DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

A Thesis
Submitted for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

From
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
Hyderabad, India

BY
Syed Saad Ahmed Quadri (04-07-2033)
Shoaib Ahmed (04-07-20042)
Syed Rameez Khaja (04-07-2033)

Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Muffakham Jah College of

Engineering And Technology

Hyderabad 500 032

2009-10

viii
 DEDICATED

To

Almighty Allah and Our Parents

viii
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we are the only authors of this thesis. I authorize Muffakham Jah
College of Engineering and Technology to lend this thesis to other institutions or
individuals for the purpose of scholarly research.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and
profound feeling of admiration to our thesis supervisor Mrs. Fabia Akbar and many
thanks to Mr. KRM Rao HOD Electrical and Electronics Department MJCET,
Mr. Venkat Rao, HOD, Bio Medical Department Osmania University, and all our
Professors. We would also like to use this opportunity to thank our friends and also the
students from Erciyes University, especially Miss. Sevda Çıtak, for their support and help
at various points of our project fruition.
 Abstract

Power quality problems encompass a wide range of disturbances such as voltage

sags/swells, flicker, harmonic distortions, impulsive transients and interruptions. Though
the impact of these disturbances causes minimal financial impact on residential areas, this
is not the case for industries that are heavily automated. A brief disturbance in the form
of voltage sag could cause the failure or malfunction of a single stage of a continuous
process and may cause heavy financial losses, apart from the damage to the machinery.

Voltage sags last until electrical network faults are cleared, and range from a few
milliseconds to several seconds. There are a number of methods to over come voltage
sags. One approach is to use dynamic voltage restorers with energy storage. The dynamic
voltage restorer with lead acid battery is an attractive way to provide excellent dynamic
voltage compensation capability as well as being economical when compared to shunt
connected devices.

The DVR is a custom power device that is connected in series with distribution
system. The DVR employs IGBTS to maintain the voltage applied to the load by
injecting output voltages, whose magnitudes, phase and frequency can be controlled.
These voltages are injected in synchronism with the voltages in the distribution systems,
to mitigate the voltage problems. In the proposed project, a DVR circuit is designed and
developed, and the performance of the same can be shown as wave forms on a CRO. The
circuit works on a 230V load
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements i

Abstract ii

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

Notations and Abbreviations vi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is this template? 1
1.2 Organization of this template. 1

2 Review of Related Literature 2

3 Methods 3

4 Results and Interpretations 4

5 Summary and Conclusion 5

Bibliography 6
Appendix 7

LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
NOTATIONS/ABBREVIATIONS
 Chapter 1
Introduction

The technological advancements have proven a path to the modern industries to extract
and develop the innovative technologies within the limits of their industries for the
fulfillment of their industrial goals. And their ultimate objective is to optimize the
production while minimizing the production cost and thereby achieving maximized
profits while ensuring continuous production throughout the period.

As such a stable supply of un-interruptible power has to be guaranteed during the

production process. The reason for demanding high quality power is basically the modern
manufacturing and process equipment, which operates at high efficiency, requires high
quality defect free power supply for the successful operation of their machines. More
precisely most of those machine components are designed to be very sensitive for the
power supply variations. Adjustable speed drives, automation devices, power electronic
components are examples for such equipments.

Failure to provide the required quality power output may sometimes cause complete
shutdown of the industries which will make a major financial loss to the industry
concerned .Thus the industries always demands for high quality power from the supplier
or the utility. But the blame due to degraded quality cannot be solely put on to the hands
of the utility itself. It has been found out most of the conditions that can disrupt the
process are generated within the industry itself. For example, most of the non-linear loads
within the industries cause transients which can affect the reliability of the power supply

7
[8,9]. Following shows some abnormal electrical conditions caused both in the utility end
and the customer end that can disrupt a process.

1. Voltage sags

2. Phase outages

3. Voltage interruptions

4. Transients due to Lighting loads, capacitor switching, non linear loads, etc..

5. Harmonics

As a result of above abnormalities the industries may undergo burned-out motors, lost
data on volatile memories, erroneous motion of robotics, unnecessary downtime,
increased maintenance costs and burning core materials especially in plastic industries,
paper mills & semiconductor plants.

Among those power quality abnormalities voltage sags and surges or simply the
fluctuating voltage situations are considered to be one of the most frequent type of
abnormality. Those are also identified as short term under/over voltage conditions that
can last from a fraction of a cycle to few cycles. Motor start up, lightning strikes, fault
clearing, power factor switching is considered as the reasons for fluctuating voltage
conditions.

As the power quality problems are originated from utility and customer side, the solutions
should come from both and are named as utility based solutions and customer based
solutions respectively. The best examples for those two types of solutions are FACTS
devices (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) and Custom power devices. FACTS devices
are those controlled by the utility, whereas the Custom power devices are operated,
maintained and controlled by the customer itself and installed at the customer premises

Both the FACTS devices and Custom power devices are based on solid state power
electronic components .As the new technologies emerged, the manufacturing cost and the
reliability of those solid state devices are improved; hence the protection devices which
incorporate such solid state devices can be purchased at a reasonable price with better
performance than the other electrical or pneumatic devices available in the market.
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR) and Active
Power Filters (APF) are examples for commonly used custom power devices. Among
those APF is used to mitigate harmonic problems occurring due to non-linear loading
conditions, whereas UPS and DVR are used to compensate for voltage sag and surge
conditions.

In this thesis the control of a Dynamic voltage restorer for single phase voltage sags has
been studied. Voltage sag may occur from single phase to three phases. But it has been
identified single phase voltage sags are the commonest and most frequent in India.
Therefore the industries that use three phase supply will undergo several interruptions
during their production process and they are compelled to use some form of voltage
compensation equipment. In this research it was found that the most common voltage
compensation equipment used in India is the UPS; though it’s considered to be an
expensive alternative to move towards a full UPS system. This is the basic reason to carry
out this research in that particular area and focused into single phase voltage sags.

The wave forms are clearly shown on CRO, and the associated operation of the circuit is
explained in the following chapters.

Once the DVR is connected to the system, the phase angle of this reference signal is
synchronized with the supply voltage phase angle by continuously monitoring the
reference phase angle using a look up table. Then by comparing this reference voltage
waveform with the measured voltage waveform, any occurrence of voltage abnormalities
was detected as an error. As the system detect any voltage sags as error, the power circuit
in the DVR generates a voltage waveform to compensate for the voltage sag. The design
of the power circuit parameters and the control circuit is discussed in the preceding
chapters in detail.

One problem was notified as the internal voltage drop of the DVR and it responds when
harmonics presents in the supply voltage by becoming the injected voltage being non
sinusoidal even under normal operating conditions. However at the normal operating
conditions, the injected voltage becomes less and their affect on the load voltage due to
distortion is less. Therefore this thesis has contributed a strong knowledge to the research
and development targeting industrial application to compensate the single-phase voltage
sags.

The basic flow of this report is as follows. Chapter 2 is about the Literature review, which
will describe the basic operation, structure. This chapter will give the reader a general
idea about the Dynamic Voltage restorer and its functionality.

Chapter 3 describes the

The were illustrated and discussed under Chapter 4.

Chapter 5 will give the reader some hints about further development proposals of this
new control technique and further the technical limitations found during the research
work. Chapter 6 is the conclusion
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

2.1 Power quality related problems in the distribution network

Together with the technological developments, maintaining the power quality is one of
the major requirements, the electricity consumers are demanding of. The reason is
modern technology demands for an un-interrupted, high quality electricity supply for the
successful operation of voltage sensitive devices such as advanced control, automation,
precise manufacturing techniques. Power quality may be degraded due to both the
transmission and the distribution side abnormalities.

