PRIMITIVE PERIOD
- Acquired through ENCULTURATION (learning culture, values and knowledge
of a society)
- Aims to help people learn culture, develop behavior, guide in role building
- Teachers are the adult people
- Purpose is to shape children to becoming good members of tribe.
- PRE PUBERTY (participate in social processes)
- POST PUBERTY (initiation)
ANCIENT EGYPT
- Cultural (preserve and perpetuate culture)
- Utilitarian (transfer of skills so it can be used to daily life)
- Practical, technical, and professional
- Religious
- Developmental (agriculture)
- Education was domestic training, religious, and vocational.
- Women *vocational) and Men (Scribes- reading writing & Math)
- Medicine, Math, Geology, History, Music, Science
- Instruction is done through Memorization, imitation, observation & internship
ANCIENT INDIA
- Religious and traditional knowledge
- Palm leaves and bark of trees
- Vedas (ancient texts), Mahabharata (literature), Gautama Buddha (founder),
Manu Smriti (law book)
- Education to train for the completeness of life
- Education to mold character to the battles of life
- Education to train the young men and women
- Education to preserve noble ideas and culture
- GURUKAL SYSTEM (type of school, residential, pupils live with guru)
- Instruction is done though SHRAWANA/ SRUTU (listen to teacher), MANANA
(interpret), NIDHYASANA (comprehension of truth)
- BRAHMACHARYA SYSTEM (total of the responsibilities of a student. Rigorous
self-discipline and self control. Avoid all pleasure and luxury)
- CASTE SYSTEM
- Brahmins (priests and teachers)
- Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers)
- Vaishyas (farmers, traders, & merchants)
- Shudras (laborers)
- Dalits (outcasts- street sweepers, cleaners)
- VEDIC SYSTEM (Education of a child commenced at the age of five with the
ceremony called Vidyarambha. It was marked by learning the alphabets for
the first time and offering worship to goddess Saraswathi. Upanayana –
ceremony)
- GURUKUL was the house of the teacher who was a settled householder.
- PARISHADS OR ACADEMIES where the students of advanced learning
gathered and enriched themselves through discussions and discourses.
- GOSHTI OR CONFERENCES was a national gathering or congress
- ASHRAMAS OR HERMITAGES students from distant and different parts of the
country
- VIDYAPEETA was an institution for spiritual learning
- GHATHIKAS was an institution of highest learning
- AGRAHARAS were settlements of brahmins where they used to teach.
- MATHAS pupils reside and received instructions both religious and secular.
- BRAHMAPURI was a settlement of learned brahmins; Education was imparted.
- VIHARA was a Buddhist monastery; philosophy was taught.