Quiz 3 Review Questions and Answers

DSCI 305

Questions 1-17 are True/False questions.

1. To compare two population means one can use either the t test or the ANOVA F test.
True

2. In comparing three or more population means, if there are significant differences among the
population means, the between group variance tends to be larger than the within group variance.
True

3. The between group variation in ANOVA is usually due to random sampling.

False. The between group variation is due to treatment (or a factor) while the within group
variation is due to random sampling.

4. To compare three or more population means using ANOVA, all populations should have Normal
distributions and their variances should be equal.
True

5. In multiple comparisons, the individual  is the probability that the null hypothesis is falsely rejected
in each single pair of means being compared.
True

6. A two-way table presents data for only two variables.

True

7. A two-way table describes relations between categorical or categorized numerical variables.

True

8. A two-way table presents data for categorical variables with two categories only.
False. A categorical variable with any finite number of categories can be incorporated in a two-
way table.

9. One can use the z test to compare two or more population proportions.
False. The z test can be used to compare two population proportions. To compare three or more
population proportions, the chi0square test should be used.

10. To compare two population proportions, one can use either the chi-square test or the z test.
True

11. A chi-square test statistic cannot be negative.

True

12. A chi-square test becomes more accurate as the total cell counts in a two-way table increases.
True

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13. In a chi-square test to examine the association between two variables, the null hypothesis is that there
is an association between the two variables.
False. The null hypothesis is that there is no association between the two variables.

14. A chi-square test to examine the association between two categorical variables has a one-tailed
rejection region.
True. The larger the test statistic, the stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.

15. When we compare two population proportions, the chi-square test statistic is the same as the square of
the z test statistic.
True.

16. If all the conditional distributions in a two-way table are not much different from each other, there is a
significant association between the two variables in the table.
False. If all the conditional distributions in a two-way table are similar, there is no significant
association between the two variables in the table.

17. The chi square procedure can be applied to a two-way table larger than 22 when the sample size is
large enough that the average expected count is at least 5 and the smallest expected count is at least 1.
True. For a 2x2 two-way table, all expected counts should be at least 5.

The following description is for questions 18-33:

Four product designs have been examined. Each of the four designs was given to an independent random
sample of consumers in the same market area. The consumers evaluated the attractiveness of the designs
and the resulting scores are given in the worksheet “designs” of the Excel file “DATA midterm 2-1
review.”
18. State the null and alternative hypotheses to test if there are any differences in consumer evaluation
scores among the four designs.

19. Examine the equal population variances assumption using a simple rule of thumb.
Based on the Excel ANOVA output shown below, the largest standard deviation is less than twice
the smallest standard deviation. Thus, we accept the assumption that the population variances are
equal.

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20. What are the degrees of freedom for the between groups, within groups, and total variation.
Degrees of freedom for the between groups variation = I –1 = 4 –1 = 3.Degrees of freedom for the
within groups variation = N –I = 80 –4 = 76.

21. Find the critical value

The critical value is 2.725 from the output. We can also get the critical value from F.INV.RT(0.05,
3, 76).

22. Write the decision rule.

We reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic is great than 2.725.

23. Find the mean squares for the between and within groups.
MSG = 3.149 (= 9.448 / 3),MSE = 1.035 (= 78.678/ 76)

24. Find the F statistic.

F=3.042 (= MSG / MSE = 3.149 / 1.035)

25. Find the P-value of the test.

P-value is 0.034. We also obtain it by F.DIST.RT(3.042, 3, 76).

26. What is the conclusion of the ANOVA test?

We reject the null hypothesis since the test statistic is greater than the critical value or the P-value
is smaller than the significance level.

27. Consider the multiple comparisons using the least-significant differences method. Find the critical
value when the individual  = 5% using an Excel function.
With d.f. = 76 and = 5%, the critical value, t*= T.INV.2T(0.05, 76) = 1.992.

28. Find the t statistic of a pairwise comparison between Designs A and B.

29. Find the P-value of the above test between Designs A and B.
The P-value is obtained by T.DIST.2T(2.147, 76) = 0.035.

30. What is the conclusion of the t test for the pair between Designs A and B with the individual  = 5%.
We reject the null hypothesis, i.e., there is significant difference in mean scores between Designs
A and B.
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31. If we want to test the multiple comparisons with the family  = 5%., what should be the individual 
according to the Bonferroni method?

32. Find the critical value using an Excel function.

The critical value is obtained from T.INV.2T(0.0083, 76) = 2.709.

33. Perform the t test again for the pair between Designs A and B with the family  = 5%.
We fail to reject the null hypothesis since the test statistic is less than the critical value (t= 2.147<
t* = 2.709) or the P-value is greater than the significance level (P-value = 0.035 > significance
level = 0.0083).

The following description is for questions 34-42.

The human resources manager of a company studies a random sample of 500 employees to determine
whether there is a relationship between absenteeism and marital status. Absenteeism during the past year
was broken down into three levels: no absence, 1-5 absences, and 6 or more absences. marital status was
divided into four categories: single, married, divorced, and widowed. The following table shows a two-
way table for the sample of 500 employees” (The same table is given in the worksheet “absenteeism” of
the Excel file “DATA midterm 2-1 review” for your analysis.)

Marital Absentee Rate

Total
Status none 1-5 over 5
Single 84 82 34 200
Married 50 64 36 150
Divorced 50 34 16 100
Widowed 16 20 14 50
Total 200 200 100 500

34. State the null and alternative hypotheses of the above test.
Ho: Absenteeism is notassociated withmarital status.Ha: Absenteeism is associated with marital
status.

35. If the null hypothesis is true, what is the expected count of single employees who had no absence last
year?
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 The expected count = 200x200 / 500 = 80
36. Is the sample size large enough to apply a chi-square test to the data?
The average expected count is greater than five and the smallest expected count is greater than
one. Thus, the rule of thumb is satisfied, and the sample size is large enough to apply the chi-
square test.

37. A certain statistic of every cell should be summed up to determine the chi-square statistic. Find the
statistic of the cell associated with “single” and “none.”
The statistic of the cell associated with “single” and “none”= (84 –80)^2/ 80 = 0.2

38. Find the degrees of freedom for the chi-square statistic.

The degrees of freedom for the chi-square statistic = (r -1)(c -1) = (4 –1)(3 –1) = 6

39. Find the critical value to test the hypotheses at  = 5%.

From Table F,the critical value = 12.59. Alternatively, the same critical value is obtained from
CHISQ.INV.RT(0.05, 6).

40. Find the test statistic.

The test statistic is 10.88 from the above output.

41. Find the P-value of the test.

The P-value = CHISQ.DIST.RT(10.88, 6) = 0.092.

42. What is the conclusion at  = 5%?

Fail to reject the null hypothesis since the P-value of 0.092 is greater than of 5%or the test statistic of
10.88 is less than the critical value.