Major Aspects of

the Operation of
the Grid System
 Agenda Friday, 14.08.09
1) Brief introduction of the particular dispute on which expert opinion is required and both
parties’ positions on the dispute.
2) Expert’s presentation on the operation of the Grid System in Malaysia;
a) Governance of the Grid System;
b) Operational Envelope of the Grid System in Malaysia;
c) Operation of the Grid System in Malaysia;
• Operational Planning Process;
• Real Time Operation;
• Any distinction between TNB and IPP plants
d) Management of system demand and generation balancing process;
e) Instances where demand shedding will be undertaken by the GSO;
f) Situations in which brownouts, blackouts and supply interruptions can occur;
g) Comparison of operation of the Grid System in Malaysia by the GSO and NLDC vis‐à‐vis
international utility practices (comparison with other island Grid Systems);
h) Application of GSO and NLDC processes and standards to generation plant (TNB or IPP owned).
i) Extent of impact on the Grid System by a generating plant’s failure to comply with a dispatch
instruction;
3) Discussion on the draft outline of the Expert Report
a) The substantive issues to be dealt with in the Expert Report
b) Approach as regards experts’ comments on witness statements and how this is dealt with in the
Expert Report;
4) Administrative Matters
a) Current Progress of work done by expert to date.
b) Duration of presence in Malaysia for preparation of Expert Report.
c) Timelines for drafts submitted for discussion.
d) Expert costs estimates.
e) Briefing on arbitration procedure and procedure during hearing in November.
f) Duration of presence in Malaysia and personnel;
Operational Planning Process
 Power System Operation

• Comprises of two distinct but interrelated

activities:
– Operational Planning; and
– Real time control and operation;
Grid System Users

Grid System

Power Operational
Real Time
System Control &
Planning
Operation Operation

Regulations, Codes, Standards and Procedures

 Operational Planning

1) Activities carried out to ensure economic and

secure operation of the power system and that
security overrides economics;
2) Provides inputs to control operators and grid
users on operations and limits;
3) Time scales of operational planning:
1) Yearly : 1 – 5 years
2) Monthly:
3) Weekly:
4) Daily:
Daily planning derives inputs from yearly,
monthly and weekly plans for the real time
operation;
 Real Time Control and Operation

1) Generation dispatch;
2) Implement scheduled outages and issuing PTW;
3) Perform switching actions as required, e.g.,
breaker operations, load transfer, load-shedding
etc.
4) Network monitoring;
5) Real Time Contingency Assessments (RTCA);
6) Redispatching;
7) Restoration;
 Daily Operational Planning Process
INPUTS Production
cost studies, Coordination
OUTPUTS
System Of System
Operation Commissioning
Daily studies Output Documents:
Generating 1. Generation
Units Outage Schedule &
Schedule Outage
PROCESSES
2. Transmission
Outage &
Demand A day ahead Unit Commissioning
Forecast and Daily Security 3. System Security
Commitment
Availability Assessment Assessment
schedule
Declarations
For distribution to
Control centre,
Generators,
EGAT Daily Interconnection
Availability (EGAT)
Declaration
Daily Daily
Docket Transmission
meeting Outage
INPUTS
 Generation Dispatch Process

INDICATIVE DAY AHEAD

DAY (-1) : AFTER 17:00HRS CONTRACT DATA FROM SINGLE BUYER
GEN SCHEDULE
SENT TO ALL G’s
BY THE GSO
DAY AHEAD DISPATCH PARAMETER
MODIFIED GEN SCHEDULE CHANGES SUBMITTED BY THE
DAY (0) : CHANGES GENERATOR
TO SCHEDULE DUE TO
BREAKDOWN OR
ACTUAL DISPATCH GENERATOR AVAILABILITY
CHANGES TO REDECLARATIONS IN REAL TIME
IN REAL TIME
DECLARED AVAILABILITY

NOT OK
OK GSO CHECK REDISPATCH (ANOTHER
DELIVERY TIME/DISPATCH GENERATOR)
PARAMETERS

RECORD
INFORMATION
RECORD
REDISPATCH
INFORMATION
SETTLEMENT
INFORMATION FOR
SINGLE BUYER
SETTLEMENT
INFORMATION FOR
SINGLE BUYER
Fundamental Dynamic
Responses
 Power Transfer in AC System
4) Increase in power  300MW
transfer will increase Impedance X
the angles;
5) There is limit to the
increase in angle Vg g
such that the system Vr r

will become
unstable;
6) The dynamic g r
analysis looking at
movement of the
rotor angle is also Reference Reference
called ‘rotor angle
stability’; Power transfer, P =
Vg x Vr x sin(r - g)
X
 Power Transfer in AC System
1) In DC system,  400MW
power transfer is Impedance X
determined by the
difference in voltage
magnitude between
Vg g
two points; Vr r

2) In AC system, power
transfer is
determined mainly g r
by the voltage angle
differences between
two points; Reference Reference
3) At generation bus,
the voltage angle is Vg x Vr x sin(r - g)
Power transfer, P =
controlled by the X
rotor angle of the
alternator
 Generators
Dynamic Perspective