The abnormalities in the distribution system are load switching, motor starting, load
variations and non-linear loads whereas lightning and system faults can be regarded as
transmission abnormalities. To overcome the power quality related problems occurring in
the transmission system, FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices play a
major role. These are also referred to as Utility based solutions. Similarly Custom Power
devices, which normally targeted to sensitive equipped customers, are used to overcome
power quality problems in the distribution network. One of the main advantages of the
FACTS devices is that they allow for increased controllability and optimum loading of
the lines without exceeding the thermal limits. Whereas Custom Power devices ensure a
greater reliability and a better quality of power flow to the load centers in the distribution
system by successfully compensating for voltage sags/dips, surges, harmonic distortions,
interruptions and flicker, which are the frequent problems associated with distribution
lines.
However, failure of such custom power devices cause equipment failing, mal operations,
tripping of protective relays and ultimately plant shut downs, which results huge financial
loss to the industry .Therefore proper design of control and selection of the custom power
device is very important.

2.1 Voltage sags and surges

The most frequent power quality associated problem in the distribution network is
voltage sags and surges and are shown in Figure 2.1 below.

Figure 2.1: top left, top right bottom left bottom right

- Voltage sag occurs at the zero crossing point & without a phase shift - Voltage surge
occurs at zero crossing point & without a phase shift - Voltage sag not at the zero
crossing point & without a phase shift - Voltage sag at zero crossing point with a phase
shift.
Voltage sag/surge can simply be defined as a sudden increase/decrease in the rms voltage
with duration of half a cycle to few cycles. In addition to the magnitude change of the
supply voltage, there can be a phase shift during the voltage sag / surge as shown in
Figure 2.1. The magnitude of the voltage sag will depend on the fault type and the
location and also on the fault impedance .The duration of the fault depends on the
performance of the relevant protective device. Further it has been found that the voltage
sags with magnitude 70% of the nominal value are more common than the complete
outages. Sags and surges can be identified by the voltage magnitude and the time
duration it prevails. IEEE 5191992, IEEE 1159-1995 describes it as in Table 2.1 [10]

Table 2.1 : IEEE definitions for the voltage sags and swells

For a particular disturbance (voltage sag or swell), if the voltage and time duration it
remains is within the range given in Table 2.1, the custom power devices are the
optimized solution to overcome the problem and compensate for the abnormality during
the time period it prevails [16].
2.2 Custom Power Devices
The most common custom power devices to compensate for the voltage sags and swells
are the Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR) and
Active Power Filters (APF) with voltage sag compensation facility. Among those the
UPS is the well known. DVRs and APFs are less popular due to the fact that they are still
in the developing stage, even though they are highly efficient and cost effective than
UPSs [3,14,21]. But as a result of the rapid development in the power electronic industry
and low cost power electronic devices will make the DVRs and APFs much popular
among the industries in the near future [1,22]. DVR and APF are normally used to
eliminate two different types of abnormalities that affect the power quality. They are
discussed based on two different load situations namely linear loads and non-linear loads.
The load is considered to be a linear when both the dependent variable and the
independent variable shows linear changes to each other. Resistor is the best example for
a linear device. The non-linear load on the other hand does not show a linear change.
Capacitors and inductors are examples for non-linear devices.

(a) When the supply voltage/current consists of abnormalities, while the load is
linear: In this case the custom power device together with the defected supply should be
capable of supplying a defect free voltage/current to the load. To be precise the device
should be able to supply the missing voltage/current component of the source. A reliable
device that can be used for the above case (for voltage abnormalities) is the DVR. It
compensates for voltage sags/swells either by injecting or absorbing real and reactive
power [15].

(b) Power supplied is in normal condition with a non linear load: When non-linear
loads are connected to the system, the supply current also becomes non-linear and this
will cause harmonic problems in the supply waveform. In such situation to make the
supply current as sinusoidal, a shunt APF is connected [8]. This APF injects/absorbs a
current to make the supply current sinusoidal. Hence the supply treats both the non-linear
load and the APF as a single load, which draws a fundamental sinusoidal current [23,24].

Figures 2.2a and b show the basic function of the DVR and the shunt APF.

Figure 2.2a & b: Basic operation of DVR (left) and APF (right)

From Figures 2.2a, b and the references it is clear that the DVR is series connected to the
power line, while APF is shunt connected. Among the custom power devices, UPS and
DVR can be considered as the devices that inject a voltage waveform to the distribution
line. When comparing the UPS and DVR; the UPS is always supplying the full voltage to
the load irrespective of whether the wave form is distorted or not. Consequently the UPS
is always operating at its full power whereas the DVR injects only the difference between
the pre-sag and the sagged voltage and that also only during the sagged period. Thus
DVR operating losses and the required power rating are very low compared to the UPS.
Hence DVR is considered as a power efficient device compared to the UPS.
 Chapter 3

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER HARD WARE

DESIGN

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER HARD WARE DESIGN

The actual dynamic voltage restorer basically consists of:

a) Single phase voltage source bridge inverter.

b) Micro controller circuit.

c) Opto coupler and driver circuits

d) Coupling network

e) Inverter driving circuitry

f) Isolated power supplies

3.1 Structure of DVR

The DVR basically consists of a power circuit and a control circuit. Control circuit is
used to derive the parameters (magnitude, frequency, phase shift, etc…) of the control
signal that has to be injected by the DVR. Based on the control signal, the injected
voltage is generated by the switches in the power circuit. Further power circuit describes
the basic structure of the DVR and is discussed in this section. Power circuit mainly
comprising of five units as in Figure 2.3 and the function and the requirement of each
unit is discussed below .

Figure 3.1: DVR Power circuit Block Diagram

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The basic block diagram of the proposed DVR system is as shown in the figure.
In the block diagram, the 230V, 50 HZ supply is isolated by means of a 1:1(230/230),
150VA isolation transformer. This isolated voltage is treated as the line voltage, which
supplies power to the load, through simulated line impedance. The simulated line
impedance is simply a wire wound resistor. To have maximum effect of voltage drop
across the line impedance, the resistance value considered is of very high value, in this
case it is 66 Ohms. The resistance 66 Ohm is obtained by connecting two 33 Ohms
10Watt resistors in series. After this simulated line impedance, a switch is connected,
through which the load can be connected or disconnected. In the return path, the DVR
output is connected, by means of the output winding of the coupling transformer,
developed. This output from the DVR is connected in series with the load, and mitigates
the line impedance effects, i.e. in this case the voltage drop caused by it.

The DVR circuit has to check the load voltage and need to be connected to the micro
controller circuit and correct the voltage if there is any shortage or excess when compared
to a reference voltage, by injecting appropriate voltage into the circuit by means of the
coupling network. As the micro controller can read voltages only between 0 and 5V. But,
the single phase voltage can have a peak voltage of 230√2 V at peak point during the
positive half cycle and -230√2 V during the negative half cycle. As this voltage cannot be
directly fed to the micro controller circuit, this voltage is attenuated to 2.5V at peak
points by means of a potential divider. The potential divider is basically a resistor divider
network, with resistors R1 and R2 as shown in the figure. One of these resistor values is
arbitrarily chosen and the other value is calculated, as explained below.

Initially, the R2 value is assumed and is 1.8KΩ. The supply peak voltage, output
voltage, R1 and R2 values are related by the following equation.

