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MUFFAKHAMJAH COLLEGE

OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING


DEPARTMENT

LAB MANUAL OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING-II

BE- 2/4 (EEE)-II-SEMESTER


List of Experiments

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING-II

1. Current Series Feedback Amplifier

2. Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier

3. Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier

4. Voltage shunt Feedback Amplifier

5. RC Phase-shift Oscillator

6. Colpitts Oscillator

7. Hartley Oscillator

8. Clippers

9. Clampers

10.Application of OP-AMP-I
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim: To plot the frequency response of a current series feedback amplifier and study the
effect of feedback on gain and bandwidth.

Circuit diagram:

Theory:
Negative feedback is defined as a process of returning a part of the output signal to the
input out of phase with the input signal. It reduces gain and increases bandwidth.
Negative feedback is employed in amplifier circuits to improve the stability of the gain,
reduce distortion and the effect of noise. It also helps in obtaining desired values of input
and output resistances.
A current series feedback amplifier samples output current and returns the feedback
signal to the input in series opposing. Feedback signal is a voltage signal.
V f  I L
Current series feedback increases both input and output impedances.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. This circuit does not have feedback.
2. Note the DC conditions.
3. Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and the peak to peak amplitude to
30mV. Note the output voltage and calculate the gain.
4. Vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps and note VS and
VO
VO in each case. Calculate the gain without feedback as Av  .
VS
5. Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.
6. Disconnect the emitter bypass capacitor from the circuit. This will introduce
current series feedback in the circuit. Repeat steps 3 to 5.
7. Compare the gain and bandwidth with and without feedback.

Expected graph:

Observations:

Calculations:

Theoretical Calculations:
Voltage gain without feedback is given by
 h fe  R L' R'
AV   ' i
hie Ri  RS
Voltage gain with feedback is given by
 h fe  R L' R'
AVf   ' i where, Ri  hie  (1  h fe ) Re
Ri Ri  RS

Result:
Gain without feedback = -----------
Bandwidth without feedback = ----------
Gain with feedback = -----------
Bandwidth with feedback = ----------
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
Aim:- To plot the frequency response of a current shunt feedback amplifier and to study
the effect of feedback on gain and bandwidth.

Circuit diagram:-
Theory:-
Negative feedback is defined as a process of returning a part of the output signal to the
input out of phase with the input signal. It reduces gain and increases bandwidth.
Negative feedback is employed in amplifier circuits to improve the stability of the gain,
reduce distortion and the effect of noise. It also helps in obtaining desired values of input
and output resistances.
A current shunt feedback amplifier samples output current and returns the feedback signal
to the input in shunt. Feedback signal is a voltage signal.
I f  I L
Current shunt feedback increases output resistance and decreases input resistance.

Procedure:
8. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. The switch must be connected to the
position S2. Then the circuit does not have feedback.
9. Note the DC conditions.
10. Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and the peak to peak amplitude to
3mV. Note the output voltage and calculate the gain.
11. Vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps and note V S and
VO
VO in each case. Calculate the gain without feedback as Av  .
VS
12. Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.
13. Now connect the switch to position S1. This will introduce voltage series
feedback in the circuit. Adjust the input voltage to 8mV. Repeat steps 3 to 5.
14. Compare the gain and bandwidth with and without feedback.
Expected graph:

Observations:

Calculations:

Theoretical Calculations:-
Calculate the voltage gain theoretically using the standard procedure of feedback
amplifier analysis.

Result:-
Gain without feedback = -----------
Bandwidth without feedback = ----------
Gain with feedback = -----------
Bandwidth with feedback = ----------

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
Aim:- To plot the frequency response of a voltage series feedback amplifier and to study
the effect of feedback on gain and bandwidth.
Circuit diagram:-

Theory:-
Negative feedback is defined as a process of returning a part of the output signal to the
input out of phase with the input signal. It reduces gain and increases bandwidth.
Negative feedback is employed in amplifier circuits to improve the stability of the gain,
reduce distortion and the effect of noise. It also helps in obtaining desired values of input
and output resistances.
A voltage series feedback amplifier samples output voltage and returns the feedback
signal to the input in series opposing. Feedback signal is a voltage signal.
V f   VO
Voltage series feedback increases input resistance and decreases output resistance.

