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Novels of Rabindranath Tagore - A Study
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The English Research Express ISSN: 2321-1164 (Online); 2347-2642 (Print)
IJELL-International Journal of English Language and Literature
Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal run by Dr. JK Research Foundation, Chennai, India
Volume: 2nd & Issue: 7th (July – September’2014) PP: 267-277 Date: 25-09-2014
NOVELS OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE – A STUDY

By: Dr. R. Manjula and Dr. T. Jeevan Kumar
Authors’ Particulars:
Dr. R. Manjula*,
Assistant Professor in English,
Department of Humanities,
JNTUA College of Engineering,
Anantapur – 515002,
Andhra Pradesh,
India.
Mobile: 0091 9326930295
E-Mail: reddivarimanjula@yahoo.co.in
reddivarimanjula@gmail.com
Dr. T. Jeevan Kumar**,

Assistant Professor,
Nodal JKC Coordinator,
Department of English,
Government College (Men),
Re-Accredited by NAAC with "A" Grade,
Ananthapuramu - 515 001,
Andhra Pradesh,
India.
Mobile: 0091 9441388434

0091 341 8341 48
E-Mail: dr.tjeevan@gmail.com
dr.tjeevan@live.com
Authors’ Introduction:
267
Dr. R. Manjula* is serving as Assistant Professor of English in JNTUA College of

Engineering, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India. She won her Doctoral degree from Sri
Page
Krishnadevarayana University, Ananthapuramu, on the Novels of Rabindranath Tagore. She

has seven years of teaching experience in Government Degree and Engineering Colleges.
Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

Copyright @ 2014 Dr. JK Research Foundation, Chennai, India. All rights reserved.
Title of the Paper: NOVELS OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE – A STUDY
Authors: Dr. R. Manjula and Dr. T. Jeevan Kumar / Pages: 267-277 / Date of Publication: 25/09/2014
Besides attended a good number of seminar, she has widely her research articles in national
and international journals.
Dr. T. Jeevan Kumar** is serving as Assistant Professor of English in a

Government College (UG & PG), Re-Accredited at „A‟ Grade by NAAC, Ananthapuramu,
Andhra Pradesh in India. He won the Smt. MovvaVenkata Lakshmi Rama Sarma Memorial
Gold Medal and also the Smt. VasagiriKamalamma Memorial Prize for securing first rank in
post-graduation. He obtained his Doctoral degree from Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Ananthapuramu. He has more than eight years of teaching experience in the institutions of
higher learning. He has attended forty national and international seminars and presented
papers on various aspects of English language and literature, and teacher development. His
areas of research interest include Modern British Drama, Commonwealth Literature, Literary
Criticism, and Communicative English. He has published nearly thirty five research articles
in several anthologies, international and nation refereed Journals such as International
Journal of English Literature, The English Literature Journal, The Literary Criterion,
Remarkings, ICFAI Journal of English Literature, IUP Journal of American Literature,
Research Scholar, The Challenge, The Criterion, Triveni etc. His book on Harold Pinter, the
2005 Nobel Laureate in English Literature, has been accepted for publication by Lambert
Publishing House, Germany. His book entitled Post-Modern Trends in Indian English
Fiction is under publication from Research India Press, New Delhi.
Abstract: Introduction:
T
agore wrote many books and
essays on philosophy,
N
o other writer of India
literature, religion, education,
and social topics; almost two has influenced and
dozen plays and play lets. Of
the two hundred short stories drawn the attention of
which Tagore wrote about twenty are pearls of the
purest variety. Tagore’s novels deal with social such wide range of
problems of a fundamental nature – the woeful
readers and critics as Rabindranath Tagore
conditions of Hindu widows and the emergence of
a new type of woman in quest of self-fulfillment. and his writings inspired. Nobody has
Tagore’s novels as a whole suggest an emerging
pattern seeking to encompass his vision of Indian excelled in so many fields or dominated
268
reality and his adumbration of ideas about the

nature of Indian society and culture caught up in the culture to the extent that Tagore has.
the theories of radical change.
None could have better summed up
Page
Key Words: philosophy, literature,

religion, education, social, society and
Tagore‟s personality than Sreenivasa
culture, nationalism. Iyengar, who said,