(R2÷ (R1+R2))×230√2 = 2.2 V

Here, the R1 value is calculated and is 2.6k

 The output voltage is considered to be 2.2V, instead of 5V that can be accepted by
the micro controller circuit. The micro controller has to sense both positive and negative
voltages, and the range it can accept is only 0 to 5V. Thus, for positive and negative
peaks if 2.5 V is generated as the output, then if 2.5 V is added then the output remains in
the range of 0 to 5V. But, the input supply voltage can have a value more than 230V rms.
In order to accommodate the excess voltages, instead of 2.5 V for peak voltages 2.2V is
generated. Thus, another 0.3 V is there to meet the higher voltages, if occurred.

The load in the present circuit is a 60 Watts lamp load. If the lamp load is not
connected, the output of the isolation transformer does not have any drop, and the full
voltage appears across the sensing circuit, and there is no need of any correction by the
DVR circuit. When the load is connected, the lamp glows and current flows through the
simulated line impedance, and there is an appreciable voltage drop across the line
impedance, and this drop in voltage need to be injected by the DVR circuit. How, this
voltage is injected is explained below.

The micro controller circuit along with its program detects the voltage reduction
or excess and provides triggering pulses to the power switches, which are connected to
form a single phase bridge inverter. The inverter generates a voltage in such a manner, so
that the resultant voltage across the load is simply the required 230V. The micro
controller continuously monitors the load voltage and the corrective action is taken so
that the voltage is always in the specified limits. The micro controller provides only 5V
pulses and they cannot drive the power switches directly as it requires the necessary
isolation. The isolation can be provided either by means of pulse transformers or by
means of Opto isolators. In the present project opto isolators are used, as they can provide
the triggering pulses at maximum frequency. The opto couplers also require the isolated
power supplies to trigger the power devices.
 The power supply block provides the necessary power supply voltages to the
respective modules. The power supply circuit module works on AC mains through
necessary step-down transformer.

The design details and the circuit operation is explained In the coming units.

3.3 Energy Storage Unit

Energy storage device is used to supply the real power requirement for the

compensation during voltage sag. Flywheels, Lead acid batteries, Superconducting

magnetic energy storage (SMES) and Super-Capacitors can be used as energy storage
devices [3,11,13]. For DC drives such as SMES, batteries and capacitors, ac to dc
conversion devices (solid state inverters) are needed to deliver power, whereas for others,
ac to ac conversion is required. The maximum compensation ability of the DVR for
particular voltage sag is dependent on the amount of the active power supplied by the
energy storage devices [8,13]. Lead acid batteries are popular among the others owing to
its high response during charging and discharging. But the discharge rate is dependent on
the chemical reaction rate of the battery so that the available energy inside the battery is
determined by its discharge rate [11,21].

3.4 By-pass switch

Since the DVR is a series connected device, any fault current that occurs due to a fault in
the downstream will flow through the inverter circuit. The power electronic components
in the inverter circuit are normally rated to the load current as they are expensive to be
overrated. Therefore to protect the inverter from high currents, a by-pass switch (crowbar
circuit) is incorporated to by-pass the inverter circuit [9,11]. Basically the crowbar circuit
senses the current flowing in the distribution circuit and if it is beyond the inverter
current rating the circuit bypasses the DVR circuit components (DC Source, inverter and
the filter) thus eliminating high currents flowing through the inverter side. When the
supply current is in normal condition the crowbar circuit will become inactive [8].

3.6 Voltage injection transformers

The high voltage side of the injection transformer is connected in series to the
distribution line, while the low voltage side is connected to the DVR power circuit. For a
three-phase DVR, three single-phase or three-phase voltage injection transformers can be
connected to the distribution line, and for single phase DVR one single-phase transformer
is connected .The basic function of the injection transformer is to increase the voltage
supplied by the filtered VSI output to the desired level while isolating the DVR circuit
from the distribution network. The transformer winding ratio is pre-determined according
to the voltage required in the secondary side of the transformer (generally this is kept
equal to the supply voltage to allow the DVR to compensate for full voltage sag) .A
higher transformer winding ratio will increase the primary side current, which will
adversely affect the performance of the power electronic devices connected in the VSI.
The rating of the injection transformer is an important factor when deciding the DVR
performance, since it limits the maximum compensation ability of the DVR. Further the
leakage inductance of the transformer brings to a low value to reduce the voltage drop
across the transformer. In order to reduce the saturation of the injection transformer under
normal operating conditions it is designed to handle a flux which is higher than the
normal maximum flux requirement. The winding configuration of the injection
transformer mainly depends on the upstream distribution transformer. If the distribution
transformer is connected in Δ-Y with the grounded neutral, during an unbalance fault or
an earth fault in the high voltage side, there will not be any zero sequence currents flow
in to the secondary. Thus the DVR needs to compensate only the positive and negative
sequence components. As such, an injection transformer which allows only positive and
negative sequence components is adequate. Consequently the delta/open configuration
can be used (shown in Figure 2.8-left). Further this winding configuration allows the
maximum utilization of the DC link voltage. For any other winding configurations (such
as star/star earthed) of the distribution transformer, during an unbalance fault all three
sequence components (positive, negative and zero) flow to the secondary side. Therefore
the star/open configuration (Figure 2.8-right) should be used for the injection
transformers, which can pass all the sequence components.

3.7 Single Phase Voltage Bridge Inverter

The dynamic voltage restorer concept uses power electronics to produce a voltage either
in phase or out of phase with mains voltage and is added to the supply voltage in order to
keep the load voltage essentially constant. These dynamic voltage restorer circuits are
relatively new and a number of different topologies are being proposed. Within each
topology, there are issues of required component ratings and methods of rating the overall
ratings for the loads to be compensated. The voltage source inverter is one such
configuration. In the present project the voltage source inverter is used and is controlled
in a specified manner, in order to control the voltage sags and swells.

The voltage source inverter is the heart of the DVR. There are two types of power circuits
applicable to single / three-phase DVR circuits; a voltage-source PWM converter
equipped with a dc capacitor, which is shown in Fig. 4 (a), and a current-source PWM
converter equipped with a dc inductor, which is shown in Fig. 4 (b). These are similar to
the power circuits used for ac motor drives. They are, however, different in their behavior
because DVR circuits act as Non-sinusoidal current or voltage sources.
Fig.4. Power circuits applicable to active filters: a) Voltage-source PWM converter
and b) current-source PWM converter.

Voltage source is preferred to current-source PWM converter because the voltage source
PWM converter is higher in efficiency; lower in cost, and smaller in physical size than
the current-source PWM converter, particularly in terms of comparison between the dc
capacitor and the dc inductor.

Moreover, the IGBT module that is now available from the market is more
suitable for the voltage-source PWM converter because a free-wheeling diode is
connected in anti-parallel with each IGBT. This means that the IGBT does not need to
provide the capability of reverse blocking in itself, thus bringing more flexibility to
device design in a compromise among conducting and switching losses and short-circuit
capability than the reverse-blocking IGBT. On the other hand, the current-source PWM
converter requires either series connection of a traditional IGBT and a reverse-blocking
diode as shown in Fig. 4 (b), or the reverse-blocking IGBT that leads to more
complicated device design and fabrication, and slightly worse device characteristics than
the traditional IGBT without reverse-blocking capability. In fact, almost all DVR circuits
that have been put into practical, commercial application in developed countries have
adopted the voltage-source PWM converter equipped with the DC-filter capacitor as the
power circuit, i.e. shown in fig.4 (a).

