Table of Content

No. Content Page

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Introduction Background 1

1.2 Theory 2

1.3 Objective 5

2.0 Experimental Procedure

2.1 Procedure 5

2.2 Apparatus 6

3.0 Result

3.1 Data of Experiment 7

3.2 Sample of Calculation 10

3.3 Graph 12

4.0 Discussion and Conclusion

4.1 Discussion 15

4.2 Conclusion 16

5.0 References 17

6.0 Appendices 18
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction Background

A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating
the liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. The most common type is the volute pump. Fluid enters
the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated radially
outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws
more fluid into the pump.

The centrifugal or rotor-dynamic pump produce a head and a flow by increasing the velocity
of the liquid through the machine with the help of a rotating vane impeller. Centrifugal pumps include
radial, axial and mixed flow units. The radial flow is a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is
developed wholly by centrifugal force while for mixed flow is a centrifugal pump in which the
pressure is developed partly by centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes of the impeller on
the liquid and also axial flow is a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is developed by the
propelling or lifting action of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.

Centrifugal pumps can further be classified as

 end suction pumps

 in-line pumps
 double suction pumps
 vertical multistage pumps
 horizontal multistage pumps
 submersible pumps
 self-priming pumps
 axial-flow pumps
 regenerative pumps

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 Figure 1.0: Basic Elements of a Centrifugal Pumps

The energy created by the pump is kinetic energy according the Bernoulli Equation. The
energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The
faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, the higher will the velocity of the liquid
energy transferred to the liquid be. This is described by the Affinity Laws.

1.2 Theory

A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating
the liquid by a revolving device ‐ an impeller. Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller
which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A
vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump. The energy
created by the pump is kinetic energy according the Bernoulli Equation. The energy transferred to the
liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller
revolves or the bigger the impeller is, the higher will the velocity of the liquid energy transferred to
the liquid be. This is described by the Affinity Laws. It is important to understand that the pump will
pump all fluids to the same height if the shaft is turning at the same rpm. Centrifugal Pumps are
"constant head machines". The head of a pump in metric units can be expressed in metric units as:

h = (p2 ‐ p1)/(ρ g) + v2

2/(2 g) (1)

2
Where, h = total head developed (m)

p2 = pressure at outlet (N/m2)

p1 = pressure at inlet (N/m2)

ρ = density (kg/m3)

g = acceleration of gravity (9.81) m/s2

v2 = velocity at the outlet (m/s)

Energy Usage

The energy usage in a pumping installation is determined by the flow required, the height lifted and
the length and characteristics of the pipeline. The power required to drive a pump (Pi), is defined
simply using SI units by:

where: Pi is the input power required (W)

ρ is the fluid density (kg/m3)

g is the gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)

Head added to the flow (m)

Q is the flow rate (m3/s)

η is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decimal

The head added by the pump (H) is a sum of the the static lift, the head loss due to friction and any
losses due to valves or pipe bends all expressed in metres of water. Power is more commonly
expressed as kW (103 W) or horsepower (multiply kW by 0.746). The value for the pump efficiency η
may be stated for the pump itself or as a combined efficiency of the pump and motor system. The
energy usage is determined by multiplying the power requirement by the length of time the pump is
operating.

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Performance curve

The performance curve is the easiest and most satisfactory way to show graphically the relationship
between head, capacity, horsepower, etc., of any pump. For a given rotational speed and impeller size,
the performance of a pump can be represented on a head‐capacity curve of total developed head in
feet of water versus flow in gallons per minute. Total dynamic head (TDH) is the difference between
suction and discharge pressure and includes the difference between the velocity head at the suction
and discharge connection. The lines sloping downward from left to right represent the varying
quantities of water delivered by the pump with variations in head or pressure for a given impeller size.
The intersection of this line with zero delivery line shows the “shut‐off head”, which is the pressure
developed by the pump when the discharge valve is shut.

Figure 2.0 Pump Performance curve

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1.3 Objective

To obtain performance characteristics which are pressure(head) jump, power requirement, flow rate
influence and pump speed influence for a variable speed centrifugal pump operating at 3 different
impeller speeds (1439 rpm, 2178 rpm and 2945 rpm).