Tagore was a poet, dramatist, He wrote these novels with the promotion
actor, producer; he was a of liberal humanism in life and thought,
musician and painter; he was an the development of prose as an artistic
educationist, a practical idealist medium and the induction of social,
who turned his dreams into political, and psychological issues as
reality at Shantiniketan; he was literary themes.
a reformer, philosopher, Of these novels, Gora, The Home
prophet; he was a novelist and a and The World, Binodini, and Four
short story writer and a critic of Chapters are highly stimulating and
life and literature; he even made thought provoking. The other three novels
occasional incursions into viz. Two Sisters, The Garden, and
nationalist politics, although, he Farewell My Friend are psychological
was essentially an studies without political or social
internationalist, he was thus overtones. Starting with historical tales in
many persons, he was a darling the tradition of Bankim Chandra, Tagore
of versatility and still he was soon initiated the move towards a stronger
the same man; was an integral sense of realism by liberating the Bengali
1
whole, the Rishi, the Gurudev. novel from its bondage of historical
Tagore wrote many books and romance.
essays on philosophy, literature, religion,
Political Novels of Tagore:
education, and social topics; almost two
I
n the very early years of his
dozen plays and play lets. Of the two
poetical career, Tagore wrote
hundred short stories which Tagore wrote
two novels, Bau Thakurnir
about twenty are pearls of the purest
Hat (The Young Queen‟s
variety. Of the thirteen novels, long and
Market) (1882) and Rajarshi (1885) in
short, nine novels namely, Binodini
which he followed the tradition established
(1902), The Wreck (1905), Gora (1910),
by Bankim. Commenting on the early
The Home and the World (1916),
269
novels of Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand

Chaturanga (1916), Farewell My Friend
declared that „on the strength of his early
(1928), Two Sisters (1933), The Garden
Page
novels alone, I will make so bold as to

(1934) and Four Chapters (1934) became
claim that Tagore was in the „formal‟
most popular in the history of Indian
sense the first novelist of India.‟ Though
literature and were translated into English.

his novel Rajarshi appeared in 1885, his symbolize his perspectivisation of the
third novel Binodini appeared after a gap social scene in India emphasizing on
of seventeen years, that is, in the year humanistic values. The humanistic
1902. With Binodini he attained maturity persuasion dealt with in his novels is
and power, a reliance on himself and his directed towards a change in die-hard
own searching study of the social scene in reading of the Indian traditions to facilitate
Bengal. His last novel, Char Adhay (Four the birth of a new order. Even the
Chapters) which appeared in 1934 covers characters in these novels exhibit the same
an epoch-making era of Indian history, passions, foibles and frailties that everyone
that is, late nineteenth and early twentieth us may have, but they may surprise us by
centuries. flashes of profound wisdom or by acts of
supreme self-sacrifice.
Tagore‟s novels deal with social
problems of a fundamental nature – the The Emergence of New Women:
woeful conditions of Hindu widows and
T
agore portrays a variety
the emergence of a new type of woman in of themes such as the
quest of self-fulfilment as in Binodini, the woeful conditions of
struggle for values in one‟s own tradition Hindu widows and the
as in Gora, the conflict between true and emergence of new women as in Binodini,
false patriotism as in The Home and the the problems of arranged marriages as in
World, problems of love versus possession The Wreck, the conflict between love and
as in Two Sisters and The Garden, and the orthodoxy as in Gora, conflict between
futility and tragedy of political terrorism as true and false patriotism as in The Home
in Four-Chapters – in fact, a whole and The World, the struggle for spiritual
complex of conflicts and cross-currents in freedom as in Chaturanga, problems of
contemporary Indian life which could not love versus possession as in Two Sisters
be framed in theological terms. They hold and The Garden, and the emptiness of
up a mirror of the Indian society in conflict political terrorism as in Four Chapters.
and reflect the crisis of spirit resulting This clearly shows that Tagore in his
270
from the dialectical relationship between novels used different themes thereby
the reformist and revivalist impulses.
Page
showing his interest in the tensions,