The voltage source inverter used in the DVR circuit makes the induction of required
voltage with required phase possible. This inverter uses dc capacitors as the supply and
can switch at a high frequency to generate a signal which will mitigate the voltage sags
and swells across the load.
The DVR circuit needs to provide real power to mitigate the voltage sags and swells
across the load. The amount of voltage to be mitigated and the amount of power to be
delivered to the load, decides the voltage and current rating of the inverter. The inverter
requires to be fed by a source to meet these requirements. Therefore, the Dc capacitors
and the filter components must be rated based on the power to be injected into the load
circuit to mitigate the voltage fluctuations.

The voltage waveform for mitigating the voltage variations in the load circuit is achieved
with the voltage source inverter, coupling transformer and an interfacing filter. The
coupling transformer needs to transfer energy from the voltage source inverter to the load
and at the same time need to provide low impedance on the load side, so that the
transformer winding itself doesn’t provide a voltage drop across the load. The voltage
source inverter also works at very high frequencies, thus a ferrite core based transformer
is designed and implemented. The transformer basically consists of 200 turns on the
primary side that is on the inverter side. The load side the transformer has 800 turns.
Thus, the transformer has a step-up nature, and the voltage applied by the inverter is
stepped up by 4 times and is applied to the load, in order to mitigate the voltage
variations. The transformer secondary side a capacitor filter is provided to smoothen and
filter out the high frequency components in the voltage into the load circuit. The rest of
the filter provides smoothing and isolation for high frequency components. The desired
voltage waveform to be injected is obtained by accurately controlling the switching of the
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in the inverter. Control of the voltage wave
shape is limited by the switching frequency of the inverter and by the available driving
voltage across the interfacing inductance.

When the inverter is not injecting any voltage into the load circuit, there is a small
ac voltage induced into the primary side of the transformer, due to current flow on the
secondary side of the transformer. The inverter IGBTs are with reverse diodes, and the
voltage gets rectified and charges the inverter supply capacitor. But, the inverter supply is
derived from a second transformer, and is always higher than the induced voltage. So, the
transformer does not load the mains supply, during the normal operating conditions.

Figure 4.a shows the basic topology of a full-bridge inverter for single-phase DVR circuit
output. This configuration is often called an H-bridge, due to the arrangement of the
power switches and the load. The inverter can deliver and accept both real and reactive
power. The inverter has two legs, left and right. Each leg consists of two power control
devices (here IGBTs) connected in series. The injection transformer is connected between
the midpoints of the two-phase legs. Each power control device has a diode connected in
anti parallel to it. The diodes provide an alternate path for the load current if the power
switches are turned off. Control of the circuit is accomplished by varying the turn on time
of the upper and lower IGBT of each inverter leg, with the provision of never turning on
both at the same time, to avoid a short circuit of the DC bus. In fact, modern drivers will
not allow this to happen, even if the controller would erroneously command both devices
to be turned on. The controller will therefore alternate the turn on commands for the
upper and lower switch, i.e., turn the upper switch on and the lower switch off, and vice
versa. The driver circuit will typically add some additional blanking time (typically 500
to 1000 ns) during the switch transitions to avoid any overlap in the conduction intervals.

The circuit of the single-phase voltage source bridge inverter is built around power
IGBTS (IGBT-25N120), because the working voltage of the circuit is only around 640V,
and the current that can be carried by the elements is less than 1Ampere. The inverter
switching current is very small because the load current it self is around 1 Amp with
200W lamp load, out of that the entire voltage can not be under mitigating voltage, and is
not required to be compensated for. These devices are triggered by the micro controller,
in such a way that the voltage sags and swells are removed from the sensitive load circuit,
which were introduced by the current flow through the line impedance. The micro
controller is programmed in such a way to identify the voltage to be injected and is also
programmed to generate the required triggering pulses for the voltage source inverter
switching devices (IGBT-25N120). The triggering pulses generated by the micro
controller can not be used to trigger the devices, as it requires isolation. Thus the
triggering pulses are applied to the opto-isolator and driving circuits. The output of the
voltage source inverter is coupled to the load circuit in series to the load by means of the
interfacing circuit.

Each power device in the inverter is protected from transients by means of a suitable
snubber circuit. The snubber circuit is just an resistor – capacitor series combination
connected across each and every power device. This snubber protects the power device
from the voltage and current transients.

3.8 Micro controller circuit

The micro controller circuit is the heart of the system, and is responsible for generating
the reference voltage waveform from the voltage waveform that is sampled from the
sensing network; it has obtained from the reference voltage sensing circuit. This
reference voltage waveform is generated keeping the zero crossing as the reference to
maintain the phase relationship of the load and correcting voltage. The micro controller
takes the zero crossing point as the reference and calculates the sample by sample the
voltage values, and are compared with the actual load voltage value sensed from the
potential divider network through the ADC of the micro controller, and based on the
comparison, the bridge inverter elements are triggered to compensate for the voltage
deviation from the reference value. As the voltage induced through the coupling
transformer, generated by the bridge inverter, the resulted voltage across the load will be
a pure sinusoid of required voltage. The sinusoid voltage purity can be improved by
increasing the switching frequency of the inverter power devices. This frequency is again
dependent on the micro controller operating frequency, and also on the coupling
transformer.
There are many different control methods that can be used to generate the compensating
voltage that mitigates the voltage variations in the load voltage. They are distinguished by
how the voltage reference signal is derived from the measured quantities.

The basic features needed with a micro controller for this application are:

• Two analog inputs, one analog input pin for reading the actual load voltage. This
input is obtained from the potential divider network connected across the load,
processed by an op-amp circuit, to meet the requirements of the ADC of the micro
controller. For better performance the minimum number of bits required may be a
minimum of 10bits. The second ASDC is used to sense the reference, in the
present case the reference is also generated by sensing the voltage at the
transformer secondary itself, before the line impedance. In the practical situations,
it is not possible, in practical situations, this voltage is generated by using
different software techniques.

• Approximately 4k-8k ROM space for the basic application software, which is to
be developed during the project implementation.

• Two output pins to drive the inverter switching elements.

• Minimum of 256 bytes of internal RAM.

• A 16-bit timer/counter with compare-match function to generate the required

reference voltage waveform.

Apart from these features, it is also required to have the following additional features, to
make the product a full fledged commercial product.
 • Additional analog input pins, to sense temperature, current, etc., for operating the
DVR circuit in safe limits. These inputs can be used as protective inputs.

• Additional digital inputs to sense the other inputs that can be generated either
from the sensors or to detect the status of the switching elements, using intelligent
triggering circuits.

• Additional 11-12 I/O lines to interface a 16Χ 2 character LCD for displaying the
essential values, such as the actual load voltage, injected voltage etc.,

• Additional 3-4 I/O lines to indicate the fault conditions through LEDs.

• Additional ROM/RAM memory space to incorporate PID controller algorithm for

better performance characteristics.

• A serial communication port for interacting with master controller, if any etc.

Most of the present day micro controllers from different manufacturers satisfy these
requirements.

Apart from these standard features, in order to use the micro controllers, especially to
write the developed code into ROM of the micro controller, the necessary software and
hardware support from the micro controller manufacturer, commonly referred as
developmental tools.

All these features (present and additional requirements) , are available with Renesas
R8C-1A controller with the following features.

• CPU configuration for the application.

• Facility to develop the programs and also verify them.

• On-chip clock structure, interrupt facilities.