Procedure:
15. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. The switch must be connected to the
position S1. Then the circuit does not have feedback.
16. Note the DC conditions.
17. Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and the peak to peak amplitude to
3mV. Note the output voltage and calculate the gain.
18. Vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps and note V S and
VO
VO in each case. Calculate the gain without feedback as Av  .
VS
19. Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.
20. Now connect the switch to position S2.. This will introduce voltage series
feedback in the circuit. Repeat steps 3 to 5. in this case vary the frequency from
30 Hz to 2 MHz.
21. Compare the gain and bandwidth with and without feedback
Expected graph:

Observations:

Calculations:

Theoretical Calculations:-
Calculate the voltage gain theoretically using the standard procedure of feedback
amplifier analysis.
Result:-
Gain without feedback = -----------
Bandwidth without feedback = ----------
Gain with feedback = -----------
Bandwidth with feedback = ----------

EXPERIMENT NO: 4
VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim: To plot the frequency response of a current series feedback amplifier and study the
effect of feedback on gain and bandwidth.

Circuit diagram:

Theory:
Negative feedback is defined as a process of returning a part of the output signal to the
input out of phase with the input signal. It reduces gain and increases bandwidth.
Negative feedback is employed in amplifier circuits to improve the stability of the gain,
reduce distortion and the effect of noise. It also helps in obtaining desired values of input
and output resistances.
A current series feedback amplifier samples output current and returns the feedback
signal to the input in series opposing. Feedback signal is a voltage signal.
V f  I L
Current series feedback increases both input and output impedances.

Procedure:
22. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. This circuit does not have feedback.
23. Note the DC conditions.
24. Adjust the input signal frequency to 1 KHz and the peak to peak amplitude to
30mV. Note the output voltage and calculate the gain.
25. Vary the frequency from 30 Hz to 500 KHz in appropriate steps and note VS and
VO
VO in each case. Calculate the gain without feedback as Av  .
VS
26. Plot a graph between gain and frequency. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.
27. Disconnect the emitter bypass capacitor from the circuit. This will introduce
current series feedback in the circuit. Repeat steps 3 to 5.
28. Compare the gain and bandwidth with and without feedback.

Expected graph:
Observations:

Calculations:

Theoretical Calculations:
Voltage gain without feedback is given by
 h fe  R L' R'
AV   ' i
hie Ri  RS
Voltage gain with feedback is given by
 h fe  R L' Ri'
AVf   ' where, Ri  hie  (1  h fe ) Re
Ri Ri  RS

Result:
Gain without feedback = -----------
Bandwidth without feedback = ----------
Gain with feedback = -----------
Bandwidth with feedback = ----------

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
RC PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR
Aim: To design an RC Phase-shift Oscillator using BJT, study its operation of and verify
Barkhausen’s criterion.

Design of the oscillator circuit:-

Design RC Phase-shift oscillator circuit to provide oscillations at a frequency of 11.5


KHz. Use BJT BC547 for which β = 220 and h ie = 1.8KΩ. Use RC = 6.8 KΩ. The biasing
conditions are as follows.
VCC = 30V, VCE = 11V, IC = 2.4 mA, stability factor S = 5

Use, I C    I B ,  I B  11A
Apply KVL to the output loop:
 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  R E  0
 R E  1.2 K

Apply Thevenin’s theorem to the base circuit, then


V  R2 R1  R2
V B  CC And RB 
R1  R2 R1  R2

We know that the stability factor for a self bias circuit is given by,
1 
S
  RE
1
RB  RE
 R B  4.91K

Apply KVL to the input loop, then


 VB  I B  RB  VBE  I C  Re  0
 V B  3.58V

Divide RB with VB:


V  RB
 R1  CC  42 K
VB

R1  R2
Also, RB   R 2  5 .6 K 
R1  R2
1 RC
We know that f o  where K 
2  RC 6  4 K R
Assume that R  10 K . Then C  470 PF .
Also R3  hie  R  R3  8.2 K
Circuit diagram:-
For Part-I:
For Part-II:

Amplifier Circuit diagram

Feedback network
Theory:-
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that provides an AC output without using any AC
input. All Sinusoidal oscillator circuits use the concept of positive feedback to produce
oscillations. An oscillator circuit must satisfy the Barkhausen’s criterion of unity loop
gain to produce oscillations.
The Common Emitter amplifier provides a phase shift of 180˚. Additional 180˚ of phase
shift required to satisfy the Barkhausen’s criterion of phase shift is provided by the RC
phase-shifting network. RC Phase-shift oscillator is used at Audio Frequencies.

Procedure:-
Part-I: Study of operation
1) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.
2) Connect other components of the oscillator circuit as shown in figure. Observe the
output voltage waveform on CRO screen. Note down its peak to peak amplitude
and frequency.
Part-II: Verification of Barkhausen’s criterion
1) Connect only the amplifier circuit and find its gain at the frequency of
oscillations. Apply an input of 40mV. Also observe the phase shift between input
and output voltages.
2) Connect only the feedback network as shown and compute the feedback factor β
Vf
as   .
VS
3) Compute the loop gain as A   . This product should be greater than or equal to
unity.
4) Observe the phase shift between Vf and VS.
5) Add the phase shift provided by the amplifier and feedback network. The sum
should be equal to 360˚.