They deal with concrete human situations conflicts, contradictions, frustrations, and
to provide a searching analysis of the embarrassment situations stemming in
position obtaining in Indian society. They Indian society from the polarities of

tradition and modernity, past and present, impulses, eventually she acknowledges her
orthodoxy and radicalism; and idealism body needs, protests her forbidden
and opportunism. passions, claims her rights forbids her
unseen identity, and finally wins her love
Binodini, the most significant novel,
but the eternal Hindu widow in her dare
created a stir in the Bengali society in
not to marry a man whom she loves.
general and in the Indian society in
Tradition dictates her same old place.
particular as the two women characters
Binodini‟s self-denial at the moment of
ushered a change in the social scenario of
life‟s triumph puzzled many critics. It is
women in Bengal. It deals with the woeful
only through a tragic ending that Tagore
conditions of Hindu widows and the silent
could have registered his protest against
suffering of Indian wives side by side in
the contemporary society‟s prejudices
the tradition bound Indian society.
against widows, which, in the words of
The novel carries Tagore‟s
Krishna Kripalani, constitute “a lasting
suggestion that the amelioration of the lot
shame to the Hindu conscience”3 or “the
of widows, that is, dispossession,
social and conventional climate of
depersonalization and dehumanization,
contemporary Bengal which he (Tagore)
does not lie merely in remarriage but also
could not yet defy”4 or “to the fact that his
in creating conditions for the harmonious
father was opposed to the remarriage of
realization of their personality or self-
widows”5 or his “preoccupation with
hood. Binodini‟s character is portrayed as
moral issues”6 or because “Tagore was no
possessing an extraordinary will of
believer in shock tactics.”7
rejecting remarriage as a possible solution
Hiren Mukherjee feels that though
to her predicament. Rather than
Binodini “is shown in a better light and
consenting to socially unacceptable
with sympathy,” when compared to
marriage she seeks, through the dynamics
Bankim Chandra Chatterji, her problem is
of self-affirmation, a more meaningful role
“treated with a certain inhibited indecision,
of her rich personality, acquiring thus “a
somewhat to the detriment of his
grandeur even in her defeat.”2 Binodini
271
(Tagore‟s) art.”8 There is a point in this

heralds the emergence of new class of
criticism that Tagore stops short of giving
Page
women. Initially Binodini is what the

a radical solution to a social evil by finally
orthodox society represented. Keeping
herself unseen, deprived of physical consecrating Binodini‟s image as a social
worker, sublimating her sexual urges in
pleasures, suppressing her natural

the channel of dedicated service. The Novels of Emotional conflicts:

However, such a reading fails to take into
T
he novel deals with the
account the complexities of the Binodini emotional conflicts of
situation and her potential for sacrificing the hero Ramesh who is
her personal gratifications at the altar of an tormented by his
unfeeling and cruel establishment. Her divided loyalties towards his beloved
resolve to remain celibate and save Bihari Hemanalini and his sense of duty towards
from social ostracism in itself constitutes a Kamala who is thrown into his life by fate.
trenchant commentary on the rigid and However the novel ends with Kamala‟s
heartless custom having a veneer of reconciliation with her husband
religious sanction. The end, in a sense, is Nalinaksha and Ramesh with Hemanalini,
a powerful indictment of the orthodox the reconciliation between tradition and
morals, achieved by deep and subtle modernism, past and present, continuity
insights into the existing social situation. and change. Edward Thompson makes the
Tagore “does not choose to be explicit by perceptive comment that “The Wreck
affording bold and neat solutions to the shows how the Hindu family relationships
widow remarriage problem glossing over are based not on human feelings but on
the misery and wretchedness of conjugal conventional respect and worship.”10
living without a basic change in the Bimanbehari Mazumdar too opines the
9
orthodox and ossified social system.” same that Hindu girls “Cherish their love
In Binodini the problems of the for the abstract idea of husband and not
individual are entangled with the cursed any concrete personality”11 – an
Hindu system of widowhood, where as in observation which is at least true of the
The Wreck, the problems of the individual time the novel portrays, if not of modern
are entangled with the old notion of days. Even according to B.C. Chakravorty
arranged marriages. In the novel The the change in Kamala‟s attitude is “highly
Wreck, Ramesh is a victim of arranged illogical and unrealistic.”12
marriage. He loves Hemanalini, a Brahmo Many critics are dissatisfied with the
272
girl, but marries a Brahmin girl against his plot construction of the novel. According
will. The coming together of Ramesh and
Page
to S.K. Benerjee, Professor of English at

