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Inhala on of droplets and droplet nuclei places virus in the upper respiratory
tract, where it may ini ate infec on.
Nasal secre ons, which contain virus par cles, are responsible for transmission
by direct contact or by contaminated objects. An infected person will frequently
touch their nose or conjunc va, placing virus on the hand. In mate or non-
in mate contact (e.g. shaking hands) will transfer the virus to another person,
who will then infect themselves by touching their nose or eyes. When
contaminated hands touch other objects, the virus is transferred to them. In one
study, 23-59% of objects from homes and day care facili es were shown to
harbor in uenza viral RNA. Others have shown that infec ous in uenza virus
may be persist on paper currency for several weeks.
In uenza transmission can be reduced by covering your nose and mouth when
coughing or sneezing, and by washing hands o en with soap and water or
alcohol-based hand cleaners. Note that CDC does not recommend the use of
face masks for reducing viral spread. It is important to recognize that, in human
infec ons, maximum levels of virus shedding may occur about a day before the
peak of symptoms.
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replicates to high ters in the respiratory tract. The guinea pig was used to show
that transmission of in uenza virus occurs by aerosols and through contaminated
environmental surfaces. The e ciency of aerosol transmission in the guinea pig
model is regulated by temperature and humidity.
Fabian, P., McDevi , J., DeHaan, W., Fung, R., Cowling, B., Chan, K., Leung, G., &
Milton, D. (2008). In uenza Virus in Human Exhaled Breath: An Observa onal
Study PLoS ONE, 3 (7) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002691
Carrat, F., Vergu, E., Ferguson, N., Lemaitre, M., Cauchemez, S., Leach, S., &
Valleron, A. (2008). Time Lines of Infec on and Disease in Human In uenza: A
Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies American Journal of Epidemiology, 167 (7),
775-785 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm375
Mubareka, S., Lowen, A., Steel, J., Coates, A., García‐Sastre, A., & Palese, P.
(2009). Transmission of In uenza Virus via Aerosols and Fomites in the Guinea
Pig Model The Journal of Infec ous Diseases, 199 (6), 858-865 DOI:
10.1086/597073
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