CHAPTER 2: ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

2.0 OBJECTIVES
• Explain the historical development of the atomic theory and identify some of the scientists who made
significant contributions to this theory.
• Characterize electrons, protons, and neutrons in atoms and be able to determine the number of each
subatomic particle in a neutral atom, isotope, or ion.
• Define and derive atomic mass and atomic number; and be able to generate the atomic symbol for
different species.
• Define relative atomic mass and calculate atomic mass from masses and relative abundance data.
• Identify and locate major landmarks on the periodic table.

2.1 PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS: ORIGINS OF ATOMIC THEORY

1. 400 BC, Democritus “atomos”

Indivisible atoms are the:

2. Middle Ages, Alchemists

Major contributions:

3. 1790 Antoine Lavoisier, The Father of Modern Chemistry

a. Law of Conservation of Matter

_________ ________________remains _______________during a chemical reaction; or

Total mass of _________________= total mass of _________________.

b. Joseph Proust, Law of Constant Composition (Law of Definite Composition)

All ______________ of a ______________________have the same

________________________________, or all samples have the ___________

_____________________________ by ________________of the elements

present.

Example:

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 4. 1808 John Dalton

Explained laws of ____________________________________________ and

extended them to cover another law.

Main ideas of Dalton’s model

1. All matter consists of ______________________________________ called

______________________.

2. All ______________of a given__________are ______________but _________ of any one

________________________ are __________________from the
______________________of every other element.

3. __________________________are formed when _____________of different

elements unite in ____________________________________________ratios.

4. Chemical ________________involve _________________________of

________________________: no ________________are created, destroyed or broken apart in a
chemical _____________________________.

According to Dalton, atoms are ____________________and _______________________.

5. Law of Multiple Proportions

A given set of ______________________may ____________________to produce two or

more different ______________________, each with a _____________
________________________________________________.

Example:

6. Dalton’s Model of the Atom

7. 1896 Henri Becquerel, and 1898 Marie Curie – Radioactivity

8. 1897 JJ Thomson

a. Cathode ray tubes (Crookes tubes)

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 b. mass to charge ratio

c. Plum Pudding Model of the Atom

9. 1909 Robert Millikan – Oil Drop Experiment

10. 1911 Ernest Rutherford

a. Gold Foil Experiment

b. Main Conclusions

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 c. Bohr--Planetary Model of the Atom (Solar System Model of the Atom)

11. Composition of the Nucleus

a. protons

b. neutrons (1932, Chadwick)

2.2 ATOMIC NUMBER AND THE MASS OF AN ATOM

1. Properties of subatomic articles: symbol, mass, charge, location

Particle Symbol Mass Charge Location

19 −1
2. Atomic Number, Mass Number, Atomic Symbol

Atomic number, Z, is the ______________________________. 9 F

[ An ion—charged atom—of fluorine-10]

An atomic symbol represents the _________________.

The mass number is equal to ______________________________________________.

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2.3 ISOTOPES
1. Definition

2. Examples

3. Mass Spectrometer and percent abundance

2.4 ATOMIC WEIGHT

1. Atomic mass or Atomic weight

2. Ex2.1 Boron exists in two naturally occurring isotopes. B-10 (10.016amu) makes up
18.83% of each natural sample of this element. The remaining 81.17% of the sample is
B-11 (11.013amu). What atomic mass would be calculated for this mixture of isotopes?

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 3. Ex2.2 the two natural isotopes of Lithium are 6Li (6.01512amu) which accounts for
7.42% of the total and 7Li which accounts for the remaining amount. If the mass of
lithium is shown as 6.942 on the periodic table, what is the mass of the Li-7 isotope?

4. Most abundant natural isotope

2.5 ATOMS AND THE MOLE

1. Definition

2. Analogy

3. Avogadro’s Number

4. Second definition

5. Green pea analogy

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 6. Ex2.3 One mole of sulfur contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms of sulfur and has a mass of 32.06
grams. What is the mass of one atom of sulfur?

7. Ex2.4 How many sulfur atoms are present in 1.00 grams of sulfur?

8. Equivalencies and Conversion Factors

Formula Formulas Mass (amu) Molar Mass (g)

H2

H2O

H2SO4

9. Sample Mole Problems

A. Ex2.5 How many moles are equivalent to 5.00g of CaCO3?

B. Ex2.6 A microchemical experiment requires 0.0100 moles of Al(NO3)3. How many

grams is this?

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 C. Ex2.7 For exactly 1.000g of carbon disulfide (CS2), how many molecules are
present? How many atoms of sulfur?

D. Ex2.8 A sample of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) contains 1.69 x 1022 atoms of fluorine.
What is the mass of the sample?

2.6 THE PERIODIC TABLE

1. History

a. Mendeleev, 1869

b. Periodic Law

c. Moseley, 1913

2. Tour: Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids, Groups and Families, Periods and Series,
Numbering, Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Halogens, Noble
Gases, Lanthanides, Actinides, Inner Transition Elements, Rare Earth Metals, Valence
electrons:

1. Know location and description of:

- groups or families

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 - periods or series

- metals, metalloids, nonmetals and their properties

- main group elements

- transition metals

- lanthanides and actinides

- Specific Family Names to memorize:

- Group 1 is called __________________________

- Group 2 is called __________________________

- Group 17(7A) is called ___________________________

- Group 18 (8A) is called__________________________

HOMEWORK, CHAPTER 2

HW#1 - 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 47

HW#2 – 31, 33, 35, Atomic Symbols Worksheet (see p. 10)

HW #3 – 37, 39, 59, 61, 62, 63

HW #4 – Mole Relationships Worksheet (see p.11)

HW #5 – 43, 45, 57

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 Atomic Symbols Worksheet

Use the periodic table when necessary, complete the table below.

Symbol Name Number of Number of Number of

(include mass Protons Electrons Neutrons
number, atomic
number and
charge)

Gallium-70

Technetium-103

The +1 Ion of the most abundant

isotope of hydrogen

The +1 Ion of sodium-23

The -2 Ion of sulfur-34

The -1 Ion of this element with a 53

mass number of 130

27 25 28

29 27 31

The most abundant isotope of this 42

element with a +2 charge

Challenge: Particle that results n/a n/a n/a

when the most abundant isotope of
uranium loses 2 protons and 2
neutrons

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Name_______________________________Period__________Date____________

Mole Relationships Worksheet

Directions: Solve the problems below. Report your answers to the correct number of significant figures and with the
correct units.

1. Calculate the number of CO2 molecules in 3.00 moles.

2. Calculate the number of moles in 2.00 x 1024 formula units of Cu(NO3)2 .

3. Calculate the mass in grams of 5.0 moles of Li.

4. Calculate the number of moles found in 100.0 g of MgCO3.

5. Calculate the number of moles found in 148.0 g of Ca(OH)2.

6. Determine the mass in grams of 10.0 molecules of C6H12O6.

7. How many atoms of carbon are in a pencil if the mass of carbon is 2.00 g?

8. How many formula units of MgCl2 would have a mass of 345 kg?

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