Kamala who are not husband and wife in Presidency College, Calcutta, “Tagore‟s
an accident is the beginning of the novel. early experiments with the novel from
1884 to 1902, may have been hazy,

awkward and fanciful but he soon the one hand and conventional view of
discovered a distinctive method.”13 sanctity in marriage on the other hand.
Humayun Kabir commented on the Tagore as the Nationalist:

novel that, “Tagore‟s adherence to
G
ora covers a wide
conventional morality interferes with his canvas. The novel
14
artistic judgement” but the reader finds marks an important
compensation in the flow of the narrative phase in Tagore‟s
and exquisite vignettes of life on the river. mental development and his profound faith
Dr. A.V. Krishna Rao feels “The Wreck is in unity in Diversity. It is the story of an
fanciful, it is a social fantasy. The plot of
Irish child, orphaned when his soldier
fate or chance in human lives is fancifully father is killed in a battle and his mother
depicted.”15 dies in child birth, taken in by a childless
Dr.Iyengar puts it “There is no Hindu woman and raised as a son in an
denying the fact that the novel is packed orthodox Brahmin family. Gora, who
with incident and character and inspite of believes despite his white complexion, that
changing fashions the „common reader‟ I am a Hindu! A Hindu belongs
does like good characters and a happy to no party. The Hindus are a
16
ending.” “Though Tagore accomplishes nation…Just as the ocean is not
the happy reunion of Kamala and
the same as its waves, so
Nalinaksha as a vindication of the Hindu Hindus are not the same as
marital sanctity, he pin points through the sects.
disappointed love of Ramesh and
His nationalism is limited by the
Hemanalini the sad consequence of the
philosophy of his own society and
system of arranged marriages.”17
community. But there is no liberality in
The obstacles to love marriage in this kind of patriotism, no absolute glory
Indian society are manmade barriers of in such creed, because it is based on blind
caste, race, custom, religion, superstitions, devotion. However Gora‟s sublimation to
273
child marriages, age differences, dowry the global man is the result of his final
demands, and arranged marriages. metamorphosis through deeper realization.
Page
However, Tagore succeeded in striking a

B.C. Chakravorty questions what
balance between tradition and modernism
about a person who is Indian by birth? He
by handling the rational concept of love on
(Gora) “sees the light of reason and the

futility of orthodoxy only when he learns also defense of his own role. As
that he is an Irishman.”18 But behind Sreenivasa Iyengar said,
Tagore‟s creation of this Irish origin there Nationalism alone is not
is grand intention, universal purpose, and enough; patriotism is not in
deliberate attempt to establish kinship with itself enough either. Tagore
the west. saw this very clearly during the
The union of Gora and Sucharita, „Partition of Bengal‟ agitation,
Lolita and Binoy, represent not merely the although he was himself deeply
union of Hinduism and Brahmoism, but stirred by the march of events.
also of East and West, tradition and If bureaucratic tyranny roused
modernism, superstition and science. The him, the tyranny of fanaticism
protagonist Gora and his sublimation from be it religious or political –
narrow Hindu nationalism to a grand moved him no less, and he
concept of universalism reflect the raised his voice boldly against
evolution of Tagore‟s own thought it.19
process. The Patriotic feelings that aroused
The political motif of Gora repeats during the Swadeshi movement were
itself in a different way in The Home and synonymous with Hinduism as in Gora,
The World. The patriotic feelings that symbolized by aggressive form as in The
aroused during the Swadeshi movement Home and The World and resulted in bitter
were synonymous with Hinduism, fruits of terrorism as in Four Chapters.
symbolized by burning of foreign cloth, These three novels Gora (1910) Ghare
resulted in racial hatred – harm to Baire (1916) and Char Adhayay (1934)
humanity and peace – these Tagore published about some ten decades earlier
censures severely using Nikhil as his are astonishingly relevant to Indian today.
mouth piece. The whole novel centres There has been a controversy
round three characters namely Nikhil, whether Four Chapters is a political novel
Bimala (Nikhil‟s wife) and Sandip
274
or love story. In his prefatory note Tagore

