri

Nominativ: Cine?, ce?

Acuzativ: Pe cine?, Ce?
Dativ : Cui?
Genitiv: a/al/ale Cui?

Nominativ:

I. Pronumele relativ în nominativ pentru persoane: - Care

Bărbatul care vine acolo, este fratele meu. – The man who is coming there is my brother.
Pronumele relativ pentru persoane în nominativ este WHO.

Pronumele relative pentru obiecte:

Tractorul care lucrează pământul aparţine lui Mary.
The tractor that is working the field belongs to Mary.
Opţiunea a II-a este which

II. Pronumele relativ în dativ pentru persoane: căruia/căreia/cărora

Persoana căreia îi înmânăm aceste documente este managerul nostru. The person to whom we are
handing the documents in, is our manager.

To whom: căruia, căreia, cărora

Pronumele relativ în dativ pentru obiecte: RAR – (to) which

Piatra căreia i-ai dat un impuls a fost destul de grea. The rock which you gave a push/an impulse to,
was quite heavy.

III. Pronumele relativ în acuzativ pentru persoane

Bărbatul pe care l-a chemat mama în casă este tata. The man whom mother was calling in
the house is father.
Am vorbit cu Mary – I talked to Mary.

Mă şterg cu prosopul I dry myself on a towel.

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 IV. Pronumele relativ în genitiv pentru persoane: a/ai/ale/ - căruia/căreia/cărora

Copilul a cărui minge a căzut în curtea mea e fiul vecinei. The child whose ball fell in my
yard is my neighbour`s son.

Bărbatul al cărui caiet e deschis e Nick. The man whose copybook is open is Nick.
Femeia căreia i-am adus flori este învăţătoarea fiului meu. The woman to whom I brought
flowers is my son`s teacher (is the teacher of my son).
!!! În sens restrictiv , dacă vrem să spunem că doar o anumită persoană realizează ceva, putem
utiliza în loc de „WHO”, „THAT”

Participantul care a câştigat competiţia este cumnatul meu.

The participant that won the competition is mybrother in law.
Cartea a cărei coperţi e albastră nu îmi aparţine. The book whose/which covers are blue is not
mine./ The book the cover of which is blue is not mine.

Emmy Rossum- Slow me down

"Slow Me Down"

Just slow me, slow me down

Slow me down, slow me down

Rushing and racing, and running in circles

Moving so fast, I'm forgetting my purpose
Blur of the traffic is sending me spinning, getting nowhere

My head and my heart are colliding, chaotic

Pace of the world, I just wish I could stop it
Try to appear like I've got it together, I'm falling apart

Save me, somebody take my hand and lead me

Slow me down, don't let love pass me by
Just show me how 'cause I'm ready to fall

Slow me down, don't let me live a lie

Before my life flies by
I need you to slow me down

Sometimes I fear that I might disappear

In the blur of fast forward I falter again
Forgetting to breathe, I need to sleep, I'm getting nowhere

All that I've missed I see in the reflection

Passed me while I wasn't paying attention
Tired of rushing, racing and running, I'm falling apart

Tell me, oh, won't you take my hand and lead me?
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Slow me down, don't let love pass me by
Just show me how 'cause I'm ready to fall

Slow me down, don't let me live a lie

Before my life flies by
I need you to slow me down

Just show me, I need you to slow me down

Slow me down, slow me down

The noise of the world is getting me caught up

Chasing the clock and I wish I could stop it
Just need to breathe, somebody please slow me down

Present perfect tense New Year’s Eve

A: S + have/has + VIII.
N: S + have/has + NOT (haven’t/hasn’t) + VIII
I: Have/has + S + VIII ?
IN: Have/has + S + NOT + VIII ?
eat - ate - eaten
I have eaten.
I ate two hours ago.

SINCE SCIENCE SCIENTIST

TWELFTH

EITHER..... OR.....
NEITHER....... NOR.......
BOTH.......AND..........

lie lied lied

lie lay lain lying
lay laid laid
to die dying
think thought thought
happy / happily

Present Perfect Tense:

A: S + have/has + VIII.
N: S + have/has + NOT (haven’t/hasn’t) + VIII
I: Have/has + S + VIII ?
IN: Have/has + S + NOT + VIII ?

eat – ate – eaten learn – learned/learnt - learned/learnt

I have eaten.
I ate two hours ago.

83
Când se folosește:
1. Acțiune în trecut cu moment neprecizat.
to catch │ catch - cought - cought

L-am prins : I have cought him. / I’ve got him.