Observations:

Result:-
Frequency of oscillations, fo = ------------
Peak to peak amplitude of output = -------------------
Loop gain = --------------------
Phase shift = ---------------------------
Hence Barkhausen’s criterion is satisfied.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
Aim: To design and study the operation of Hartley’s Oscillator using BJT.

Design of the oscillator circuit:-

Design Hartley’s oscillator circuit to provide oscillations at a frequency of 1 MHz. Use


BJT BC547 for which β = 200. Use RC = 5.6 KΩ. The biasing conditions are as follows.
VCC = 15V, VCE = 7V, IC = 1.2 mA, stability factor S = 5

Use, I C    I B ,  I B  6 A
Apply KVL to the output loop:
 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  R E  0
 R E  1K

Apply Thevenin’s theorem to the base circuit, then


V  R2 R1  R2
V B  CC And RB 
R1  R2 R1  R2

We know that the stability factor for a self bias circuit is given by,
1 
S
  RE
1
RB  RE
 R B  4.11K

Apply KVL to the input loop, then


 V B  I B  RB  VBE  0
 V B  1.87V

Divide RB with VB:


V  RB
 R1  CC  33K
VB

R1  R2
Also, RB   R2  4.7 K
R1  R2
1
We know that f o 
2 ( L1  L2  2 M )C
Assume that L1  L2  70 H and M  45H . Then C  100 PF.

Circuit diagram:-
Theory:-
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that provides an AC output without using any AC
input. All Sinusoidal oscillator circuits use the concept of positive feedback to produce
oscillations. An oscillator circuit must satisfy the Barkhausen’s criterion of unity loop
gain to produce oscillations.
Hartley’s oscillator is a popular LC Oscillator circuit used at Radio Frequencies.
Procedure:-
3) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.
4) Connect other components of the oscillator circuit as shown in figure. Adjust the
capacitance to 100 PF.
5) Observe the output voltage waveform on CRO screen. Note down its peak to peak
amplitude and frequency.
6) Vary the capacitance in appropriate steps and record the frequency in each case.
7) Calculate the frequency theoretically also and record it in the table. Compare the
theoretical and practical values.

Observations:-

Sl. No. Capacitance Frequency Frequency


(PF) (Practically) fo 
1
(MHz) 2 ( L1  L2  2 M )C

Result:- hartley’s oscillator circuit is designed for the given specifications and its
operation is studied.
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
COLPITT OSCILLATOR
Aim: To design and study the operation of Colpitt’s Oscillator using BJT.

Design of the oscillator circuit:-

Design Colpitt’s oscillator circuit to provide oscillations at a frequency of 850 KHz. Use
BJT BC547 for which β = 200. Use RC = 5.6 KΩ. The biasing conditions are as follows.
VCC = 15V, VCE = 7V, IC = 1.2 mA, stability factor S = 5

Use, I C    I B ,  I B  6 A
Apply KVL to the output loop:
 VCC  I C  RC  VCE  I C  R E  0
 RE  1K

Apply Thevenin’s theorem to the base circuit, then


V  R2 R1  R2
V B  CC And RB 
R1  R2 R1  R2

We know that the stability factor for a self bias circuit is given by,
1 
S
  RE
1
RB  RE
 R B  4.11K

Apply KVL to the input loop, then


 V B  I B  RB  VBE  0
 V B  1.87V

Divide RB with VB:


V  RB
 R1  CC  33K
VB

R1  R2
Also, RB   R2  4.7 K
R1  R2
1 1 1 1
We know that f o   (  )
2 L C1 C 2
Assume that C1  C 2  1KPF . Then L  70H

Circuit diagram:-
Theory:-
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that provides an AC output without using any AC
input. All Sinusoidal oscillator circuits use the concept of positive feedback to produce
oscillations. An oscillator circuit must satisfy the Barkhausen’s criterion of unity loop
gain to produce oscillations.
Colpitt’s oscillator is a popular LC Oscillator circuit used at Radio Frequencies.
Procedure:-

8) Connect the self bias circuit and check the DC conditions.


