PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN SPM 2018 4551/2

BIOLOGI
Kertas 2
Ogos 2018
SET B SKEMA JAWAPAN
Soalan no. 1
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan
1(a) (i) W : sel epidermis 1
X : sel mesofil palisad 1
Y sel pengawal 1
= 3m
(a) (ii) Untuk mengawal saiz stoma //
Mengawal pembukaan dan penutupan stoma 1m
(b) Perbezaan sel X dan sel mesofil palisad

Sel X Sel mesofil palisad 1

Disusun longgar Disusun rapat
Mempunyai kepadatan Mempunyai kepadatan 1
kloroplas yang rendah kloroplas yang tinggi = 2m

(c) - xilem mengangkut air dan garam mineral terlarut dari akar ke
semua bahagian tumbuhan. 1
- floem menangkut glukosa dan bahan organik dari daun ke
semua bahagian tumbuhan. 1 = 2m
(d) P1 : pada waktu siang (ada cahaya) fotosintesis berlaku, 1
P2 : glukosa dihasilkan 1
P3 : ion kalium diangkut secara pengangkutan aktif 1
P4 : tekanan osmosis sel pengawal meningkat 1
P5 : air meresap masuk dari sel pengawal secara osmosis 1
P6 : sel pengawal menjadi segah dan melengkung (stoma 1
terbuka) Max = 4m
Jumlah 12m
Soalan No. 2
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan

3m
2 (a)

(b)
2m

(c) Explain how the process X involves in producing variation

in organisms.
P1 – During prophase Meiosis I, crossing over occurs
1
between homologous chromosomes
1
P2 – resulting a new genetic combination
P3 – it is also producing the exchange of genetic material
between paternal chromosome and maternal chromosome //
between homologous chromosomes 1 3m
(d) (i) What are process M and N?
M : Meiosis I 1
N : Meiosis II 1 2m
(ii) Describe the process that occurs if a sperma present at
process N.
P1 – meiosis II completed // ovum form 1
P2 – (nucleus) ovum is fertilized by sperm nucleus 1
P3 – zygote is form 1 2m
Jumlah 12
Soalan no. 3
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan
1 (a)(i) Nitrat 1
1 (a)(ii) Akar 1

1 (b) 1
Rhizobium sp, Nostoc sp

1
Penguraian
1(c) 1
Bakteria/kulat saprofit//mikroorganisma pengurai

1
1(d)(i) Pendenitritan 1
1(d)(ii) Nitrobacter sp

1(e)  Apabila tumbuhan dimakan oleh haiwan, sebatian 1

nitrogen (organik) akan dipindahkan ke dalam tisu

haiwan.
1
 (Apabila) haiwan dan tumbuhan mati, pereputan
menukarkan protein kepada sebatian ammonia.
1
 Ammonia ditukarkan kepada nitrit oleh bakteria
penitritan/ Nitrosomonas sp melalui proses 1
penitritan.
 Nitrit kemudian ditukar kepada nitrat oleh bakteria 1
penitritan/Nitrobacter sp

Jumlah 12
Soalan no. 4
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan
Able to draw pollen tube until it reaches embryo sac
4(a)(i)

1
Draw pollen tube until reaches embryo sac
1 2
Draw and label three nuclei inside pollen tube
Able to predict what will happen
Answer:
4(a)(ii) P1: The pollen from plant species K will germinate 1
P2: but the pollen tube will stop to grow before it reaches 1 2
ovary
(b) Able to explain why both fruits have different number of
seeds.
Answer:
P1: number of seeds in a fruit depends on the number of 1
ovules in an ovary before fertilization
P2: the fruits which have more seeds have more number of 1
ovules in the ovary
P3: and those with single seed have only single ovule in the 1 2
ovary

Note: any two

(c)(i) Able to explain the difference between phase AB and BC
Answer:
P1: at phase AB the dry mass / growth rate decreases 1
P2: (because) the food stored (in endosperm of the seed) is
used for 1
Germination
 P3: at phase BC the dry mass / growth rate increases 1
(rapidly)
P4: (because) the seedlings have produce green leaves 1 3
P5: and started to carry out photosynthesis 1