I cought him yesterday (VII – moment precizat). – Pentru acțiune în trecut, cu moment precizat, se
folosește past simple (VII)

2. Acțiune în trecut în perioade de timp care încă continuă:

Astăzi: (deoarece încă nu e gata ziua)
I have payed my bills today.

Today, this week, this decade, this century, this hour etc.

3. Acțiune în trecut, introdusă de cuvintele cheie:

Always - întotdeauna
Just - tocmai
Already - deja
Ever - vreodată
Never - niciodată
Yet - încă
Often - de multe ori
Rarely, - rar - seldom
Lately - în ultima vreme

Unele dintre aceste cuvinte cheie se intercalează între auxiliarul ”have” si V III.
to dream │ dream - dreamed/dreamt - dreamed/dreamt
to learn │ learn - learned/learnt - learned/learnt

4. Acțiune prezentă care a început în trecut, a continuat până în momentul de față și, foarte
probabil, se prelungește în viitor.

Eu locuiesc în Satu Mare de 10 ani.

I have lived in Satu Mare city for 10 years.
I have lived in Satu Mare city since 2007.

Mary has studied piano for 10 years.

Present perfect continuous

A: S + have/has + been + Ving.

N: S + have/has + NOT (haven’t/hasn’t) + been +Ving
I: Have/has + S + been + Ving ?
IN: Have/has + S + NOT + been + Ving ?

I have lived in Satu Mare city for 10 years. pps

I have lived in Satu Mare since 2006. pps

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I have been living in Satu Mare city for 10 years.
I have been living in Satu Mare city since 2006.

Throughout

through and through

Formele:

Either/or
Neither/nor

Either/or /
Fie mergem la piață, fie ne uităm la TV.
We either go to the market or stay home and watch TV.

Neither /nor
Nu mergem nici la piață, nici nu stăm acasă să ne uităm la TV.
We neither go to the market, nor stay home and watch TV.

President Mujica`s speach.

6 tips to improve English, today !!!!!

1. Change the language on your phone & computer to english

2. Read and watch news in English
3. Listen to music in english and learn the lyrics
4. Read children`s books and watch children`s cartoon
5. Write a journal every day in english
6. Find a partner to speak English with

Tatăl meu ar cumpăra această carte / My father would buy this book.
Adriana ar veni la cursurile de engleză, în fiecare vineri. / Adriana would came to the english classes
every Friday.

to join – a lua parte

Join - joined – joined

What would your mother say about these? / Ce ar spune mama ta despre acestea?
I would like an icecream/ Aș dori o înghețată.

The teacher wouldn`t believe this/that. / Profesorul nu ar crede acestea ( lucruri).

Copilul nu ar fi jucat acest joc./The child wouldn`t have played this.

idioms – idioame

piece of cake – floare la ureche

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It`s a piece of cake – e ușor de realizat, e banal.
But of course, it`s a piece of cake. = But of course it`s a walk in the park.
Hot potato - știrea zilei

Past Perfect Tense

A : S + had + V3
N : S + had not (hadn’t) + V3
I : Had + S + V3?
IN : Had + S + Not + V3? / Hadn’t + S + V3?

Cand fratele meu a ajuns acasa fetele plecasera deja.

When my brother got home, the girls had already left.
fall-fell-fallen

When father arrived mom had already cooked the fruit pie.
By the time I said that, he had disappeared.

retire
gamble
for the first time
The day after the storm we drove through Stanley Park. We saw that the wind had destroyed many of
the trees.

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I got up at 7 AM this morning. The storm had already finished.

Past Perfect Simple (contribution of Iulia Markovits)

Infinitive Past Past Participle

buy bought bought
drink drank drunk

Had + Past Participle

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
S + had + Past Participle S + Had + Not + Past Participle Had + S + Past Participle?
I had waited. You had not waited. Had she waited?
I’d waited. You hadn’t waited.

Short Answers
Had they eaten lunch?
Yes, they had./ No, they hadn’t.

Past Perfect is used:

 for a past action which happened before another past action or before a stated past time
She had already left when I got home. She had arrived by 8 o’clock.

 for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past
He was happy. He had won the race.

 as the past equivalent of Present Perfect

She isn’t in her office. She has already left. (before a present time)
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 She wasn’t in her office. She had already left. (before a past time)

Time expressions used with Past Perfect

before, after, just, yet, already, for, since, ever, never, till/until, by, by the time etc.