• All the on-chip peripherals including ports, timer/counters, communication

facilities.
 • Facilities are available to use all the features of the selected micro controllers
without any physical hardware.

• Also plenty of external embedded modules are simulated for the application.

• Range of Plain Point LEDs and Seven Segment LED options.

• LCD modules in many configurations.

• Momentary ON keys.

• A variety of keypads upto 4 X 8 key matrix.

• Toggle switches.

• All modes of on chip serial port communication facility.

• IIC components including RTC, EEPROMs.

• SPI Bus based EEPROM devices.

PIN DIAGRAM:
The operational features of the micro controller along with the software instructions were
provided in the “Annexure-A”. The internal block diagram of the micro controller is
provided in fig.5.

Any micro processor or micro controller requires clock for its operation. Most of them
are having built in oscillators, and only a crystal of appropriate frequency has to be
connected across the terminals provided in the IC. The R8C-1A is designed to operate at
20MHz. So the crystal connected is 20MHz, and is connected across the specified pins as
shown in fig.6.

In the case of power On or whenever the CPU enters into an endless loop or a program of
an unknown destination, the CPU has to be resetted. In order to achieve, both power on
and manual reset, the circuit is to be connected as shown in fig.7
In the circuit, the minimum RC values must be chosen in such a way that at least a low
signal of four clock signals are to be kept on a Reset pin after the stabilization of circuit
power.

3.8.1 A/D CONVERTER:

The A/D converter consists of one 10-bit successive approximation A/D converter circuit
with a capacitive coupling amplifier. The analog input shares the pins with P1_0 to P1_3.
Therefore, when using these pins, ensure the corresponding port direction bits are set to
“0” (input mode).

When not using the A/D converter, set the VCUT bit in the ADCON1 register to “0”
(Vref unconnected), so that no current will flow from the VREF pin into the resistor
ladder, helping to reduce the power consumption of the chip. The result of A/D
conversion is stored in the AD register.

3.8.2 PERFORMANCE OF A/D CONVERTER

Table 3.7: Performance of A/D converter

 Analog input voltage does not depend on use of sample and hold function. When
the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage, the A/D conversion result
will be 3FFh in 10-bit mode and FFh in 8-bit mode.

 The frequency of φAD must be 10 MHz or below.

 Without sample and hold function, the φAD frequency should be 250 kHz or
above.

 With the sample and hold function, the φAD frequency should be 1 MHz or
above.

 In repeat mode, only 8-bit mode can be used.

3.9 TIMER

The microcontroller contains two 8-bit timers with 8-bit prescaler and a 16-bit
timer. The two 8-bit timers with the 8-bit prescaler contain Timer X and Timer Z. These
timers contain a reload register to memorize the default value of the counter. The 16-bit
timer is Timer C which contains the input capture and output compare. All these timers
operate independently. The count source for each timer is the operating clock that
regulates the timing of timer operations such as counting and reloading.

Timer c ,an example is given below:

Timer C is a 16-bit timer. Figure 14.23 shows the Block Diagram of Timer C. Figure
14.24 shows the Block Diagram of CMP Waveform Generation Unit. Figure 14.25 shows
the Block Diagram of CMP Waveform Output Unit. Timer C has two modes: input
capture mode and output compare mode. Figure 14.26 to 14.29 show the Timer C
associated registers.
3.10 OPTO-COUPLER AND GATE DRIVER CIRCUIT

The output form the micro controller is provided by the circuit is not sufficient to
drive the IGBT gates. They usually require a +12 volts at the gate with respect to emitter
to make it ON at the same time in order make it OFF it requires to apply a -12V at the
gate, and this is not directly possible with the outputs from the micro controller. For this
reason a suitable driver circuit is designed to provide the required signal to make the
IGBT ON or OFF. The circuit also cannot directly drive the IGBT, because of shock
hazards and also because of the isolation problem. For this reason opto isolation is used.

Opto couplers are capable of transferring an electrical signal between two circuits
while electrically isolating the circuits from each other. They generally consist of an
infrared LED, light emitting section at the input and a silicon photo detector at the output.
The input for opto couplers can be either AC or DC, which can drive the LED. The
output can be a photocell, photodiode, phototransistor, or photo Darlington. Photocells
are light-dependent resistors. They are used to detect changes in light intensity.
Photodiodes are a two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor
material in which the reverse current varies with illumination. A phototransistor is a
bipolar transistor used as a photo detector. It provides current at its output that is
proportional to light intensity at its input. The low-level input light current is amplified
by the current gain (beta) of the transistor. A photo Darlington is a pair of bipolar
transistors connected in a Darlington configuration to provide very high current gain and
often used as the photo detector section of an opto coupler.

Important performance specifications to consider when searching for opto

couplers include isolation voltage, rise time, collector emitter breakdown voltage,
resistance on, and operating temperature. Isolation voltage specifies the input-to-output
voltage withstanding capability of an optically coupled isolator. Rise time is the time that
elapses while a pulse waveform increases from 10% to 90% of its maximum value.
Collector emitter breakdown voltage refers to the voltage at which a transistor, biased in
the normal direction with no optical or electrical input to the base, will conduct a
specified current much higher than the normal leakage currents that occur at lower
voltages. The resistance on refers to the resistance of the opto coupler when activated.
Operating temperature is the temperature range the opto coupler is designed to operate in.
Mounting options for opto couplers include surface mount, flat pack, and through hole
(plug-in). In Surface Mount Technology (SMT), components are mounted on printed
circuit boards by soldering the component leads or terminals to the top surface of the
board. A flat pack is an IC package with gull wing or flat leads on two or four sides. In
Through Hole Technology (THT), opto couplers are mounted on printed circuit boards by
inserting component leads through holes in the board and then soldering.

The circuit diagram of the IGBT driver is shown in fig.6

Fig. 6: IGBT drive circuit

When the LED in the opto-coupler is OFF there is no light falling on the
phototransistor. The phototransistor is under OFF condition and the +12 V output appears
at the IGBT gate and emitter of the IGBT is directly connected to the 0V terminal of the
opto coupler power supply. When the LED is made ON by providing ‘1’ signal at the
input makes the LED ON, which makes the phototransistor ON. Because of this, the
IGBT gate is provided with a -12V, which make the IGBT OFF.

This way the IGBT is made ON and OFF by the signal provided by the micro
controller circuit. The micro controller output pins has to drive two opto coupler inputs,
one the top element of one of the arms, and the other to drive the bottom element of the
other arm. The micro controller output pins cannot drive this much of load. For this
reason, the micro controller out pins are connected to a buffer driver circuit, which is
basically an AND gate IC 7408. The AND gate output is used to drive the opto coupler
inputs. The AND gate output is very small current and is less than few milli amps. This
out put is not sufficient to drive the opto couplers. For this reason 555 timer IC is used,
which provide a maximum of 100 mamps. But, the 555 timer IC inverts the output, for
that reason the And gate outputs are given to NOT gates and the NOT gate in turn drives
the 555 IC. The output from the 555 IC is used to drive the opto couplers.

The micro controller provides a logic 1 for the entire positive half cycle in case of
error in voltage and similarly in the negative half cycle on the other pin. If these pulses
are directly used to drive the inverter, the inverter provides 50- Hz output. This output to
be injected into the power circuit requires a 50Hz transformer. This transformer becomes
bulky and also poses several other problems. For all the reasons, it is always preferred to
increase the operating frequency. This is done by using another 555 IC in astable mode.
These pulses are AND operated with micro controller otputs and are used to drive the
bridge inverter.