Note: any three

(c)(ii) Able to explain the significant of secondary growth
economically.
Answer:
P1: pokok yang mempunyai bahagian berkayu yang kuat / 1
keras sesuai digunakan untuk membuat perabot / pagar /
pintu
P2: kepentingan perubatan herba / contoh kuinin daripada 1
batang pokok Cinchona
P3: sebagai perisa makanan / contoh kulit pokok kayu manis 1
P4: sebagai permata untuk perhiasan / seperti amber 1 3
P5: lain-lain yang sesuai 1

Note: any three

TOTAL 12

Soalan no. 5
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan
5(a) Able to state the possible genotypes of Ali and the offspring 2
Answer
(i) Ali’s genotype: I A I O 1
(ii) Offspring’s genotype : I O I O 1
5(b) Able to fill in the circle with allele of Ahmad’s gamete and 2
Fatimah’s gamete

Answer 1
Ali’s gamete : I A 1
Fatimah’s gamete : I O
5(c) Able to explain how the offspring inherits blood group O 3
Sample answer

P1 : Ali’s genotype is IAIO and Fatimah’s genotype is IO IO 1

P2 : During meiosis 1
P3 : the male gametes with allele I O , I A and female gametes 1
with
allele I O and I O
P4 : During fertilization 1
P5 : the male gamete fused with the female gametes 1
P6 : produced offspring with genotype I O I O (blood group 1
O)

Or genetic diagram accepted

Any three
5(d) Able to state the type of variation and state a reason 2
Answer

Type of variation : Discontinuous variation 1

Reason : The differences in blood group is distinct // no
intermediate trait 1
5(e) Able to explain why Ahmad is not a compatible donor to 3
Fatimah
Sample answer

P1: ( Ahmad’s blood group is A), the erythrocyte has 1

antigen A
and the blood plasma has antibody b 1
P2: (Fatimah’s blood group is O) erythrocyte has no
antigen A
1
 or B but blood plasma has antibody a and antibody
b 1
P3: Agglutination of Fatimah’s blood occurs because
P4: Antibody a acts on antigen A ( from Ahmad’s blood
)

Any three

Total 12

Soalan no. 6
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan
6 (a) (i) Dapat menerangkan pembentukan tinja manusia.

Cadangan jawapan:
1
P1 (selepas penyerapan nutrient dalam usus kecil)
kandungan usus bergerak masuk ke dalam kolon. 1

P2 : (kandungan usus) terdiri dariapda campuran air, bahan 1 Max=4

makanan tidak tercerna dan serat.
1
P3 : (bahan tidak tercerna) bergerak sangat perlahan dibantu
oleh peristalsis. 1

P4 : penyerapan semula air dan mineral (daripada saki baki

dalam kolon) menghasilkan tinja / sisa separa pepejal.

P5 : (tinja) mengandungi sel-sel mati / bahan buangan

seperti pigmen hempedu/bahan-bahan bertoksik.

Mana-mana 4P

(a) (ii) Dapat menerangkan asimilasi glukosa.

Cadangan jawapan: 1
1
 F1: di hati 1

P1 : glukosa berlebihan ditukar menjadi glikogen dan 1

disimpan dalam hati.
1
P2 : di hati, jika paras glukosa darah menurun, glikogen
simpanan ditukarkan semula kepada glukosa. 1 6m

P3 : apabila simpanan glikogen di hati menjadi penuh,

glukosa berlebihan ditukar kepada lipid.

F1 dan 3P

F2: dalam sel

P4 : apabila glukosa tiba di sel, glukosa dioksidakan untuk

membebaskan tenaga melalui respirasi sel.

F2 dan 1P

(b) Dapat membanding beza salur alimentari P dan Q.