1. The students left the classroom because the bell …. (ring)

2. Rich .. (not/finish) the report by the time his boss returned.
3. After they … (put up) their tents, they made a fire.
4. The fans were excited because their team … (win).
5. … the burglars … (get away) by the time the police arrived?
6. Afte Jane… (finish) studying, she went out with some friends.
Fill in the past simple or the past perfect:
1. When I … (arrive) at the station, the train … (leave).
2. We … (light) the candles because the lights … (go off).
light - lit - lit
3. When I got home I … (discover) that someone … (break into) my flat.
4. The patient … (die) before the ambulance … (reach) the hospital.
5. Billy … (eat) all the cakes before the other children … (arrive) at the party.

Find the verbs that are in the past perfect tense:

 How was your trip to England? Did you enjoy it?

 Yes, we had a wonderful time. It didn’t even rain once while we were there.
 No kidding! Did you check out Stonehenge?
 No we’d been there before. We stayed mostly in London this week.

strike - struck - struck

 What were you doing when the earthquake struck, James?
 I was at work. I was teaching my class like I do every other Thursday morning. You?
 I was still at home in bed. I hadn’t even woken up yet.
 I’m sure you woke when the room starting shaking, though, right?
 I sure did.

get - got - got/gotten

 Did anyone die or get hurt in the fire?
 No, everyone was very lucky.
 So everyone had gotten out of the building before the fire got out of control?
 Well, not exactly. One lady was on the 12th floor and couldn’t get out. The firefighters had to
rescue her from the window.
 Wow! That’s good.

IF CLAUSES

type I, type II, type III, type 0

backshift rule

Past perfect, past tense simple, present tense, future tense

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 If clause type I

Propoziție principală If/dacă Propoziție secundară

Română Vom merge la Paris dacă vom avea bani.
Viitor dacă Viitor
Engleză We will go to Paris if we have the money.
!!! Future if Present

Regula pasului în spate (backshift):

În propoziția secundară, timpul merge cu un pas în trecut.

1. Viitor – 1 = Prezent
2. Prezent – 1 = Past Tense Simple
3. Past Tense simple – 1 = Past Perfect

Ordinea: Past Perfect, Past Tense, Present, Future

Mary will join the class if she finds a cab. /Mary va participa la ore dacă va găsi un taxi.
Dacă te va prinde, câinele te va mușca./The dog will bite you if its catches you.
Mary va cânta la vioară, dacă își aduce aminte melodia / Mary will play violin if she
remembers the song.
Copiii vor lua note mai mari dacă vor învăța mai mult. / The children will get higher marks if
they study/learn more.

Observație:
Regula pasului în spate se utilizează și în cazul propozițiilor temporale introduse de adverbul
”when” sau ”as soon as”.
If clause type II

The girls would dance if they had time./ Fetele ar dansa dacă ar avea timp.

Propoziție principală If/dacă Propoziție secundară

Română Fetele ar dansa dacă ar avea timp.
Condițional prezent dacă Condițional prezent
Engleză The girls would dance if they had time
!!! Present conditional if Past tense

Condițional prezent – 1 = Past Tense

Ți-aș spune asta dacă aș ști / I would tell you this /that if I knew.

Tata ar aduce mașina dacă ai vrea./ Father would bring the car if you wanted.

Eu ți-aș traduce propoziția dacă aș putea/I would translate the sentence if I could.

Mașina ar merge dacă ar avea benzină./The car would run if it had gasoline/fuel.

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 Propozițiile din categoria if clouses se pot formula și invers.
Dacă m-ar prinde poliția acum, mi-ar da o amendă./ If they cought me, the police would give
me a fine/penalty.

If clause type III

The girls would have danced if they had had time./ Fetele ar dansa dacă ar avea timp.

Propoziție principală If/dacă Propoziție secundară

Română Fetele ar fi dansat dacă ar fi avut timp.
Condițional perfect (trecut) dacă Condițional perfect (trecut)
Engleză The girls would have danced if they had had time
!!! Conditional perfect (trecut) if Past Perfect

De unde? De unde esti?

1. (W question)Where are you 2. (prepoz) from?

Din ce e facuta ac. masa?

What is this table made of?

To whom will you give the book?

Who will you give the book to?

Cu cine mergem la film?

Who are we going to the cinema with?

Pe care campuri (ogoare) ai pus ingrasamant.

Which (what) fields have you put fertilizer on?

The text about which we are going to talk is easy to understand.

The text we are going to talk about, is easy to understand.