3.11 Coupling network

The voltage waveform for mitigating the voltage variations in the load circuit is
achieved with the voltage source inverter, coupling transformer and an interfacing filter.
The coupling transformer needs to transfer energy from the voltage source inverter to the
load and at the same time need to provide low impedance on the load side, so that the
transformer winding itself doesn’t provide a voltage drop across the load. The voltage
source inverter also works at very high frequencies, thus a ferrite core based transformer
is designed and implemented. The transformer basically consists of 200 turns on the
primary side that is on the inverter side. The load side the transformer has 800 turns.
Thus, the transformer has a step-up nature, and the voltage applied by the inverter is
stepped up by 4 times and is applied to the load, in order to mitigate the voltage
variations. The transformer secondary side a capacitor filter is provided to smoothen and
filter out the high frequency components in the voltage into the load circuit. The rest of
the filter provides smoothing and isolation for high frequency components. The desired
voltage waveform to be injected is obtained by accurately controlling the switching of the
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in the inverter. Control of the voltage wave
shape is limited by the switching frequency of the inverter and by the available driving
voltage across the interfacing transformer.

The driving voltage across the interfacing transformer secondary determines the
maximum dv/dt that can be achieved by the DVR circuit. This is important because
relatively high values of dv/dt may be needed to cancel higher order spikes. At the same
time to smoothen out the induced voltage pulses a capacitor is connected across the load.
If very high value capacitor is connected, the voltage spike reduces to a small voltage
step, and if very low capacitor is connected, the spiky nature of the induced voltage
remains. Therefore, there is a tradeoff involved in sizing the capacitor, and are just 0.22
micro farads.

3.12 Inverter Driving circuitry and Design of isolated power supply

In order to trigger the IGBTs, it is required to apply a +12volts pulse to make it

turn ‘ON’ and –12 volts pulse to turn it ‘OFF’, to the gate with respect to its emitter.
Even if GND (0v) potential is applied to gate, then also one can turn off the IGBT. But
the device turn off time will becomes longer. In order to reduce the turn off time, it is
advised to apply -12 volt pulse to the gate. To provide these pulses to the power device
gate with respect to the emitter, it is required to have a + / -12 volt power supply.
 Apart from this, there are altogether four power MOSFETs in the proposed
inverter circuit and all the power MOSFETs sources are not at the same potential. Thus in
order to provide triggering pulses to each and every MOSFET, it is required to have four
isolated power supplies of ± 12 volts which can be used to apply trigger pulses to the
respective MOSFETs. But fortunately the bottom two MOSFETs are at the same
potential and thus all the two bottom power devices do not require two isolated power
supplies and in fact one power supply can be used for the bottom devices.

With this, the triggering pulse circuit requires three numbers of isolated ±12 volts
power supplies and out of which two can be used to apply triggering pulses to two
switching devices and the other supply is used to provide triggering pulses for all the two
bottom devices. This sort of power supplies can be generated in many numbers of ways.
All the techniques can be broadly classified as 50 Hz transformers based or SMPS based.
In the first method, the 230 volts, 50 Hz supply is used to power the primary of the
transformer. The transformer consists of 6 numbers of isolated secondaries. Each
secondary winding provides 15-0-15-volt output which can be used to generate positive
or negative voltage supplies with rectifier and filter circuits. Though the circuit is simple,
the circuit mainly has certain problems. The main problem is the inter layer capacitance
between windings. If the inter layer capacitance is high it will lead to improper isolation
between the triggering pulse power supplies which restricts the power voltage that can be
used along with power switches.

In the SMPS mode of power supplies 12 to 18 volts dc supply is used to power

the circuit. The circuit basically consists of an oscillator driving push pull devices that
powers the primary of the SMPS transformer. This produces a very high frequency
magnetic flux, which is used to induce voltage in the secondary windings. The secondary
winding is used to produce 15-0-15 volt output which is rectified and filtered to be used
for triggering circuit.
 The circuit diagram is as shown in the fig. The circuit is powered by a 12-V
power supply derived from mains my means of a step down transformer and associated
rectifier and filter circuits. This DC supply is applied to the circuit. This DC supply is
converted to a very high frequency AC supply, by means of the two transistors and the
associated feedback circuit with them. The circuit is basically an astable mutivibrator,
driving the transformer in the push-pull mode. The secondary side of the ferrite cored
transformer consists of 3 no.s of isolated 15-0-15 windings. These secondary voltages are
rectified by means of rectifiers with capacitor filter. This provides the required outputs,
which can be used to drive the opto-coupler secondary side, which is meant for driving
the IGBT gate.
3.13 Isolated power Supplies for filter elements

Three different power supplies are required, to provide power to various blocks of
the over-all DVR circuit.

The micro controller requires basically a 5-V supply. But, the op-amp circuit
associated with the potential divider circuit requires a ±12 volts supply. This supply is
generated from a step-down transformer connected to the mains. The circuit is as shown
in the fig.

The DVR inverter requires a separate power supply, and this is generated from
another step-down transformer, and the circuit is shown in the fig.,

Another 12-V supply is generated using another step-down transformer, which is

mainly to power the isolated power generator circuit. This circuit is shown in the fig.,
3.14 Design of Instrument power supply

With any micro controller based equipment, power supply is an essential item,
which takes the input AC (230v, 50Hz) and converts the same into DC voltages of
specified values, required by the other circuits of the equipment, such as micro controller,
sensor amplifier, opto-coupler etc. Sometimes only a single power supply of value +5v is
sufficient. But in some cases both positive and negative voltages of specified values are
to be derived, because of the circuit involved; where as in other cases, different values of
the voltages may be required. This is entirely dependent on the other circuits of the
system.

In the proposed DC motor speed control circuit, Hitachi H8/300H-3664 micro

controller is used and the associated digital circuit requires a 5v regulated power supply
for its operation. But in order to drive the IGBT, it is required to provide an isolation
between the micro controller and the IGBT gate drive circuit. To provide the isolation,
two techniques can be used, one is a pulse transformer and second is an opto –isolator. In
the pulse transformer, the output pulse shape is not properly maintained and will have
voltage spikes at raising and falling edges of the driving pulse. For which, the IGBT is
very sensitive and may get damaged. To avoid this situation, opto-isolators are preferred.
With the opto –isolator, a second power supply is required in order to power up the
secondary side of the opto-isolator. The second power supply is completely isolated from
the 5v supply. The same supply can also be used to provide the feedback signal to the
micro controller i.e., the back EMF across the armature is attenuated and used to provide
a feed back to the micro controller, through another opto-isolator working in a linear
range. To operate this opto-isolator also the power supply needed is achieved from the
second power supply.

The circuit diagram of the desired power supply is as shown in fig.4.

Fig.4: Instrument Power Supply

In the circuit, a step down transformer of rating 230v primary with the isolated
secondary is used. One secondary winding provides an 8v ac output, with a current
capacity of 500mA, and the other winding provides 15:0:15v (i.e. center tapped
secondary) with a current capacity of 500mA.

The secondary winding-1, voltage is rectified by using a bridge rectifier. This is followed
by a capacitor filter to remove the ripple.

The secondary winding-2, voltages are rectified, by using two center tapped full wave
rectifiers, one providing positive voltage and the other providing the negative voltage.
The positive and negative voltages are again filtered by using two capacitor filters as
shown in fig.4.
In these instrument power supplies, the filter sections can be either π or L sections, but
these sections are not normally needed in low power, low voltage applications and only a
single capacitor is sufficient. The internal impedance of the secondary winding is
sufficient to limit the current during the initial surge. The capacitor value should be of
very high value for low ripple. Thus, a capacitor of 1000µ f with a working voltage of
18v is sufficient, but with a factor of safety the working voltage is considered as 35v.