2.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

2.1 Procedure

1. Pump discharge and suction valve was turned to fully opened and motor speed of pump was
controlled to zero.
2. Electrical supply and motor drive of pump was switched on. Motor control knob was slowly
adjusted to around half way position to ensure there are no leaks in the system. Then, the
motor speed was reduced back to zero position.
3. The water level was set to zero by adjusted the water reading.
4. The suction valve was opened while discharge valve was closed. Then, the pump speed was
adjusted to 50%.
5. Discharge valve was slowly opened by decreasing of 1 psi discharge pressure on the pump
discharge meter.
6. The reading of torque, inlet pressure and water height were taken when the reading was
steady and recorded in the table result.
7. Step 5 and 6 was repeated until the valve was fully opened.
8. The discharge valve was closed and water level was set back to zero by poured the water by
using a cup.
9. The entire experiments were repeated at pump speed correspond to speed control position of
75% by decreasing of 2 psi discharge pressure and 100% of pump speed by decreasing of 3
psi discharge pressure.

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 2.2 Apparatus

Cup Water level

Pump
suction

Discharge
valve

Pump
Discharge

Centrifugal
pump

Speed control Torque

meter

Figure 3.0: water flow bench and centrifugal pump

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 3.0 RESULT

3.1 Data of Experiment

TEST 1 (50%)

PUMP SPEED, N = 1439 rpm

ω = 150.69 rad/s

No INPUT OUTPUT Efficiency

Water Torque, T Shaft Power Volume flow rate Inlet pressure, P1 Discharge Water Output n
height, (Nm) pressure, P2 head, h power, (100%)
(mm) (m) Watt
(100%)
kW Hp l/min m3/s mH2O kPa Psi kPa
(100%)
1 0.00 0.65 0.10 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.20 1.96 8.50 58.61 5.77 0.00 0.00
2 51.00 1.00 0.15 0.20 50.00 0.83e-3 0.00 0.00 8.00 55.16 5.62 45.76 30.51
3 59.00 1.20 0.18 0.24 70.00 1.17e-3 0.00 0.00 7.00 48.26 4.92 56.47 31.37
4 65.00 1.30 0.20 0.26 90.00 1.50e-3 0.00 0.00 6.00 41.37 4.22 62.10 31.05
5 69.00 1.40 0.21 0.28 106.00 1.77e-3 -0.30 -2.94 5.00 34.47 3.81 66.16 31.50
6 73.00 1.45 0.22 0.29 122.00 2.03e-3 -0.50 -4.90 4.00 27.58 3.31 65.92 29.96
7 74.00 1.50 0.23 0.30 125.00 2.08e-3 -0.70 -6.86 3.00 20.68 2.81 57.34 24.93
8 77.00 1.55 0.23 0.31 140.00 2.33e-3 -0.80 -7.85 2.00 13.79 2.21 50.51 21.96

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 TEST 2 (75%)

PUMP SPEED, N = 2178 rpm

ω = 228.08 rad/s

No INPUT OUTPUT Efficiency

Water Torque, T Shaft Power Volume flow rate Inlet pressure, P1 Discharge pressure, Water Output n
height, (Nm) P2 head, h power, (100%)
(mm) (m) Watt
(100%)

kW Hp l/min m3/s mH2O kPa Psi kPa

(100%)
1 0.00 1.20 0.27 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.20 1.96 20.00 137.90 13.86 0.00 0.00
2 65.00 2.10 0.48 0.64 90.00 1.50e-3 0.00 0.00 18.00 124.11 12.65 186.14 38.78
3 75.00 2.45 0.56 0.75 130.00 2.17e-3 -0.50 -4.90 16.00 110.32 11.75 250.13 44.67
4 79.00 2.65 0.60 0.80 150.00 2.50e-3 -0.80 -7.85 14.00 96.53 10.64 260.95 43.49
5 82.00 2.80 0.64 0.86 165.00 2.75e-3 -1.00 -9.81 12.00 82.74 9.43 254.40 39.75
6 85.00 2.90 0.66 0.89 177.00 2.95e-3 -1.20 -11.77 10.00 68.95 8.23 238.17 36.09
7 87.00 3.00 0.68 0.91 187.00 3.12e-3 -1.50 -14.71 8.00 55.16 7.12 217.92 32.05
8 89.00 3.05 0.70 0.94 200.00 3.33e-3 -1.80 -17.65 6.00 41.37 6.02 196.66 28.09
9 91.00 3.10 0.71 0.95 210.00 3.50e-3 -2.00 -19.61 4.00 27.58 4.81 165.15 23.26