Expressing habits

Usually, frecquently, to use to, to be used to, to get used to

Usually, Peter goes to the swimming pool every week (once a week).
Camelia uses to go to Ankora Mall on every Wednesday.

You are used to reading books.

Unfortunately my brother got used to smoking.

I remember when I was a small child and father would tell me nice stories before falling asleep.

to work │work - worked – worked

to play │play - played – played
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to cry │cry - cried – cried

to buy │buy - bought – bought

to read │read - read – read
to come │come - came - come

Stand - stood - stood

Lie - lied - lied

Lie - lay - lain
Lay - laid - laid

The marker stands / lies on the table.

To get a raise

Get yourself a life! Pull up yourself!

Alive, live, to live
Within a delay of three days

To be up to alive to fall asleep

feed-fed-fed
leave-left-left
live-lived-lived

There isn’t any water in the glass.

There is no water in the glass.

House chores

Defining result
Sarah has worked in the company for ten years.
Defining continuity
Sarah has been working in the company for ten years.

Diateza pasiva (DP) - Passive Voice :

V. to be la timpul specific + V3 de la V. princ

teach-taught-taught

The teacher teaches the Past Perfect tense. (DA - Present)

The Past perfect tense is taught by the teacher. (DP - Present)
The Past perfect tense will be taught by the teacher. (DP - Future)
The Past perfect tense was taught by the teacher. (DP - Past tense)
The Past perfect tense has been taught by the teacher. (DP - Present perfect tense)

To get tanned
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Suntan

To sunbath

Tide

Lifestyle

Artificial / Natural

Nature
Pasture
Literature

What makes you tick?

Lia MSE
- Coffee - Sport
- Competition - Traveling
- Children - Green tea
- Husband - Love
- Music - Friendship

to gather = a aduna, a strange

to gather information about smth = a aduna info despre ceva

gather-gathered-gathered

să = to

They came together to gather some information.

Room = camera, spatiu

There is enough room in this room.

china = portelan China = China (țară)

These china cups are made in China.

Conditional present

A: S + would + V1
N: S + would + not (wouldn’t) + V1
I: Would + S + V1?
I: Would + S + not + V1? (wouldn’t)

Conditional perfect (trecut)

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A: S + would + have + V3
N: S + would + not + have (wouldn’t) + V3
I: Would + S + have + V3?
I: Would + S + not + have + V3? (wouldn’t)

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Simultaneitate (S)
Anterioritate (A)
Posterioritate (P)
Regenta (propoz. princ,)
Subordonata (propoz. sec.)

to abide
disobeyed
to obey, to disobey

I. Propozitia principala este la prezent.

Eu stiu ca - vii. I know (that) you - are coming. (S)

- ai venit. - came. (A)
- vei veni. - will come. (P)

II. Propozitia principala este la trecut.

Eu am stiu ca - vii. I knew (that) you - came. (S) - PTS

- ai venit. - had come. (A) - PP
- vei veni. - would come. (P) - FitP

III. Propozitia principala este la viitor.

Eu voi afla ca vei participa (participi). I’ll know (that) you attend/join the party (S)-PST
Voi pleca dupa ce voi uda florile. I’ll leave after I would have watered the flowers.

CONCORDANȚA TIMPURILOR
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Def. : prin concordanța timpurilor se înțelege corespondența dintre timpurile folosite în frază, între
propoziția principală și propoziția subordonată.
Distingem 3 situații:

1. Dacă în propoziția principală verbul este la timpul prezent, în propoziția subordonată

utilizăm același timp ca și cel din limba română
Ex. El spune că nu vrea. Prezent (prop. principală) – prezent (prop. subordonată)
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 He says he doesn’t want it. Prezent (prop. principală) – prezent (prop. subordonată)

El spune că ieri a făcut-o. Prezent (prop. principală) – trecut (prop. subordonată)

He says he did it yesterday. Prezent (prop. principală) – trecut (prop. subordonată)

El spune că va veni. Prezent (prop. principală) – viitor (prop. subordonată)

He says he will come Prezent (prop. principală) – viitor (prop. subordonată)

2. Dacă în propoziția principală verbul este la timpul trecut, în propoziția subordonată utilizăm
tot un timp trecut (Past Tense, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Future in the Past).
Concordanța se manifestă prin transformarea timpurilor din propozițiile secundare subiective sau
completive astfel încât să se acorde cu timpul din propoziția principală.