The filtered DC output from secondary winding-1, without any load has a value of
10v to 12v with normal input supply of 230v AC. The input voltage may fluctuate over a
wide range practically. To accommodate these ranges a higher initial output, which is
more than 12v is considered. The regulator itself requires 2v higher than its regulated
output, i.e., 7v is needed for getting 5v. In order to accommodate the voltage fluctuations
on the lower side of 230v, another 5v additional voltage is considered.

This voltage is fed to a three pin regulator 7805, which basically provides an
output of 5v irrespective of its input supply, provided the input is greater than 7v. But, at
the maximum input voltage, it should not exceed 32v, and as it is, it never happens,
unless the input supply voltage is greater then 400v, and is of rare nature. The output of
this regulator is connected with a small capacitor of 0.1µ f (between output and ground).
This capacitor improves the noise immunity. This output drives the micro controller.

The filtered DC output from secondary winding-2, is also connected to a three pin
positive regulator, 7812 to obtain +12v and a three pin negative regulator 7912, to obtain
–12v. These supplies are used to power the IGBT/power MOSFET gate drive circuits.

The three pin regulators are very handy and are widely used by industry in order
to get regulated dc power supplies. These regulators are having built in features such as
over voltage, over current limitations and also thermal shut down. Thus, because of these
protection mechanisms these devices provide all the options required for an ideal
regulator.

This is the basic power supply module, which is designed and used with the circuit.

3.15 Inverter power supply:

In the practical situations the inverter is powered by an auxiliary power supply. In

the present project this power supply is provided with a power supply derived from
another transformer of 15-0-15 transformer. This output is rectified and filtered and then
provided to the inverter as power supply.

3.16 Complete Circuit Diagram

The total circuit diagram of the DVR is given below

The DVR circuit consists of two parts. The first part, being the power control circuit and
the second part being the actual control circuit. The power control circuit basically
consists of an isolation transformer, which provides 230volts isolated voltage and is
applied to a lamp load in series with simulated line impedance. The circuit also includes
DVR coupling transformer secondary side is also included. The reference voltage is
sensed by means of a potential divider which is situated near to the transformer secondary
and the second sensor circuit is situated near the load, which senses the actual voltage.
These are two voltages are fed to the control circuit.

The reference voltage and actual voltage are need to fed to the micro controller’s ADC
inputs. These inputs can handle only voltage in the range of 0 to 5v. But the sensed
voltages are having both positive and negative voltages and by means of the potential
divider network , The voltages are adjusted in such a way that the voltages are below
+2.5v in the positive half cycle and -2.5v during the negative half cycle. The op-amp
circuit is designed in such a manner to add 2.5v to these values, So that the entire signal
shifts to a range of 0 to 5 volts, so that the micro controller can sense both the voltages.
The 2.5v reference is also generated by means of 5v regulated power supply and using
two equivalent resistors in series, the center point voltage is take as reference.

The micro controller reads the two analog signals in succession and compares them. If
the load voltage is having any dip during positive half cycle, the micro controller
provides a ‘1’on one of the port pins. Similarly the micro controller reads the voltages
during the negative half cycle and if there is any voltage dip at load side a ‘1’ is provided
on the other port pins. The micro controller just reads the two voltages and compares and
if any dip during positive half cycle a ‘1’ is provided on one of the port pins and similarly
during the negative half cycle also. The reading comparison continuous and the operator
is kept in a loop. Thus the micro controller provides a ‘1’ on one of the port pins during
positive half cycle and a ‘1’ on the other port pins during negative half cycle. Thus a ‘1’
indicates the error.

In case of error a ‘1’ is provided continuously for one complete half cycle, thus making
the cycle the 50Hz one. If the inverter elements are kept on for entire 10ms period if leads
to a short circuit, because the coupling transformer is designed to handle high frequency.
In order to suit this requirement, the micro controller output is ANDed with high
frequency clock generator by means of a 555 timer IC. The 555 timer IC is working in
astable mode and provides 10k HZ output. Thus the AND gates outputs are a high
frequency clock during the error during a positive are negative half cycle i.e. one gate
provides clock during the positive half cycle if error is there, and similarly the other gate
provides clock during the negative half cycle if error is there.

The AND gate outputs are provided to 2 NOT gates. The NOT gate itself may not be able
to drive the opto couplers. In order to increase the driving capability of the circuit the
output of the not gate is provided to a 555 IC. The 555 IC can provided a maximum of
300ma sinking and sourcing capability and can drive the opto couplers. The opto couplers
in turn drive the power MOSFETs.

The inverter MOSFET elements are connected in single phase bridge format. The single
phase bridge is power by under power supply again derived from the another transformer
this power supply is derived from a transformer with a secondary voltage of 30v. This
voltage is rectified and filtered and this voltage is fed to the bridge inverter as power
supply. The bridge inverter power MOSFET sources are not at the same potential so
these isolated power supplies need to be generated. This isolated power supplies are
generated using the an astable multi-vibrator built around BDBP transistors, driving a
ferrite cored transformer. The ferrite transformer is having 3 isolated secondary
windings, with center tap facility. By using these windings, the isolated voltage are
derived. This voltages are rectified and filtered and positive or negative voltages are
acquired. These voltages are used to drive the opto coupler photo transistor. So that when
the MOSFET need to be ON, at 12v is applied and when need to be OFF a -12v is applied
to the gate.

The output from the bridge inverter is applied to the ferrite cored coupling transformer.
The secondary of ferrite cored coupling transformer is connected to the power line to
mitigate the voltage values. The secondary voltage need to be filter and applied to the line
circuits. But the present case, filter is not used. If filter is used the voltage gets smoothed
and the smooth voltage is applied to mitigate the voltage sags.
 Chapter 4

DVR CODE

/
***********************************************************************/

/* */

/* FILE :varpwm.c */

/* DATE :Wed, Jun 10, 2009 */

/* DESCRIPTION :Main Program */

/* CPU TYPE :Other */

/* */

/* This file is generated by Renesas Project Generator (Ver.4.0). */

/* */

/
***********************************************************************/

#include "sfr_r81B.h" //Definition of R8C/13 SFR

#include "config.h" //Declaration of interrupts and functions

#define enable1 p1_0

#define enable2 p1_1

unsigned char i=89,x=1,y=1;

unsigned char
a[]={0x0000,0x0001,0x0002,0x0002,0x0003,0x0004,0x0005,0x0006,0x0007,0x0009,0x
000a,0x000c,0x000d,0x000f,0x0010,0x0012,0x0013,0x0015,0x0016,0x0018,0x0019,0x0
01b,0x001c,0x001e,0x001f,0x0021,0x0022,0x0024,0x0025,0x0027,
0x0028,0x002a,0x002b,0x002d,0x002e,0x0030,0x0031,0x0033,0x0034,0x0036,0x0037,
0x0039,0x003a,0x003c,0x003d,0x003f,0x0040,0x0042,0x0043,0x0045,0x0046,0x0048,0
x0049,0x004b,0x004c,0x004e,0x004f,0x0051,0x0052,

0x0054,0x0055,0x0057,0x0058,0x005a,0x005b,0x005d,0x005e,0x0060,0x0061,0x0063,
0x0064,0x0066,0x0067,0x0069,0x006a,0x006c,0x006d,0x006f,0x0070,0x0072,0x0073,0
x0075,0x0076,0x0078,0x0079,0x007b,0x007b,0x007c,

0x007c,0x007d};

void compare0(void)

enable1=1;

ir_cmp0ic=0;

asm("REIT");

void compare1(void)

enable1=0;

ir_cmp1ic=0;

if(x==1)

i--; //i++;

tm0=a[i];//0x003d;

tm1=0x007d;//0x007c;

}
 if((a[i]==0x0000)|(x==2))

tm0=a[i];//0x003d;

tm1=0x007d;//0x007c;

x=2;

if(i==89)

x=1;

if(y==1)

enable2=1;

else

enable2=0;

y=0;

y++;

i++;//i--;

asm("REIT");

void main()
{

asm("FCLR I"); //Interrupt disable

prc0=1; //Protect off

//**************************************

// CPU Clock Setting

//**************************************

//Note: Include asm("nop")for oscillator's stabilization period after clock setting is

done.