Cadangan jawapan :
1
Persamaan :
1
 Salur alimentary mengandungi mikroorganisma
(bakteria/protozoa) yang menghasilkan enzim selulase,
 untuk mencernakan selulosa.
1+1
Perbezaan :
1+1
P (rodensia) Q (ruminant)
Mencerna selulosa di dalam Mencerna selulosa di dalam
perut (rumen, reticulum) sekum 1+1
10m
Enzim selulase dirembes di Enzim selulase dirembes di
1+1
dalam perut (rumen , dalam sekum.
reticulum)
Perut mempunyai 4 ruang Perut mempunyai 1 ruang
(rumen, reticulum, omasum
dan abomasum)
Mempunyai sekum yang Mempunyai sekum yang
pendek besar dan panjang
Jumlah 20m
Soalan no. 7
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan
7(a) Able to state the similarities and differences of biochemical
reaction that occur between muscle cell and yeast cell
Sample answer:
Similarities
S1: both processes are anaerobic respiration 1
S2: both processes occur in absence of oxygen 1
S3: both processes produce less amount of energy 1
S4: both processes involve incomplete breakdown of 1 2
glucose

Differences
Muscle cell Yeast cell
Produces lactic acid Produces ethanol 1
Does not produces carbon Produces carbon dioxide
dioxide 1
Produces less energy Produces more energy 1
Oxygen debt occurs Oxygen debt does not
occurs 1
Occurs during vigorous Occurs during less oxygen
activities 1 4

(b) Able to explain why the concentration of lactic acid in

muscle cell decreases after vigorous exercise
Sample answer:
E1: oxygen debt occurs 1
E2: the athlete gasp heavily // breathe faster / breathing rate
increase 1
E3:to inhale more oxygen 1
E4: to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water 1
E5: some lactic acid oxidised to produce energy 1
E6: remaining lactic acid is converted to glucose 1
E7: lactic acid eliminated from muscle cell 1
E8: concentration of lactic acid decreases 1 4

Note: any 4 E
 (c) Able to describe two characteristics of alveolus which allow
the gases exchange to be carried out efficiently
Sample answer:
F1: has thin wall / one cell thick 1
E1: allow rapid diffusion of gas / gases can diffuse easily / 1
increases the rate of diffusion of gases
F2: many / rich in network capillary 1
E2: to increases the rate of gases transportation 1
F3: numerous / large number of alveoli 1
E3: to increase TSA/V // surface area (for more diffusion of 1
gases) 4

Note: any 4 E
(d)(i) Able to explain from the aspect of physiology the cause of
the death
Sample answer:
E1: the person inhale more / excess CO // the smoke
contains high amount of CO 1
E2: CO binds with haemoglobin // haemoglobin has high
affinity to CO 1
E3: to form carboxyhaemoglobin 1
E4: less O2 can bind with haemoglobin (to form 1
oxyhaemoglobin) 4
E5: less O2 is supplied to the body cells for (cellular) 1
respiration
E6: brain cells and heart cell lack of O2 (that lead to death) 1

Note: any 4 E
(d)(ii) Able to explain why smokers should stop smoking to avoid
cancer
Sample answer:
F1: benzene /formaldehyde / benzo-pyrene 1
F2: is carcinogenic compound 1
F3: increase the risk of lungs / tongue / mouth cancer 1 2

Note: any 2 F
Total 20
Soalan no. 8
Answers:

Example 1:

Parent Female Male

(Homozygote) (Homozygote)

Genotype HH hh
Key:

H: Black allele
Meiosis
h : White allele
Gamete H h

fertilisation

Offspring (F1)

Genotype Hh

F1 Phenotype Black

F1 Phenotype ratio All black

F1 Genotype ratio All heterozygote black

Example 2:

Parent Female Male

(Heterozygote) (Homozygote)

Genotype Hh hh
Key:

H: Black allele
meiosis
h : White allele
Gamete H h h
 fertilisation

Offspring (F1)

Genotype Hh hh

F1 Phenotype Black White

F1 Phenotype ratio 1 black : 1 white

F1 Genotype ratio 1 heterozygote black : 1 homozygote white

[10 marks]

Question 8(b):

Statement 1 :

P1 – Haemophilia occurs more often among men compared to women

P2 – Haemophilia can be inherited through sex chromosomes / sex – linked gene

P3 – Haemophilia gene is found on the X chromosome

P4 – Haemophilia gene is recessive gene

P5 – Men have higher probability to inherit haemophilia than women

P6 – because men have only one X chromosome while women have two X chromosomes

Statement 2 :