Astfel, există următoarele transformări în propoziția subordonată:

 timpul present (Present Tense) devine trecut simplu (Past Tense) dacă acțiunea din
propoziția subordonată este simultană cu cea din propoziția principală:
El a spus că nu vrea. Trecut (prop. princip.) – Present Tense (prop. subord.)
He said he didn’t want it. Trecut (prop. principală) – Past Tense (prop. subordonată)

 timpul trecut simplu (Past Tense) devine trecut perfect (Past Perfect) dacă acțiunea din
propoziția subordonată este anterioară celei din propoziția principală:
El a spus că ieri a făcut-o. Trecut (prop. princip.) – Past Tense (prop. subord.)
He said he had done it yesterday. Trecut (prop. princip.) – Past Perfect (prop. subord.)

 timpul prezent perfect (Present Perfect) devine trecut perfect (Past Perfect) dacă acțiunea
din propoziția subordonată este anterioară celei din propoziția principală:
El a spus că a făcut-o. Trecut (prop. princip.) – Present Perfect (prop. subord.)
He said he had done it. Trecut (prop. princip.) – Past Perfect (prop. subord.)

 timpul viitor (Future Tense) viitorul ”will” se transformă în condiționalul ”would”

(Future in the Past) dacă acțiunea din propoziția subordonată este posterioară celei din
propoziția principală:
El spunea că va veni. Trecut (prop. princip.) – Future Tense (prop. subord.)
He said he would come. Trecut (prop. princip.) – Future in the Past (would) (prop.
sub.)

În concluzie, se observă că, în limba engleză, după un timp trecut în principală, verbele din
secundară se modifică conform regulilor pentru vorbirea indirectă (Reporter Speech):

o Present Tense devine Past Tense

o Present Perfect și Past Tense devin Past Perfect
o Future devine Future in the Past

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3. Dacă în propoziția principală verbul este la timpul viitor, în propoziția subordonată
folosim:
 timpul Prezent Tense pentru a exprima simultaneitatea în propoziția condițională sau
temporală

Voi merge la cumpărături dacă voi avea bani.

I will go shopping if I have money. if = dacă

Voi merge la cumpărături când voi avea bani.

I will go shopping when I have money. when = când

Voi merge la cumpărături de îndată ce voi avea bani.

I will go shopping as soon as I have money. as soon as = de îndată ce,
imediat ce

Înainte de a pleca, vom închide radioul.

Before we leave we will turn off the radio. before = înainte, dinaintea,
altadată
 timpul Present Perfect pentru a exprima anterioritatea în propoziția temporală sau
condițională
Voi învăța după ce voi mânca.
I will learn after I have eaten. after = după

După ce termin cartea aceasta, o să fac o plimbare.

After I have finished this book, I will go for a walk.

 orice timp, (cu excepția viitorului), dacă propoziția subordonată este completivă directă
Voi citi ce vrei tu.
I will read what you want.

OBS!

Propoziția subordonată completivă directă urmează după verbe care cer o lămurire, pot
primi după ele cuvântul ”ceva”; nu contează ce este acel ceva, el este de fapt exprimat tocmai prin
propoziția completivă directă. Verbe care cer după ele un complement direct sau o propoziie
completivă directă sunt:

a spune, a face, a citi, a scrie, a cere, a mânca, a întreba, a ruga … ceva

Ex. I-am spus să se culce mai repede.

I-am spus ceva.

Am mâncat ce mi s-a pus în farfurie.

Am mâncat ceva

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COMPLETIVĂ DIRECTĂ

REGENTĂ COMPLETIVĂ

present
orice timp verbal
present perfect
future
past tense (actiuni simultane)- simultaneity
past tense
past perfect (actinuea din subordonată se desfășoară înaintea celei din
regentă) – anteriority
future-in-the-past (acțiunea din subordonată se desfășoară după cea din
regentă) – posteriority

TEMPORALĂ

REGENTĂ TEMPORALĂ

past tense past tense (simultaneity)

past perfect (anteriority)
future present (simultaneity)
present perfect (anteriority)
future-in-the-past past tense (simultaneity)
past perfect (anteriority)

CONDIŢIONALĂ

TIP REGENTĂ CONDIŢIONALĂ

I future present
II present conditional past tense
III past conditional past perfect
future-in-the-past past tense (simultaneity)
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 past perfect (anteriority)

Dacă principala este la condițional prezent, secundara este la trecut simplu (Past Tense)
M-aș duce acolo dacă aș avea pașaport.
I would go there if I had a passport.

