COMPUTER

ARCHITECTURE
ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY-
Name: Akhilesh Nagarkoti
Course: M.Sc. Informatics, 1st year
Roll No.: 1407
Q3. What is the difference between Virtual Reality(VR) and
Augmented Reality(AR)?

Virtual Reality

Virtual reality devices have exploded in popularity among tech fanatics and
media fans, but the virtual world is still new for many people. Virtual reality is a
computer-generated environment accessed through an immersive device – like
a headset – that allows a user to fully engage with an alternate, generated
world. In virtual reality, the generated environment is completely separate
from the physical world, catering particularly to complex media like films and
video games.

Augmented Reality

Like virtual reality, augmented reality is a way of connecting with an enhanced

environment. However, where virtual reality seeks to completely replace our
world, augmented reality simply adds layers onto it. This way, people can still
interact with their physical environment while gaining additional information
from their augmented reality devices or applications.
 Differences between Virtual and Augmented Reality

1. Devices Used in Virtual and Augmented Reality

Virtual reality is typically accessed through a headset. This way, the real world
can be completely blocked out and replaced by the generated environment.
Because the user does not need to interact with anything “real,” there is no
need for augmenting devices like phones. The information provided by the VR
device can include not just the visual display but sound, touch (a controller
rumbling, for instance), and smell and taste in advanced settings. While most
current retail devices cannot be programmed to create scents or tastes, these
features can be experienced in action at places like 4D theatres.

Augmented reality devices are more diverse in design. Some AR devices are
similar to wearable headsets, like the Google Glass glasses. AR commonly also
uses cell phones to display layers onto the surrounding environment on its
screen. In this case, phone or tablet apps are the actual AR interface, not the
phone itself. Cameras can likewise superimpose layers onto the world as the
user looks through the lens. Older AR systems often used computers as the
interface between the real world and the augmented reality, but today
computers tend to be used for VR instead. Like VR devices, AR devices and
apps try to communicate with all of a user’s senses to create a believable
experience, but sound and sight are the easiest information to communicate
currently.

2. Level of Immersion in Virtual and Augmented Reality

Virtual reality is designed to be a completely immersive system. A VR device

completely blocks out the user’s physical environment and generates a virtual
display. For this reason, VR is especially good for media like video games or
augmented movies, where the user would want to be completely focused on
the content they’re viewing. However, VR is not integrated as subtly into the
world as AR and breaks the user’s concentration.
 Like its name implies, augmented reality is not a completely separate
environment. Instead, it is a layer on top of the user’s physical environment,
and it generally depends on the features of the real world to properly express
its content. An AR phone application may require a user to be standing near a
historic landmark or a certain restaurant to see new information or artwork on
their phone, for instance. AR is not intended to be as immersive as VR.

3. Type of Media Displayed in Virtual and Augmented Reality

Because virtual reality is an immersive system that typically uses computers or

other powerful machines to render its environments, virtual reality media
tends to be complex. Video games and movies are the most common forms of
media adapted for virtual reality. These processes require a computer or
console to display, and can be considered luxury products of their own.

Augmented reality media is usually much less process-intensive than virtual

reality. A phone or a detached headset can render the layers of an AR product.
Since AR is meant to be a subtle addition to the physical world, AR media often
takes the form of marketing campaigns or artwork. Campaigns like these can
easily provide new layers of information to the user’s environment without
requiring the processing power or user-end concentration of virtual reality
devices.

4. How the Reality is Generated in Virtual and Augmented Reality?

Virtual reality can be generated in several different ways depending on the

media being displayed. Video games are often instantly rendered as the user
plays, if a game engine is present, or they can be pre-rendered, in which case
they are static and similar to a picture or movie. Some people also consider
360-degree videos to be virtual reality; these are completely pre-generated.
 Augmented reality is often coded for phone apps, and renders reactively
depending on the user’s location. It can be programmed similarly to virtual
reality, but generally does not need an advanced engine to render.

5. Occurring Live or Pre-Programmed in Virtual and Augmented Reality

Although virtual reality can react to a user’s input during media like a video
game, it does not, by definition, react to the physical environment. The VR
world and the real world are separate and nonreactive, and the VR media is
pre-programmed.

Augmented reality has more potential to be reactive to the physical world than
VR. Because AR is integrated into the user’s physical environment, any changes
occurring live will also occur to the augmented reality layers. Augmented
reality can react to the real world primarily through noting the user’s
coordinates and changing its display accordingly; there’s potential for more
reactions to be programmed into AR as the technology advances.

Summary of Virtual and Augmented Reality

 Virtual reality and augmented reality are both new ways to use technology to
interface with the world
 Virtual reality blocks out the physical world to create a new environment,
while augmented reality adds layers of new information onto the real world
 Virtual reality does not interact with or react to the real world, but augmented
reality can and does react to changes in the user’s environments
 Virtual reality is generally accessed through headsets, while augmented reality
can be accessed typically through headsets or phone applications
Q2. What is multiprocessing, multithreading and batch processing?
Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing sometimes refers to executing multiple processes
(programs) at the same time. This might be misleading because we
have already introduced the term “multiprogramming” to describe
that before.
In fact, multiprocessing refers to the hardware (i.e., the CPU units)
rather than the software (i.e., running processes). If the underlying
hardware provides more than one processor, then that is
multiprocessing. Several variations on the basic scheme exist, e.g.,
multiple cores on one die or multiple dies in one package or multiple
packages in one system.
Anyway, a system can be both multiprogrammed by having multiple
programs running at the same time and multiprocessing by having
more than one physical processor.

Multithreading
In computer architecture, multithreading is the ability of a central
processing unit (CPU) (or a single core in a multi-core processor) to
execute multiple processes or threads concurrently, supported by
the operating system. This approach differs from multiprocessing. In
a multithreaded application, the processes and threads share the
resources of a single or multiple cores, which include the computing
units, the CPU caches, and the translation lookaside buffer (TLB).
Where multiprocessing systems include multiple complete
processing units in one or more cores, multithreading aims to
increase utilization of a single core by using thread-level parallelism,
as well as instruction-level parallelism. As the two techniques are
complementary, they are sometimes combined in systems with
multiple multithreading CPUs and with CPUs with multiple
multithreading cores.
Batch processing
The grouping together of several processing jobs to be executed one
after another by a computer, without any user interaction. This is
achieved by placing a list of the commands to start the required jobs
into a BATCH FILE that can be executed as if it were a single program:
hence batch processing is most often used in operating systems that
have a COMMAND LINE user interface. Indeed, batch processing was
the normal mode of working in the early days
of mainframe computers, but modern computer applications
typically require frequent user interaction, making them unsuitable
for batch execution.
Running a batch file is one example of batch processing, but there
are plenty of others. When you select several documents from the
same application and print them all in one step (if the application
allows you to do that), you are "batch printing," which is a form of
batch processing. Or let's say that you want to send a whole group of
files to someone else via your modem-if your communications
software permits batch processing, you can choose all the files you
want to send, and have the software send them off in a batch while
you go to the kitchen for a snack. Batch processing is a good feature
to have in most applications.