(Nikhil‟s friend). With Nikhil Tagore himself testifies. What might be called the
Page
shares his voice of sanity, of reason, of only theme of the book are the Ela and
protest, of human values. Ghare Baire is Atindra. The nature and course of the love
not only defense of certain principles but between man and woman is determined

not only by the individual characters of the sacrificial in the end. But like Binodini,
lovers; it is influenced also by the impact Damini has no psychological conflicts, she
of their circumstances on them. In the has a definite mind set and knows what
words of Sisir Kumar Ghose, she wants. As Binodini loves Bihari,
Damini too loves Sachis with all her heart.
Four Chapters, undoubtedly
Binodini, sacrifices her love on her own
dealt with the extremist
accord bowing to the tradition. But
activities which had never
Damini is cruelly rejected by Sachis:
appealed to Tagore, As in
forcefully transforms her love into
Ghare-Baire, but in darker
devotion: halfheartedly marries Sribilas:
Colours, Tagore showed, the
whole heartedly participates in his
dangers of the underground. He
humanitarian work. No doubt Chaturanga
called it the path of nightmare.20
explores the fundamental difference
Salvation through renunciation, love
between the ancient Indian nature of
and service is the keynote of Tagore‟s
spiritual humanism oriented towards God
spiritual novel Chaturanga. In this novel,
and the fifteenth century innovation of
he exposes the religious fanatics who, in
renaissance humanism, oriented towards
the name of Hindu orthodoxy and
man.
vaishnavism, indulge in religious
By portraying Sachis as an
aberrations and self-exhibitionism and
unsuccessful God aspirant and Sreebilas as
mislead the people from the true path of
spirituality. The novel portrays the a successful humanist Tagore seems to
have overlooked God over man, he seems
dialectical relationship between the
to have advanced towards the promotion of
spiritual and secular in man‟s quest for
human values rather than divine values. In
self-realization. Chaturanga reveals
this respect Chaturanga runs somewhat
Tagore‟s immense sense of spiritual
parallel to Gitanjali in which he clearly
freedom, freedom from renunciation,
pointed out:
freedom from religion, superstition, rites
and rituals. Damini is another Binodini in Deliverance is not for me in
275
this novel more mature, more courageous, renunciation… “He is there

Page
and outrageous than Binodini. Both where the tiller is tilling the
Damini and Binodini are passionate hard ground where the path
widows. Both are sensual, sympathetic and maker is breaking stones.”21
loyal at first, then rebels in the middle, and

Conclusion:  B.C. Chakravorty, Rabindranath
T
o conclude, one may say Tagore His Mind and Art, New
that Tagore‟s novels as a Delhi: Young India Publications,
whole suggest an 1971. 193.
emerging pattern seeking
 B.C. Chakravorty, Rabindranath
to encompass his vision of Indian reality
Tagore His Mind and Art 198.
and his adumbration of ideas about the
 Bimanbehari Majumdar, Heroines
nature of Indian society and culture caught
of Tagore, Calcutta: Firma KL
up in the theories of radical change. They
Mukhopadhyay, 1968. 125.
carry the investigation further by being set
in the present, in order that a deepening  Biman behari Mazumdar, Heroines
perspective is realized as the issues acquire of Tagore 220.
contemporary relevance. They are chiefly
 Edward Thompson, Rabindranath
anchored in the struggle of his principal
Tagore: His Life and Work, rev.by
characters, particularly his women
Kalidas Nag, Calcutta: Y.M.C.A.
characters, to achieve self-actualization or
Publishing House, 1961. 31.
self-definition. His novelistic world
 G.V. Raj, Tagore: The Novelist,
embodies a vision of India caught up in the
New Delhi: Sterling Publishers,
cross-currents of opposing ideologies, of
1983. 27.
the questioning of the old or traditional
moral sanctions in search of self-  G.V. Raj, Tagore: The Novelist 38.
fulfilment, the clash between the reformist
 Hiren Mukherjee, Himself a True
and revivalist forces, the conflict between
Poem: A Study of Rabindranath
the moderate and the extremist elements in
Tagore, New Delhi: People‟s
politics as well as the eternal struggle in
Publishing House, 1961. 82.
human consciousness between love and
 Humayun Kabir, Rabindranath
sacrifice. In other words, Tagore‟s novels
Tagore: Tagore Lectures, London:
stress the need for a social change.
School of Oriental and African
276
References:
Studies, 1961. 17.