9) Connect other components of the oscillator circuit as shown in figure. Adjust the
capacitance to 800 PF.
10) Observe the output voltage waveform on CRO screen. Note down its peak to peak
amplitude and frequency.
11) Vary the inductance in appropriate steps and record the frequency in each case.
12) Calculate the frequency theoretically and record it in the table. Compare the
theoretical and practical values.
Observations:-

Sl. No. Inductance Frequency Frequency


(μH) (Practically) 1 1 1 1
fo   (  )
(KHz) 2 L C1 C 2

Result:- Colpitts oscillator circuit is designed for the given specifications and its
operation is studied
Experiment-8
CLIPPERS

AIM:-TO Study the positive Peak, Positive Base , Negative peak , Negative Base &
Double ended Clipper Circuits for Different reference Voltages (0,1v,2v)& Observe the
output.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
1. Diode -1N4148
2. Resistor -56K
3. DC Regulated Power Supply
4. Signal Generator & CRO
CIRCIUT DIGARAMS:-
Expected Graphs:-
PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the Circuit as shown in figure.


2. Apply the sinusoidal voltage at input.
3. Adjust the reference voltage at zero volts.
4. Note the same procedure for various reference voltages & for various circuits.

RESULT:- The output of different clipper circuits are observed & Plotted on graph.
Experiment-9
CLAMPERS
AIM: - To study the response of different clamper circuits for different reference voltage
levels.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
1. Diode -1N4148
2. Resistor-1M
3. Capacitor-10uf
4. DC Regulated power supply
5. Signal generator & CRO.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:-
Negative Peak Clamper

positive Peak Clamper:-

Positive Peak Clamper With Negative Reference Voltage

Negative Peak Clamper With Positive Reference Voltage


Positive Peak Clamper With Positive Reference Voltage

Positive Peak Clamper With Negative reference Voltage


EXPECTED GRAPHS:-
PROCEDURE:-

1.Connect the Circuit as shown in figure.

2. Apply the input signal VS at 1Khz & 10V (P-P) & observe the output.

3. Repeat the same for different circuits & for different voltage levels.

RESULT:- The output of different Clamper circuits are observed & Plotted on graph.
Experiment-10
APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP

AIM:-
1. To design an amplifier with gain of -10.
2. To design an amplifier with gain of 11 .
3. To design a difference amplifier that amplifies the difference between the input
signals 10 times.
4. To design an adder circuit using op-Amp.
5. To design a subs tractor circuit using op-amp.
6. To realize a voltage follower using op-amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. op-Amp-1ua 741IC
2. Resistors-10K, 100K
3. Dual DC regulated power supply
4. Sinal generator & CRO.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:-

Inverting Amplifier

Gain of an inverting Amplifier is given by


Av=Vo/ Vin = -Rf/R1
Gain is given as -10
Let R1=10Kohm
Rf = Av.R1
=> Rf = 100Kohm
Non-Inverting Amplifier

Gain of an inverting Amplifier is given by


Av=Vo/ Vin = 1+Rf/R1
Gain is given as 11
Let R1=10Kohm
Rf = (Av-1).R1
 Rf = 100Kohm
Voltage Follower:-

Vo=Vin
Adder:-

The expression of Vo for the adder circuit shown is


Given by
Vo=-[Rf/R1.V1+ Rf/R2 .V2]
If the select r1,R2&Rf of the same value, then
Vo=-(V1+V2)
Let R1=R2=Rf=10Kohm
Subtractor :-

The expression of Vo for the Subs tractor circuit shown is


Given by
Vo=Rf/R(V1-V2)
Let R1=R2=Rf=10Kohm
Vo=(V1-V2)
Difference Amplifier :-

Output voltage of a differential amplifier is given as


V0=R2/R1(V1-V2)
 Ad=Vo/Vd=R2/R1
Differential voltage gain Ad is given as Ad=10
Let R1=10K
 R2=Ad.R1
 => R2=100K

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. An Ac input of 1Khz is applied.
3. Input & Output waveforms are observed on CRO.
4. Gain is calculated practically & Theoretically.
5. Graphs of input & output waveforms are plotted .
6. Now DC input is appied & Output is noted down using multimeter . gain is
calculated theoretically & Practically.
OBSERVATIONS:-
1.Inverting Amplifier
Vin(P-P) Vo(P-P) AVPr=Vo/Vin AVTh=-Rf/R1

2.Non-Inverting Amplifier
Vin(P-P) Vo(P-P) AVPr=Vo/Vin AVTh=1+Rf/R1

3.Voltage follwer
Vin(P-P) Vo(P-P)

4.Adder
V1(P-P) V2(P-P) Vo(P-P) Vo=-(V1+V2)

5.Substractor
V1(P-P) V2(P-P) Vo(P-P) Vo=V1-V2

6.Difference Amplifier
V1(P-P) V2(P-P) Vo(P-P) Ad=Vo/Vin Ad=Rf/R1

RESULT:- The various applications of an op-Amp such as an inverting amplifier ,Non


Inverting amplifier ,Differential amplifier ,Voltage follwer ,Ader,& Substractor circuits
are designed & Practically verified for Ac inputs & is is noted that the output voltage .

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