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 TEST 3 (100%)

PUMP SPEED, N = 2945 rpm

ω = 308.4 rad/s

No INPU OUTPUT Efficiency

Water Torque, T Shaft Power Volume flow rate Inlet pressure, P1 Discharge pressure, Water Output n
height, (Nm) P2 head, h power, (100%)
(mm) (m) Watt
(100%)

kW Hp l/min m3/s mH2O kPa Psi kPa

(100%)
1 0.00 1.85 0.57 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.98 36.00 248.214 28.87 0.00 0.00
2 75.00 3.55 1.09 1.47 130.00 2.17e-3 -0.30 -2.94 33.00 227.53 23.49 500.05 45.88
3 84.00 3.95 1.22 1.63 173.00 2.88e-3 -1.00 -9.81 30.00 206.84 22.08 623.82 51.13
4 88.00 4.15 1.28 1.72 195.00 3.25e-3 -1.30 -12.75 27.00 186.16 20.28 646.58 50.51
5 93.00 4.45 1.37 1.84 223.00 3.72e-3 -1.80 -17.65 24.00 165.47 18.67 681.33 49.73
6 95.00 4.55 1.40 1.88 235.00 3.92e-3 -2.00 -19.61 21.00 144.79 16.76 644.51 46.03
7 97.00 4.65 1.43 1.92 246.00 4.10e-3 -2.40 -23.54 18.00 124.11 15.05 605.33 42.33
8 99.00 4.80 1.48 1.998 260.00 4.33e-3 -2.80 -27.46 15.00 103.42 13.34 566.65 38.29
9 101.00 4.85 1.50 2.01 275.00 4.58e-3 -3.00 -29.42 12.00 82.74 11.43 513.55 34.24
10 104.00 4.95 1.53 2.05 295.00 4.92e-3 -3.10 -30.40 9.00 62.05 9.42 454.66 29.72
11 105.00 5.05 1.56 2.09 300.00 5.00e-3 -3.50 -34.32 6.00 41.37 7.72 378.67 24.27

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3.2 Sample of Calculation

(based on 100% pump performance data)

Find ω
2𝜋N
ω=
60

2×𝜋×2945
ω= 60

= 308.40 rad/s

Find shaft power

Shaft Power = Torque × ω

= 3.4 × 308.40

= 1.05 kW

1 kW = 1.341 Hp

Convert 0.19 kW to Hp,

0.19 × 1.341 = 1.47 Hp

Value of volume flow rate can be obtained from the graph given in the lab sheet.

For water weight 75.00 mm, volume flow rate is 130.00 l/min.

1 l/min = 1.667× 10−5

Convert 130.00 l/min to m3 /s

130.00 × 1.667× 10−5 = 2.17× 10−3 m3 /s

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Inlet pressure can be obtained from the experiment in unit mH2 O.

1 mH2 O = 9806.65 Pa

Convert -0.30 mH2 O to Pa

-0.30 × 9806.65 = -2.94 Pa

Discharge pressure can be obtained from the experiment in unit psi.

1 psi = 6894.75 N/m2

Convert 33.00 psi to Pa

33.00 × 6894.75 = 227.53 kPa

Find water head, h

(p2−p1)
h= ρg

(227.53×103 −(−2.94×103 ))
= 1000×9.81

= 23.49 m

Find output power, in Watt

Output power = ρgQhp

= 1000 × 9.81 × 2.17× 10−3 × 23.49

= 500.05 Watt

Find efficiency, Ƞ (100%)

output power
Efficiency = shaft power
× 100

= 45.88 %

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3.3 Graph

TEST 1 (50% PUMP PERFORMANCE)

PUMP SPEED, N : 1439 rpm
ω : 150.69 rad/s

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TEST 2 (75% PUMP PERFORMANCE)

PUMP SPEED, N : 2178 rpm

ω : 228.08 rad/s

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TEST 3 (100% PUMP PERFORMANCE)

PUMP SPEED, N : 1439 rpm

ω : 308.40 rad/s

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4.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Discussion

Based on the result and the data, we can see the how performance characteristic of the pump
from three different speed. In graph obtain, the shutoff head can be determined when the volume flow
rate is zero, Q = 0 which is occur when outlet port is blocked off. Therefore, pump efficiency is also
zero because pump is not doing any work.