Page
A.V. Krishna Rao, “The Novels of

 Hiren Mukherjee, Himself a True
Rabindranath Tagore,” Triveni
Poem: A Study of Rabindranath
Quarterly, April-July, 1986: 64.
Tagore 82.

 Humayun Kabir, Rabindranath  Rabindranath Tagore,

Tagore, New Delhi: Pankaj Gitanjali, Madras:
Publications International, 1987. Macmillan India Ltd., 2007.
17. 64.
 Iliyas Ali, Shaik and Dr. Padma P  S.K. Benerjee, “The Novels and
"Rabindranath Tagore: A Humanist Short Stories of Rabindranath
and Social Reformer" The English Tagore: Tagore Birthday Number,”
India: INJELL – Indian National Viswa Bharati Quarterly, Vol.VI,
Journal of English Language and No.1-2, 1941: 122-123.
Literature (2013): ISSN: 2321-
 Sisir Kumar Ghose, Rabindranath
1172 (Online); 2347-2634 (Print)
Tagore, New Delhi: Sahitya
PP: 46-51, 20 Sept. 2013.
Academi, 1986. 79.
www.journalsindia.com C/o. Dr.
 Sukumar Sen, History of Bengal
JK Research Foundation, Chennai,
Literature, New Delhi: Sahitya
India.
Akademi, 1960. 313.
 K.R. Sreenivasa Iyengar,
 V.S. Naravane, An Introduction to
Rabindranath Tagore – A Critical
Rabindranath Tagore, Delhi:
Introduction, New Delhi: Sterling
Macmillan Company of India Ltd.,
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1987. 82.
1977. 118.
 Krishna Kripalani, Rabindranath
Tagore: A Biography, London:
Oxford University Press, 1962.
188.
 K.R.Sreenivasa Iyengar,
Rabindranath Tagore: A Critical
Introduction, New Delhi: Sterling
Publishers Private Limited, 1987.
277
83.
Page
 K.R.Sreenivasa Iyengar,
Rabindranath Tagore: A Critical
Introduction 91.

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Novels of Rabindranath Tagore - A Study

Article · September 2014

The Immortal Heir of Universal Praise View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

NOVELS OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE – A STUDY

Dr. T. Jeevan Kumar**,

Mobile: 0091 9441388434

Dr. R. Manjula* is serving as Assistant Professor of English in JNTUA College of

Krishnadevarayana University, Ananthapuramu, on the Novels of Rabindranath Tagore. She

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

Dr. T. Jeevan Kumar** is serving as Assistant Professor of English in a

reality and his adumbration of ideas about the

Key Words: philosophy, literature,

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

novels of Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand

novels alone, I will make so bold as to

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

showing his interest in the tensions,

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

(Tagore‟s) art.”8 There is a point in this

women. Initially Binodini is what the

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

the channel of dedicated service. The Novels of Emotional conflicts:

to S.K. Benerjee, Professor of English at

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

Humayun Kabir commented on the Tagore as the Nationalist:

However, Tagore succeeded in striking a

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

or love story. In his prefatory note Tagore

Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

this novel more mature, more courageous, renunciation… “He is there

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Conclusion:  B.C. Chakravorty, Rabindranath

A.V. Krishna Rao, “The Novels of

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 Humayun Kabir, Rabindranath  Rabindranath Tagore,

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