//User may set on-chip oscillator to off when Main Clock is selected.(cm14=1)

cm05=0;cm13=1;cm14=0; //Main Clock selected(cm0 bit 5, cm1 bit 3

and 4, ocd bit 2)

cm15=1; //High Drive Capacity selected(CM1 bit 5)

ocd2=0; //Main Clock selected(ocd bit 2)

cm16=0;cm17=0;cm06=0; //Divide by 8 selected(cm0 bit 5)

prc0=0; //Protect on

init(); //Inital setting

asm("FSET I"); //Interrupt enabled

asm("NOP");

cmp0ic=1;

cmp1ic=1;

tcc00=1;

enable2=0;
 while(1);

void init(void)

//**************************************

// Port1 Setting

//**************************************

pd1=0x03; // Port P1 direction register

drr=0x00; // Port P1 drive capacity control register

pd1_0=1;

pd1_1=1;

//**************************************

// Timer C Setting

//**************************************

//Note:At the end of Timer C Setting, set tcc00=1 to start timer C counting.

//To use high-speed on-chip oscillator as timer c count source, make sure
HR00=1(high-speed on-chip oscillator on).

//Set CMP output pins(P10-P12,P30-P32) to output(under output compare mode).

//Set P33/INT3/TCIN pin to input(under input capture mode).

//Set INT3 to input when selecting INT3 as measurement pulse.

 tm0=a[89];

tm1=0x007d;

tcc0=0x9a;

tcc1=0xbc;

tcout=0x01;

ir_cmp0ic=0;

ir_cmp1ic=0;

//**************************************

// ADC Setting

//**************************************

//Note:For 8-bit resolution, when conversion finished, read AD result at AD

register(00C0H).

//Note:For 10-bit resolution, when conversion finished, read AD result at AD

register(00C0H,00C1H).

//Set AN8 pin to input port direction

vcut=1;adgsel0=1;ch0=0;ch1=0;ch2=1; //Port P1 group: AN8 is

selected(adcon0 bit 0-3)

md=0; //One-shot mode selected(adcon0 bit 3)

cks1=1; cks0=0; //fad selected(adcon1 bit 2)

bits=1; //10-bit mode selected(adcon1 bit 1)

smp=0; //Without sample and hold selected(adcon2 bit 0)

adst=1; //A/D conversion starts(adcon0 bit 6)

ir_adic=0;
}
 Chapter 5

Summary and Conclusion

In the Present Project Dynamic Voltage Restorer has been Designed and Developed. The
Developed Dynamic Voltage Restorer is evaluated using small loads. In order to Reduce
the Voltage across the Load, and Simulated line Impedance is used. As the load Current
Passes through the line Impedance, Results in a Voltage Drop across it, Thus Reducing
the Voltage across the load. This reduction in voltage is restored back by using the DVR
Circuit that is developed. The wave form which is seen on a CRO Include, The Normal
Voltage wave form without any Deduction in Voltage that is Possible when load is not
connected. The second wave form is the line voltage across the load; When DVR is kept
in OFF mode. This clearly indicates the reduction in Voltage across the load, Due to the
load current flow to the Simulated line Impedance. The hide wave form is the load
voltage, when the load is connected and DVR is made on. This wave form clearly
indicates that the DVR is injecting a Voltage Into the line in a manner so as to mitigate
the reduction voltage i.e voltage sag caused by simulated line impedance. This waveform
clearly indicates that the developed system is working satisfactorily for the specification
it has been designed for.

Though the subject is satisfactorily working, the system is only a

primitive one, which demonstrated the functionality and working of a DVR. The system
can be further improved by implementing adding advanced control and sensing
techniques and methods.

In the present circuit the reference voltage wave form is the transformer
secondary voltage before it is passed through the simulated line impedance. This is not
the practical simulation, as the line length is usually very large, and it is highly
impossible to sense the voltage at the starting point of a transmission line. Instead, the
voltage can be sensed at the load point itself and from that the reference voltage can be
generated. This requires special Algorithms using DSP Techniques or dedicated ASIC
devices, which are meant for generating the reference wave forms, from the load voltage.

In our model the micro controller simply acquires the reference and actual voltages
and are compare to establish the error and the output is used to control the inverter in
such a manner to increase the output voltage to the required value. There are different
algorithms available to implement the control. Better control techniques can be
implemented.

The total system has to be protected from faults such as over currents, over
voltages and temperatures. The micro controller can be programmed to detect these faults
and safely turn off the system in case of faults.
 Bibliography
[1] A.El Mofty, K.Youssef, “Industrial Power Quality Problems”
Alexandria Electricity Company, Alexandria – Egypt.
[2] Chi-Seng Lam, Man-Chung Wong, Ying-Duo Han, “Stability study
on Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)”, Proceedings of First
International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and
Applications 2004, Nov. 2004, pp 66 – 71.
[3] Agileswari K. Ramasamy; Rengan Krishnan Iyer; Dr. Vigna K
Ramachandramurthy, Dr.R.N.Mukerjee, “Dynamic Voltage Restorer
for voltage sag compensation”, Conference on Power Electronics and
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[4] Changjiang Zhan, Vigna Kumaran Ramachandaramurthy,
Atputharajah Arulampalam, Chris Fitzer, Stylianos Kromlidis, Mike
Barnes and Nicholas Jenkins, “Dynamic Voltage Restorer based on
Voltage-Space-Vector PWM control” IEEE Transactions on Industry
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[5] V.K.Ramachandaramurthy, C.Fitzer, A.Arulampalam, C.Zhan,
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voltage restorer” ,IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, Vol.149, No.5, September 2002, pp 533 – 542.
[6] Neil H. Woodley, Ashok Sundaram, “Field experience with the new
platform-mounted DVR” IEEE Transactions on Power quality
improvement methods, 2000, pp. 1323–1328.
Supply voltage Vref Vcontrol Load voltage
Supply voltage Vcontrol Vinjected Load voltage Load current
[7] N.H.Woodley, “Field experience with Dynamic Voltage Restorer
(DVR MV) Systems”, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting
2000, IEEE, Vol.4, Jan. 2000, pp 2864 -2871.
[8] Changjiang Zhan, Atputharajah Arulampalam, Nicholas Jenkins,
“Four-wire Dynamic Voltage Restorer based on a three-dimensional
voltage Space Vector PWM algorithm”, IEEE Transactions on Power
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M.Barnes, N.Jenkins, “Control of a battery supported dynamic
voltage restorer” ,IEE Proceedings on Gneeration, Transmission and
Distribution, Vol.149, No.5, September 2002, pp 533 – 542.