For the pump speed, test 1, N1 = 1439 rpm, the water head of pump is decrease from 5.77m
(shutoff head) to 2.21m as the valve is opened. The efficiency of pump is increases as the flow rate
increase and the efficiency start fluctuate at flow rate 70 litter/min until 122 litter/min. The brake
horsepower (bhp) is increase proportional to the flow rate from 0.13 Hp to 0.31 Hp.

For test 2, N2 = 2178 rpm, the efficiency of the pumps is proportional to the flow rate until the
maximum value of 44.67% which is known as Best Efficiency Performance (BEP) and the efficiency
start to drop after reach BEP point at flow rate 130 litter/sec. The water head is slowly decrease from
13.86 m until 4.81 m as the water flow rate increases until maximum flow rate achieved which is 210
litter/sec. The slope for the brake horsepower graph increases as the flow rate increase to maximum
value. The maximum brake horsepower obtained is 0.95hp and the optimal bhp for this operating
speed of the pump is 0.75hp.

In Test 3, the pump speed used is N3 = 2945rpm. The efficiency of the pump is proportional
to the flow rate and it is increase until the maximum value of 51.13% which known as best efficiency
performance (BEP). The water head pump decreases slowly from 28.87m to 7.72 m. The brake
horsepower is directly proportional to the flow rate and it is increased from 0.77hp to 2.09hp.

Based on the data of these three pumps, the best operating range for is at speed 2945 rpm
(100%) because it has highest best efficiency performance (BEP) which is 51.13%. We should select
pumps and designing pump systems that will force the pumps to operate close to their best efficiency
point (BEP) flow rates because both performance and service life are optimized around the BEP. The
highest efficiency of a pump occurs at the flow where the incidence angle of the fluid entering the
hydraulic passages best matches with the blade angle. The operating condition where a pump design
has its highest efficiency is referred to as the best efficiency point B.E.P. All points to the right or left
of B.E.P have a lower efficiency. The most stable area is near or at the B.E.P.

15
 There are many methods to increases the efficiency. First, speed of the centrifugal pump has
marked effect on the various losses taking place in the pump and hence it is also one the important
factor which can be controlled to improve efficiency. Besides that, by improving the piping design to
reduce the frictional head lose can also increase the efficiency. Impeller trimming is a common
practice performed by pump manufacturers and users when it is necessary to adjust the centrifugal
pump head and flow to the actual needs. By reducing number of bends and valves in the piping
system also can contribute to increases the efficiency of the pump.

4.2 Conclusion

From the experiment, the characteristics of this pump which is the efficiency, break
horsepower and the head can be defined by using a different speed of pump which is 50%, 75% and
100%. Thus, the objective of this experiment is achieved in order to define any centrifugal pump
characteristics. Here we can conclude that the best performance of this centrifugal pump to operate is
at test 3 which the speed N3 = 2945 rpm and flow rate, Q between the range of 0 to 300
(liter/minutes). It also can be concluded that the main objectives of this experiment have been
achieved successfully. We can also determine all the parameters required. However, it is to be noted
that, some of the value of readings obtained may be inaccurate due to certain errors that occurred
during the experiment i.e. parallax error and human error. Yet it still leads and produced the expected
results accordingly and as required.

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5.0 REFERENCE

Bruce R. Munson, D. F. (2006). Fundementals of Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition,. John Wiley & Sons.

Cengel, Y. A. (2014). Fluid Mechanics, Fundamental and Application. 3th Edition. Mc Graw Hill.

Sahoo, T. (n.d.). Strategies to Increase Energy. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/:

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/29653.pdf

White, F. M. (2003). Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition. New York, USA: Mc Graw Hill.

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6.0 APPENDICES

Appendix 6.1: Pump Performance Curve

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Appendix 6.2 : Pump Performance Curve

19