Dacă principala este la condițional trecut, secundara este la mai mult ca perfect (Past Perfect)
M-aș fi dus acolo dacă aș fi avut pașaport.
I would have gone there if I had had a passport.

Past Tense se folosește și pentru a exprima ipotezele, dorințele, în propozițiile secundare cerute de
următoarele cuvinte și expresii:

it is time este timpul, este cazul

I wish aș dori, aș vrea (să fie)…
if dacă, presupunând că…
if only doar dacă, cât de bine ar fi, aș dori mult
as if ca și cum
suppose să presupunem
fancy / imagine a-și imagina, a-și închipui
it would be better if ar fi mai bine dacă

Este timpul să mergi acasă. It is time you went home.

Aș dori să fiu mai tânăr. I wish I were younger.
Să presupunem că ne oprim aici. Suppose we stopped here.
Imaginează-ți că John ar fi tatăl tău. Imagine if John were your father!
Ar fi mai bine dacă nu am pleca devreme. It would be better if we didn’t leave early.
Ea cântă la vioară ca și cum viața ei depinde de She plays the violin as if her liefe depended on
asta. it.
De s-ar schimba vremea! If only the weather changed!

OBS!
În aceste propoziții secundare se folosește doar o singură formă de trecut a verbului to be,
și
anume were la toate persoanele!!!

OBS!
Folosirea timpurilor după verbul wish:

 Past Tense, pentru a exprima regretul față de o acțiune nerealizată în prezent sau față de o
situație de mai lungă durată
ex. I wish she were here with us = Aș dori ca ea să fie aici cu noi.

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 He wishes he lived in the country = El ar dori să locuiască la țară.
OBS! dacă wish este urmat de o completivă directă (=ceva) se traduce în limba română prin
condițional-optativ (aș) + modul conjunctiv (să)
ex. I wish she were here = Aș dori ca ea să fie aici.
I wish he worked harder. = Aș dori ca el să muncească mai mult.

 Past Perfect, pentru a exprima regretul față de o acțiune nerealizată în trecut

ex. I wish I had learned more = Mi-ar fi plăcut să fi învățat mai mult.
I wish I had been there = Mi-ar fi plăcut să fi fost acolo.

 Present Tense, Future Tense când are sensul de a spera:

ex. I wish he will come in time = I hope he will come in time = Sper că va veni la timp.

 Condițional Prezent (would + infinitiv) pentru a exprima o dorință pentru o acțiune viitoare:
ex. I wish he would come in time = Aș dori ca el să vină la timp.

EXCEPȚII (cazuri în care nu se aplică regulile de concordanță a timpurilor)

1. dacă secundara exprimă un adevăr absolut

A spus că încălzirea globală se întâmplă cu adevărat.
He said that the global warming is happening for real. (nu was happening)

2. dacă secundara descrie un loc, dă o explicație sau face o comparație

Locuia într-un oraș unde toți oamenii călăresc cai.
He lived in a town where everybody rides horses.

S-a dus la Brașov pentru că e de acolo.

He went to Brașov because he is from there.

Mâine voi lucra mai mult decât am lucrat ieri.

Tomorrow I will work more than I worked yesterday.

3. dacă secundara este o propoziție atributivă

Îl vei vedea pe omul care a scris cartea aceasta.
You will see the man who wrote this book.

Am văzut fata care va cânta la pian.

I saw the girl who will play the piano. (nu who would play the piano)

Utilizare “OTHER” ca adjectiv nedefinit

I. Cu art. nehotarat “an”

an + other = another
a) cu substantiv la sg.
We will visit another house tomorrow.
b) cu substantiv la pl.
Some lessons are easy, other lessons are difficult.

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II. Cu art. hotarat “the”
an + other = another
a) cu substantiv la sg.
The other boy who came running was Mark.
b) cu substantiv la pl.
Where are the other children?

Utilizare “OTHER” ca pronume nedefinit

I. Cu art. nehotarat “an”

an + other = another
a) singular (fara substantiv)
I don’t like this book, give me another, please!
b) plural (fara substantiv)
Some lessons are easy, others are difficult.

II. Cu art. hotarat “the”

an + other = another
a) singular (fara substantiv)
I can only see one of the brothers. Where is the other?
b) plural (fara substantiv)
Some of the students are sitting, the others are standing.

Obs.: Forma de plural a adjectivului nedefinit “other” este intotdeauna other, fara s final, in timp ce
forma de plural a pronumelui nedefinit “other” este intotdeauna others.

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