Step-up Transformer

Fluid in
Auxiliary
Equipment
Pref Unit Tx
Pe
Measurement Alternator,
Valves Governor f Devices Vt
e.g. rated
 It at 375MVA 
& reactive
Stator/Armature capability
Rotor
Turbine
Pmech Vref

+ Ifd Efd - Automatic

Turbine,
E.g. rated Exciter Voltage
At 300MW Regulator
Fluid out
 Generator
Governing Dynamic Equation

• Basic equation of To Load

Fluid-in
motion, F = ma PE
applied;

When operating at
PM
synchronous speed,

P M = PE
d2 
P M – PE = J EF
Air gap
dt2 D

Fluid-out
 Generator Dynamics
Turbine Power

1) Rated turbine power PM

MW
(maximum) in MW, 300
e.g. rated at 300MW 30MW
250
and dispatched at
250MW;
2) It has headroom of
50MW but only about
10% of rating is 3-5s
50
available in the first 3 -
5s following a drop in Time
frequency; Increase Turbine Power
 Generator Dynamics
Alternator

1) Rated MVA, e.g. rated Example of

power factor
at 375MVA and MW control line

scheduled to dispatch
at 250MW; 0.95 pf

2) It will also generate

reactive power Example of
voltage
depending on the control line
voltage set point;
3) Reactive power
capability curve;
Lead Lag
4) Generator electric
parameters – transient MVAR
reactances, time
constants, inertia, etc.. Example of
MVAR
control line
 Dynamic Behaviour
Loss of Generation – frequency drops

• When a generator Loss of

700MW
trips, frequency
declines and
depending on its
size, frequency will
recover by actions
of the remaining
generators to Frequency
drops and
increase the recovers
mechanical output
49.4Hz
power (PM);
 Dynamic Behaviour
Loss of Generation – Response of Remaining Generators

• Generators with
headroom (spinning
reserve) will open
its fuel valve to
produce more
mechanical power Turbine power
to exert forces to increases to
bring speed to
bring all generators normal
to the same
speed/frequency;
 Dynamic Behaviour
System Fault – Generator responses

1) A short-circuit in the
system will
instantaneously
Active
result in terminal Power
voltage drop and a
sudden reduction of
active power output Terminal
Voltage
and increase of
reactive power and
the excitation Field
controller reacts Voltage

quickly to increase
Reactive
field voltage; Power

2) When the fault is

cleared the voltage
recovers and other Duration
of fault
quantities follow;
 Generating Unit Dispatch
Provide Spinning Reserve

1) In international best practice, responsive units

are scheduled to provide certain amount of
spinning reserve (primary reserve) to help
system frequency to recover following loss of
generation;
2) Since it is required to arrest frequency within 3 –
5s, the total reserve is always more than the
quantum of the largest unit;
3) Generator will not contribute to spinning reserve,
if it is:
a) Not on speed control;
b) Being load limited below its rated;
Critical Aspects of Operational Planning
Scheduling Generators
MW Gen. Scheduled
• At any instant, generating
units must be scheduled 12000

such that the total

primary reserve from the 10000
available turbine power is
sufficient to cover loss of
8000
the largest unit to avoid
load-shedding, i.e.,
• (PM – PG) > Largest Unit; 6000 Generation =
Load + losses Load
• In practice, a more Available
Turbine
sophisticated method is 4000 Power
used based on the
measured response of
2000
individual unit;

06 10 14 18 22 02 06
Dynamic Behaviour
Insufficient Spinning Reserve

• Frequency will
decline beyond
With Underfrequency
Load-shedding
generator limits
unless load-
shedding is
applied
Without
Underfrequency
Load-shedding
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 140MW Generation, Adequate Spinning Reserve

Frequency, Hz
140MW
Generation
Trip
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 250MW Generation , Adequate Spinning Reserve

Frequency, Hz
250MW
Generation
Trip
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 320MW Generation , Adequate Spinning Reserve

Frequency, Hz
320MW
Generation
Trip
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 650MW Generation , Adequate Spinning Reserve

Frequency, Hz
650MW
Generation
Trip
49.3Hz
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 1250MW Generation , Adequate Spinning Reserve

• Underfrequency
load shedding

Frequency, Hz
(UFLS) disabled

1200MW
Generation
Trip

Frequency
dive
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 650MW Generation , Adequate Spinning Reserve

• With
underfrequency

Frequency, Hz
load shedding
(UFLS) applied

49.3Hz
UFLS not required
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 650MW Generation ,
Inadequate Spinning Reserve
• With
underfrequency

Frequency, Hz
load shedding
(UFLS) applied

49.3Hz

5% load
shed
 Dynamic Behaviour
Frequency – Loss of 1250MW Generation , Adequate Spinning Reserve

• With
underfrequency

Frequency, Hz
load shedding
(UFLS) applied

49.3Hz

First 5%
Load shed

Frequency recovery

Second 8%
Load shed