P7 – mempunyai warna kulit dan rambut yang abnormal iaitu berwarna putih
P8 – memiliki iris merah mudaatau biru dengan pupil merah

P9 – hilangnya pigmen melanin pada mata, kulit dan rambut

P10 – rabun jauh da rabun dekat yang sangat ekstrim

P11 – disebabkan oleh mutasi gen

[10 marks]

Total: 20 marks

Soalan no. 9
No. Kriteria Pemarkahan Markah
Soalan
Able to explain the differences between the two human
activities
Criteria
1. State the types of phenomena
2. C: the causes
3. E: the effects
4. S: ways to overcome
Sample answers

9(a) F1: (The phenomenon is) acid rain 1

The causes:
C1: Combustion/ Burning of fossil fuels in power stations/
factories/ motor vehicles 1

C2: release sulphur dioxide/ SO2 and oxides of nitrogen/

1
NO and NO2
C3: Form sulphuric acid and nitric acid when combine
1
with water vapour
1
 C4: Fall to Earth as acid rain/ snow/ hail/ fog/ frost/ dew

The effects
Agriculture:
E1: Leaching of minerals// the soil become acidic
1
Aquatic ecosystem:
E2: Increase acidity in the aquatic ecosystem// kill
1
phytoplankton// destroyed photosynthetic tissues//
accumulate insoluble aluminium ions in lakes and 1
rivers which kill aquatic organisms
Health:
E3: Acidic soil releases ions of certain heavy metals/ 1
contaminate the supply of drinking water// irritate the
lungs/ make breathing difficult/ asthma/ bronchitis.
E4: Corrode metal railing/ bridges/ damage buildings/
1
statues/ automobiles/ structures made of stone/ metal/
historic buildings

The ways to overcome / solutions

S1: Use scrubbers (to clean up emissions from power 1
stations and industrial plants)
S2: Use catalytic converters (to clean up emissions from 1
vehicle exhausts)

Must have F, C, E and S (at least one point)

Any 10
Sample answers

9(b) F: (Sustainable development refers to) the measures

undertaken to ensure that human activity optimally
utilize Earth’s natural resources such that they can be
 replenished naturally//suitable explanation
1

F1: Replanting trees in areas that have been logged//

reforestation
1
E1: to keep the ecosystems in their natural state (which
provides aesthetic values for humans) // preserve
natural resources for outdoor/ recreational activities//
eco-tourism // reduce stress// promote healthy life style 1
E2: to maintain soil fertility
E3: to prevent flood/ soil erosion / landslide/ (muddy) flood/ 1
(flash) flood
E4: to avoid species extinction// to prevent extinction of 1
flora and fauna/ organisms/ species
E5 : As an economic resource// source of raw materials for 1

construction industry / piling / furniture / boats /

houses/ production of charcoal / tannin / food / other
suitable example // provide foods to human //
1
resources for study / education / research

F2: Selective logging

E5: to maintain a balanced ecosystem// to allow maximum 1
interaction among the living organisms/ biotic factors
(in the ecosystem) and interaction between biotic and
abiotic factors 1

E6: to maintain major sources of human food/ e.g: ulam/

ferns/ meats/ honey// sources of medicinal plant/ eg:
1
herbs
E7: to sustain food web/ food chain in the ecosystem
E8: to prevent disruption of natural cycle of water/ carbon/
1
balance between photosynthesis and respiration//
balance oxygen and CO2 in the atmosphere // provide
 O2 // reduce CO2 1
E9: to decrease the carbon dioxide level in the
atmosphere // to reduce the greenhouse effect/ global
1
warming

E10: to maintain the biodiversity of the forest// maintaining

/ increasing biodiversity / complexity / variety of
1
organisms / species / flora and fauna
E11: to avoid lost of wildlife/ potential resources
E12: to avoid loss of watershed areas // provide natural 1
water catchment area
E13: maintaining (normal) weather (patterns) by minimize 1
climatic change / drought / harsh climate / maintain
temperature 1

E14 : As a site for breeding / feeding of flora and fauna /

serving as valuable nursery area for organisms

1
Must have F and any 10